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Journal articles on the topic 'Hate crime'
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1
Kovacevic, Milica. "Hate crimes." Temida 12, no. 4 (2009): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0904093k.
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There is not much interest for the subject of hate crime in our literature. In the article, the author defines hate crime, based on the facts mainly from the Anglosaxon literature, and tries to explain the origin of prejudice. There is a description of factors which can be the cause for these crimes to occur. The author highlights the importance of preventing bias motivated crime. The article ends with some propositions about how to fight hate crimes.
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Perry, B. "Hate Crime." British Journal of Criminology 47, no. 5 (April 24, 2007): 842–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azm045.
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Henry, Jessica S. "Hate crime." Contemporary Justice Review 11, no. 3 (September 2008): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580802295799.
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Vilím, Lukáš. "Social Media – Hate Speech – Hate Crime." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 20, no. 2 (2021): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.20.2.06.
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Jesse Larner. "Hate Crime/Thought Crime." Dissent 57, no. 2 (2010): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.0.0132.
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Naidoo, Kamban. "The Shaping, Enactment and Interpretation of the First Hate-Crime Law in the United Kingdom - An Informative and Illustrative Lesson for South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (October 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1356.
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Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by personal prejudice or bias. Hate-crime laws criminalise such conduct and allow for the imposition of aggravated penalties on convicted perpetrators. This article examines the historical, social and political factors which influenced the shaping and enactment of the first British hate-crime law. The South African context is also considered since the Department of Justice has recently released the Prevention and Combatting of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill for public commentary and input.While Britain has had a long historical record of criminal conduct that was motivated by the race and the ethnicity of victims, it was only in the twentieth century that civil society first drew attention to the problem of violent racist crimes. Nevertheless, successive British governments denied the problem of racist crimes and refused to consider the enactment of a hate-crime law. Following a high-profile racist murder and a governmental inquiry, a British Labour Party-led government eventually honoured its pre-election commitment and passed a hate-crime law in 1998.Some parallels are apparent between the British and the South African contexts. South Africa also has a long historical record of racially motivated hate crimes. Moreover, in the post-apartheid era there have been numerous reports of racist hate crimes and hate crimes against Black lesbian women and Black foreigners. Despite several appeals from the academic and non-governmental sectors for the enactment of a hate-crime law, and the circulation for public commentary of the Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, such a law has hitherto not been enacted in South Africa. This article posits that the enactment of a hate-crime law is a constitutional imperative in South Africa in terms of the right to equality and the right to freedom and security of the person. While the enactment of a hate-crime law in South Africa is recommended, it is conceded that enacting a hate-crime law will not eradicate criminal conduct motivated by prejudice and bias.
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Ryan, Matt E., and Peter T. Leeson. "Hate groups and hate crime." International Review of Law and Economics 31, no. 4 (December 2011): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2011.08.004.
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Wang, Shaoxuan. "Hate Crime Analysis based on Artificial Intelligence Methods." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101062.
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Hate crimes always take a toll on American citizens, which harms social security. It is essential for researchers to explore the factors, which lead to hate crimes. This research is to find out the relationship between hate crimes and factors including income inequality, median household income, race using Machine Learning methods. Machine Learning, as an important branch in Artificial Intelligence, is a good way for finding relationships between things. The research is based on a dataset of hate crimes rates in the 2016 U.S. presidential election as well as hate crimes rates in every U.S. state from 2010 to 2015. Simply linear regression and multiple linear regression are used to describe the factors that influence the crime rate and their contributions, such as share of white poverty or share of non-white residents, or the median household income. Then, K-means is applied to classify hate crimes into 5 levels according to the crime rate. Furthermore, KNearest Neighbors is used to demonstrate a prediction of hate crime. At last, a histogram is applied to indicate the variance of the hate crimes in different states. From linear regression, four highest correlation coefficients with a hate crime can be found out, which are income inequality, median household income, the share of noncitizen, and race in turn. Income inequality has the highest correlation coefficient with a hate crime. From multiple linear regression, it can be found out that only by implementing income inequality, median household income, and race can we obtain the highest R square values, which are 0.44 for 2010 to 2015 hate crimes and 0.33 for 2016 hate crimes. From the K-Nearest Neighbors method, hate crimes can be predicted with an accuracy of 40% by applying median household income. Adding the race factor, accuracy rises to 50%. In summary, income inequality, median household income, and race have a high impact on the crime rate. The median household income and the race could predict the crime rate with an accuracy of about 50%.
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Wickes, Rebecca, Michelle Sydes, Kathryn Benier, and Angela Higginson. "“Seeing” Hate Crime in the Community: Do Resident Perceptions of Hate Crime Align With Self-Reported Victimization?" Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 7 (January 21, 2016): 875–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715625079.
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Hate crimes undermine tolerance and social inclusion by conveying an “outsider” status of the victim and other group members to the broader community. Yet, limited research considers whether non-victims recognize hate crime incidents when they occur. Using census and survey data for 4,000 residents living in 145 communities, we ask whether local residents “see” hate crime when it happens in their neighborhood and whether the neighborhood context influences the association between residents’ perceptions of hate crime and self-reported hate victimization. We find that residents’ perceptions are positively related to victim self-reports; however, this relationship weakens in ethnically diverse and disadvantaged areas. This suggests that residents’ perceptions of hate crime may be more dependent upon the community context than non-hate crimes.
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Mason-Bish, Hannah, and Marian Duggan. "‘Some men deeply hate women, and express that hatred freely’: Examining victims’ experiences and perceptions of gendered hate crime." International Review of Victimology 26, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758019872903.
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Extensive debate about the place of gender within the hate-crime policy domain has been fuelled by national victimisation surveys indicating people’s experiences of ‘gender hate crime’ coupled with Nottinghamshire Police’s decision to begin categorising misogynistic street harassment as a form of hate crime. Drawing on the results of an online survey of 85 respondents, this article explores people’s experiences of gender-related victimisation as ‘hate crimes’. The analysis demonstrates how participants relate their experiences to the concept of hate crime, their perceptions on punishment and reporting to the police, and also wider impacts on their recovery processes. This paper provides a timely contribution towards current debates around using the existing hate-crime model for addressing crimes motivated by gender hostility.
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Muraševs, Gints Georgs, and Andrejs Vilks. "MOTIVATION OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES OF PERSONS COMMITTING HATE CRIMES AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 22, 2024): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2024vol1.7897.
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The study aims to analyze the motivation of hate crime perpetrators to commit a hate crime and to analyze the possibilities for preventing hate crime in the context of education. The study's tasks are to find out what motivating factors a person has in committing hate crimes aswell as analyze the role of hate as an emotion in committing crimes. The role of education and the opportunities offered through education to reduce hate crime will also be assessed. The focus of the study is based upon the increasing focus of the European Union on reducing hate crimes in the Member States and the high impact of education on personal development, which can be a determining factor in a person's tendency to commit crimes. The results of the study will be able to be used in educational institutions to gain more detailed insights into factors motivating hate crimes so that pedagogical approaches can be developed and improved in order to reduce the tendency of individuals to commit hate crimes. The study will use the descriptive method to describe the personality and motivation of hate criminals to commit hate crimes, as well as a data analysis to draw conclusions about factors motivating crime.
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Chaplin, Eddie, and Samyukta Mukhopadhyay. "Autism spectrum disorder and hate crime." Advances in Autism 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-08-2017-0015.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of hate crime relating to people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Design/methodology/approach This is a discussion outlining some of the key evidence relating to ASD and hate crime. Findings For too long the issue of hate crime and autism has been neglected in spite of significant numbers of people with ASDs experiencing hate crime and/or harassment on a regular basis. Originality/value Although people with ASD are thought to be subject to high rates of hate crimes the literature is sparse when compared to other strands of hate crime such as race or religion.
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Benier, Kathryn. "The harms of hate." International Review of Victimology 23, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017693087.
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Studies have demonstrated that hate crime victimisation has harmful effects for individuals. Victims of hate crime report anger, nervousness, feeling unsafe, poor concentration and loss of self-confidence. While victims of non-hate crimes report similar feelings, harm is intensified for hate crime victims due to the targeted nature of the incident. While there is some evidence that experiencing or even witnessing hate crime may have a detrimental effect on residents’ community life, the effects of being victim of a hate crime inside one’s own neighbourhood remain unstudied. Using census data combined with survey data from 4396 residents living across 148 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia, this study examines whether residents who report hate crime within their own neighbourhood differ in their participation in community life when compared to victims of non-hate crime or those who have not been victimised. This is the first study to focus on victims’ views on: how welcoming their neighbourhood is to ethnic diversity; their attachment to their neighbourhood; their frequency of social interactions with neighbours; their number of friends and acquaintances in the neighbourhood; and their fear of crime. Results from propensity score matching (PSM) indicate that there are important differences in patterns of neighbourhood participation across these three groups.
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Flores, Andrew R., Rebecca L. Stotzer, Ilan H. Meyer, and Lynn L. Langton. "Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): e0279363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279363.
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We estimate the prevalence and characteristics of violent hate crime victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States, and we compare them to non-LGBT hate crime victims and to LGBT victims of violent non-hate crime. We analyze pooled 2017-2019 data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (n persons = 553, 925;n incidents = 32, 470), the first nationally representative and comprehensive survey on crime that allows identification of LGBT persons aged 16 or older. Descriptive and bivariate analysis show that LGBT people experienced 6.6 violent hate crime victimizations per 1,000 persons compared with non-LGBT people’s 0.6 per 1,000 persons (odds ratio = 8.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.94, 14.65). LGBT people were more likely to be hate crime victims of sexual orientation or gender bias crime and less likely to be victims of race or ethnicity bias crimes compared to non-LGBT hate crime victims. Compared to non-LGBT victims, LGBT victims of hate crime were more likely to be younger, have a relationship with their assailant, and have an assailant who is white. Compared to LGBT victims of non-hate violence, more LGBT hate crime victims reported experiencing problems in their social lives, negative emotional responses, and physical symptoms of distress. Our findings affirm claims that hate crimes have adverse physical and psychological effects on victims and highlight the need to ensure that LGBT persons who experience hate crime get necessary support and services in the aftermath of the crime.
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Bachera, Ewelina, and Stephan V. Jupinko. "The problem of hate crimes in the United States of America." Problemy Prawa Karnego 5, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/ppk.2021.05.04.
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The aim of this article is to draw attention to an issue that has a long history: the problem of hate crimes in the United States of America. There is no doubt that hate crimes are the type of crime that attack the very principle of individuality that is an entitlement under the equal protection of the law (in the U.S.). Bearing the foregoing in mind the above, and that the number of such crime has increased at an alarming rate, this article describes and discusses types of hate crimes such as: Racist and Religious Hate Crimes, Sexual Orientation-Based Hate Crimes and Disability Hate Crimes as an extended projection of the analysis, several solutions have been proposed to mitigate tensions and combat the prevalence and severity of hate crime in all its forms.
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Healy, Jane C., and Rosslyn Dray. "Missing links: safeguarding and disability hate crime responses." Journal of Adult Protection 24, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-09-2021-0030.
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Purpose This paper aims to consider the relationship between disability hate crime and safeguarding adults. It critically considers whether safeguarding responses to disability hate crime have changed following the implementation of the Care Act 2014. Historically, protectionist responses to disabled people may have masked the scale of hate crime and prevented them from seeking legal recourse through the criminal justice system (CJS). This paper investigates whether agencies are working together effectively to tackle hate crime. Design/methodology/approach The research presented draws on semi-structured interviews with key informants who work with disabled people and organisations as part of a wider study on disability hate crime. Findings Prior to the Care Act, safeguarding practice often failed to prioritise criminal justice interventions when responding to reports of disability hate crimes. Improving engagement within multi-agency safeguarding hubs and boards has the potential to increase hate crime awareness and reporting. Research limitations/implications This research was limited in scope to 15 participants who worked in England within safeguarding teams or with victims of hate crime. Practical implications Raising the profile of disability hate crime within safeguarding teams could lead to achieving more effective outcomes for adults at risk: improving confidence in reporting, identifying perpetrators of hate crimes, enabling the CJS to intervene and reducing the risk of further targeted abuse on the victim or wider community. Originality/value This paper is original in its contribution in this field as there is a dearth of research on the relationship between safeguarding and disability hate crime.
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Ruback, R. Barry, Andrew S. Gladfelter, and Brendan Lantz. "Hate Crime Victimization Data in Pennsylvania: A Useful Complement to the Uniform Crime Reports." Violence and Victims 33, no. 2 (2018): 330–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i2.173.
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Data on the incidence and prevalence of hate crimes in the United States come primarily from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Although UCR data undercount most crimes, hate crimes are particularly underreported, especially for some groups. We compare 2000–2011 UCR data in Pennsylvania to data from a state agency that came from police, media, and citizen reports. First, we find that the state-agency database is generally consistent with the UCR data, in terms of absolute counts, correlations, and predictors. Second, we find that UCR data underestimate hate crime rates by a factor of about 1.6 overall and by a factor of 2.5 for rural areas. Moreover, although UCR data on hate crimes show a decrease in the most recent 5-year period, the state agency data show that hate crime incident counts have not dropped. We suggest that using a broader index that includes both the UCR and a database like that in Pennsylvania will give a more complete picture of hate crime.
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Blazak, Randy. "Isn’t Every Crime a Hate Crime?: The Case for Hate Crime Laws." Sociology Compass 5, no. 4 (April 2011): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00364.x.
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Wiedlitzka, Susann, Lorraine Mazerolle, Suzanna Fay-Ramirez, and Toby Miles-Johnson. "Perceptions of Police Legitimacy and Citizen Decisions to Report Hate Crime Incidents in Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i2.489.
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This article examines the importance of perceptions of police legitimacy in the decision to report hate crime incidents in Australia. It addresses an identified gap in the literature by analysing the 2011-2012 National Security and Preparedness Survey (NSPS) results to not only explore differences between hate crime and non-hate crime reporting but also how individual characteristics and perceptions of legitimacy influence decisions about reporting crime to police. Using the NSPS survey data, we created three Generalised Linear Latent and Mixed Models (Gllamm), which explore the influence of individual characteristics and potential barriers on the decision to report crime/hate crime incidents to police. Our results suggest that hate crimes are less likely to be reported to police in comparison to non-hate crime incidents, and that more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and police cooperation are associated with the victim’s decision to report hate crime victimisation.
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Fino, Audrey. "Defining Hate Speech." Journal of International Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa023.
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Abstract This article looks at the international criminal law on hate speech that falls short of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. Using the most egregious form of hate speech that has been prosecuted as an international crime — that of direct and public incitement to genocide — as a baseline, the author analyses the legal parameters of hate speech as persecution (a crime against humanity) and hate speech as instigation (a mode of liability). In so doing, the author critically reviews the International Residual Mechanism for the International Criminal Tribunals’ (IRMCT) appeal judgment in the Šešelj case (Šešelj Appeal Judgment) in the light of prior case law of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg (IMT) and the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia (ICTR and ICTY respectively). The author submits that a plain reading of the Šešelj Appeal Judgment supports the view that it is only the more extreme form of incitement to violence, incitement to commit crimes, followed by actual violent acts, that may constitute hate speech amounting to the crime of persecution: incitement to discrimination or incitement to hatred as such do not qualify. Whether ‘incitement to violence’ absent the commission of crimes could qualify as persecution (a crime against humanity) remains an unsettled point. With regard to hate speech as instigation, the Šešelj Appeal Judgment’s restatement and application of the law causes less controversy: the substantial causal connection required for instigation was found to be direct in the circumstances of that case — even though directness is not a legal requirement for instigation. The author concludes that both these interpretations of hate speech are consistent with the earlier ad hoc tribunals’ jurisprudence and, more generally, with international human rights law which, with some controversial exceptions, allows criminalization only of the most extreme forms of incitement to violence.
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Duffin, Christian. "Policing hate crime." Nursing Standard 21, no. 22 (February 7, 2007): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.21.22.18.s24.
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McGuinness, Teena M. "Hate Crime 101." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20080401-07.
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White, Rob. "Hate crime politics." Theoretical Criminology 6, no. 4 (November 2002): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600409.
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Newburn, Tim, and Mario Matassa. "Policing Hate Crime." Criminal Justice Matters 48, no. 1 (June 2002): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250208553458.
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Green, Donald P., and Amber D. Spry. "Hate Crime Research." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 30, no. 3 (July 9, 2014): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986214536662.
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Dixon, Liz. "Hate Crime Conference." Probation Journal 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02645505030501009.
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Hermann, Dieter, Margret Göth, and Sören Landmann. "Genderbasierte Hate Crime." Trauma & Gewalt 17, no. 4 (November 2023): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21706/tg-17-4-322.
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Brax, David, and Christian Munthe. "The Philosophical Aspects of Hate Crime and Hate Crime Legislation." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30, no. 10 (October 29, 2014): 1687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555374.
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Mills, Colleen E. "A Common Target: Anti-Jewish Hate Crime in New York City Communities, 1995-2010." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 6 (February 6, 2020): 643–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427820902832.
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Objectives: There is a growing body of macro-level studies examining hate crime. These studies however largely focus on ethnoracial hate crime, leading to a relative dearth of research investigating the etiology of anti-Jewish hate crime. The current study seeks to fill this gap by conducting a community-level analysis of anti-Jewish hate crime in New York City. Methods: Using data from the New York Police Department’s Hate Crimes Task Force, the current study employs a series of negative binomial regressions to investigate the impact of defended neighborhoods, social disorganization, and strain variables on anti-Jewish hate crime. Results: The results show that defended neighborhoods consistently predict higher levels of anti-Jewish hate crime in White, Black, and non-White neighborhoods even when accounting for social disorganization and strain variables. Results also demonstrate that anti-Jewish crime occurs in communities that are more socially organized and with better economic conditions. Conclusions: This study’s findings reveal Jewish victims to be a catchall target when a minority group increasingly moves into a majority area. These defended neighborhoods, and other findings have intriguing implications for both criminology’s social disorganization theory and the police and others charged with combatting bias crimes.
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Leander, N. Pontus, Jannis Kreienkamp, Maximilian Agostini, Wolfgang Stroebe, Ernestine H. Gordijn, and Arie W. Kruglanski. "Biased hate crime perceptions can reveal supremacist sympathies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (July 27, 2020): 19072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916883117.
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People may be sympathetic to violent extremism when it serves their own interests. Such support may manifest itself via biased recognition of hate crimes. Psychological surveys were conducted in the wakes of mass shootings in the United States, New Zealand, and the Netherlands (totaln= 2,332), to test whether factors that typically predict endorsement of violent extremism also predict biased hate crime perceptions. Path analyses indicated a consistent pattern of motivated judgment: hate crime perceptions were directly biased by prejudicial attitudes and indirectly biased by an aggrieved sense of disempowerment and White/Christian nationalism. After the shooting at a synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, disempowerment-fueled anti-Semitism predicted lower perceptions that the gunman was motivated by hatred and prejudice (study 1). After the shootings that occurred at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice similarly predicted lower hate crime perceptions (study 2a). Conversely, after the tram shooting in Utrecht, Netherlands (which was perpetrated by a Turkish-born immigrant), disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice predicted higher hate crime perceptions (study 2b). Finally, after the Walmart shooting in El Paso, Texas, hate crime perceptions were specifically biased by an ethnonationalist view of Hispanic immigrants as a symbolic (rather than realistic) threat to America; that is, disempowered individuals deemphasized likely hate crimes due to symbolic concerns about cultural supremacy rather than material concerns about jobs or crime (study 3). Altogether, biased hate crime perceptions can be purposive and reveal supremacist sympathies.
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Katsuba, Sergei Vasil'evich. "Hate crimes against LGBT in Russia: legal status and research problems." Право и политика, no. 3 (March 2021): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.3.34865.
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Hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime against an unprivileged group. This article provides an overview of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia. Emphasis is placed on several aspects: (1) legal status of hate crimes in Russia, (2) avaliable data sources and statistical analysis of anti-LGBT crimes, (3) number of such crimes and general tendency (4) problems of collection and interpretation of data. To answer these questions, the article employs previous research on the topic, reports of the local and international organizations, and law enforcement practice. Russian courts recognize motive of hate towards LGBT as a direct “hate motive against a social group” (consisting of two or more people who regularly interact based on mutual expectations and share common identity). However, the judges often avoid the direct application of such norm, replacing the motive of hat3 with the concept of “personal antagonism” or prejudice that affected the motives of the perpetrators. This leads to a misinterpretation of anti-LGBT crime statistics, since “personal antagonism” does not entail legal consequences of hate crimes. Therefore, the absence of the official data on such crimes encourages the researchers to search for the alternative sources of statistical data. For assessing the degree of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia, the author explores various research approaches and reports, which testify to the fact that the number of such crimes has increased since 2013. The author outlines a range of challenges faced by the researchers dealing with this topic, as well as potential vectors for further research.
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Katsuba, Sergei Vasil'evich. "Hate crimes against LGBT in Russia: legal status and research problems." SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 3 (March 2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2021.3.35330.
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Hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime against an unprivileged group. This article provides an overview of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia. Emphasis is placed on several aspects: (1) legal status of hate crimes in Russia, (2) available data sources and statistical analysis of anti-LGBT crimes, (3) number of such crimes and general tendency (4) problems of collection and interpretation of data. To answer these questions, the article employs previous research on the topic, reports of the local and international organizations, and law enforcement practice. Russian courts recognize motive of hate towards LGBT as a direct “hate motive against a social group” (consisting of two or more people who regularly interact based on mutual expectations and share common identity). However, the judges often avoid the direct application of such norm, replacing the motive of hat3 with the concept of “personal antagonism” or prejudice that affected the motives of the perpetrators. This leads to a misinterpretation of anti-LGBT crime statistics, since “personal antagonism” does not entail legal consequences of hate crimes. Therefore, the absence of the official data on such crimes encourages the researchers to search for the alternative sources of statistical data. For assessing the degree of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia, the author explores various research approaches and reports, which testify to the fact that the number of such crimes has increased since 2013. The author outlines a range of challenges faced by the researchers dealing with this topic, as well as potential vectors for further research.
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Zaykowski, Heather. "Racial Disparities in Hate Crime Reporting." Violence and Victims 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.378.
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This study examines the influence of the victim’s race in reporting hate crimes to the police. Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) concentrated incident-level files (1992–2005) were used to (a) analyze how the victim’s race influences the likelihood of reporting and (b) explore differences between reporting racial hate crimes and non-racial hate crimes. Controlling for other demographic and incident characteristics, the results indicate that minority victimizations are less likely to be reported for both racial and non-racial hate crimes; however, the magnitude of this effect was greater for racial hate crimes. Failure to report to the police has serious consequences for the victim and the criminal justice system. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Luo, Xinke. "Obstacles to Inclusive Disability Hate Crime Policy Process: Targeting the Cognitively Impaired Elderly Victim Group." Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities 3, no. 1 (January 2024): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jrssh.2024.01.09.
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In England and Wales, Section 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 made disability hate crimes legal. This advocated for increased sentencing for perpetrators whose crimes were motivated by or demonstrated hate against a person with a handicap or a perceived disability. Currently, this additional sentencing provision is the only legal option for prosecuting disability hate crime perpetrators. This thesis explores the experience and aftermath of hate crimes committed against England’s cognitively challenged senior victim group. The cognitively challenged elderly victim group is far more likely to face bias and violence; they have a greater likelihood of re-victimisation and suffer significant suffering as a result of hate crimes. To date, the voices of cognitively deficient elderly victims and survivors have been mostly absent from scholarly research and hate crime policies. As a result, the purpose of this article is to look into present policy barriers and how the cognitively challenged senior victim group might best receive support, justice, and interventions following discriminatory hate crimes. There has been little examination and discussion of intersectionality in disability studies and hate crime research. Common ideas fail to adequately reflect the multifaceted, overlapping, and complex experiences of danger and victimisation. This paper builds on studies on hate crimes against the cognitively deficient elderly victim group. It noted the challenge of categorising individual encounters as one type of hate crime. Victims and their relatives recognised that they were targeted for a variety of reasons, including their inability to care for themselves and their age. The study contends that the present strand-based approach to hate crime conceals a multitude of cross-identity characteristics that, when combined, might raise the danger of victimisation while decreasing a victim’s chance of reporting their experiences. To address vulnerability, safety, and hate crime against disabled people in England and Wales’ criminal justice, health, social care, and refuge systems, barriers to including the cognitively impaired senior victim group in the policy process are presented, allowing for targeted suggestions and changes on relevant issues.
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Feinberg, Ayal K. "Homeland Violence and Diaspora Insecurity: An Analysis of Israel and American Jewry." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048319000099.
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AbstractJews and Jewish institutions have suffered the majority of reported religion-motivated hate crimes in the United States for nearly two decades. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in 2014 the 609 reported anti-Semitic incidents made up 59% of all religious bias hate crimes alone. Rates of reported anti-Semitic hate crimes vary considerably over the course of a year. Yet, little scholarly attention has been given to what factors cause reported anti-Semitic hate crimes to fluctuate so substantially in the United States. This paper hypothesizes that violent Israeli military engagements are critical in explaining weekly surges of reported anti-Semitic hate crimes. Utilizing FBI hate crime data from 2001 to 2014 and fixed effects negative binomial regression models, consistent findings underscore that violent Israeli military engagements significantly increase the likelihood of a state reporting anti-Semitic hate crime. Most dramatically, their occurrence increases the likelihood of reported hate crime intimidating individuals or characterized as violent by nearly 35%. This paper underscores that homeland perpetrated violence can directly impact the security of diaspora communities.
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Cabeldue, Mollimichelle K., Robert J. Cramer, Andre Kehn, James W. Crosby, and Jeffrey S. Anastasi. "Measuring Attitudes About Hate: Development of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 23 (March 6, 2016): 3656–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636391.
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Employing the federal Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) of 2009 and other such legislation as a backdrop, the present study evaluated the nature of beliefs about hate-crime legislation, offenders, and victims. In addition, it investigated construct validity (i.e., political beliefs and prejudice) and predictive validity (i.e., blame attribution and sentencing recommendations). A total of 403 U.S. adults completed measures of prejudice and an initial pool of 50 items forming the proposed Hate Crime Beliefs Scale (HCBS). Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four hate-crime vignettes, which varied in regard to type of prejudice (racial-, sexual orientation-, transgender-, and religion-based prejudices) and then responded to blame and sentencing questions. Factor analyses of the HCBS resulted in four sub-scales: Negative Views (i.e., higher scores reflect negative views of legislation and minority group protection), Offender Punishment (i.e., higher scores suggest endorsement of greater punishment), Deterrence (i.e., greater scores denote support for hate-crime legislation as a deterrent of more violence), and Victim Harm (i.e., higher scores reflect pro-victim attitudes). Greater pro-legislation and pro-victim beliefs were related to liberal political beliefs and less prejudicial attitudes, with some exceptions. Controlling for a number of demographic, situational, and attitudinal covariates, the Negative Views sub-scale displayed predictive utility, such that more negative views of legislation/minority group protection were associated with elevated victim blame, as well as lower perpetrator blame and sentencing recommendations. Results are discussed in the context of hate-crime research and policy, with additional implications considered for trial strategy, modern prejudice, and blame attribution theory.
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Tripkovic, Milena. "Expansion of hate: Essential features of mass hate crimes." Temida 14, no. 4 (2011): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1104037t.
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The main purpose of the article is to advance the notion of ?mass hate crimes?, a phenomenon that is to be located at the junction of hate crime and mass murder. The construction of such a notion can help us understand the phenomenon more clearly, as it elucidates some of the features of hate crimes that have not been noticed so far or have been overlooked. The main argument being made based on the examination of three such cases in the period 1989-2011, is that mass hate crimes, being at the same time mass murders and hate crimes, are in fact a graver phenomenon than both crimes that comprise it. Though important, such findings may have an even further goal of revisiting and contesting our ideas about hate crimes and the measures we employ to fight them.
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Martin, Jenni. "Eliminate Hate." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 3, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v3i1.2361.
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The prevalence of hate speech and hate-motivated crimes in Canada can be attributed to the systemic failures of Canadian laws. These laws have historically condoned ill treatment towards minorities and minimal changes have been made to remedy this. An examination of how Canadian criminal law defines hate speech and hate-motivated crimes will provide a better understanding of how the current legal framework inadequately addresses it. An analysis of the current state of affairs and real-world implications will provide information on statistics and consequences. Particular attention is focused on several minority groups who face the consequences of these crimes. More research should be conducted focusing on the effects of hate speech and crime on victims and their mental health. Moreover, additional research determining causal linkages between hate speech and serious violent incidents of hate crimes would better solidify the need to address hate speech more seriously.
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Gero, Krisztina, Farzad Noubary, Ichiro Kawachi, Christopher F. Baum, Robert B. Wallace, Becky A. Briesacher, and Daniel Kim. "Associations of state-level and county-level hate crimes with individual-level cardiovascular risk factors in a prospective cohort study of middle-aged Americans: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979." BMJ Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): e054360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054360.
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BackgroundThere have been long-standing debates about the potential health consequences of hate crimes over and above other types of crimes. Besides the direct consequences for victims, less is known about whether hate crimes have spillover effects onto the health of local residents.MethodsWe drew data on cardiovascular disease risk factors from middle-aged Americans in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and on hate crimes from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports. Employing multivariable logistic regression, we estimated the associations between changes in state/county-level all and group-specific hate crime rates from 2000 to 2006 and incident individual-level diabetes, hypertension, obesity and depressive symptoms from 2008 to 2016. All models controlled for individual-level sociodemographic factors and financial strain, county-level and state-level changes in the total crime rate, the percentage of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino residents, and median household income, as well as state-level changes in the percentage of residents aged 65 years or older and the unemployment rate.Results1-SD increases in state-level all and race/ethnicity-based hate crime rates were associated with 20% (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.35) and 15% higher odds (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.31) of incident diabetes, respectively. At the county level, a 1-SD increase in the all hate crime rate was linked to 8% higher odds (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) of obesity, while a 1-SD increase in the race/ethnicity-based hate crime rate was associated with 8% higher odds (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.15) of obesity and 9% higher odds (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17) of hypertension. We found no significant associations for depressive symptoms, and no interactions between race/ethnicity-based hate crime rates and individual-level race/ethnicity.ConclusionLiving in areas with higher hate crime rates may confer higher odds of hypertension, diabetes and obesity.
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Al-Hakim, Mohamad, and Susan Dimock. "Hate as an Aggravating Factor in Sentencing." New Criminal Law Review 15, no. 4 (2012): 572–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2012.15.4.572.
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Our principal concern in this paper is with the accusation that hate crime legislation violates the principle of proportionality and related principles of just sentencing, such as parity, fair notice, and representative labelling. We argue that most attempts to reconcile enhanced punishment for hate crimes with the principle of proportionality fail. More specifically, it seems that any argument that tries to justify hate crime legislation on the grounds that such crimes are more serious because their consequential harms are worse or their perpetrators are more culpable than their nonhateful counterparts will fail, and thus enhanced punishment will violate the principle of proportionality. Given the seeming irreconcilable tension between proportionality and hate crime legislation, we turn to consideration of hybrid theories of punishment that permit deviations from strict proportionality when needed to serve other important and legitimate purposes of sentencing. We argue that even if such hybrid theories can justify the enhanced punishments for hate crimes, existing theories cannot provide any principled limit on the extent from which proportionality can be deviated. We suggest such a limit and provide a principled justification for it.
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Pickles, James. "LGBT Hate Crime: Promoting a Queer Agenda for Hate Crime Scholarship." Journal of Hate Studies 15, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33972/jhs.161.
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ALLEN, CHRIS. "A HATE CRIME CRISIS? INVESTIGATING THE FUNCTION OF BREXIT, TERRORISM, COVID-19 AND BLACK LIVES MATTER ON LEVELS OF HATE CRIMES IN TODAY’S UNITED KINGDOM." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 142, no. 2 (September 2, 2021): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2497.
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Since 2012, the United Kingdom government has annually published data relating to the number of hate crimes recorded by police forces across England and Wales. Over the past half-decade, the number of hate crimes has increased year on year and are currently at record levels. Some have referred to this as a crisis. This article seeks to investigate the drivers and causes for this, to try and better understand what hate crime looks like in the UK today. First, this article considers and contextualises what is currently known about hate crime in the UK. Having identifi ed some correlations, it explores the relationship between increases in hate crime numbers and the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit), terror attacks, COVID-19 and Black Lives Matter. In trying to explain these relationships, Perry’s ‘permission to hate’ model is used. In conclusion, this article argues that while hate crime numbers are currently at record levels it is highly likely that they will continue to increase for at least the foreseeable future. A timely and contemporarily salient study, this article puts forward new thinking about hate crime in the UK and the correlation that is clearly evident with occurrences that take place in the country’s socio-political spaces.
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Druchek, O. V. "INTOLERANCE CRIMES AND HATE CRIMES: CONCEPT ANALYSIS." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2022, no. 2 (August 15, 2023): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2022.02.035.
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A general theoretical analysis of the concepts of “crimes motivated by intolerance”, “hate crimes” and related concepts (such as “genocide”, “prejudice”, “xenophobia”) is provided in the article. The origin and meaning of the mentioned terms, their normative consolidation and practice of use in national legislation and international legal acts are analyzed. It has been proven that the concepts of “crimes motivated by intolerance” and “hate crimes” are close in meaning. As a legal category, crimes based on intolerance are a classification of a special type of crimes against a person caused by the feeling of intolerance felt by the subject of the crime towards a victim, a representative of another race, nationality, sex, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, etc. It was found out that the basic structure of crimes motivated by impatience consists of two mandatory points: 1) the specified action is a crime according to the criminal law; 2) the motive for such an action is prejudice, that is, a false opinion formed about someone in advance, without familiarization, and the associated corresponding attitude. The signs of hate crimes have been substantiated and revealed: a) it is an action caused by prejudice, which is recognized as a crime according to international and national criminal legislation; b) such crimes have a significant public danger, are an extreme form of discrimination; c) these are crimes in which the victim, the object or the target of the crime were chosen based on their real or imagined belonging to a certain vulnerable group, connection with it; d) such imaginary or real grouping can be based on any socially relevant features or characteristics. It has been found out that the unifying feature of crimes motivated by intolerance is always a motive – a prejudiced or real feeling of hatred, hostility, intolerance towards the “other”, a representative of an imaginary or real “not their” social group. The need to bring the national legislation in line with international legal norms regarding the use of the term “hate crime” and the need to legislate the specified definition are substantiated. Key words: crimes motivated by intolerance, hate crimes; genocide, prejudice, xenophobia, national, racial, religious enmity, criminal law qualification.
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Hurd, Heidi M. "Why Liberals Should Hate "Hate Crime Legislation"." Law and Philosophy 20, no. 2 (March 2001): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3505240.
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Perry, Barbara, and Kanika Samuels-Wortley. "“We’re Not Where We Should Be”: Enhancing Law Enforcement Responses to Hate Crime." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 63, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 68–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2020-0057.
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In an era when reported hate crimes are increasing dramatically, it is troubling that there appears to be, at best, an uneven response to the problem from law enforcement in Canada. Our pilot study of policing hate crime in Ontario is the first attempt to understand whether and how law enforcement think about and act on hate crime. Interviews with officers in eight police forces across eastern and southern Ontario ( N = 38) uncovered three clusters of factors that appear to shape how they manage hate crime: environmental, organizational, and individual. What we offer in this paper is a series of related recommendations for enhancing police responses to hate crime along each of the three dimensions.
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Gunthel, Natalie. "Unveiling Hatred." Tidsskrift for Islamforskning 17, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tifo.v17i1.137338.
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Although anti-Muslim hate crimes have been on the rise in most Western nations for decades, according to influential hate crime scholar, Barbara Perry, little attention has been given to the particular vulnerability of veiled Muslim females to such crimes (Perry 2013), thereby potentially disregarding a sustained source of human rights violations (Perry and Olsson 2009). This paper delves into Danish sociolegal reality to delineate the scope of such concern, attempting to ascertain any specific hate crime vulnerability among veiled Muslim women in Denmark. It identifies a number of preliminary empirical indications that resonate with Perry’s claim, reasoning that the hate crime vulnerability of veiled women be more thoroughly scrutinized in a Danish context. However, it also argues that such hate crime vulnerability is most productively addressed, at least prima facie, as a tangible and principal human rights issue (Brudholm 2016) rather than in the terms of human rights violations.
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Haider-Markel, Donald P. "Regulating Hate: State and Local Influences on Hate Crime Law Enforcement." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 2, no. 2 (June 2002): 126–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000200200202.
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I use elements of overhead democracy and policy implementation theory to explain hate crime law enforcement in American cities. I develop hypotheses of the relationships between law enforcement, state and local policies, and the preferences of elected officials, bureaucrats, and the public. Using survey and demographic data, I find that local hate crime law enforcement is driven by the presence of state hate crime policies, the support and efforts of bureaucrats, the tractability of the hate crime problem, police funding and training, and public preferences. Law enforcement does not appear to be significantly influenced by the preferences of elected officials, local hate crime policies, or administrative procedures for hate crime cases. Thus, although political control by local elected officials is weak, state officials and citizens have some influence over local hate crime law enforcement.
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Bose, Anjali, Shruti Singh, and Viraat . Tripathi. "Rising Hate Crime in India: A Gender and Religion Perspective." Journal of Contemporary Politics 2, no. 3 (September 6, 2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/jcp.v2i3.23.4.
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Hate crime refers to criminal acts that are motivated by prejudice or bias towards a particular group based on factors such as race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. In recent years, India has witnessed a disturbing trend of increasing hate crime incidents targeting individuals or groups based on their gender or religion. These incidents have serious implications for the affected communities, social cohesion, and the overall well-being of the society. This research paper aims to examine the issue of rising hate crime in India, with a specific focus on the gender and religion perspectives. Hate crimes in India refer to violent or abusive acts committed against individuals or groups based on their identity, such as religion, caste, or gender. These types of crimes are often motivated by a deep-seated prejudice or bias, and can have serious physical, emotional, and social consequences for the victims and their families. Keywords Crime, Gender, Caste, Religion, Politics, State Objectives
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Myers, Wesley, and Brendan Lantz. "Reporting Racist Hate Crime Victimization to the Police in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Cross-National Comparison." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1034–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa008.
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Abstract Hate is a global phenomenon as evidenced by recent increases in hate crimes in both the United States and the United Kingdom; unfortunately, these crimes are also substantially underreported in both nations. Following this, this research presents an examination of racially motivated hate crimes and victim reporting to the police in both nations using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and the Crime Survey of England and Wales from 2003 to 2015. Results indicate that, overall, victim reporting has been increasing in the United Kingdom and decreasing in the United States. Disaggregating by victim and offender race, however, reveals divergent trends such that anti-black hate crime victim reporting is increasing in the United States and decreasing in the United Kingdom. Policy and research implications are discussed.
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Chakraborti, Neil, and Stevie-Jade Hardy. "Beyond empty promises? A reality check for hate crime scholarship and policy." Safer Communities 16, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-06-2017-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight an urgent need for new and improved approaches to supporting hate crime victims and tackling hate crime perpetration in the light of escalating levels of hate crime and growing concerns over the effectiveness of existing interventions and support structures. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws from the authors’ own extensive fieldwork conducted with more than 2,000 victims of hate crime over a series of recent studies. The research was designed to uncover lived experiences of hate crime, to understand the physical and emotional harms suffered by victims and their families, and to identify ways of improving the quality of support offered to victims. Findings The findings illustrate that current responses to hate crime are hampered by a range of perceived challenges and barriers to justice which exacerbate the harms associated with hate crimes. This includes low levels of public awareness of relevant policies, laws and support services, a lack of meaningful engagement between professionals and marginalised communities and a failure to provide victim-centred criminal justice interventions. Practical implications This paper includes a number of recommendations in relation to how scholars, policy makers and professionals can overcome the failings that have been identified, which includes prioritising engagement with diverse communities, improving awareness of hate crime and generating a more comprehensive evidence base on hate crime perpetration. Originality/value These themes discussed within this paper are based upon the views and experiences of an extensive sample of hate crime victims, many of whom have never previously shared their stories with researchers, the police or any other support organisations.