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Journal articles on the topic 'Harm minimization'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Weatherburn, Don. "Dilemmas in harm minimization." Addiction 104, no. 3 (2009): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02336.x.

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Schneider, Sue. "Regulators Developing Harm Minimization Systems." Gaming Law Review and Economics 18, no. 2 (2014): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1823.

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3

STOCKWELL, TIM. "A New Agenda for Harm Minimization?" Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 6, no. 2 (1999): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687639997160.

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4

Borland, Ron, and Michelle Scollo. "Opportunities for harm minimization in tobacco control." Drug and Alcohol Review 18, no. 3 (1999): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239996518.

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5

Magnusson, Roger S. "“Underground Euthanasia” and the Harm Minimization Debate." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 3 (2004): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00161.x.

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I have a hairstylist whose lover was very sick. I’d been seeing this stylist for ten years and we’re good friends. [His lover was] becoming an invalid, not able to get out of bed. He said “I hate to ask you this but would you mind writing a prescription to help us out?” [So] I wrote a prescription to a patient who I had never seen, and I sent it to him in the mail and I heard the next time I went in to get my hair cut that it was the most beautiful experience that my stylist had ever had. It was Valentine’s Day and they had a lovely meal with champagne. And they held each other and then, you know, his partner took his pills and was released.(Joseph, physician)
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6

Bammer, Gabriele, Wayne Hall, Margaret Hamilton, and Robert Ali. "Harm Minimization in a Prohibition Context—australia." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 2 (2002): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716202058002006.

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7

BAMMER, G., W. HALL, M. HAMILTON, and R. ALI. "Harm Minimization in a Prohibition Context--Australia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 1 (2002): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716202582001006.

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Bammer, Gabriele, Wayne Hall, Margaret Hamilton, and Robert Ali. "Harm Minimization in a Prohibition Context—Australia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 582, no. 1 (2002): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271620258200106.

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9

Guzys, Diana, and Sharon Kendall. "Advocating for a Harm-Minimization Approach to Drug Education in Australian Schools." Journal of School Nursing 22, no. 5 (2006): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405060220050301.

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The concept of using a harm-minimization approach to drug education in Australian schools has existed in both national and state government policy documents for over two decades. However, this approach appears to be ineffectively and inconsistently incorporated within the curriculum. Harm minimization emphasizes strategies that reduce the harms associated with drug use and prevent related health and social problems. Traditional drug education programs that promote abstinence as the only option may not be realistic and appear to have had limited success. School nurses in the state of Victoria have a significant role in improving both the understanding and adoption of this approach through advocacy, education, and their understanding of evidence-based practice.
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10

Gainsbury, Sally M., and Alex Blaszczynski. "DIGITAL GAMBLING PAYMENT METHODS: HARM MINIMIZATION POLICY CONSIDERATIONS." Gaming Law Review 24, no. 7 (2020): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glr2.2020.0015.

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11

Russell, Janice, Bridget Mulvey, Hayley Bennett, Brooke Donnelly, and Elizabeth Frig. "Harm minimization in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa." International Review of Psychiatry 31, no. 4 (2019): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1601073.

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12

Winstock, Adam R., Kim Wolff, and John Ramsey. "Ecstasy pill testing: harm minimization gone too far?" Addiction 96, no. 8 (2001): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96811397.x.

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13

McDermott, Michael. "Harms and objections." Analysis 79, no. 3 (2018): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/any062.

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Abstract Intuition says that choosing to create a miserable person is wrong, but choosing not to create a happy one is not; this is ‘the Asymmetry’. There is a complete theory which agrees – the ‘Harm Minimization’ theory. A well-known objection is that this theory rejects Parfit’s principle of ‘No Difference’. But No Difference has less intuitive support than the Asymmetry, and there seems to be no complete theory which agrees with both. There is, however, a more serious problem for Harm Minimization: it says it is wrong to create happy people if we could have made some of them happier at the expense of others. The purpose of this note is to describe a complete theory which agrees with the Asymmetry and avoids this unacceptable consequence; like Harm Minimization, it rejects No Difference.
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14

WEATHERBURN, DON J. "DILEMMAS IN HARM MINIMIZATION: A RESPONSE TO MY CRITICS." Addiction 104, no. 3 (2009): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02484.x.

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15

Jovanovski, Natalie, and Meagan Tyler. "“Bitch, You Got What You Deserved!”: Violation and Violence in Sex Buyer Reviews of Legal Brothels." Violence Against Women 24, no. 16 (2018): 1887–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218757375.

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In this article, we use feminist critical discourse analysis to examine online brothel reviews (148 reviews and 2,424 reply posts) of sex buyers in the context of debates surrounding harm minimization. Our findings show that sex buyers actively construct and normalize narratives of sexual violation and violence against women in licensed brothels through their language, referencing objectification, unsafe sex practices, and, in more extreme cases, rape to create a sense of community with other punters. Through this analysis, we challenge existing assumptions about harm minimization in systems of prostitution, which are legalized or fully decriminalized.
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16

Castrén, Sari, Kalle Lind, Heli Hagfors, and Anne H. Salonen. "Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189564.

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Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of gambling-related harms (GRHs) for subgroups of AOs and to distinguish GRH profiles for AO subgroups. Methods A total of 7186 adults aged 18 years and over participated in the Gambling Harms Survey evaluating year 2016. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results Of all respondents, 12.9% were defined as past-year AOs (women 13.7%; men 12.1%). The proportion of affected non-family members (ANFs) was 8.4%, and 5.6% were affected family members (AFMs). AFMs were usually women, and ANFs were usually men. Emotional, relationship, and financial harms were the most common types of harm. The odds of experiencing financial harm were highest for the 18- to 34-year-olds (OR 1.82) and for those whose partner/ex-partner had a gambling problem (OR 3.91). Having a parent/step-parent (OR 1.93) and child/stepchild (OR 3.64) increased the odds of experiencing emotional harm, whereas male gender (OR 0.50) and being an ANF (OR 0.58) decreased emotional harm. Relationship harm was evident for partners/ex-partners (OR 1.97–5.07). Conclusions GRH profiles for AO subgroups varied, which emphasizes the need for effective harm minimization strategies for those in need.
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17

Resiak, Danielle, Elias Mpofu, and Rodd Rothwell. "Sustainable Harm Reduction Needle and Syringe Programs for People Who Inject Drugs: A Scoping Review of Their Implementation Qualities." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052834.

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While substance use disorders (SUD) continue to be a global concern, harm reduction approaches can provide sustainable harm minimization to people who inject drugs (PWID) without requiring abstinence. Yet, the evidence for the sustainable implementation of harm reduction approaches is newly emerging. This scoping review sought to map the evidence on implementation qualities of sustainable harm reduction needle and syringe programs (NSPs). We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, ProQuest Central, and Directory of Open Access Journals for empirical studies (a) with an explicit focus on harm minimization NSPs, (b) with a clearly identified study population, (c) that described the specific NSP implementation protocol, (d) that provided information on accessibility, affordability, and feasibility, and (e) were published in English between 2000–2020. Following narrative qualitative synthesis, the evidence suggests individual implementer characteristics directly influenced sustainable availability and scope of NSP provision while implementation processes explained the predictability and continuity of service provision across services. External factors including community perceptions of NSPs and policing activity influenced the sustainability of NSP implementation. The emerging evidence suggests that sustainable NSP programs for PWID require provider, consumer, and community engagement, supported by enabling health policies.
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18

Jenner, M., L. Lennox, R. Hargrave, C. J. Lennings, and M. Andrew. "Harm minimization outcomes for methadone recipients: the role of employment." Journal of Substance Misuse 3, no. 2 (1998): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659899809053485.

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19

Byrne, Anne. "Harm Minimization Approaches to Drug Misuse: Current Challenges in Evaluation." Substance Use & Misuse 31, no. 14 (1996): 2017–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089609066449.

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20

Miller, Peter G. "A critical review of the harm minimization ideology in Australia." Critical Public Health 11, no. 2 (2001): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09581590110039865.

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21

Luger, Milton, and Robert Batey. "Drug policy: must we choose between harm minimization and abstinence?" Drug and Alcohol Review 12, no. 1 (1993): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239300185681.

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22

Hawks, David, and Simon Lenton. "Harm minimization: a basis for decision making in drug policy?" Risk Decision and Policy 3, no. 2 (1998): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135753098348266.

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23

Hamilton, Greg, Donna Cross, Ken Resnicow, and Margaret Hall. "A school-based harm minimization smoking intervention trial: outcome results." Addiction 100, no. 5 (2005): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01052.x.

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24

Vogl, Laura, Maree Teesson, Gavin Andrews, Kevin Bird, Bronwyn Steadman, and Paul Dillon. "A computerized harm minimization prevention program for alcohol misuse and related harms: randomized controlled trial." Addiction 104, no. 4 (2009): 564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02510.x.

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25

Gainsbury, Sally M., Juliette Tobias-Webb, and Robert Slonim. "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS AND GAMBLING: A NEW PARADIGM FOR APPROACHING HARM-MINIMIZATION." Gaming Law Review 22, no. 10 (2018): 608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glr2.2018.22106.

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26

Green, Lawrence W., Jonathan E. Fielding, and Ross C. Brownson. "The Debate About Electronic Cigarettes: Harm Minimization or the Precautionary Principle." Annual Review of Public Health 39, no. 1 (2018): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-102417-124810.

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27

Miers, David. "Social Responsibility and Harm Minimization in Commercial Gambling in Great Britain." Gaming Law Review and Economics 20, no. 2 (2016): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glre.2016.2024.

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28

McBride, Nyanda, Richard Midford, Fiona Farringdon, and Mike Phillips. "Early results from a school alcohol harm minimization study: the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project." Addiction 95, no. 7 (2000): 1021–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95710215.x.

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29

Guerrero-Molina, Mónica, Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso, Eloísa Guerrero-Barona, and Beatriz Cruz-Márquez. "Attributing Responsibility, Sexist Attitudes, Perceived Social Support, and Self-Esteem in Aggressors Convicted for Gender-Based Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (2017): 4468–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517715025.

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This work analyzes how the assumption of responsibility by aggressors convicted for gender-based violence is related to sexist attitudes, self-esteem and perceived functional social support. Similarly, the predictive capacity of these variables is studied with respect to the aggressors’ minimization of the harm done and a lack of attributing responsibility to themselves. The participants in the research were males condemned to prison sentences for crimes related with gender-based violence in Spain. The instruments applied were the Attribution of Responsibility and Minimization of Harm Scale, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Functional Social Support Questionnaire (FSSQ), and the Social Desirability Scale (SDS). The study concludes that sexist attitudes are related with a greater lack of attribution of responsibility, as well as with a greater tendency to minimize the harm done by the aggression. In addition, the aggressors with low self-esteem use self-defense as a strategy to justify the violence. Similarly, the presence of an adequate social support network for the aggressor increases the attribution of responsibility on the part of those convicted for gender-based violence.
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McBride, Nyanda, Fiona Farringdon, Richard Midford, Lynn Meuleners, and Mike Phillips. "Harm minimization in school drug education: final results of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP)." Addiction 99, no. 3 (2004): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00620.x.

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31

Abrams, David B., Allison M. Glasser, Andrea C. Villanti, Jennifer L. Pearson, Shyanika Rose, and Raymond S. Niaura. "Managing nicotine without smoke to save lives now: Evidence for harm minimization." Preventive Medicine 117 (December 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.010.

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32

Ruiz, Pedro. "Gambling as an Addiction Behavior: Impaired Control, Harm Minimization, Treatment, and Prevention." Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 6, no. 1 (2007): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.adt.0000210726.48811.fc.

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33

Branigan, Patrick, and Kaye Wellings. "Acceptance of the Harm Minimization Message in London Clubs and Underground System." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 6, no. 3 (1999): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687639997061.

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34

Milne, Sharon, Sarah Greenaway, Kim Conway, and Wendy Henwood. "What Next? Sustaining a Successful Small-Scale Alcohol Consumption Harm Minimization Project." Substance Use & Misuse 42, no. 12-13 (2007): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080701532825.

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35

Peterson, G. M., S. Northeast, S. L. Jackson, and K. D. Fitzmaurice. "Harm minimization strategies: opinions of health professionals in rural and remote Australia." Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 32, no. 5 (2007): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00857.x.

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36

Nower, Lia, and Alex Blaszczynski. "The Pathways Model as Harm Minimization for Youth Gamblers in Educational Settings." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 21, no. 1 (2004): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:casw.0000012347.61618.f7.

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37

Etter, Jean-François. "Comprehensive causal models and harm minimization principles should guide regulations on vapourizers." Addiction 113, no. 10 (2018): 1788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14384.

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38

Patel, Minoo. "Cosmetic limb lengthening surgery: The elephant in the Room. Harm minimization not prohibition." Journal of Limb Lengthening & Reconstruction 3, no. 2 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jllr.jllr_22_17.

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39

Arbon, Paul, Jo Hayes, and Richard Woodman. "First Aid and Harm Minimization for Victims of Road Trauma: A Population Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 4 (2011): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11006522.

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AbstractIntroduction: This project examined the use of first aid by bystanders at road traffic crashes (RTC) and was undertaken in the context of increasing average ambulance response times to RTC throughout Australia and the potential impact of early first aid intervention on the mortality and morbidity associated with RTC. The aim of this project was to acquire knowledge about the prevalence of first aid training; the incidence of being a bystander and of providing first aid; the range of first aid skills being utilized; the motivation to intervene; and, the perceived impact of first aid training.Methods: An Internet-based survey was distributed to a potential population of 12,500 road users and a total of 773 responded. Descriptive and comparative statistical analysis of quantitative data and thematic analysis of qualitative data were completed.Results: Seventy-seven percent (77%) of participants had first aid training at some stage in their lives; 28% held a current first aid certificate; 11% had provided first aid at RTC; 75.3% who had provided first aid were travelling in a vehicle. Having first aid training increased the likelihood of intervention and of owning a first aid kit or pocket mask.Conclusions: First aid training, even if it is not current, is an enabler for providing first aid at RTCs. The first aid skills most commonly used were changing posture, opening an airway, and providing comfort and reassurance. Key concerns for first aiders included a feeling of a lack of follow-up, and lack of an opportunity to debrief. Strategies to increase first aid training, to improve information and support, and to increase the knowledge of first aider’s are discussed.
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40

BLASZCZYNSKI, ALEX. "HARM MINIMIZATION CAN BE ACHIEVED BY A SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY AND INDIVIDUALS." Addiction 106, no. 1 (2010): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03231.x.

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41

O'Brien, Cecelia, Jodie Dodd, and Rosalie Grivell. "Managing Obesity in Pregnancy: A Change in Focus from Harm Minimization to Prevention." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 34, no. 02 (2016): e38-e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1583532.

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42

Blaszczynski, Alexander. "Responsible gambling:The need for collaborative government, industry, community and consumer involvement." SUCHT 64, no. 5-6 (2018): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000564.

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Abstract. Background: Tensions exist with various stakeholders facing competing interests in providing legal land-based and online regulated gambling products. Threats to revenue/taxation occur in response to harm minimisation and responsible gambling policies. Setting aside the concept of total prohibition, the objectives of responsible gambling are to encourage and/or restrict an individual’s gambling expenditure in terms of money and time to personally affordable limits. Stakeholder responsibilities: Governments craft the gambling environment through legislation, monitor compliance with regulatory requirements, and receive taxation revenue as a proportion of expenditure. Industry operators on the other hand, compete across market sectors through marketing and advertising, and through the development of commercially innovative products, reaping substantial financial rewards. Concurrently, governments are driven to respond to community pressures to minimize the range of negative gambling-related social, personal and economic harms and costs. Industry operators are exposed to the same pressures but additionally overlaid with the self-interest of avoiding the imposition of more stringent restrictive policies. Cooperation of stakeholders: The resulting tension between taxation revenue and profit making, harm minimization, and social impacts creates a climate of conflict between all involved parties. Data-driven policies become compromised by unsubstantiated claims of, and counter claims against, the nature and extent of gambling-related harms, effectiveness of policy strategies, with allegations of bias and influence associated with researchers supported by industry and government research funding sources. Conclusion: To effectively advance policies, it is argued that it is imperative that all parties collaborate in a cooperative manner to achieve the objectives of responsible gambling and harm minimization. This extends to and includes more transparent funding for researchers from both government and industry. Continued reliance on data collected from analogue populations or volunteers participating in simulated gambling tasks will not provide data capable of valid and reliable extrapolation to real gamblers in real venues risking their own funds. Failure to adhere to principles of corporate responsibility and consumer protection by both governments and industry will challenge the social licence to offer gambling products. Appropriate and transparent safeguards learnt from the tobacco and alcohol field, it is argued, can guide the conduct of gambling research.
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43

Wadman, Ruth, Emma Nielsen, Linda O’Raw, et al. "“These Things Don’t Work.” Young People’s Views on Harm Minimization Strategies as a Proxy for Self-Harm: A Mixed Methods Approach." Archives of Suicide Research 24, no. 3 (2019): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1624669.

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44

Marfuah, Marfuah, Sanintya Mayantya, and Priyono Puji Prasetyo. "THE EFFECT OF TAX MINIMIZATION, BONUS MECHANISM, FOREIGN OWNERSHIP, EXCHANGE RATE, AUDIT QUALITY ON TRANSFER PRICING DECISIONS." Jurnal Bisnis Terapan 5, no. 1 (2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jbt.v5i1.4079.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tax minimization, bonus mechanisms, foreign ownership, exchange rates, and audit quality on transfer pricing in manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The population of this research was all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2019. By using the purposive sampling method, 81 companies were selected as the research sample. Based on logistic regression analysis, it was proven that the tax minimization variable has a significant positive effect on transfer pricing decisions. Likewise, the audit quality variable is proven to have a significant negative effect on transfer pricing decisions in manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the bonus mechanism, foreign ownership, and exchange rate variables were not proven to have a significant effect on the company's transfer pricing decision. These results indicated that the greater the tax minimization carried out by the company and the lower the audit quality will increase the probability of the company in conducting transfer pricing, and vice versa. The results of this study have implications for encouraging the government to make regulations that can prevent transfer pricing practices between companies that have a special relationship that might harm the government from tax revenue. Keywords: bonus mechanism; foreign ownership; tax minimization; transfer pricing
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45

Andreeva, Elena E. "Algorithm for audit planning when using risk based model in Rospotrebnadzor activities." Health Care of the Russian Federation 60, no. 6 (2019): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2016-60-6-308-311.

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Risk-based model used by Rospotrebnadzor to improve the supervision and control activities has delivered good results and the higher efficiency in minimization of potential health harm by the entities classification according to hazard rating when forming the audit plans. The resulting audit plan including the amount of economic entities about 13,2 % in 2016 have to be under the control permitted to cover with for sanitary and hygienic control the facilities contributing about 95 % to potential health risk.
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46

Abrams, David B., Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura. "Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives." Annual Review of Public Health 39, no. 1 (2018): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849.

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47

Maher, L. "Policing and public health: Law enforcement and harm minimization in a street-level drug market." British Journal of Criminology 39, no. 4 (1999): 488–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.4.488.

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48

Epstein, Marina, Jennifer A. Bailey, Madeline Furlong, Richard F. Catalano, and John W. Toumbourou. "Does Adolescent Alcohol Harm Minimization Policy Exposure Reduce Adult Alcohol Problems? A Cross-National Comparison." Journal of Adolescent Health 66, no. 6 (2020): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.019.

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49

Kheradmand, A., N. Parvaresh, and M. Darijani. "The effect of methadone maintenance therapy on harm minimization between opiate dependents in socio behavioral consulting centers." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71776-x.

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IntroductionSocio behavioral consulting centers offer Methadone maintenance therapy which is a very useful method for drug dependents. These centers offer a wide range of services like education, consulting, prevention, take care of patient, and treatment for high risk groups like patients infected with AIDS. MMT is helpful in harm minimization and increases quality of drug dependent’s life, so as a result reduces infection in HIV patients.AimsThis study intends to investigate importance of MMT on harm minimization between opioid dependents in Kerman.MethodsThe study was cross sectional and descriptive and it was done on 110 patients referred to sociobehavioral consulting centers no.1 and no.2 in Kerman city in 2005 and 2006. Data was gathered by questionnaires once on the beginning of the treatment and once 6 months after. Then data was analyzed by SPSS13 and chi square test.FindingsMMT results in a reduction of 97.3% of common injections and 96.4% of police arresting to imprisonment and 80% in family problems and 68.2% drug abuse and negative morphine test in these centers. Also after 6 months of treatment, drug consumption expenses were lowered.ConclusionThis study showed that the treatment with MMT in social behavioral consulting centers reduced dangerous behaviors and increased quality of life and controlled the transmission of Dangerous Diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis and etc in the community.
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50

Kisely, Steve. "A Tale of Two Jurisdictions. Can Australia and Canada Learn from Each Other's Experience with Cannabis Control?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 3 (2005): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01537.x.

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Objective: To compare public health and legal policies to reduce the harm associated with cannabis use in Canada and Australia, given similarities between both countries. Method: A review of the epidemiological and health policy literature. Results: Although both countries have adopted harm minimization, a continued heavy reliance on legislative and punitive approaches in both Canada and Australia has failed to arrest the increase in cannabis use, especially among young people. A Senate inquiry in Canada has recommended the liberalization of laws on the possession and use of cannabis, while tightening legislation against operating vehicles or machinery while intoxicated. Conclusions: Existing policies are not evidence-based and lead to adverse outcomes such as criminalization of otherwise law-abiding citizens and diversion of resources from more effective policing or health service initiatives.
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