Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hate crime

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hate crime'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Hate crime"

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Kovacevic, Milica. "Hate crimes." Temida 12, no. 4 (2009): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0904093k.

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There is not much interest for the subject of hate crime in our literature. In the article, the author defines hate crime, based on the facts mainly from the Anglosaxon literature, and tries to explain the origin of prejudice. There is a description of factors which can be the cause for these crimes to occur. The author highlights the importance of preventing bias motivated crime. The article ends with some propositions about how to fight hate crimes.
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Perry, B. "Hate Crime." British Journal of Criminology 47, no. 5 (April 24, 2007): 842–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azm045.

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Henry, Jessica S. "Hate crime." Contemporary Justice Review 11, no. 3 (September 2008): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580802295799.

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Vilím, Lukáš. "Social Media – Hate Speech – Hate Crime." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 20, no. 2 (2021): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.20.2.06.

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Jesse Larner. "Hate Crime/Thought Crime." Dissent 57, no. 2 (2010): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.0.0132.

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Naidoo, Kamban. "The Shaping, Enactment and Interpretation of the First Hate-Crime Law in the United Kingdom - An Informative and Illustrative Lesson for South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (October 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1356.

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Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by personal prejudice or bias. Hate-crime laws criminalise such conduct and allow for the imposition of aggravated penalties on convicted perpetrators. This article examines the historical, social and political factors which influenced the shaping and enactment of the first British hate-crime law. The South African context is also considered since the Department of Justice has recently released the Prevention and Combatting of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill for public commentary and input.While Britain has had a long historical record of criminal conduct that was motivated by the race and the ethnicity of victims, it was only in the twentieth century that civil society first drew attention to the problem of violent racist crimes. Nevertheless, successive British governments denied the problem of racist crimes and refused to consider the enactment of a hate-crime law. Following a high-profile racist murder and a governmental inquiry, a British Labour Party-led government eventually honoured its pre-election commitment and passed a hate-crime law in 1998.Some parallels are apparent between the British and the South African contexts. South Africa also has a long historical record of racially motivated hate crimes. Moreover, in the post-apartheid era there have been numerous reports of racist hate crimes and hate crimes against Black lesbian women and Black foreigners. Despite several appeals from the academic and non-governmental sectors for the enactment of a hate-crime law, and the circulation for public commentary of the Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, such a law has hitherto not been enacted in South Africa. This article posits that the enactment of a hate-crime law is a constitutional imperative in South Africa in terms of the right to equality and the right to freedom and security of the person. While the enactment of a hate-crime law in South Africa is recommended, it is conceded that enacting a hate-crime law will not eradicate criminal conduct motivated by prejudice and bias.
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Ryan, Matt E., and Peter T. Leeson. "Hate groups and hate crime." International Review of Law and Economics 31, no. 4 (December 2011): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2011.08.004.

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Wang, Shaoxuan. "Hate Crime Analysis based on Artificial Intelligence Methods." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101062.

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Hate crimes always take a toll on American citizens, which harms social security. It is essential for researchers to explore the factors, which lead to hate crimes. This research is to find out the relationship between hate crimes and factors including income inequality, median household income, race using Machine Learning methods. Machine Learning, as an important branch in Artificial Intelligence, is a good way for finding relationships between things. The research is based on a dataset of hate crimes rates in the 2016 U.S. presidential election as well as hate crimes rates in every U.S. state from 2010 to 2015. Simply linear regression and multiple linear regression are used to describe the factors that influence the crime rate and their contributions, such as share of white poverty or share of non-white residents, or the median household income. Then, K-means is applied to classify hate crimes into 5 levels according to the crime rate. Furthermore, KNearest Neighbors is used to demonstrate a prediction of hate crime. At last, a histogram is applied to indicate the variance of the hate crimes in different states. From linear regression, four highest correlation coefficients with a hate crime can be found out, which are income inequality, median household income, the share of noncitizen, and race in turn. Income inequality has the highest correlation coefficient with a hate crime. From multiple linear regression, it can be found out that only by implementing income inequality, median household income, and race can we obtain the highest R square values, which are 0.44 for 2010 to 2015 hate crimes and 0.33 for 2016 hate crimes. From the K-Nearest Neighbors method, hate crimes can be predicted with an accuracy of 40% by applying median household income. Adding the race factor, accuracy rises to 50%. In summary, income inequality, median household income, and race have a high impact on the crime rate. The median household income and the race could predict the crime rate with an accuracy of about 50%.
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Wickes, Rebecca, Michelle Sydes, Kathryn Benier, and Angela Higginson. "“Seeing” Hate Crime in the Community: Do Resident Perceptions of Hate Crime Align With Self-Reported Victimization?" Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 7 (January 21, 2016): 875–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715625079.

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Hate crimes undermine tolerance and social inclusion by conveying an “outsider” status of the victim and other group members to the broader community. Yet, limited research considers whether non-victims recognize hate crime incidents when they occur. Using census and survey data for 4,000 residents living in 145 communities, we ask whether local residents “see” hate crime when it happens in their neighborhood and whether the neighborhood context influences the association between residents’ perceptions of hate crime and self-reported hate victimization. We find that residents’ perceptions are positively related to victim self-reports; however, this relationship weakens in ethnically diverse and disadvantaged areas. This suggests that residents’ perceptions of hate crime may be more dependent upon the community context than non-hate crimes.
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Mason-Bish, Hannah, and Marian Duggan. "‘Some men deeply hate women, and express that hatred freely’: Examining victims’ experiences and perceptions of gendered hate crime." International Review of Victimology 26, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758019872903.

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Extensive debate about the place of gender within the hate-crime policy domain has been fuelled by national victimisation surveys indicating people’s experiences of ‘gender hate crime’ coupled with Nottinghamshire Police’s decision to begin categorising misogynistic street harassment as a form of hate crime. Drawing on the results of an online survey of 85 respondents, this article explores people’s experiences of gender-related victimisation as ‘hate crimes’. The analysis demonstrates how participants relate their experiences to the concept of hate crime, their perceptions on punishment and reporting to the police, and also wider impacts on their recovery processes. This paper provides a timely contribution towards current debates around using the existing hate-crime model for addressing crimes motivated by gender hostility.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hate crime"

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Montague, Richard. "Challenging "hate crime" in a divided city : racist and sectarian hate crime in Belfast." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675454.

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Rafeedie, Sonia Issa. "Hate Crime: The Unidentified Evil." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1002131699.

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Zaykowski, Heather. "Predicting hate crime reporting to police insights from the National Crime Victimization Survey /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 60 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597633471&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Lloyd, Jonathan Andrew. "Hate Managers and Where They Target: An Analysis of Hate Crime as Hate Group Self-Help." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90883.

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I explore the relationships between hate group activity, community factors, and the likelihood of hate crime occurrence within a county area. I integrate considerations raised by Routine Activity and Social Control theorists as well as current hate crime literature to frame my concept of the hate manager, an agent of social control that utilizes hate crimes as a means of enacting extralegal self-help for hate groups. I explore the relationship between hate managers and hate crime by testing a model relating hate group activity and hate crime occurrences by location. Next, I correlate hate crime occurrences with hate group activity at the county level for the state of Virginia using public data. I find that a hate group's presence holds greater predictive power than nearly any other factor for hate crime likelihood. My findings illustrate the nature of hate crime as a means of social control; whereby hate groups act as a parochial order and maintain hierarchical relations between offenders and victims through means of disciplinary crimes. I conclude by outlining suggestions for future research into the role of the hate manager.
Master of Science
In my thesis, I ask the question of how hate groups methodically encourage where hate crimes occur. I do this by creating the concept of the hate manager. Hate managers are figures which influence would-be criminals into their illegal acts. They do this by stoking the fears necessary for them to act outside legal boundaries in reaction to some feeling of threat, an act known as self-help. Hate crimes, I argue, are a form of self-help where the feeling of threat is directed towards individuals belonging to some marginalized group. By looking at data collected by various agencies in the state of Virginia, I discover that the presence of a hate group in a county is a stronger predictor for such acts than any other factor for hate crime likelihood. By doing so, I demonstrate that hate crimes are a form of social control. That is, I argue that hate groups maintain a sense of order or ranking by means of illegal and disciplinary self-help in the form of hate crimes. I conclude my thesis by outlining suggestions for future exploration of the hate manager’s role.
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Broadhurst, Monica DeAnn. "The Integral Role of Training in the Implementation of Hate Crime Legislation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2818/.

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This research focuses on the association between law enforcement training and implementation of hate crime legislation. The Anti-Defamation League's state hate crime statutory provisions and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hate Crime Reporting by States data are examined. Section one includes the following: What Constitutes Hate?, The History of Hate Crime Legislation, and Issues Facing Hate Crime Legislation. Section two surveys literature on both Hate Crime Legislation and the training of law enforcement officers. Section three discusses the Anti-Defamation League and FBI data in detail and explains the methods used to test the association between law enforcement training and reporting of hate crime legislation. Findings yield a statistically significant association between law enforcement training and reporting of hate crime legislation.
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Coester, Marc. "Hate crimes das Konzept der hate crimes aus den USA unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989755606/04.

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Hall, Nathan Richard John. "Policing hate crime in London and New York city." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510768.

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Hodge, Jessica P. "Proving grounds the gender quandary of hate crime law /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 309 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654490941&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Sikk, Helis. "Affective Economies of Activism: Reimagining Anti-Lgbtq Hate Crime." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068228.

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“Affective Economies of Activism: Reimagining Anti-LGBTQ Hate Crime” is a critique of racism and misogyny within the contemporary LGBTQ movement. I argue that the mainstream LGBTQ movement’s narrow focus on street crimes against white gay men has resulted in a hyperreality that distracts us not only from the effects of the actual racialized violence that takes place, but also denies meaningful discussion of structural violence. This dissertation traces the origins of this exclusive and harmful discourse since the late 1960s with each chapter describing different forms of active resistance and possibilities for finding solutions today. I analyze publications gathered from special collections across the country; oral histories I conducted with activists in the South; documentary films; and queer online culture. My scholarship combines theory with everyday lived experience in order to bring social justice to the center of our field of vision. I do not only discuss and theorize about social justice, but also practice what I preach by engaging in archive activism and contributing to a grassroots LGBTQ history.
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Adebjörk, Andrea. "Misogyny: a hate crime or a private affair? : A socio-cultural study of the intersection between hate crime legislation and men’s violence against women." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-421488.

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Hate crime and men’s violence against women are two well-recognised and highly prioritised human rights phenomena in both international and local contexts. Yet, the idea of linking the two phenomena together has received very limited support. As a series of lethal acts of Incel- violence – violence characterised by misogynistic motives and an alt-right ideology of male supremacy – have taken place globally in recent years, a discussion on the region of the human rights spectrum where gendered violence and hate crime legislation overlap is more relevant than ever. Thus, this study’s overarching purpose is to – through a comparative analysis of studies on hate crime and men’s violence against women from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden – investigate the definition of hate crime and its scope in relation to gendered violence with a primary objective of identifying factors that explain why violent crimes against women motivated by misogynistic principles are rarely, if ever, recognised as hate crimes. By drawing on explanatory models of normalisation and theories on power relations, the practice of othering, the male norm and the norm of masculinity, and gendered spheres, the study sets out to evaluate a thesis that suggests that the infrequent inclusion of violent crimes with female victims in the legal and general perception of hate crime can be at least partially explained with reference to the normalisation of male violence against women, and the traditional expectation and assumption that violence against women is rooted in personal, emotional conflicts rather than impersonal hate motives. The analysis initially explores how the gender category is positioned within the legal phenomenon of hate crime by looking at a generalised criteria for hate crime, the normative view on hate crime victims, the reporting and statistics of hate crime, and arguments for and against the inclusion of a gender category in legal statues on bias crimes. The analysis then moves on to analyse three different categories of violence against women – domestic abuse, sexual assault and rape, and Incel-violence – in relation to gendered power dynamics and norms. The study’s results show that even though motives of hate can be linked to different forms of gendered violence, the traditional understanding of what constitutes a hate crime and a hate crime victim along with stereotypical assumptions on what male-on-female violence looks like, makes men’s violence against women appear incompatible with the hate crime phenomenon even in situations when cases of gendered violence actually fit into the generalised hate crime criteria that legal authorities and the public accept as the definition of a hate crime.
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Books on the topic "Hate crime"

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1962-, Perry Barbara, ed. Hate crimes: Understanding and defining hate crime. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers, 2009.

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Bernhardt, William. Hate crime. New York: Random House Large Print, 2004.

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1953-, Cunneen Chris, Fraser David 1953-, and Tomsen Stephen, eds. Faces of hate: Hate crime in Australia. Sydney, NSW: Hawkins Press, 1997.

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1960-, Bruce Judith, ed. Hate crimes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009.

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Pezzella, Frank S. Hate Crime Statutes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40842-2.

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Wilkin, David. Disability Hate Crime. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28726-9.

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Jamel, Joanna. Transphobic Hate Crime. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57879-8.

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Burch, Leah, and David Wilkin. Disability Hate Crime. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442004.

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Paul, Iganski, Burney Elizabeth, and Institute for Jewish Policy Research., eds. The hate debate: Should hate be punished as a crime? London: Profile Books in association with the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 2002.

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Zempi, Irene, and Jo Smith. Misogyny as Hate Crime. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003023722.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hate crime"

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Barker, Kim, and Olga Jurasz. "Hate crime." In Online Misogyny as a Hate Crime, 81–119. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429956805-4.

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Birch, Philip, and Jane L. Ireland. "Hate crime." In Australian Policing, 413–28. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003028918-30.

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Perry, Barbara. "Hate Crime." In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2036–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_132.

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Kleinman, Loren, Shavaun Scott, Sandy Phillips, and Lonnie Phillips. "Hate Crime." In The Forgotten Survivors of Gun Violence, 45–48. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003368137-6.

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Patel, Tina G. "Hate Crime." In Shades of Deviance, 197–200. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003138198-51.

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Brookes, Stephen. "Disability Hate Crime." In Disability Hate Crime, 220–26. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442004-16.

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Stephen, Ashley. "Hate Crime Advocacy." In Disability Hate Crime, 180–86. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442004-13.

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Lord, Janet E., William I. Pons, Michael Ashley Stein, Kathy Ellem, and Paul Harpur. "Disability Hate Speech and Hate Crimes." In Disability Hate Crime, 148–65. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003442004-11.

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Ryan, Matt E., and Peter T. Leeson. "Hate Groups and Hate Crime." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1060–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_686.

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Ryan, Matt E., and Peter T. Leeson. "Hate Groups and Hate Crime." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–3. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_686-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hate crime"

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Đukanović, Anđela. "International Guidelines and Standards Concerning the Support and Protection of Hate Crime Victims." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.17.

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The adequate protection and support of hate crime victims can be linked to the issues related to the state’s efforts to develop comprehensive victim support systems. Besides this general issue, hate crime victim support and protection implies certain distinct features. This article aims to highlight international standards and guidelines that are relevant for providing support and protection for victims of hate crimes, focusing on their differentiating qualities. The main problem associated with hate crimes is the inability to recognize such acts, which is an essential prerequisite for providing victims with additional protection. In addition, there is an increased susceptibility of these victims to secondary victimization and fear regarding the potential reoccurrence of hate-motivated incidents. Victim assistance service providers must possess an understanding of the distinct needs of hate crime victims. Increasing awareness regarding the rights of hate crime victims and fostering confidence in the criminal justice system are additional imperatives.
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Arifi, Besa. "Victims of Hate Crimes in the Republic of North Macedonia." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.16.

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The 2018 amendments to North Macedonia’s Criminal Code (CCNM) signify a paradigm shift in addressing hate crimes, previously under-implemented since their 2009 inception. Led by the OSCE mission in Skopje and the Macedonian Academy for Sciences and Arts, experts revised the CCNM, offering a comprehensive hate crime definition. These amendments elevate certain general crimes to aggravated offenses when prosecuted as hate crimes, warranting harsher penalties. Simultaneously, the 2010 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) introduces significant procedural changes, notably explicit victim rights like active participation, compensation, protection, and professional assistance. Conversely, hate crimes in the Criminal Code qualify as aggravating factors in specific offenses. This study aims to analyze hate crime victim status and rights, exploring their evolution and victimization characteristics. Utilizing desk research methods, including legislative scrutiny, the paper posits that enhancing victim rights aligns with contemporary efforts to address and mitigate widespread hate crimes.
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Kurapka, Vidmantas Egidijus, Henryk Malewsky, Snieguole Matuliene, and Rolandas Kriksciunas. "HATE CRIMES: TRENDS IN LITHUANIA." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s02.009.

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Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity. [1] Hate crimes are crimes motivated by racial, ethnic, or religious hatred or hostility. Media regularly reports violence against certain ethnic groups. Lithuania, like other EU countries, applies EU law directly or transposes it into national law. These changes have also had an impact on the fight against hate crime, as this type of crime has received increasing attention from the international community in recent years. Crimes of this sort not only cause physical and mental suffering or economic loss but also lead to changes in relations between different social groups, mistrust, suspicion, and hostility. These crimes can also lead to armed conflicts, forcing many people to flee their homes and seek asylum abroad. The increase in the number of victims of these crimes is a breeding ground for radical extremism and even terrorism. Countries work on improving laws criminalising hate crimes. Over the course of writing the present article, the author held meetings with representatives of the Jewish and sexual minority (LGBT) communities, conducted 35 indepth interviews with representatives of each group, and examined the EU and Lithuanian case law. Possible hate incidents recorded in the study range from verbal abuse to assault and knife stabbing. It has been found that people belonging to the Jewish and LGBT communities feel hostility not only from strangers but also from co-workers and peers. The Jewish community daily face anti-Semitic stereotypes and jokes, whether spoken directly to them or behind their backs. LGBT people also experience hatred from family members and relatives who not only stop communicating with them upon learning about their sexual orientation but also make insulting comments.
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Saxena, Sagar, Anil Kumar Dixit, Shweta Pandey, Vikrant Pachouri, Srinivas Aluvala, and Ashima Juyal. "Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence." In 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning (ICSADL). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsadl61749.2024.00032.

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Sumbogo, S., and M. Margaret. "Negative Prejudice of The Newsmaking of Veiled Women in Hate Crime Perspective." In Proceedings of the First Brawijaya International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, BSPACE, 26-28 November, 2019, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-11-2019.2295167.

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Aida, Nur, and Bambang Sukamto. "Hoax as a Crime in Electronic Transmission (Case of Information and Hate Speeches)." In International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.116.

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Sekulovski, Dragan. "TOLERANCE OF HATE SPEECH AS A VERBAL CRIME - A SAFETY FACTOR IN THE SOCIETY." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p20.

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The increase of hate speech and aggressive speech that jeopardizes the safety of individuals and groups has been evident in the Republic of North Macedonia in the recent years. Such examples of verbal crimes have mostly been seen on social networks but also in traditional media. This negative trend has a high level on impunity, given the poor court practice on crimes related to hate speech or other serious verbal delicts. Individual journalists and/or media outlets are often targeted as a subject of verbal assaults on social media and other internet platforms, but also in person. This makes their working environment unsafe. Journalists and media workers who are threatened and subjected to attacks are facing selfcensorship and by this, the private safety of individuals affects the right on information which is a constitutional right to all citizens. Within this research, collected data from 26 basic courts throughout the country resulting in five court cases related to hate speech is a subject of elaboration together with several qualitative interviews with media and legal professionals who have an extensive practice in freedom of expression. A broader context is given to a specific part of the national legislation in relation to hate speech, with reference to some of the local reports by relevant civil society organisations. The expected result is to prove the hypothesis that individual threats related to abusing of the freedom of speech is infringing the freedom of information consequently. Furthermore, if there is tolerance to verbal crimes, primarily hate speech, towards individuals and groups, and especially towards media workers, the freedom of press will suffer in general, and journalists will be prevented from performing/doing their duties professionally.
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El Harry, Putra, and Riswadi Riswadi. "Cyber Crime Hate Speech Criminological Review in 2018-2019 (Case Study in Salatiga City)." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2021, March 6th 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-3-2021.2306883.

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Vukušić, Ivan. "COMPARATIVE AND DOGMATIC ISSUES OF HATE SPEECH - TRADITIONAL AND MODERN ACTS OF COMMISSION." In International Scientific Conference “Digitalization and Green Transformation of the EU“. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27460.

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Given that the criminal offense of Public Incitement to Violence and Hatred seeks to protect public order but also certain groups of individuals and limit freedom of speech, the paper provides a comparative legal analysis of this criminal offense through Anglo-Saxon and continental law and especially refers to the law of EU and EU Member States. The paper analyzes some dogmatic principles of criminal law that explain the conditions when Public Incitement to Violence and Hatred can be committed. Especially, the development of modern technology and modern way of communication and influence considered in the paper the possibility to affect different groups of people through incitement to hate speech. Hate crime precedes different riots that in times of social turbulence can lead to different criminal offenses that affect the economic, cultural, and environmental positive development of society. The paper gives a broader insight into the way this criminal offense can be committed, especially taking into account the act of committing Public Incitement to Violence and Hatred, connecting it to forms of committing this criminal offense in a “non-public“ way through the traditional act of commission or using modern technologies (Social Networks, AI,...) and the dogmatic issue of special intent.
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Cai, Lei. "Analysis of Hate Crime Rates in the United States: Statistical Modeling of Public Safety Issues Based on Socioeconomic Factors." In 2021 International Conference on E-Commerce and E-Management (ICECEM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecem54757.2021.00082.

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Reports on the topic "Hate crime"

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Gan, Li, Roberton Williams, and Thomas Wiseman. A Simple Model of Optimal Hate Crime Legislation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10463.

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Vergani, Matteo, and Carolina Navarro. Barriers to Reporting Hate Crime and Hate Incidents in Victoria: A Mixed-Method Study. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/zjvp2684.

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This report provides important evidence for all stakeholders involved in tackling hate in Victoria, including policy makers, law enforcement agencies and community organisations, to better understand how to address community reporting barriers.
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Kelly, Terri. A critical review of issues in applying restorative justice principles and practices to cases of hate crime. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5497.

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Lally, Clare, and Lorna Christie. COVID-19 misinformation. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr02.

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According to a recent study from Ofcom, 46% of respondents have encountered false or misleading coronavirus information since the lockdown. Most cases of misinformation are found on social media. Misinformation can lead to public mistrust, endangerment of public health, as well as hate crime and exploitation. Different approaches are being implemented to fight misinformation including content moderation, myth-busting, and a focus on education.
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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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Ruprah, Inder J. An Impact Evaluation of a Neighbourhood Crime Prevention Program: Does Safer Commune Make Chileans Safer? Inter-American Development Bank, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011172.

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This working paper discusses "Safer Commune" - a neighbourhood crime prevention program in Chile that has come under criticism via evidence of rising crime rates and fear of crime in municipalities with the program. The author argues that this criticism is incorrect and shows empirical evidence that the crime rates that would have been observed without the program. This impact evaluation -using the double difference propensity score method- reveals that the program has reduced high crimes particularly of two types of crimes namely battery and theft. The author shows that active participation in the program by local residents has reduced insecurity and increased security; but with very low active participation in the program the scale of the effect is low. Positive evaluative findings suggest that an expansion of the program and simultaneously enhancing co-production of order through mechanisms to encourage local resident participation would have high returns.
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Shreve, Johanna. Anti-LGB Hate Crimes: Political Threat or Political Legitimization? Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6349.

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Vergani, Matteo, and Rouven Link. Tackling Hate in Australia: Stocktake Report 2019-2020. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/yhmp5323.

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This report is a first in Australia to make sense of the exceptional fragmentation and lack of coordination of responses to hate crimes, hate speech and hate incidents across the country Dr Matteo Vergani & Rouven Link
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O'Brien, Cherran, Luisa Godinez Puig, Heather Sutton, Jeetendra Khadan, Chrystol Thomas, Juan Pedro Schmid, and Mark D. Wenner. Caribbean Region Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 5: Issue 1: March 2016. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008114.

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Crime strongly affects persons in the Caribbean. In a recent survey, 40 percent of the Caribbean population identified crime and security-related issues as the main problems facing their country, even above poverty, the economy or inequality. The priority of crime is striking considering the challenging economic situation that the world economy, and the Caribbean in particular, are facing. Crime is as complex as it can be damaging for the well-being of persons. While we have a good understanding of general triggers for crimes, it remains difficult to design, implement and evaluate country-specific crime and violence prevention programs. A major problem in this respect is the lack of comparable, detailed data, including for some countries in the Caribbean. The IDB has supported data generation in the region using victimization surveys for individuals and businesses, which are presented in this quarterly bulletin. As usual, the quarterly bulletin also gives an overview of recent economic developments in the 6 IDB-member Caribbean countries, as well as the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The countries are: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
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Sylvera, Craig. Black mayors and crime. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202327.

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Local elections are often contested on the grounds of public safety, but do elected officials have any power to curb crime? Black mayors have particular interest in the issue because Black communities are victimized by high levels of crime and fragile police-community relations. Using data on elections of first-time Black mayors, I find that police forces add more Black officers, a finding that is especially true for mayors with executive authority. Officers arrest 48 fewer potential Black offenders per 10,000 Black residents for crimes where they have the ability to exercise discretion, a finding that is commensurate with the overall reduction in crime. This effect is not visible for similar white arrests. Using changes in the levels of arrests and officers induced by pivotal Black elections, I then estimate the correlation of an additional officer on race-specific arrests. An additional Black officer is related to large reductions in discretionary Black arrests, perhaps suggesting increasing the presence and visibility of Black officers may offer a solution to the “over-policing, under-policing” problem Black communities tend to face.
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