Journal articles on the topic 'Harver Curry'

<em>This article is devoted to sociolinguistics, one of the current fields of linguistics, which studies the relationship and influence between language and society, from which the field is explained, its origin, study and the invaluable role of social factors in communicating in a foreign language. It also provides information on the criteria for sociolinguistics to shed light on the social nature of language, and provides an example of the expected results.</em>

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), the putative causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), is controlled by application of insecticides, which, although effective, has resulted in serious biological imbalances. New management tools are needed, and the technique known as “trap crop” has been attracting attention. A potential plant for use as a trap crop in the management of the ACP is Murraya koenigii (curry leaf). However, for this plant to be used in the field, it needs to be attractive for the vector and must not harbor CLas. To verify the potential of curry leaf as trap crop for the management of HLB, we investigated the ability of D. citri to transmit CLas to M. koenigii, and to other test plants, including M. paniculata (orange jasmine) and cultivar Valencia sweet-orange seedlings. For the tests, the insects were reared on a symptomatic CLas-infected plant and allowed to feed on the three test plant species. The overall maximum transmission rate for the citrus seedlings was 83.3%, and for orange jasmine was 33.3%. Successful transmission of CLas by ACP to the curry-leaf seedlings was not observed, and it was treated as immune to CLas. Supported by the previous results that M. koenigii is attractive for ACP, these results indicate that curry leaf is an excellent candidate for use as a trap crop, to improve the management of the insect vector and consequently of HLB.

To facilitate detection of tumor cells at the highest resolution in an athymic nude mouse model system, Balb/c 3T3 cells transformed with the Harvey ras oncogene were transfected with the histochemical marker gene, bacterial lacZ (LZEJ cells). Alternatively, 3T3 cells transformed with the human sis oncogene were transfected with human placental alkaline phosphatase marker gene (APSI cells). Within minutes of subcutaneous injection, these tumor cells could be detected histochemically and the fate of cells followed with time. APSI or LZEJ cells gave very different single-cell morphologies at this site but yielded similar aggregation patterns of cells. Clearance of some cells could readily be detected by diffusion of histochemical product as “curly-haired” organizations of cells condensed into ovoid collections. Expansion of the population occurred with division of many cells in the population, not just one or a few cells. Cell number was quantitated by the development of ultrasensitive luminometry assays for the two histochemical marker enzymes; different kinetics were observed for establishment of LZEJ or APSI cells.

The family Cactaceae comprises a diverse group of typically succulent plants that are native to the American continent but have been introduced to nearly all other continents, predominantly for ornamental purposes. Despite their economic, cultural, and ecological importance, very little research has been conducted on the viral community that infects them. We previously identified a highly divergent geminivirus that is the first known to infect cacti. Recent research efforts in non-cultivated and asymptomatic plants have shown that the diversity of this viral family has been under-sampled. As a consequence, little is known about the effects and interactions of geminiviruses in many plants, such as cacti. With the objective to expand knowledge on the diversity of geminiviruses infecting cacti, we used previously acquired high-throughput sequencing results to search for viral sequences using BLASTx against a viral RefSeq protein database. We identified two additional sequences with similarity to geminiviruses, for which we designed abutting primers and recovered full-length genomes. From 42 cacti and five scale insects, we derived 42 complete genome sequences of a novel geminivirus species that we have tentatively named Opuntia virus 2 (OpV2) and 32 genomes of an Opuntia-infecting becurtovirus (which is a new strain of the spinach curly top Arizona virus species). Interspecies recombination analysis of the OpV2 group revealed several recombinant regions, in some cases spanning half of the genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that OpV2 is a novel geminivirus more closely related to viruses of the genus Curtovirus, which was further supported by the detection of three recombination events between curtoviruses and OpV2. Both OpV2 and Opuntia becurtoviruses were identified in mixed infections, which also included the previously characterized Opuntia virus 1. Viral quantification of the co-infected cactus plants compared with single infections did not show any clear trend in viral dynamics that might be associated with the mixed infections. Using experimental Rhizobium-mediated inoculations, we found that the initial accumulation of OpV2 is facilitated by co-infection with OpV1. This study shows that the diversity of geminiviruses that infect cacti is under-sampled and that cacti harbor diverse geminiviruses. The detection of the Opuntia becurtoviruses suggests spill-over events between viruses of cultivated species and native vegetation. The threat this poses to cacti needs to be further investigated.

Abstract Purpose The endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex (EMC) is a highly conserved, multifunctional 10-protein complex related to membrane protein biology. In seven families, we identified 13 individuals with highly overlapping phenotypes who harbor a single identical homozygous frameshift variant in EMC10. Methods Using exome, genome, and Sanger sequencing, a recurrent frameshift EMC10 variant was identified in affected individuals in an international cohort of consanguineous families. Multiple families were independently identified and connected via Matchmaker Exchange and internal databases. We assessed the effect of the frameshift variant on EMC10 RNA and protein expression and evaluated EMC10 expression in normal human brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. Results A homozygous variant EMC10 c.287delG (Refseq NM_206538.3, p.Gly96Alafs*9) segregated with affected individuals in each family, who exhibited a phenotypic spectrum of intellectual disability (ID) and global developmental delay (GDD), variable seizures and variable dysmorphic features (elongated face, curly hair, cubitus valgus, and arachnodactyly). The variant arose on two founder haplotypes and results in significantly reduced EMC10 RNA expression and an unstable truncated EMC10 protein. Conclusion We propose that a homozygous loss-of-function variant in EMC10 causes a novel syndromic neurodevelopmental phenotype. Remarkably, the recurrent variant is likely the result of a hypermutable site and arose on distinct founder haplotypes.

Проведен анализ видового состава живого напочвенного покрова, сформировавшегося под влиянием насаждений карельской березы на двух разновозрастных участках (15-ти и 35-ти лет), расположенных на Заонежской лесосеменной плантации (ЛСП) в Медвежьегорском районе Республики Карелия, где в результате предварительной подготовки территории был существенно поврежден растительный покров и нарушена структура почвы. Установлено, что общее проективное покрытие живого напочвенного покрова в настоящее время составляет в среднем 70%. На обоих участках в целом выявлено 38 видов, из них 32 – сосудистые растения (преимущественно лесные), 4 – лишайники, 2 – мхи. Среди сосудистых растений 94% являются аборигенными и только 6% – адвентивными. Несмотря на значительное сходство в составе напочвенного покрова, выявлены определенные особенности каждого из участков. В частности, на территории 35-летнего насаждения зафиксировано 28 видов сосудистых растений, среди которых преобладают вереск обыкновенный (20% от общего проективного покрытия), вейник тростниковый (20%), ландыш майский (15%), а также овсяночка извилистая (10%). В 15-летнем насаждении обнаружено 19 видов сосудистых растений с доминированием вереска обыкновенного (40%) и брусники обыкновенной (10%). В живом напочвенном покрове травяно-кустарничкового яруса на обоих участках преобладают по отношению: к освещенности – семигелиофиты, к почвенному увлажнению – мезофиты, к почвенному плодородию – мезотрофы. Выявленные особенности живого напочвенного покрова, сформированного под влиянием искусственно созданных насаждений карельской березы, обусловлены прежде всего разной продолжительностью его формирования, количеством поступавшего в почву опада березы (позднее дополняемого опадом травяно-кустарничковой растительности), а также отчасти видовым составом растительности, произрастающей на сопредельной с ними ненарушенной лесной территории, и с неровностью микрорельефа. Сделан вывод, что создание лесных культур плантационного типа является наиболее перспективным способом решения задачи воспроизводства карельской березы, а Заонежская ЛСП представляет собой хороший пример реинтродукции карельской березы in situ. В дальнейшем она может использоваться не только в практическом плане, но и для решения различных научных задач, выступая, в частности, в качестве объекта для проведения ботанических, физиолого-биохимических или молекулярно- генетических исследований. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : карельская береза, лесосеменная плантация, живой напочвенный покров, видовой состав, проективное покрытие. The articles gives an analysis of the species composition of the ground vegetation formed under the effect of curly birch plantations of two ages (15 and 35 years old) in sites situated in the Zaonezhye seed orchard (Medvezhyegorsky District, Republic of Karelia), where pre-planting operations had strongly damaged the plant cover and disturbed the soil structure. Currently, average total ground vegetation cover is 70%. Surveys of both sites revealed a total of 38 species, including 32 vascular plants (chiefly forest-dwelling), 4 lichens, and 2 mosses. Among the vascular plants, 94% are native and only 6% are non-native. Although the sites are quite similar in the ground vegetation composition there are some distinctions too. To wit, the 35-year-old site was found to harbor 28 vascular plant species with Calluna vulgaris (20% of the total cover), Calamagrostis arundinacea (20%), Convallaria majalis (15%), and Avenella flexuosa (10%) prevailing. The 15-year-old stand contained 19 vascular plant species, the dominants being C. vulgaris (40%) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (10%). The prevalent groups in the herb-subshrub layer were: in relation to light – semiheliophytes, in relation to soil moisture – mesophytes, in relation to soil fertility – mesotrophs. The distinctive features of the ground vegetation formed under the impact of curly birch plantations are primarily due to the different durations of the impact, the amount of birch litter input to the soil (with a later addition of herbaceous-subshrub litterfall), as well as, to some extent, to the species composition of the vegetation growing in the adjacent undisturbed forest area and to microtopographic roughness. It is concluded that forest crop planting is the most promising method for securing curly birch regeneration and that the Zaonezhye seed orchard is a good example of curly birch re-introduction in situ and can be used in the future both for applied purposes and in various sorts of theoretical research, acting, in particular, as an object for botanical, physiological, biochemical, or molecular genetic studies.

Abstract Background: Pheochromocytomas &amp; Paragangliomas (PCC/PGL) are amongst the rare endocrine tumours, occurring with an incidence of 0.8 per 100,0001. Though most of them have a benign nature, they are usually hormonally active causing significant cardiovascular morbidity due to the catecholamine secretion. Approximately a third of PCC/PGL have underlying germline mutations including Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Clinical Case: A 49 year old man was reviewed for symptoms of palpitation, headache, sweating, and blurred vision. physical examination revealed signs of NF1. He had multiple neurofibromas over the skin of the back, chest and neck, café-au-lait spots on the trunk and limbs. Ophthalmology assessment revealed multiple Lisch nodules bilaterally. Urinary catecholamines were significantly elevated. His initial systolic blood pressure was 190/148 mmHg. The patient’s medical history included hypertension that used to be well-controlled with Amlodipine 10 mg and Bisoprolol 5mg. however his blood pressure was harder to control during the past year. Laboratory investigations testing included measurements of urinary fractionated metanephrines which revealed high normetanephrines with a value of 690 nmol/d (N &amp;lt; 240). metanephrines (485 nmol/d: N &amp;lt; 275) and norepinephrines (456 nmol/d: N &amp;lt; 440). Plasma free normetanephrines were 3.20 nmol/L (N &amp;lt;1.20) and free metanephrines 0.4 nmol/L (N &amp;lt; 0.48). CT scan of the abdomen showed a 1.3 x 2.4x 3.9 mass in the left suprarenal gland which showed showed moderate uptake on A meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan. And no evidence of metastases. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy of the left suprarenal gland and histopathological examination was confirmatory of pheochromocytoma postoperatively. Conclusion:This is a case demonstrating the association between the germline mutation causing neurofibromatosis type 1 with the rare catecholamine secreting tumour (pheochromocytoma). Reference:1. Lefebvre M, Foulkes WD. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma syndromes: genetics and management update. Curr Oncol. 2014;21(1):e8-e17. doi: 10.3747/co.21.1579. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

e21062 Background: Acral melanoma is the main subtype in Asia, and tends to be insensitive to conventional and novel therapies compared with cutaneous melanomas. It has been proved that biomechanical alterations inside the tumor microenvironment significantly affect tumor progression in breast, pancreatic and other cancers(Hepatology. 2016 July ; 64(1): 261–275; Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Volume LXXXI) . Hence, we hypothesized that the biomechanical microenvironment plays critical roles in proliferation and invasion in acral melanoma. In this study, the main purpose is to observe whether melanoma cells have the same ability called “durotaxis” as other tumors, which to respond to a gradient of extracellular stiffness and migrate in a directed fashion. Methods: In this study, the stiffness was compared between the acral melanoma tissue and the normal tissue by using the atomic force microscope (AFM) with fresh samples and the freezing microtome sectioning specimen (J. Matthew Barnes et al., Nature Cell Biology 2018.) . A stiffness gradient polyacrylamide hydrogel system was constructed to observe how the acral melanoma cells response. Using automated tracking (Curr Protoc Cell Biol. ; 76: 12.12.1–12.12.16.) of positional data for large sample size of single migrating cells to systematically analyze polarized melanoma cell migration in response to stiffness gradient. Results: The results showed that 1) all the acral melanoma cell lines tested displayed strong anti-durotactic migratory response, which was in accordance with the AFM measurement that the melanoma microenvironment gradually softened; 2) Acral melanoma cells tend to move toward softer areas on gradient gels, which is contrary to the migration behavior of most other tumor cells. Conclusions: In this study, we presented the different migratory pattern of acral melanoma cells. It may illustrate the invasion mechanism for aral melanoma cells. It could also herald that extracellular matrix may be a potential therapeutic target in acral melanomas.

Overwinter mustard cover crops incorporated into soil may suppress early-season weeds in chile pepper (Capsicum annuum). However, the potential for mustard cover crops to harbor beet leafhoppers (Circulifer tenellus) is a concern because beet leafhoppers transmit beet curly top virus to chile pepper. The objectives of this study were to determine the amounts of a biopesticidal compound (sinigrin) added to soil from ‘Caliente Rojo’ brown mustard (Brassica juncea) cover crops ended on three different days before beet leafhopper flights during spring and to determine the effects of the cover crop termination date on weed densities and hand-hoeing times for chile pepper. To address these objectives, a field study was conducted in southern New Mexico. In 2019–20, the cover crop was ended and incorporated into soil 45, 31, and 17 days before beet leafhopper flights. In 2020–21, cover crop termination occurred 36, 22, and 8 days before beet leafhopper flights. Treatments also included a no cover crop control. Cover crop biomass and sinigrin concentrations were determined at each termination. Chile pepper was seeded 28 days after the third termination date. Weed densities and hand-hoeing times were determined 28 and 56 days after chile pepper seeding. In 2019–20, the third termination (17 days before beet leafhopper flights) yielded the maximum cover crop biomass (820 g⋅m−2) and greatest sinigrin addition to soil (274 mmol⋅m−2). However, only the second termination (31 days before beet leafhopper flights) suppressed weeds in chile pepper. In 2020–21, the third termination (8 days before beet leafhopper flights) yielded the maximum cover crop biomass (591 g⋅m−2) and greatest sinigrin addition to soil (213 mmol⋅m−2), and it was the only treatment that suppressed weeds. No cover crop treatment reduced hand-hoeing times. These results indicate that overwinter mustard cover crops can be ended to evade beet leafhopper flights and suppress weeds in chile pepper.

The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), is an economic pest of flue-cured tobacco because it vectors tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Other species of thrips are also vectors of spotted wilt in tobacco, including the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande). This study examined the presence of thrips species on alternate plant hosts associated with the tobacco farmscape and surrounding area. Weed hosts were sampled from December through April from 1998 through 2001 to assess which plants provide suitable refuge and nutrients for thrips survival, reproduction, and spotted wilt infection. Thrips were identified to species and confirmed as potential vectors of spotted wilt by using ELISA to test for the presence of a non-structural tomato spotted wilt virus protein. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), and narrowleaf vetch (Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.) are common late-winter weeds in the farmscape that harbor spotted wilt vectors. Cutleaf evening primrose, Oenethera laciniata Hill, and volunteer soybean, Glycine max(L.) Merrill, also were hosts of spotted wilt vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Numerous other weed hosts were present in the tobacco farmscape but either had no thrips collected from them or thrips were not confirmed as potential spotted wilt vectors from these host plants. Several other plants near the tobacco farmscape also were infected with spotted wilt, and three of these host plants, common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) had confirmed vectors (ELISA) collected from them. Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), wild radish, cutleaf evening primrose, narrowleaf vetch, carrot, curly dock (Rumex crispus L.), red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), and common chickweed were confirmed as positive plant hosts in this study for spotted wilt using ELISA. Frankliniella fusca appears to be the most abundant thrips vector on these alternate plant hosts and is the predominate thrips species collected on the flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. However, F. occidentalis, Haplothrips graminis Hood, and Chirothrips spp. also were confirmed in this study to be potential vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Weed hosts in the farmscape appear to be influential as refuge and nutrients for vectors and an innoculant source of tomato spotted wilt virus in the flue-cured tobacco farmscape.

The Newman-Kwart Rearrangement (NKR), the key-step in the three-stage conversion of phenols 1 into thiophenols 4 (see figure below), holds numerous applications in various fields [1]. Usually, the NKR proceeds via thermally induced intramolecular nucleophilic ipso substitution. High temperatures up to 300 °C are required to facilitate the rearrangement, especially for electron-rich substrates, causing side reactions and high energy consumption [1]. Over the past decade, several improved protocols have appeared that enable selective conversion under milder conditions. These methods are based either on homogeneous photocatalysis [2], thermochemical Pd catalysis [3], or on the use of reagents [4]. In this context, a new approach was developed in our group, in which heterogeneous electron transfer enables a radical cation pathway and thereby catalyzes the rearrangement (“hole catalysis”, see figure) [5]. The radical cation mechanism is driven by catalytic amounts of charge, either induced by anodic oxidation (“electrochemical catalysis”, e-NKR) [5,6] or in a photochemical reactor using suspended titanium dioxide nanoparticles as photocatalyst (p-NKR) [7].The resulting radical cation 2∙+ then undergoes intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution (ArSE) to form the product radical cation 3∙+ , which reacts either in a chain process with another substrate molecule 2 (see figure, case A) or undergoes backward electron exchange with the electrode/titanium dioxide particle (case B) to form product 4 [6,7]. For both the e-NKR and the p-NKR, highly selective transformation proceeds at room temperature under aerobic conditions. A variety of different substrates can be rearranged, whereby the scope is complementary to the thermal NKR with respect to electron-donating and -withdrawing aryl substituents. For the e-NKR, an electrochemical micro-flow reactor can overcome the need for supporting electrolyte due to a small distance between the electrodes [6,7]. Both for the p- and the e-NKR, detailed mechanistic studies were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, operando spectroscopy, computational analysis, and control experiments. In the present contribution, both practical and mechanistic aspects will be discussed with particular focus on the photocatalytic approach [6,7], along with recent applications to biomass-derived compounds[8]. References [1] a) G. C. Lloyd-Jones, J. D. Moseley, J. S. Renny, Synthesis. 2008, 5, 661 – 689; b) C. Zonta, O. de Lucchi, R. Volpicelli, L. Cotarca, Top. Curr. Chem. 2006, 275, 131 – 161. [2] A. J. Perkowski, C. L. Cruz, D. A. Nicewicz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 50, 15684 – 15687. [3] J. N. Harvey, J. Jover, G. C. Lloyd-Jones, J. D. Moseley, P. Murray, J. S. Renny, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7612 – 7615. [4] a) S. K. Pedersen, A. Ulfkjaer, M. N. Newman, S. Yogarasa, A. U. Petersen, T. I. Sølling, M. Pittelkow, J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 12000 – 12006; b) T. Gendron, R. Pereira, H. Y. Abdi, T. H. Witney, E. Årstad, Org. Lett. 2020, 22, 274 – 278. [5] a) T. Broese, A. F. Rösel, A. Prudlik, R. Francke, Org. Lett. 2018, 20, 7483 – 7487; b) A. F. Rösel, M. Ugandi, N. T. T. Huyen, M. Májek, T. Broese, M. Roemelt, R. Francke, J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, 8029 – 8044. [6] R. Francke, R. D. Little, ChemElectroChem. 2019, 6, 4373 – 4382. [7] P. Enders, T. Taeufer, K. Prane, E. Schönke, R. Francke, manuscript in preparation. [8] P. Enders, S. Caby, J. Bardagí, R. Francke, manuscript in preparation. Figure 1

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This research is aimed to discover the interrelation between marital satisfaction, religiouscommitment and marital commitment globally and based on its types, personal, moral, andstructural. The sampling of the research is 315 persons, with age 20 until 58 years old. The resultof the research shows there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction and maritalcommitment, religious commitment and marital commitment, marital satisfaction together withreligious commitment and marital commitment. It is also discovers that marital commitmentinfluences personal commitment and moral commitment, while religious commitment influencespersonal commitment, moral commitment, and structural commitment.Keywords: marital satisfaction, religious commitment, marital commitment&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstrak&#x0D; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan secara global dan menurut tipenya, komitmen personal, moral, dan struktural. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 315 orang, berusia 20 hingga 58 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kepuasan pernikahan dan komitmen pernikahan, komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan, kepuasan pernikahan bersama dengan komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan. Juga diketahui bahwa kepuasan pernikahan memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal dan komitmen moral. Sementara komitmen beragama memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal, komitmen moral, dan komitmen struktural. &#x0D; Kata kunci: kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, komitmen pernikahan&#x0D; &#x0D; References&#x0D; Abbott, D., Berry, M. and Meredith, W. (1990). Religious Belief and Practice: A Potential Assetin Helping Families. Family Relations, 39(4), p.443.Adams, J. M. &amp; Jones, W. H. (1999). Interpersonal commitment in historichal perspectives. InHandbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability. New York: SpringerScience+Business Media.Agnew, H. (2009). Commitment, Theories and Typologies. Department of PsychologicalSciences Faculty Publications. Diunduh dari: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/28Allgood, S. M., Harris, S.,Skogrand, L., &amp; Lee, T.R. (2008). Marital commitment andreligiosity in a religiously homogenous population. Marriage &amp; Family Review, 45(1),52-67. doi: 10.1080/01494920802537472.Amato, P. R. 2010. 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Background: Although sleep has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for sports injury, the effect of decreased sleep on sports injuries in adolescents is poorly studied. Purpose: To systematically review published literature to examine if a lack of sleep is associated with sports injuries in adolescents and to delineate the effects of chronic versus acute lack of sleep. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE databases were systematically searched for studies reporting statistics regarding the relationship between sleep and sports injury in adolescents aged &lt;19 years published between 1/1/1997 and 12/21/2017. From included studies, the following information was extracted: bibliographic and demographic information, reported outcomes related to injury and sleep, and definitions of injury and decreased sleep. Additionally, a NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) assessment and an evaluation of the OCEM (Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine) level of evidence for each study was conducted to assess each study’s individual risk of bias, and the risk of bias across all studies. Results: Of 907 identified articles, 7 met inclusion criteria. Five studies reported that adolescents who chronically slept poorly were at a significantly increased likelihood of experiencing a sports or musculoskeletal injury. Two studies reported on acute sleep behaviors. One reported a significant positive correlation between acutely poor sleep and injury, while the other study reported no significant correlation. In our random effects model, adolescents who chronically slept poorly were more likely to be injured than those who slept well (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.37, p = 0.03). OCEM criteria assessment showed that all but one study (a case-series) were of 2b level of evidence—which is the highest level of evidence possible for studies which were not randomized control trials or systematic reviews. NOS assessment was conducted for all six cohort studies to investigate each study’s individual risk of bias. Five out of six of these studies received between 4 to 6 stars, categorizing them as having a moderate risk of bias. One study received 7 stars, categorizing it as having a low risk of bias. NOS assessment revealed that the most consistent source of bias was in ascertainment of exposure: all studies relied on self-reported data regarding sleep hours rather than a medical or lab record of sleep hours. Conclusions: Chronic lack of sleep in adolescents is associated with greater risk of sports and musculoskeletal injuries. Current evidence cannot yet definitively determine the effect of acute lack of sleep on injury rates. Our results thus suggest that adolescents who either chronically sleep less than 8 hours per night, or have frequent night time awakenings, are more likely to experience sports or musculoskeletal injuries. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text] References used in tables and full manuscript Barber Foss KD, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Epidemiology of basketball, soccer, and volleyball injuries in middle-school female athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(2):146-153. Adirim TA, Cheng TL. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sports Med. 2003;33(1):75-81. Valovich McLeod TC, Decoster LC, Loud KJ, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: prevention of pediatric overuse injuries. J Athl Train. 2011;46(2):206-220. Milewski MD, Skaggs DL, Bishop GA, et al. Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(2):129-133. Wheaton AG, Olsen EO, Miller GF, Croft JB. Sleep Duration and Injury-Related Risk Behaviors Among High School Students--United States, 2007-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(13):337-341. Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion. Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2016;12(11):1549-1561. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1161-1183. Juliff LE, Halson SL, Hebert JJ, Forsyth PL, Peiffer JJ. Longer Sleep Durations Are Positively Associated With Finishing Place During a National Multiday Netball Competition. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(1):189-194. Beedie CJ, Terry PC, Lane AM. The profile of mood states and athletic performance: Two meta- analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2000;12(1):49-68. Panic N, Leoncini E, de Belvis G, Ricciardi W, Boccia S. Evaluation of the endorsement of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement on the quality of published systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2013;8(12): e83138. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS medicine. 2009;6(7): e1000100. Watson A, Brickson S, Brooks A, Dunn W. Subjective well-being and training load predict in- season injury and illness risk in female youth soccer players. Br J Sports Med. 2016. Alricsson M, Domalewski D, Romild U, Asplund R. Physical activity, health, body mass index, sleeping habits and body complaints in Australian senior high school students. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008;20(4):501-512. Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp . Luke A, Lazaro RM, Bergeron MF, et al. Sports-related injuries in youth athletes: is overscheduling a risk factor? Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(4):307-314. University of Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence. 2009; https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ . von Rosen P, Frohm A, Kottorp A, Friden C, Heijne A. Too little sleep and an unhealthy diet could increase the risk of sustaining a new injury in adolescent elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1364-1371. von Rosen P, Frohm A, Kottorp A, Friden C, Heijne A. Multiple factors explain injury risk in adolescent elite athletes: Applying a biopsychosocial perspective. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(12):2059-2069. Picavet HS, Berentzen N, Scheuer N, et al. Musculoskeletal complaints while growing up from age 11 to age 14: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Pain. 2016;157(12):2826-2833. Kim SY, Sim S, Kim SG, Choi HG. Sleep Deprivation Is Associated with Bicycle Accidents and Slip and Fall Injuries in Korean Adolescents. PLoS One. 2015;10(8): e0135753. Stare J, Maucort-Boulch D. Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk. Metodoloski Zvezki. 2016;13(1):59-67. Watson AM. Sleep and Athletic Performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(6):413-418. Stracciolini A, Stein CJ, Kinney S, McCrystal T, Pepin MJ, Meehan Iii WP. Associations Between Sedentary Behaviors, Sleep Patterns, and BMI in Young Dancers Attending a Summer Intensive Dance Training Program. J Dance Med Sci. 2017;21(3):102-108. Stracciolini A, Shore BJ, Pepin MJ, Eisenberg K, Meehan WP, 3 rd. Television or unrestricted, unmonitored internet access in the bedroom and body mass index in youth athletes. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(8):1331-1335. Snyder Valier AR, Welch Bacon CE, Bay RC, Molzen E, Lam KC, Valovich McLeod TC. Reference Values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in Adolescent Athletes by Sport and Sex. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(12):2723-2729. Simpson NS, Gibbs EL, Matheson GO. Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(3):266-274. Liiv H, Jurimae T, Klonova A, Cicchella A. Performance and recovery: stress profiles in professional ballroom dancers. Med Probl Perform Art. 2013;28(2):65-69. Van Der Werf YD, Van Der Helm E, Schoonheim MM, Ridderikhoff A, Van Someren EJ. Learning by observation requires an early sleep window. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(45):18926- 18930. Lee AJ, Lin WH. Association between sleep quality and physical fitness in female young adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007;47(4):462-467. Mejri MA, Yousfi N, Hammouda O, et al. One night of partial sleep deprivation increased biomarkers of muscle and cardiac injuries during acute intermittent exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57(5):643-651. Mejri MA, Yousfi N, Mhenni T, et al. Does one night of partial sleep deprivation affect the evening performance during intermittent exercise in Taekwondo players? Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2016;12(1):47-53. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep health. 2015;1(4):233-243. Dennis J, Dawson B, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Robey E. Sleep patterns and injury occurrence in elite Australian footballers. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(2):113-116. Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, et al. 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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Objective:</strong> Serial ultrasonographic assessment of the effect of different modes of mechanical ventila-tion on diaphragmatic thickness and consequently its effect on weaning of mechanical ventilation, total ventilatory days, ICU stay and mortality. <strong>Patients and methods:</strong> This study was carried out on 67 mechanically ventilated adult patients of both genders who were admitted to Critical Care Medicine Department in Alexandria main university hospital over a period from 1/4/2014 to 30\9\2014. All patients were subjected to complete medical and surgical history taking, complete physical examination and daily ultrasonographic assessment of diaphragmatic thickness. <strong>Results:</strong> Diaphragmatic atrophy was detected in 15 patients (78.9%) of patients on CMV, 14 patients (60.9%) of patients on assisted MV in comparison to only one patient (4%) of patients on spontaneous MV (P&lt;0.001). Patients who developed diaphragmatic atrophy had a mean total ventilatory days 7.23 &plusmn; 2.39 days, mean ICU stay 9.08 &plusmn; 2.91 days, mortality rate 16.7%, primary weaning failure rate 52% and secondary weaning failure rate 36% while Patients who did not develop diaphragmatic atrophy had a mean total ventilatory days 4.32 &plusmn; 2.44 days, mean ICU stay 7.59&plusmn; 2.63 days, mortality rate 8.1%, primary weaning failure rate 5.4% and secondary weaning failure rate 5.4%. (P1 &lt; 0.001 P2 = 0.03 P3 = 0.451 P4 &lt;0.001&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P5 &lt;0.001 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragmatic atrophy which is significantly higher with controlled and assisted mechanical ventilation modes than spontaneous modes. Ventilator induced diaphragmatic atrophy is associated with higher rates of primary and secondary weaning failure, more ventilatory days, longer ICU stay. <strong>Key Words:</strong> Mechanical Ventilation; Diaphragmatic atrophy; Weaning Failure <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Vasilyev S, Schaap RN, Mortensen JD. Hospital survival rates of patients with acute respiratory failure in modern respiratory intensive care units. An international, multicenter, prospective survey. Chest 1995;107(4):1083-8. Martin L. Respiratory failure. Med Clin N Am 1997;61:1369. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Thorax 2002;57:192-211. Health Sciences Authority (HSA), Health Products Regulation Group, Blood Services Group, Applied Sciences Group. Gn-13: guidance on the risk classification of general medical devices, revision 1.1. Singapore: HAS; 2014. Saydain G, Islam A, Afessa B, Ryu JH, Scott JP, Peters SG. 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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Bacteria have known as one of the main important limitation factors of many agricultural products. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of different species of <em>Penicillium</em> and <em>Aspergillus</em> on some important bacteria. For this intention 12 and 21 species of <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium,</em> were applied, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria conducted in this research were <em>Pseudomonas viridiflava</em>, <em>Xanthomonas campestrispv. Campestris </em>and <em>Escherichia coli</em> and the only gram-positive bacterium was <em>Rhatayibacter iranicu</em><em>s</em>. Fungal and bacterial isolates were dual cultured simultaneously on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and were shaked with 120 rpm. The samples were investigated after a week. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed.&#x0D; &#x0D; References&#x0D; &#x0D; World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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