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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Harm reduction

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Journal articles
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Academic literature on the topic 'Harm reduction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Harm reduction"

1

Hubbard, John R. "Harm Reduction." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60, no. 6 (June 15, 1999): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v60n0612c.

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McNeill, Ann. "Harm reduction." BMJ 328, no. 7444 (April 8, 2004): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7444.885.

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Chapman, S. "Harm reduction." Tobacco Control 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.4.341.

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Normand, Jacques, Jih-Heng Li, Nicholas Thomson, and Don Des Jarlais. "Harm reduction." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 21, no. 4 (December 2013): S10—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.09.022.

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Bok, Marcia, and Julio Morales. "Harm Reduction." Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children 3, no. 3 (February 4, 2000): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j129v03n03_06.

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Schreiber, Rachel. "Harm Reduction." Radical History Review 2024, no. 149 (May 1, 2024): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-11027457.

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Oh, Jay J. "Revisiting Harm Reduction Strategy: Is Harm Reduction Harmful?" Ethics & Medics 48, no. 10 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em2023481017.

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Harm reduction strategies aim at protecting those with substance use disorders from using in dangerous situations. This is done by providing safe injection sites with clean needles, as well as other controlled situations that prevent the spread of disease and decrease the likelihood of overdose. Some argue that this encourages dangerous behavior when the best approach would be to encourage abstinence. However, advocates say that harm reduction strategies give the best opportunity for counseling and offer hope for recovery. This article explores both arguments.

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Wormer, Katherine Van. "Harm Induction vs. Harm Reduction." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 29, no. 1-2 (September 1, 1999): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v29n01_03.

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Pierce, John. "Harm reduction or harm maintenance?" Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462220021000032834.

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Giovino, Gary A. "TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION INVOLVES MORE THAN CIGARETTE HARM REDUCTION." American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 8 (August 2004): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.8.1294.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Harm reduction"

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Brooks, Billy. "Harm Reduction Panel." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3182.

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Ponton, Rhys. "Evidence based harm reduction." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438656.

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Review of the literature demonstrated that knowledge surrounding the process of illicit drug injection preparation is limited. A better understanding of the details of injection preparation methods could inform study of the risks and complications, as well as the development of harm reduction advice. This project had two main objectives: To characterise the injection preparation process in detail, then to attempt to quantify the risks posed by these injections through laboratory investigations. The project had specific focus on the use of the acids by injectors to increase the solubility of insoluble illicit drugs. To study injection preparation, a novel interview was designed to record the methods that a cohort of injectors used to prepare their injections of heroin and 'crack' cocaine. The interview incorporated two separate sections: firstly a semi-structured questionnaire, then observation of participants preparing an inert 'fake drug' for injection using their usual preparation procedure for real drug. The injector interviews documented the use of acids by injectors in detail. The injection preparation demonstration enabled a complete characterisation of the preparation procedures for heroin, crack and speedball injections and enabled the development of a standardised method by which injections using real drug samples could be reproduced in the laboratory. Prepared injections were subjected to a number of assays to evaluate their properties. These assays allowed a comparison with pharmaceutically prepared injections (pharmacopoeia standards) to provide some quantification of risk. Investigations were conducted into the drug content, the microflora, the particulate content and the physical characteristics of the injections. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to identify the components within illicit heroin samples. This methodology has never before been used to examine illicit drug samples. The project developed microbiological investigation techniques that enabled the isolation and identification of micro-organisms within drug injection solutions. Particulate content of injection solutions was found to be high, and the use of rudimentary illicit filters was shown to add to this. The use of filters made specifically for illicit drug users could significantly reduce this content. Overall, no significant risks were identified and this supports current harm reduction advice which was not based on any published research.

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Chen, Jia-shin. "Assembling harm reduction policy in Taiwan." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3390036.

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Beem, Amanda. "Governing cannabis highs and harms: Australia's neoliberal harm minimisation illicit drugs framework." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203745/1/Amanda_Beem_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis applies Bacchi's (2009; 2016) policy analysis framework, to Australian illicit drug policy texts (1985–2017) to interrogate exercises of power in illicit drug policy. Findings reveal the dominance of legal and health/well-being discourses which produce the body as a site of self-governance ('responsibilisation'), while epidemiological narratives narrow the cannabis 'problem' and omit why cannabis is used for recreation. Failure to resolve the historical influence of morality associated with public health rationalities and their intersection with law and order has meant that harm minimisation, which empowers citizens through the governance of self, is constrained by sovereign power.

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Phillips, Kristina T. "Applying the Relapse Model to Harm Reduction: The Development and Evaluation of the Harm Reduction Self-Efficacy Questionnaire." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1131342662.

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Pack, Robert P. "Empowering Appalachia: Preventing HIV through Harm Reduction." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1334.

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Hathaway, Andrew D. "Harm reduction, human rights, and Canada's cannabis controversy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66270.pdf.

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Lee, Heather Sophia. "Participant generated outcomes of two harm reduction programs." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3223642.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3737. Adviser: William T. Trent. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-152) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

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Hagemeier, Nicholas E., and Karilynn Dowling. "Community Pharmacists and Harm Reduction: Evidence and Opportunities." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5421.

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Harm reduction is a concept that has gained momentum as it relates to prevention of negative consequences of drug use. Some harm reduction approaches, such as naloxone provision, have garnered significant support, whereas others, such as providing access to clean syringes, are the exception as opposed the rule. Evidence suggests there is significant variation in harm reduction behaviors among providers, including community pharmacists. Community pharmacies are one of the most accessible points for healthcare; approximately 90% of U.S. residents live within five miles of a pharmacy. Therefore, pharmacies have a great opportunity to promote and engage their communities in harm reduction approaches. This session will examine evidence-based harm reduction approaches that can be employed in community pharmacies. The presenters will use their syringe dispensing research conducted across three states to describe the current harm reduction climate in community pharmacies. During this interactive session, participants will discuss scenarios in which they are encouraged to evaluate their own attitudes and beliefs toward non-Rx syringe sales, naloxone dispensing and other harm reduction strategies while taking a look at the impact of state level policies on these approaches. The session will be targeted to practicing pharmacists, coalition leaders and harm reduction stakeholders.

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Dearing, Julie. "Reducing alcohol-related harm through utilizing a harm prevention curriculum at the University of Central Oklahoma /." Read online, 2008. http://library.uco.edu/UCOthesis/DearingJ2008.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Harm reduction"

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Foy, Seán. Solution Focused Harm Reduction. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72335-8.

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Petersen, Trudi. Steroids: Harm reduction booklet. Church Village: Mid Glamorgan C.D.A.T., 1993.

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József, Csorba. Harm programs: Reduction in Hungary. Budapest: HCLU, 2003.

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A, Inciardi James, and Harrison Lana D, eds. Harm reduction: National and international perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2000.

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Great Britain. Cabinet Office. Prime Minister's Strategy Unit. Alcohol harm reduction strategy for England. London: Strategy Unit, 2004.

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Tim, Rhodes, and Dagmar Hedrich. Harm reduction: Evidence, impacts, and challenges. Edited by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2010.

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A, Inciardi James, and Harrison Lana D, eds. Harm reduction: National and international perspectives. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, Inc., 1999.

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1947-, O'Hare P. A., ed. The Reduction of drug-related harm. London: Routledge, 1992.

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E, Larimer Mary, American Psychological Association, and Governors State University. Communication Services, eds. Harm reduction with high school students. [Washington, DC]: American Psychological Association, 2006.

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Stout, Dee-Dee. Coming to harm reduction kicking & screaming: Looking for harm reduction in a 12-step world. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Harm reduction"

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Harm Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1262–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_558.

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Lloyd, Linda S. "Harm Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 550–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_184.

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Orbell, Sheina, Havah Schneider, Sabrina Esbitt, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Erica Shreck, Abigail Batchelder, et al. "Harm Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 895–96. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_647.

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Tompkins, Michael A. "Harm Reduction." In Clinician's Guide to Severe Hoarding, 49–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1432-6_3.

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Rinehart, Deborah. "Harm Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 988–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_647.

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Laverack, Glenn. "Harm Reduction." In A–Z of Health Promotion, 75–76. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-35049-7_26.

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Malka, Deborah. "Harm Reduction." In Medicinal Cannabis, 299–304. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098201-41.

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Malka, Deborah. "Harm Reduction." In Medicinal Cannabis, 299–304. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098201-41.

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Harm Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1716–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_558.

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Rausa, Bettina. "Harm Reduction." In Mental Health Practitioner's Guide to HIV/AIDS, 227–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5283-6_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Harm reduction"

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Wu, Wentao, Yangbo Lv, Shilei Xu, Jincang Liu, Weize Li, Wenkang Zhao, Jun Liang, Zhenze Wang, and Jianbin Zang. "Research progress on cigarette filters using laser drilling method for ventilation and harm reduction." In 4th International Conference on Laser, Optics and Optoelectronic Technology (LOPET 2024), edited by Suihu Dang and Manuel Filipe Costa, 47. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3040055.

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Xiong, Zhuo, Yingjie Chen, Qili Lu, and Chenyu Wang. "Reduction of Wafer Backside Aluminum Contamination for Harp STI Process." In 2025 Conference of Science and Technology of Integrated Circuits (CSTIC), 1–2. IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/cstic64481.2025.11017932.

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Zhang, Wenyi, and James A. Bain. "Experimental Demonstration of a Low Optical Loss AlN Heatsink for HAMR NFT Temperature Rise Reduction." In 2024 IEEE 35th Magnetic Recording Conference (TMRC), 1–2. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmrc62973.2024.10713984.

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Wiedemann, Stefan. "Tobacco Harm Reduction mit Drogengebrauchenden." In Deutscher Suchtkongress. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1790415.

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Mbugua, Njeri, Elizabeth Ann Bukusi, Asunta Wagura, and Elizabeth Ngugi. "P3.170 Women, harm reduction and hiv." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.405.

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Shelby, Renee, Shalaleh Rismani, Kathryn Henne, AJung Moon, Negar Rostamzadeh, Paul Nicholas, N'Mah Yilla-Akbari, et al. "Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction." In AIES '23: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604673.

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Piquette, Noella, Kathy Haight, and Olu Awosoga. "HARM MINIMIZATION: A TOBACCO REDUCTION FOR YOUTH PROGRAM." In 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0623.

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Müller-Maar, O., and A. Schroers. "Harm Reduction – Weiterentwicklung des ‚Frankfurter Weges‘ der Drogenpolitik." In Deutscher Suchtkongress 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1755961.

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"CHEMSEX PRACTITIONERS, PEER-LED INTERVENTIONS, AND HARM REDUCTION." In 8th World Congress of the World Association of Dual Disorders (WADD) and the 26th Congress of the Spanish Society of Dual Disorders SEPD. SEPD/WADD, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/abstractbookdualdisorders-p-386.

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Grabski, Meryem, and Larissa Steimle. "Unterstützungsbedarfe rauchender Frauen – die Bedeutung von Harm Reduction." In Deutscher Suchtkongress. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1790414.

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Reports on the topic "Harm reduction"

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Buresh, Christopher, and Sarah Ziegenhorn. The Opioid Epidemic in Iowa and Harm Reduction Strategies. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Public Policy Center, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/rep.001114.

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Cawley, John, and Davide Dragone. Harm Reduction: When Does It Improve Health, and When Does it Backfire? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30926.

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Lane, Roger, Larry Lewis, and Himayu Shiotani. Opportunities to Improve Military Policies and Practices to Reduce Civilian Harm From Explosive Weapons in Urban Conflict. UNIDIR, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/19/pacav/11.

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This research paper seeks to contribute to further thinking and dialogue among States and their militaries that conduct operations in urbanized environments on what more can be done to reduce civilian harm by proposing practical measures in the form of options for consideration. UNIDIR seeks to enhance knowledge on ways to reduce risks and mitigate harm to civilians from the effects of explosive weapons in urbanized environments. This research frames the issue of explosive weapons in the broader context of protection of civilians in urban conflict and focuses on multilateral operations. The research takes a comprehensive approach to civilian protection from a ‘risk reduction’ perspective—that is, seeking to understand where the risks and uncertainties lie in the entire ‘civilian protection life cycle’, recognizing that civilian harm is the cumulative effect of numerous risks and decisions made from formulating mandates, planning, execution, assessment and response to lessons learned and institutional learning. Particular focus is placed on the targeting and weaponeering processes.

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Wan, Wilfred, and Nivedita Raju. Escalation Risks at the Space–Nuclear Nexus. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/fzdw6296.

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Space systems are essential for nuclear and non-nuclear missions for China, Russia and the United States, with the space domain central in their national security strategies. Amid the strategic competition and rivalry between the three states, their threat perceptions exhibit unprecedented levels of worst-case scenario thinking, signalling a preparedness to respond with force in case of attacks or incidents involving space systems. Escalation risks in outer space, even possibly extending to the use of nuclear weapons, thus appear to be growing, especially as the deterrent role of such weapons is expanding to account for more capabilities with strategic effect. While different variables will impact escalation dynamics at the intersection of outer space, nuclear weapons and related systems (the ‘space–nuclear nexus’), some factors clearly contribute to the risk of escalation. These include strategic ambiguity and unclear red lines on what actions could result in potential nuclear retaliation. These fuzzy red lines are further blurred by the many uncertainties in space operations, such as congestion of orbits, considerations of potential civilian harm, the role of commercial actors in space, and the integration of artificial intelligence into space systems. Additional space–nuclear-related risk reduction measures are therefore vital. This paper proposes measures at the multilateral, bilateral and unilateral levels for China, Russia and the USA to consider.

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Warin, Thierry. Canada–U.S. Trade in a Globalized Economy: Elasticities, Asymmetries, and Policy Imperatives. CIRANO, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.54932/slph3996.

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This study examines the intricate trade interdependencies between Canada and the United States, highlighting how aggregate export–import figures can mask deeper economic realities. Approximately three-quarters of Canadian merchandise exports head to the United States each year, contributing to a bilateral merchandise trade surplus for Canada in the range of 100 to 170 billion Canadian dollars. Yet, when energy products are excluded, the United States shows a small surplus with Canada, illustrating how both sides benefit from specialized cross-border value chains. Analyses of selected sectors demonstrate that a hypothetical 25 percent tariff on Canadian goods would translate into lost export revenue for Canada, but it would also raise production costs for many U.S. manufacturers dependent on Canadian imports. Despite Canada’s smaller economy, the potential for economic harm runs in both directions. Automakers in Michigan and Ohio, for instance, rely on numerous Canadian inputs that cross the border multiple times, and integrated refiners on the Gulf Coast often process crude oil from Alberta. Inelastic supply chains amplify these vulnerabilities: short-run elasticity estimates indicate that energy flows might see only a 2 percent immediate reduction under a 10 percent tariff, yet over a longer horizon, both sides risk further setbacks if either country shifts to alternative markets. On both sides, adjustments to cross-border barriers are neither simple nor immediate because specialized capital investments and elaborate production networks cannot be realigned without significant cost. These findings underscore the limitations of viewing trade solely through the lens of net balances. They suggest that resilience policies, dispute-resolution frameworks, and incremental diversification strategies are integral to mitigating risk. In a climate where protectionist rhetoric can swiftly translate into new barriers, maintaining stable, predictable conditions for trade in both Canada and the United States is essential to preserving the mutual gains flowing from decades of close economic integration.

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Kaitlin, Ball. New Technologies for Combatting Sexual Violence in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.136.

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There are a significant number of new technologies aimed at combatting sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)—primarily in the form of “emergency mobile apps”, but they are generally geographically and culturally limited, and under-studied. There are fewer applications of new technologies addressing conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), as regards prevention, monitoring, and early warning systems. Well established issues related to the under-reporting of SGBV also impact the accuracy of digital monitoring tools used in both conflict and non-conflict contexts. The use of digital tools to combat SGBV also raises novel challenges related to new technologies, such as bias and data protection concerns. This report reviews evidence of the deployment of new technologies to address sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) both in and outside of conflict settings, and the potential for applications from non-conflict settings to apply to CRSV. Although certain literature is beginning to address the specific limitations of new technologies (e.g. usability in urban environments, cultural and linguistic appropriateness, and other accessibility questions), the limited nature of the literature assessing these new technologies and—more importantly—the design of these new technologies, means that the needs of disabled individuals, LGBTQIA+, and even men and boys, are often not centred or addressed in the design and critique of these new technologies. The review found that the studies assessing new technologies designed for and deployed in non-conflict settings identify many of the same issues affecting societal understanding of SGBV generally (under-reporting, for example), as well as new issues specific to the digital turn, such as serious and evolving privacy and data protection concerns. As regards the application of new technologies to CRSV specifically, both the applications and literature assessing them are nascent. Nevertheless, scholars are seeking to define frameworks aimed at harm reduction for the proliferation of new technologies in the humanitarian field specific to CRSV.

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Kaawa-Mafigiri, David, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for RCCE in the 2022 Ebola Outbreak Response in Greater Kampala, Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.037.

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On 20 September 2022, an outbreak of the Sudan strain of Ebola Virus Disease – SVD – was announced as the first laboratory-confirmed patient was identified in a village in Mubende District in central Uganda. Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) activated the National Task Force and developed and deployed a National Response Plan, which includes the activation of District Task Forces. The target areas include the epicentre (Mubende and Kassanda districts) and surrounding areas, as well as Masaka, Jinja and Kampala cities. This is of great concern, as Kampala is the capital city with a high population and linkages to neighbouring districts and international locations (via Entebbe Airport). It is also a serious matter given that there has been no outbreak of Ebola before in the city. This brief details how Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) activities and approaches can be adapted to reach people living in Greater Kampala to increase adoption of preventive behaviours and practices, early recognition of symptoms, care seeking and case reporting. The intended audiences include the National Task Force and District Task Forces in Kampala, Mukono, and Wakiso Districts, and other city-level RCCE practitioners and responders. The insights in this brief were collected from emergent on-the-ground observations from the current outbreak by embedded researchers, consultations with stakeholders, and a rapid review of relevant published and grey literature. This brief, requested by UNICEF Uganda, draws from the authors’ experience conducting social science research on Ebola preparedness and response in Uganda. It was written by David Kaawa-Mafigiri (Makerere University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (Institute of Development Studies (IDS)), and Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), with contributions from the MoH, UNICEF, the Center for Health, Human Rights and Development (CEHURD), the Uganda Harm Reduction Network (UHRN), Population Council and CLEAR Global/Translators without Borders. It includes some material from a SSHAP brief developed by Anthrologica and the London School of Economics. It was reviewed by the Uganda MoH, University of Waterloo, Anthrologica, IDS and the RCCE Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.

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Conteh, Abu. SSHAP West Africa Hub: Addressing the Kush Epidemic in Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, November 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.060.

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Sierra Leone has seen a sharp rise in the use of ‘kush’ – a relatively new drug formed through mixing several constituent drugs, including opioids, which is proving highly addictive and is having serious negative health and social consequences. In April 2024, the government declared a public health emergency resulting from high levels of kush use, with security services launching crackdowns.1 Limited data on kush use presents challenges to understanding the scale of the problem. The lack of evidence has hampered the government’s response to the kush crisis. This has contributed to a misunderstanding of the problem and a response that has negatively impacted those people using the drug. The composition of kush is similarly unclear; it is described as a combination of cannabis, fentanyl, tramadol,2 formaldehyde,3 disinfectants4 and – according to some media reports – ground human bones.3,5 Tests by the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime6 found that the drug contains synthetic cannabinoids and nitazenes.6 Youth are thought to be major consumers of the drug.4 The response to this emergency has been primarily punitive with dealers and addicts being arrested by security forces and placed in detention centres or rudimentary mental health facilities.7–9 This brief contextualises and provides insight into the ongoing kush epidemic. While kush use in Sierra Leone has reached crisis levels – requiring urgent action – it is symptomatic of deeper, long-standing issues of poverty, unemployment and limited opportunities for youth. These issues require sustained and comprehensive solutions beyond immediate emergency measures. This brief draws on academic and grey literature as well as consultations with practitioners working with regulatory authorities in Sierra Leone. There is currently little research on kush use in Sierra Leone, especially on the perspectives of users and the circumstances of their use. Due to the lack of social science evidence that articulates the drivers of substance use in Sierra Leone, what is presented in this brief is an attempt to identify factors likely to be shaping the epidemic and is thus speculative in nature. Ultimately, this brief aims to catalyse a dialogue that supports more effective responses to the crisis, including a multidisciplinary response to the epidemic and harm reduction approaches that focus on mitigating the dangers associated with drug use.

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Manning, Tyson, Thomas Prewitt, Scott Riccardella, and Pete Riccardella. PR335-233813-R01 Prioritization Methodology for Hard Spot Manufacturing Anomalies. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2025. https://doi.org/10.55274/r0000129.

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This report describes a methodology for evaluating pipelines containing hard spot manufacturing anomalies and prioritizing such anomalies identified from In-Line Inspection (ILI). It is reported here to evaluate and enhance ILI tool technology and analysis capability to reliably detect, size, and quantify the pipeline integrity threat posed by hard spot manufacturing defects that have led to notable industry failures. This report covers one task of the project which is development of a specific methodology for evaluating the predicted failure pressure (PFP) of cracking that initiates in pipe body hard spots. A deterministic method is provided that details a process for evaluating whether a hard spot with a crack that has initiated will rupture as a function of hard spot size, pipeline pressure, temperature and base material toughness outside of the hard spot. This method was developed to assist in prioritizing hard spot defects identified from ILI results for further excavation and remediation. Using the PFP evaluation methodology, an approach for completing a probabilistic evaluation was then developed. The probabilistic evaluation considers environmental and material factors which may make a crack likely to initiate in a hard spot and considers ILI tool uncertainty. The probabilistic method provides insight on the level of risk reduction that would be achieved through excavation and/or remediation activities in response to hard spot ILI results.

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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.

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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29

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