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1

Verheugt, Freek W. A. Fibrinolytic therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0038.

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Fibrinolytic agents are able to reopen blood vessels that are occluded by a fresh thrombus. Urokinase, streptokinase, and streptokinase derivatives were the first effective agents. Recombinant plasminogen activators became available and they are specific for thrombus-bound fibrin. Significant bleeding is the major side effect of fibrinolysis, a major hurdle for its use. The current era of mechanical reperfusion has made fibrinolytic therapy a niche treatment for acute arterial thrombosis such as ST elevation myocardial infarction and stroke. Only for pulmonary embolism with haemodynamic conseq
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2

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Treatment of Acute Right-Sided Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0001.

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Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) is the mainstay of stroke therapy and is US Food and Drug Administration-approved for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Its benefit on functional outcome has been established in multiple randomized trials when administered within 3 hours. Select patients may be treated off-label up to 4.5 hours from symptom onset. Eligibility criteria need to be reviewed carefully to optimize benefit and to minimize complications, namely reperfusion hemorrhage.
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3

Capodanno, Davide. Bivalirudin and argatroban. Edited by Raffaele DeCaterina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0052.

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The central role of thrombin in the process of clot formation makes it an important therapeutic target. Heparin is a potent anticoagulant, but has a number of limitations, in that—for example—it does not bind clot-bound thrombin, activates platelets, and may determine heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Bivalirudin and argatroban, which belong to the class of intravenous direct thrombin inhibitors, overcome many of the limitations of heparin. Bivalirudin is currently indicated for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary
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4

Hastie, Nick, and Eve Miller-Hodges. WT1 and its disorders. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0329_update_001.

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Mutations in the Wilms tumour suppressor gene, WT1, are associated with Wilms tumour in childhood. However, in addition WT1 has a key role in renal development, emerging roles in podocyte function, and a potential role in tissue regeneration. An understanding of WT1 is of increasing importance to clinical practice. WT1 is a complex gene with multiple isoforms. It is crucial for normal embryonic development, especially kidney development, where it is necessary for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition to form the nephron. WT1 mutations lead to abnormalities in renal and genitourinary development
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5

Vaghi, M. M., and T. W. Robbins. Task-Based Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Hypothesis-Driven Review. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0022.

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The neurobiological basis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been probed using functional magnetic resonance in hundreds of studies over three decades. This complex literature can be syntheized using a theory-informed approach. At a theoretical level, separable, independent, constructs of relevance to OCD have been identified. At the experimental level, extensive translational evidence has provided an account that relates specific brain systems to these neuropsychological constructs. Parallels between neural substrates implicated in OCD and functional specialization of different brain
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6

Gallagher, Shaun. Action and the Problem of Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the concept of free will as it is discussed in philosophy and neuroscience. It reviews reflective and perceptual theories of agency and argues against neuro-centric conclusions about the illusory nature of free will. Experiments conducted by Benjamin Libet suggest that neural activations prior to conscious awareness predict specific actions. This has been taken as evidence that challenges the traditional notion of free will. Libet’s experiments, arguably, are about motor control processes on an elementary timescale and say nothing about freely willed intentional actions e
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7

Brown, David P. Lots Will Vary in the Available City. Edited by Benjamin Piekut and George E. Lewis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199892921.013.17.

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Michel de Certeau has described our movement about the city as improvisational—as an interaction with a spatial order that not only activates that order’s ensemble of possibilities but transforms and introduces new possibilities for elements comprising that order. However, architecture’s relation to improvisation is not limited to this provision of a fixed context, an offering of material that is the basis of our daily play. A number of writings about architecture and urbanism by Jane Jacobs, Roger Sherman, and Stan Allen identify improvisation in aspects of the design of the city itself. Alon
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8

Williams, David-Antoine. The Life of Words. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812470.001.0001.

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For centuries, investigations into the origins of words were entwined with investigations into the origins of humanity and the cosmos. With the development of modern etymological practice in the nineteenth century, however, many cherished etymologies were shown to be impossible, and the very idea of original ‘true meaning’ asserted in the etymology of ‘etymology’ declared a fallacy. Structural linguistics later held that the relationship between sound and meaning in language was ‘arbitrary’, or ‘unmotivated’, a truth that has survived with small modification until today. On the other hand, the
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9

Zolf, Rachel. No One's Witness. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021551.

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In No One's Witness Rachel Zolf activates the last three lines of a poem by Jewish Nazi holocaust survivor Paul Celan—“No one / bears witness for the / witness”—to theorize the poetics and im/possibility of witnessing. Drawing on black studies, continental philosophy, queer theory, experimental poetics, and work by several writers and artists, Zolf asks what it means to witness from the excessive, incalculable position of No One. In a fragmentary and recursive style that enacts the monstrous speech it pursues, No One's Witness demonstrates the necessity of confronting the Nazi holocaust in rel
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10

Wiklund, Olov, and Jan Borén. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: lipid metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0011.

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Lipids are carried in plasma as microparticles, lipoproteins, composed of a core of hydrophobic lipids and a surface of amphipathic lipids. In addition, the particles carry proteins (i.e. apolipoproteins). The proteins have key functions in the metabolism as receptor ligands, enzymes or activators. Lipoproteins are classified based on density into: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Retention of apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL, IDL, and VLDL) in the arterial intima is the initiating event in the development of atherosclerosis. Retention is mediated by binding of apoB to structural proteo
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11

Scheer, Monique. Enthusiasm. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863595.001.0001.

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Enthusiasm seeks to contribute to a culturally and historically nuanced understanding of how emotions secure and ratify the truth of convictions. More than just pure affective intensity, enthusiasm is about something: a certainty, clarity, or truth. Neither as clearly negative as “fanaticism” nor as general as “passion,” “enthusiasm” specifically entails belief. For this reason, Enthusiasm takes its starting point in religion, the social arena in which the concept was first debated and to which the term still gestures. Empirically based in modern German Protestantism, where religious emotion i
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12

Rosenblatt, Fernando. Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870041.001.0001.

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How do political parties remain vibrant organizations? This qualitative study of political parties in Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay explains how party vibrancy is maintained and reproduced over time. A vibrant party is an active organization that operates beyond electoral cycles, has clear symbols, and maintains a significant presence in the territory. The study identifies the complex interaction between four causal factors that account for the reproduction of party vibrancy: Purpose, Trauma, Channels of Ambition, and moderate Exit Barriers. Purpose activates retrospective loyalty among membe
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13

Latash, Mark L. Seminars in Motor Control. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197794340.001.0001.

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Abstract All biological systems emerged in the process of evolution and are constrained by basic laws of nature. Approaches to motor control that assume operations with numbers and symbols (computations) in the brain to predict and prescribe peripheral muscle activations and mechanics are incompatible with the known physiology. Biology-specific laws of nature form the foundation for the neural control of movements with time changes in parameters associated with spatial referent coordinates for the effectors—parametric control. The idea of parametric control has been developed for motor units,
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14

Macdougall, Iain C. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0124.

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The advent of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in the late 1980s transformed the management of renal anaemia, liberating many dialysis patients from lifelong regular blood transfusions, in turn causing severe iron overload and human leucocyte antigen sensitization. Epoetin can be administered either intravenously or subcutaneously, but the half-life of the drug is fairly short at around 6–8 hours, necessitating frequent injections. To circumvent this problem, two manipulations to the erythropoietin molecule were engineered. The first of these was to attach an extra two carbohydrate c
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15

Jayne, David. Treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0132.

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The goals of treatment in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity, to prevent vasculitis returning, and to address longer-term comorbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk. Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as methotrexate or azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been par
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16

Crosson, Bruce A., Anastasia Ford, and Anastasia M. Raymer. Transcortical Motor Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.11.

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The defining symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia (TCMA) are nonfluent verbal output with relatively preserved repetition. Other symptoms, such as naming difficulties, agrammatic output, or even some paraphasias, may occur, but these are not cardinal symptoms defining TCMA and are not necessary for the diagnosis. The core anatomy involved in TCMA is a lesion of the medial frontal cortex, especially the left presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and adjacent Brodmann’s area 32; a lesion of the left posterior inferior frontal cortex, especially pars opercularis and ventral lateral premotor co
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