Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hate speech online

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hate speech online'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Banks, James. "Regulating hate speech online." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 24, no. 3 (October 29, 2010): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2010.522323.

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Schneiders, Pascal. "Hate Speech auf Online-Plattformen." UFITA 85, no. 2 (2021): 269–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2568-9185-2021-2-269.

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Hate Speech scheint Facebook, Twitter, Telegram und Co. zu durchdringen und ruft daher vermehrt nationale und supranationale Vorstöße zur Regulierung digitaler Plattformen auf den Plan. Das jüngste aufsehenerregende Vorhaben ist der Digital Services Act, der EU-weit abgestufte Moderations-, Transparenz- und andere Sorgfaltspflichten für digitale Plattformen vorsieht. Die geplante Verordnung wird zum Anlass genommen, zunächst aus kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Sicht umfassend Ursachen, Verbreitung und Effekte von Hate Speech darzustellen und auf diesem Wege den Regulierungsbedarf zu verdeutlichen. Dara⁠ufhin wird auf die im vorgeschlagenen Digital Services Act aufgeworfenen Maßnahmen eingegangen und im Vergleich mit dem Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz erörtert, inwieweit der Digital Services Act das Problem Hate Speech adressiert. Den Abschluss bilden Empfehlungen für den künftigen wissenschaftlichen und regulatorischen Umgang mit Hate Speech.
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Rusieshvili-Cartledge, Manana, and Rusudan Dolidze. "Hate Speech in Online Polylogues." FLEKS - Scandinavian Journal of Intercultural Theory and Practice 7, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/fleks.4171.

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This research is the first attempt in Georgia to analyse hate speech emerging in Computer-Meditated Communication. Particular attention is paid to the polylogal, asynchronic remarks made by members of the public reacting to online newspaper articles or press releases concerning the LGPT pride event planned for 18 - 23 June 2019, in Tbilisi, Georgia. The methodology is based on combining methods utilized in CDA and Genre Approach to (im)politeness which is in accord with the general approach to CMDA . At the first stage of the analysis, the examples of hate-speech acts were analysed according to the following criteria: identification of linguistic means and strategies employed while expressing impoliteness and specificity of identity construction (self-asserted versus others -asserted, positive versus negative, roles of participants and strategies of conflict generation or management). Next, linguistic peculiarities of hate speech (for instance, linguistic triggers [threats, insults, sarcasm incitements], wordplay, taboo, swear and derogatory words, metaphors, allusions and similes) were identified and analysed. Quantitative methodology was employed while stating the number of proponents and opponents of the event as well as statistical data referring to the number of linguistic and politeness strategies employed while expressing an opinion. This research shows particular tendencies of how impoliteness can be realised and how social identities can be construed using the example of hate discourse concerning LGBT pride in Georgia. However, to fully explore the genre properties of hate discourse in Georgia further research based on examples of hate-discourse strategies applied when discussing ethnic minorities and gender roles, is needed.
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Lupu, Yonatan, Richard Sear, Nicolas Velásquez, Rhys Leahy, Nicholas Johnson Restrepo, Beth Goldberg, and Neil F. Johnson. "Offline events and online hate." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): e0278511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278511.

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Online hate speech is a critical and worsening problem, with extremists using social media platforms to radicalize recruits and coordinate offline violent events. While much progress has been made in analyzing online hate speech, no study to date has classified multiple types of hate speech across both mainstream and fringe platforms. We conduct a supervised machine learning analysis of 7 types of online hate speech on 6 interconnected online platforms. We find that offline trigger events, such as protests and elections, are often followed by increases in types of online hate speech that bear seemingly little connection to the underlying event. This occurs on both mainstream and fringe platforms, despite moderation efforts, raising new research questions about the relationship between offline events and online speech, as well as implications for online content moderation.
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Mathew, Binny, Punyajoy Saha, Hardik Tharad, Subham Rajgaria, Prajwal Singhania, Suman Kalyan Maity, Pawan Goyal, and Animesh Mukherjee. "Thou Shalt Not Hate: Countering Online Hate Speech." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13 (July 6, 2019): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3237.

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Hate content in social media is ever increasing. While Facebook, Twitter, Google have attempted to take several steps to tackle the hateful content, they have mostly been unsuccessful. Counterspeech is seen as an effective way of tackling the online hate without any harm to the freedom of speech. Thus, an alternative strategy for these platforms could be to promote counterspeech as a defense against hate content. However, in order to have a successful promotion of such counterspeech, one has to have a deep understanding of its dynamics in the online world. Lack of carefully curated data largely inhibits such understanding. In this paper, we create and release the first ever dataset for counterspeech using comments from YouTube. The data contains 13,924 manually annotated comments where the labels indicate whether a comment is a counterspeech or not. This data allows us to perform a rigorous measurement study characterizing the linguistic structure of counterspeech for the first time. This analysis results in various interesting insights such as: the counterspeech comments receive much more likes as compared to the noncounterspeech comments, for certain communities majority of the non-counterspeech comments tend to be hate speech, the different types of counterspeech are not all equally effective and the language choice of users posting counterspeech is largely different from those posting non-counterspeech as revealed by a detailed psycholinguistic analysis. Finally, we build a set of machine learning models that are able to automatically detect counterspeech in YouTube videos with an F1-score of 0.71. We also build multilabel models that can detect different types of counterspeech in a comment with an F1-score of 0.60.
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Salvatore, Anggie Ray, I. Nyoman Suparwa, and Made Sri Satyawati. "Ujaran Kebencian dalam Kolom Komentar Media Berita Online BABE." Humanis 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2022.v26.i01.p13.

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Hate speech is a language phenomenon that often appears on social media nowadays. This was exacerbated by the political intensity between supporting and opposing groups of the government. The commentary column which contains news on the topic of government is one of the ways to spread hate speeches. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the hate speech that appears in the commentary column of an online news media called BABE with the aim of finding the form of lingual markers, the speech act meaning, and the speech act function of the hate speech. The results of this study found that lingual markers in hate speech were divided into three categories, namely words, phrases and utterances. The meaning of hate speech is illocutionary and is classified into seven types of hate speech, including insult, defamation, desecration, unpleasant action, provocation, incitement, and hoax. Meanwhile, the speech act function that appears in hate speech has four speech act functions, namely the assertive function, the directive function, the commissive function, and the expressive function.
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Cho, Je Seong, and Youn oh Cho. "A Study on Online Hate Speech and Offline Hate Speech Relationship." Korean Association of Criminal Psychology 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25277/kcpr.2019.15.2.23.

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Baider, Fabienne, and Maria Constantinou. "Covert hate speech." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 262–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00040.bai.

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Abstract Previous research on extremist discourse has revealed that racism is linguistically shaped by its socio-cultural context. For instance, a comparison between Greek Cypriot and Greek online data indicated that the two communities use different linguistic means and strategies to express their aversion to the Other, and that Greek comments are more overtly insulting than Greek Cypriot comments (Baider and Constantinou 2017a; Assimakopoulos and Baider 2019). The present study focuses on how irony is used to disseminate hate speech, albeit covertly. Our dataset comprises online Greek and Greek Cypriot comments posted on social media and collected during the same period of time (2015- 2016) within an EU project. We use concepts such as verisimilitude and overt untruthfulness to deconstruct ironic racist comments. We conclude that irony in both datasets fulfils three socio-pragmatic functions: it serves to insult or humiliate members of groups targeted for their ethnic identity; it creates or reinforces negative feelings against such groups; it promotes beliefs that could be used to legitimate their mistreatment. Regarding socio-cultural differences, it emerges that the use of the Greek Cypriot vernacular and the appeal to indigenous in-group social stereotypes influence the way irony shapes racist comments and reinforces in-group membership.
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Das, Mithun, Binny Mathew, Punyajoy Saha, Pawan Goyal, and Animesh Mukherjee. "Hate speech in online social media." ACM SIGWEB Newsletter, Autumn (November 24, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3427478.3427482.

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Reed, Chris. "The challenge of hate speech online." Information & Communications Technology Law 18, no. 2 (July 2009): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600830902812202.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Fäldt, Tove. "Expressing hate : How overt and covert hate speech operates online." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446001.

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This thesis highlights the complex ways in which hate speech operates online, which ties into more general debates on online hate speech as something special. One way of elucidating this complexity is by dividing online hate speech into overt and covert. In doing so, we can gain a better understanding of both motivations for hate speech as well as insights in how to prevent it. While overt hate speech is widely discussed, there is not much discussion on covert hate speech. This is especially so when it comes to covert hate speech in online contexts. The questions this thesis raises are how hate speech operates online, and how we can understand this in terms of hate speech being overt or covert. By introducing two different ways of understanding overt and covert, via slurs and dog-whistles respectively, this thesis shows that covert hate speech also has some harmful consequences. If ambiguous terms laced with negative attitudes as communicative content seeps into the mainstream, there is a risk of normalisation of these negative attitudes. Given the ambiguity of these terms or statements, it makes it difficult to take proactive measures. With these results, I conclude that covert online hate speech is a vital part of understanding the mechanisms of hate speech overall.
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Bretschneider, Uwe [Verfasser]. "Detektion von Directed Hate Speech, Online Harassment und Cyberbullying in Online Communities / Uwe Bretschneider." Halle, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137206551/34.

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Nyman, Hanna, and Annastasiya Provozin. "The Harmful Effects of Online and Offline Anti LGBTI Hate Speech." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89336.

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people (LGBTI) are discriminated and subjected to violence in societies across the world, and ensuring their rights is on the international agenda. On a European level, nationalism, state-led persecution and rhetoric of hate have slowed down the process of ensuring human rights for LGBTI people particularly in Eastern Europe, where they are subject to violence, discrimination and hostility. One type of hostility targeting LGBTI people is hate speech. As literature has shown, hate speech can have harmful effects on its targets. Additionally, with the increased accessibility and use of the Internet and social media networks, hate speech has become more widespread and new challenges have appeared. Our research objective has addressed the gap identified by Brown (2018); to contribute to the research on hate speech and its harmful effects in general, comparing the effects of online and offline hate speech in particular. Additionally, by comparing the findings from Moldova and Ukraine, we have investigated if the context in which the hate speech is produced has any effect on the harmful effects experienced by targets. The research was conducted using a mixed method with a parallel convergent design, giving equal priority to qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection took place in Moldova (Chisinau) and in Ukraine (Kyiv) during Pride in the respective countries. Due to the nature of this research, results are not representative, and conclusions drawn can neither be applied to the entire LGBTI community in Moldova nor in Ukraine. Conclusions can, however, provide interesting insights for further research. Constitutive and consequential harms from online and offline hate speech are experienced by the LGBTI activists and community in both countries. In terms of constitutive harms, LGBTI community have suffered from harms like negative impact on self-esteem, silencing, psychological distress and restrictions on freedom of movement and association. Experienced consequential harms were negative stereotyping, physical violence and normalization of discrimination. Further, this research indicated that there is a difference in terms of harms caused by online and offline hate speech when it comes to the constitutive harms, as the harms from offline hate speech seemed to be experienced to a larger extent. Comparing results from Moldova and Ukraine, it can be concluded that the content of hate speech and harmful effects of hate speech are experienced differently depending on the context in which hate speech was produced. In general, hate speech in Ukraine seemed to be more violent and aggressive while in Moldova it was more related to the structural violence.
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Nalamothu, Abhishek. "Abusive and Hate Speech Tweets Detection with Text Generation." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1567510940365305.

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SASANI, Armita. "Hate Speech in the Era of Digital Hate (A Legal Comparison between Europe and the United States)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488122.

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This doctoral thesis investigates into the international, the US and European- the Council of Europe and the European Union- constitutional models of the right to freedom of expression and hate speech over Internet. The anonymity and mobility afforded by the Internet has made it very easy for hate mongers to spread hate in an environment which is abstract and beyond the realms of traditional law enforcement. Presence of Internet in daily life consequently has brought some intense difficulties such as crisis of the traditional liberal conception of free speech as ‘marketplace of ideas’, caused by online communications (the virality of false assumptions of racist nature or similar phenomena); Crisis of the ‘tolerant society’ approach in the sense that hate speech acts made in a ‘tolerant’ context can spread all over the world through internet, inflaming rage in ‘non tolerant’ context, or in context where western constitutional concepts such free speech and toleration are ignored or opposed; Crisis of traditional approach based on the ‘present and danger test’ doctrine and the use of criminal law as ‘extrema ratio’. In this case, multicultural societies ask for recognition of collective identities even through criminal law because toleration of certain form of satire against Islam or other collective identities can be seen as disguised form of discrimination. Current hate speech and Internet regulation in the US and European countries accompanied by a review of arguments which support and protest online hate speech regulation indicate the complexity in regulating online hate speech. Regulating online hate speech raises so many issues because at one hand such hate expression might be considered as an element of self-expression and is subject to protection under the right to freedom of expression and on the other hand, it might call to hatred and violence which is highly required to be prohibited; otherwise, it could prevent minority groups to participate in social activities, improve their human capability. Furthermore, Internet raises the issue of cross-jurisdictional legal mechanism for controlling hate speech because the crime of posting hate comments on Internet may happen in one jurisdiction but its effects be somewhere else. Thus, it would hinder the effective investigation of cybercrime and prosecution of offenders. The complexity in regulation does not necessarily implicates that there must be a unified legal definition or homogeneous way of responding to online hate speech crime among all countries in order to be released from this issue. On the contrary, this research indicates that historical circumstances and cultural norms would be different in each country and based on that minority groups would have different experiences when they want to exercise their rights and participation in the society. Although, Internet is universal in nature but boundaries of freedom of expression over Internet vary from country to country. Nonetheless, still, there is an emergency need of harmonizing the US and European approach along with increasing their criminal justice cooperation in transnational contexts towards this issue. At the end, this research develops to consider that apart from enacting hate speech regulation, there would be some other ways to minimize hate speech on social media Web sites including encouraging self-regulation and code of conduct on the part of social media companies. Also, technological innovations could be applied to restrain online hate propagation.
Questa tesi indaga i modelli internazionali, degli Stati Uniti e dell'Europa - il Consiglio d'Europa e la Costituzione dell'Unione Europea - del diritto alla libertà di espressione e lo "hate speech" su Internet. L’anonimato e la mobilità offerta da Internet ha reso molto facile per i mercanti di odio diffonderlo in un ambiente astratto e collocato oltre il “regno” delle tradizionali forze dell'ordine. La presenza di Internet nella vita quotidiana, di conseguenza, ha portato intense difficoltà, come la crisi della tradizionale concezione liberale della libertà di parola intesa come “mercato delle idee”, causata dalla comunicazione online (la viralità di false assunzioni di natura razzista o fenomeni simili); così la crisi dell'approccio alla “società tollerante”, nel senso che un atto qualificabile come "hate speech" pronunciato in un contesto “tollerante” può diffondersi in tutto il mondo attraverso internet, infiammando la rabbia in un contesto “non tollerante”, o in un contesto in cui i concetti costituzionali occidentali, quali la libertà di espressione e la tolleranza, sono ignorati o contrastati; così la crisi dell’approccio tradizionale basato sulla dottrina del “test del pericolo presente” e l'uso del diritto penale come “extrema ratio”. In questo caso, le società multiculturali chiedono il riconoscimento di identità collettive, anche attraverso il diritto penale, perché la tolleranza di certe forme di satira contro l'Islam o altre identità collettive può essere vista come forma dissimulata di discriminazione. Il corrente "hate speech" e le regole di Internet negli Stati Uniti e nei paesi europei, accompagnati da un riesame degli argomenti che sostengono e contestano in rete la regolazione dello "hate speech", indicano la complessità della sua regolamentazione in rete. Regolamentare lo "hate speech” online solleva molti problemi perché, da un lato, tale espressione di odio potrebbe essere considerata come un elemento di auto-espressione, soggetta a tutela ai sensi del diritto alla libertà di espressione, mentre, dall'altro, potrebbe incitare all'odio e alla violenza, cosa che deve essere assolutamente vietata; in caso contrario, ciò potrebbe impedire ai gruppi di minoranza di partecipare alle attività sociali e di migliorare la loro capacità umana. Inoltre, Internet pone il problema del meccanismo giuridico intergiurisdizionale per il controllo dello "hate speech" perché il reato di pubblicazione di commenti di odio su Internet potrebbe accadere in una giurisdizione, ma i suoi effetti possono verificarsi in qualche altro luogo. Così, sarebbero ostacolati l'effettivo accertamento della criminalità informatica e il perseguimento dei colpevoli. La complessità della regolamentazione non implica necessariamente che, per essere liberati da questo problema, si debba giungere ad una definizione legale unitaria o ad un modo omogeneo di rispondere ai crimini dello "hate speech" online tra tutti i Paesi. Al contrario, questa ricerca mostra che le circostanze storiche e le norme culturali sono diverse in ogni Paese e basate sul fatto che i gruppi di minoranza hanno diverse esperienze nell’esercitare i loro diritti e partecipare alla società. Anche se Internet è per natura universale, i limiti alla libertà di espressione online variano da Paese a Paese. Ciò nonostante, ancora, si avverte come emergenza la necessità di armonizzare l’approccio statunitense e quello europeo e, nel contempo, aumentare la loro cooperazione penale in contesti transnazionali nei confronti di questo problema. Infine, questa ricerca giunge a considerare che, a parte l’approvazione della regolamentazione dell’incitamento all’odio online, ci sarebbero altri modi per ridurre al minimo lo "hate speech" sui social media, tra cui incoraggiare l’autoregolamentazione e approvare di codici di condotta da parte delle società di social media.
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Munksgaard, Daniel Carl. "Warblog without end: online anti-Islamic discourses as persuadables." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/715.

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This dissertation is a critical discourse analysis of how anti-Islamic rhetoric in prominent online forums is articulated within the context of popular discourses of multiculturalism and tolerance. According to Melanie McAlister, perceptions of Muslims within the United States are unique in comparison to other minority groups in that they are almost entirely mediated, whether it is the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the terrorist attacks of September 11th, or the various Muhammad cartoon controversies. While much work has been done analyzing how Islam and Muslims are mediated in popular film and television, very little attention has been given to how these perspectives are mediated through the Internet. Using Erving Goffman's theory of performativity and Kristine Fitch's notion of persuadables, I examine how both prominent bloggers and pseudonymous commentators work in a "back stage" context to bring Islamophobic norms and premises within the sphere of acceptable opinions for the "front stage" of mainstream media discourses. In particular, I examine how these discourses have evolved over the past few years on three prominent weblogs: the anti-jihadist Little Green Footballs, the liberal-atheist advocacy blog One Good Move, and the popular news aggregate Fark. In light of increasing evidence that weblogs exert a high level of influence over popular media discourses disproportionate to their readership, these websites offer a glimpse "back stage" into how contemporary American discourses on Islam and Muslims are articulated across a broad array of political perspectives, particularly in relation to norms and premises regarding multiculturalism, tolerance, and freedom of expression. While Islamophobic rhetoric has become firmly embedded within discourses of the American Right, each of the three sites examined show a steady integration of anti-Islamic perspectives within the American Left. Leftist anti-Islamic discourses are frequently articulated within the context of general anti-religious sentiment, misanthropy, and a belief that the values of "the Islamic world" are inherently incompatible with the liberal, democratic, and multicultural values of "the West." While by no means universal, these perspectives have become sufficiently common, recognizable, and sensible to be granted the status of persuadables within these particular web forums, which in turn helps to move them into the realm of popular American cultural persuadables.
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Andersson, Andersson. "Är digitala rum för alla? : En diskursanalys av sociala medier med fokus på bloggar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111594.

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Web 2.0 opened up for a lot of opportunities, digital spaces became open for everyone to participate. But if groups of people get harassed and threatened in this spaces, how does that affect participation? Threats, hateful comments and harassment is a phenomenon that appears to be a common part of life online. Some groups of people may experience this more then others. To investigate this further a qualitative study was conducted using two different methods of internet research; observation and interview online. I wanted to study how cyber hate take the expression against female bloggers that write about feminism. The women that participated in this study have all been harassed and received threats online of various kinds. The blogs that were observed all write about subjects that question and criticize social structures and norms that many take for granted. This seems to spark hatred and threats against these female bloggers. The interviewed bloggers had different strategies for dealing with cyber hate they received. One example of this is that they all review the comments before posted on the blog. A problem that a majority of the bloggers expressed was that general public and the justice system did not take cyber hate seriously. Some people that threats and post hateful comments do that with their full name exposed.  The study indicates that anonymity didn’t play that big part, as first expected, in how people expresses themselves online.
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Cupido, Cleo. "Shoot the Boer: a discourse analysis of online posts and related texts." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4840.

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Magister Artium - MA
The controversial singing of the Shoot the Boer song by Julius Malema was a focus of media attention during the period of March 3, 2010 to September 12, 2011.This study aims to analyse the discourses participants draw on in the expression of their positions of race and identity in selected online texts, as well as the different meanings and interpretations the Shoot the Boer song has acquired over time. Using the data drawn from three court rulings, namely the South Gauteng High Court, North Gauteng High Court and the Equality Court and commentaries from various online websites, this project focuses on the various ways in which issues of race are realised through language by focusing on the construction and interpretation of Julius Malema and the Shoot the Boer song within different contextual spaces. This study uses a critical discourse analysis framework, as well as theories of intertextuality, resemiotization, contextand chronotope to analyse the texts which were generated in response to the song. Key findings include the ways in which participants who consider themselves as part of a minority group, construct themselves as 'victims‘ in relation to Malema and the singing of the song. Similarly, another key finding is that the broader discourse of fear exhibited in the various commentaries links to a general fear of 'black power‘ where Malema is a signifier of this 'black power.‘ Overall, the thesis argues that the meanings of the song are multiple and shift with the changing chronotopia of its performance. It therefore support Blommaert‘s (2005) emphasis on the importance of 'text trajectories‘ in establishing the meaning of texts, and argues that the historical meanings associated with the Shoot the Boer song form a complex set of frames on which different participants draw when interpreting the song in 2010.
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Lobo, Denis Augusto Carneiro. "Bolhas de ódio: o ódio como componente político nas dinâmicas interacionais societárias mediadas por Tecnologias de Comunicação Instantânea (TCIs)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21081.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This master’s thesis analyses the constitution of the so-called Hate Speech in Digital Social Networks (DSNs), specifically, on Facebook. Starting from users’ text interactions in public Facebook pages of the 2014 presidential candidates Dilma Rousseff (Workers Party) and Aécio Neves (Brazilian Social Democracy Party) during the presidential run (August to October 2014), I’ve searched for the characterization of this phenomena within a political-party polarization scenario. Focusing in the political constitution of the referred phenomena, I’ve then evidenced the difference between the legal concept of Hate Speech and a more widespread phenomena, which worked in this scenario as a political component of the social interactions: the political hate. Furthermore, the debate gets centralized in the mediation process of social interactions in an Instant Communication Technology (ICTs) scenario, in search of a confluence with the Latin American studies about the process of technological and communicational mediation, its diferences and implications in an Interactional Sociology. Finally, having analysed such studies as a theorical and methodological background, I've presented a discussion about the importance of the new computational techniques such as "filter bubbles", "social bots" and User Experience (UX) in the daily life of today's liberal democracies, leading the debate to the establishment of "fear techniques", clearly an expression of the so-called "Fear Culture", to which many authors refeer today
Esta dissertação analisou a constituição do chamado Discurso de Ódio nas Redes Sociais Digitais (RSDs), mais especificamente no Facebook. Partindo das interações textuais dos usuários nas páginas públicas dos candidatos à Presidência da República no ano de 2014, Dilma Rousseff (PT) e Aécio Neves (PSDB), durante o pleito eleitoral (agosto a outubro de 2014), buscou-se a caracterização desse fenômeno dentro de um cenário de polarização político-partidária. Voltando o olhar para a constituição política do fenômeno em questão, buscou-se a diferenciação da figura jurídica do Discurso de Ódio de um fenômeno mais capilar, que funcionou como componente político das interações societárias nesse cenário: o ódio político. Além disso, centralizamos o debate nas interações sociais e na mediação das Tecnologias de Comunicação Instantânea (TCIs), buscando uma confluência com o pensamento latino-americano sobre os processos de mediação tecnológica e comunicacional e suas diferenciações e implicações em uma Sociologia Interacionista. Buscou-se também, a partir desse arcabouço teórico-metodológico, discutir os pesos das novas técnicas computacionais, como a “bolha de filtros”, os “social bots”, “fake news” e as técnicas de User Experience (UX) no cotidiano das democracias liberais atuais, direcionando o debate para o estabelecimento de “técnicas do medo”, visivelmente assentados na chamada “Cultura do Medo”, a qual muitos pesquisadores recorrem na atualidade
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Martin, Chiara <1996&gt. "ONLINE VIOLENCE: A LEGAL STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND ITALIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ON COUNTERING HATE SPEECH AND NON-CONSENSUAL DISSEMINATION OF INTIMATE PRIVATE PHOTOS." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19505.

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Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di dimostrare se la violenza online è contrastata, sia a livello internazionale ed europeo, sia a livello italiano. In particolare, voglio concentrarmi su due tipologie di violenza online: il discorso d'odio e la diffusione non consensuale di foto intime private. Inizierò con una panoramica generale sul fenomeno della violenza, fornendo una definizione e una breve descrizione delle sue caratteristiche. Successivamente, studierò le caratteristiche della dimensione online della violenza, supportando l’analisi con alcuni dati legati al fenomeno. Il secondo capitolo sarà dedicato all'analisi dell'attuale quadro giuridico sulla violenza online. Dimostrerò che il discorso d'odio e la diffusione non consensuale di foto intime private non sono regolate né dal quadro giuridico internazionale, né da quello europeo. Sulla base di questo presupposto, la prima parte del capitolo sarà dedicata all'analisi dei documenti internazionali giuridicamente vincolanti, al fine di dimostrare come la libertà di espressione e la discriminazione sono regolamentate. Mentre la seconda parte del capitolo verrà dedicata alle convenzioni del Consiglio d’Europa e alla Corte Europea dei Diritti Umani e, successivamente, ai documenti appartenenti alla sfera dell’Unione Europea. Dopo aver illustrato l'attuale quadro giuridico internazionale ed europeo, vorrei soffermarmi sulla legislazione italiana. Lo scopo del terzo capitolo sarà quello di dimostrare se la legislazione italiana e il suo codice penale contrastano o meno la violenza online. Per questo motivo dedicherò un paragrafo agli obblighi internazionali dell'Italia, in particolare al ruolo della Framework Decision 2008/913/GAI e all'attuazione della Convenzione di Istanbul del Consiglio d'Europa. Mi concentrerò poi sul codice penale italiano, spiegando gli articoli che possono essere applicati per contrastare i due fenomeni, illustrando il disegno di legge "DDL Zan" sulla discriminazione di genere e il Codice Rosso sulla diffusione non consensuale di foto private intime.
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Books on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Assimakopoulos, Stavros, Fabienne H. Baider, and Sharon Millar. Online Hate Speech in the European Union. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72604-5.

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Gagliardone, Iginio, Matti Pohjonen, and Kate Orton-Johnson. How to Analyze Online Hate Speech and Toxic Communication. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529609721.

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Tadić-Stojisavljević, Sanja. Govor mržnje online i u drugom javnom prostoru. Sarajevo: Centar za edukaciju sudija i tužilaca Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, 2020.

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Untangling the web of hate: Are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment protection? Youngstown, N.Y: Cambria Press, 2007.

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Odiare l'odio: Dalle grandi persecuzioni del Novecento alla violenza sui social : le conseguenze tragiche di una malattia del nostro tempo. [Milan]: Rizzoli, 2020.

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Assimakopoulos, Stavros. Online Hate Speech in the European Union: A Discourse-Analytic Perspective. Cham: Springer Nature, 2017.

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France. Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme, ed. L'Internet de la haine: Racistes, antisémites, néonazis, intégristes, islamistes, terroristes et homophobes à l'assaut du web. Paris: Berg, 2012.

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Daini Tōkyō Bengoshikai. Jinken Yōgo Iinkai. Intānetto to heito supīchi. Tōkyō: Gendai Jinbunsha, 2019.

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author, Georgescu Mara, and Gomes Rui editor, eds. Bookmarks: A manual for combating hate speech online through human rights education. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2014.

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Výborný, Štěpán. Nenávístný internet versus právo. Praha: Wolters Kluwer Česká republika, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Viljanen, Jukka. "Combating hate speech online." In Human Rights, Digital Society and the Law, 225–38. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351025386-16.

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Costa, Susana, Bruno Mendes da Silva, and Mirian Tavares. "Tackling Online Hate Speech?" In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 79–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95531-1_6.

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Costello, Matthew, and James Hawdon. "Hate Speech in Online Spaces." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, 1397–416. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_60.

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Costello, Matthew, and James Hawdon. "Hate Speech in Online Spaces." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90307-1_60-1.

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Hall, Philippa. "Disability Hate Speech: Interrogating the Online/Offline Distinction." In Online Othering, 309–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_13.

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Klein, Adam. "Hate Speech in the Information Age." In Fanaticism, Racism, and Rage Online, 25–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51424-6_3.

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Mohseni, M. Rohangis. "Sexistische Online-Hassrede auf Videoplattformen." In Hate Speech - Multidisziplinäre Analysen und Handlungsoptionen, 39–51. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31793-5_3.

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Klant, Harald. "Strategien im Umgang mit Online-Hate Speech." In Geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt in Zeiten der Digitalisierung, 253–70. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839452813-014.

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Harald Klant widmet sich in diesem Kapitel den von betroffenen Individuen und Organisationen entwickelten Interventions- und Umgangsstrategien gegen Online Hate Speech. Die Sammlung dient als Inspiration für Betroffene und gibt beratend tätigen Menschen die Möglichkeit, auf bereits erprobtes Wissen im Umgang mit Online Hate Speech zurückzugreifen. Als mögliche Strategien werden Aktivismus, Diskussionen in den analogen Raum verlagern, Täter_innenschaft sichtbar machen, Gegenrede, das Verbreiten von Counter Narratives, das Melden, Moderieren, Anzeigen und Monitoring von Hate Speech sowie diverse Selbstermächtigungs- und Selbstschutz-Strategien genauer betrachtet und anhand von Beispielen erläutert.
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Stremlau, Nicole, and Iginio Gagliardone. "Socio-legal approaches to online hate speech *." In Routledge Handbook of Socio-Legal Theory and Methods, 385–98. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429952814-28.

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Waseem, Zeerak, James Thorne, and Joachim Bingel. "Bridging the Gaps: Multi Task Learning for Domain Transfer of Hate Speech Detection." In Online Harassment, 29–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Israeli, Abraham, and Oren Tsur. "Free speech or Free Hate Speech? Analyzing the Proliferation of Hate Speech in Parler." In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.11.

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Khurana, Urja, Ivar Vermeulen, Eric Nalisnick, Marloes Van Noorloos, and Antske Fokkens. "Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitions." In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.17.

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Alharthi, Raneem. "Recognizing Hate-prone Characteristics of Online Hate Speech Targets." In WebSci '21: WebSci '21 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462741.3466676.

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Nozza, Debora, Federico Bianchi, and Giuseppe Attanasio. "HATE-ITA: Hate Speech Detection in Italian Social Media Text." In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.24.

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Wang, Cindy. "Interpreting Neural Network Hate Speech Classifiers." In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online (ALW2). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5111.

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Arango Monnar, Ayme, Jorge Perez, Barbara Poblete, Magdalena Saldaña, and Valentina Proust. "Resources for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection." In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.12.

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Fortuna, Paula, João Rocha da Silva, Juan Soler-Company, Leo Wanner, and Sérgio Nunes. "A Hierarchically-Labeled Portuguese Hate Speech Dataset." In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-3510.

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Garland, Joshua, Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi, Jean-Gabriel Young, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne, and Mirta Galesic. "Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech." In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.alw-1.13.

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Masud, Sarah, Manjot Bedi, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Md Shad Akhtar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. "Proactively Reducing the Hate Intensity of Online Posts via Hate Speech Normalization." In KDD '22: The 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3534678.3539161.

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Gao, Lei, and Ruihong Huang. "Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Models." In RANLP 2017 - Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing Meet Deep Learning. Incoma Ltd. Shoumen, Bulgaria, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_036.

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Reports on the topic "Hate speech online"

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Iffat, Idris. Use of Online Space in Pakistan Targeting Women, Religious Minorities, Activists and Voices of Dissent. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.071.

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There is ample evidence that online hate speech in Pakistan is directed against women, religious minorities, journalists, voices of dissent and activists. The targeting of many of these groups is an expansion online of the traditional hostility and abuse they face offline. However, the internet has made such abuse easier and online hate speech is growing as internet use rises in the country. Those responsible vary somewhat: women and religious minorities are typically targeted by religio-political parties and their followers, while journalists and activists are often targeted by government/the military. In all cases, online hate speech can have a serious offline impact, including physical violence, and restrictions on people’s freedom/ability to work/post online. This review, looking at online hate speech in Pakistan in relation to particular groups, draws largely on reports by think-tanks/NGOs as well as media articles and blogs. Relatively little academic literature was found on the subject, but grey literature was quite extensive, especially on certain religious minorities (Ahmadis) and women.
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Lajosi, Krisztina. ECMI Minorities Blog. Disinformation, Digital Nationalism and the Hungarian Minority in Ukraine. European Centre for Minority Issues, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/slwe2333.

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The Hungarian minority in Ukraine living mainly in the region of Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia Oblast) has not yet been directly exposed to the horrors of the war. However, roughly since 2014, it has been targeted by online propaganda and disinformation serving the interests of the Kremlin in both Russian and Hungarian media. Several studies have demonstrated how the right-wing media supporting the Hungarian government have come increasingly under Russian influence either directly by translating pieces from Russian media outlets, or indirectly by channeling the talking points of the Kremlin. This digital propaganda has merged with the offline diffusion of ideologies supporting the illiberal democracy that Viktor Orbán declared official policy in Hungary in his infamous speech from 2014. This blog post explores the intricate web of nationalisms that influence political opinions among the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.
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Wolf, Maximilian, and Imke Schütz. Report on Panel #2 / Mapping European Populism: The Peculiarities and Commonalities of the Populist Politics in Southern Europe. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0003.

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This report is based on the second panel of ECPS’s monthly panel series called “Mapping European Populism” which was held online in Brussels on March 31, 2022. The panel brought together top-notch populism scholars from four south European countries, namely Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, which have many similarities and varieties in terms of right- and left-wing populist parties, groups and movements. As a by-product of this fruitful panel the report consists of brief summaries of the speeches delivered by the speakers.
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Stopford, Nikki, and Jacqueline O’Reilly. Innovation Work Chains in US Retail: Automation, Tracking and AI Adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/ivrp6984.

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The 2020 global pandemic led to record grocery sales and significantly accelerated the adoption of online retail services. This trend is expected to grow as mainstream retailers aim to keep up with the speed of delivery from ‘digitally native’ competitors and changing consumer expectations. Technological innovation is being introduced to different parts of the retail supply chain leading to a changing landscape for jobs. Here we develop the concept of Innovation Work Chains (IWC). We use this framing to discuss how the introduction of different types of innovative technology are likely to impact on employment practices across the supply chain in large-scale grocery retail. This research draws on sector reports and extensive interviews with Walmart US and one of their technology partner organisations in the USA. The focus is on how automation technologies like robots, tracking technologies and AI have become pivotal to the efficient management of retail supply chains. The evidence suggests that an iterative process of adoption and adaption is required to develop company specific solutions. However, legacy systems can pose a challenge to the speed at which automation technologies can be efficiently integrated. The concept of Innovation Work Changes highlights the differential impact on the employment landscape across the retail eco-system
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Tao, Yang, Amos Mizrach, Victor Alchanatis, Nachshon Shamir, and Tom Porter. Automated imaging broiler chicksexing for gender-specific and efficient production. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594391.bard.

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Extending the previous two years of research results (Mizarch, et al, 2012, Tao, 2011, 2012), the third year’s efforts in both Maryland and Israel were directed towards the engineering of the system. The activities included the robust chick handling and its conveyor system development, optical system improvement, online dynamic motion imaging of chicks, multi-image sequence optimal feather extraction and detection, and pattern recognition. Mechanical System Engineering The third model of the mechanical chick handling system with high-speed imaging system was built as shown in Fig. 1. This system has the improved chick holding cups and motion mechanisms that enable chicks to open wings through the view section. The mechanical system has achieved the speed of 4 chicks per second which exceeds the design specs of 3 chicks per second. In the center of the conveyor, a high-speed camera with UV sensitive optical system, shown in Fig.2, was installed that captures chick images at multiple frames (45 images and system selectable) when the chick passing through the view area. Through intensive discussions and efforts, the PIs of Maryland and ARO have created the protocol of joint hardware and software that uses sequential images of chick in its fall motion to capture opening wings and extract the optimal opening positions. This approached enables the reliable feather feature extraction in dynamic motion and pattern recognition. Improving of Chick Wing Deployment The mechanical system for chick conveying and especially the section that cause chicks to deploy their wings wide open under the fast video camera and the UV light was investigated along the third study year. As a natural behavior, chicks tend to deploy their wings as a mean of balancing their body when a sudden change in the vertical movement was applied. In the latest two years, this was achieved by causing the chicks to move in a free fall, in the earth gravity (g) along short vertical distance. The chicks have always tended to deploy their wing but not always in wide horizontal open situation. Such position is requested in order to get successful image under the video camera. Besides, the cells with checks bumped suddenly at the end of the free falling path. That caused the chicks legs to collapse inside the cells and the image of wing become bluer. For improving the movement and preventing the chick legs from collapsing, a slowing down mechanism was design and tested. This was done by installing of plastic block, that was printed in a predesign variable slope (Fig. 3) at the end of the path of falling cells (Fig.4). The cells are moving down in variable velocity according the block slope and achieve zero velocity at the end of the path. The slop was design in a way that the deacceleration become 0.8g instead the free fall gravity (g) without presence of the block. The tests showed better deployment and wider chick's wing opening as well as better balance along the movement. Design of additional sizes of block slops is under investigation. Slops that create accelerations of 0.7g, 0.9g, and variable accelerations are designed for improving movement path and images.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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