Academic literature on the topic 'Haykal'

Dans cette thèse, l'accent est mis essentiellement sur l'influence de la pensée et de la littérature françaises sur l'art romanesque et l'esprit critique de l'écrivain égyptien Mohammad Hussayn Haykal, précurseur du roman arabe moderne au début du XXe siècle. En effet c'est grâce aux orientations de ses maîtres à penser que Haykal a passé plus de trois ans en France pour obtenir le doctorat en droit. Depuis, il s'adonne à la littérature et la pensée françaises (voir l'appendice). Ansi, Zaynab, son premier roman est le fruit de la lecture de Rousseau, Zola et Bourget. C'est un chef d'oeuvre qui reflète les tendances romantiques et naturalistes françaises. On trouve beaucoup de ressemblances à travers des comparaisons entre Zaynab et la Nouvelle Héloi͏̈se de Rousseau. L'interprétation des thèmes, et éléments des deux tendances réaliste et naturaliste franç̀aises est clairement identifiable dans chaque roman, conte ou nouvelle de Haykal. Aussi on a procédé à l'approfondissement de l'étude contrastive des oeuvres romanesques de Haykal et celles des écrivains français qui l'avaient profondément marqué : Rousseau, Flaubert, Anatole France, Taine, Zola etc. .<br>In this thesis, the research has focused on the influence of the French literature and thought on the art of the novel and criticism of the Egyptian writer Mohammad Husayn Haykal. He has been to France where he spent more than three years to obtain a PHD in law. But Haykal showed complete interest in the French literature and culture. Zaynab, his first novel was obviously written under the auspices of French romanticism. It is the fruit of the reading of Rousseau, Bourget and Zola. It reflects the French romanticist and naturalist trends. Many resemblances and analogies have been thoroughly found through comparison between Zaynab and La nouvelle Héloi͏̈se of Rousseau as well as between Haykal's Waladi (my son) and Les confessions of Rousseau. Themes and elements of the French realism and naturalism are clearly identifiable in each novel, fiction and short stories of Haykal. Comparative studies are continously conducted everywhere in the research on the romanticist novel works of Haykal along with those of the French novelists who had clear impact on his art of narration and thinking : Rousseau, Flaubert, Anatole France, A. Comte, Taine and Zola. .

La description se manifeste dans le roman zaynah sous deux formes essentielles : le portrait et le chronotope. La methode d'analyse est de caractere stylistique en ce sens qu'elle cherche a delimiter les faits linguistique specifiques au discours descriptif, a les classer et a envisager leur valeur stylistique ainsi que leur fonction par rpport a l'ensemble de l'oeuvre. Cette etude montre que la description peut etre identifiee sur les plans semantique, typographique et linguistique. Elle est denombrable et reflete le point de vue du descripteur. Elle met en oeuvre un langage specifique. Sa specificite apparait notamment dans l'usage du vocabulaire, du temps grammatical et des faits de style<br>The novel zaynah provides two basic forms of description : characters portrayal and spatictemporal representation. The aims of our work, a stylistic attempt, is not only to classify and to define the scope of the linguistic features typical of the descriptive discourse - but to study their stylistic value and their functional role in the novel as a whole, as well. This work proves that while the descriptive mode can be identified at three levels: namely, semantics, typography, and linguistics, it is quantitatively listed, too. Generally, the descriptive discourse mirrors the viewpoint of the describer, creating a specific language which brings into play an original handling of vocabulary, tense, and stylistic figures

Heikal est une journaliste egyptien qui a commence sa carriere dans les annees 40 dans de grands journaux du caire, de tendances politiques differentes. Cette activite lui a rapidement permis de penetrer les cercles de pouvoirs politiques egyptiens et, avec l'arrivee de nasser en 1952, de participer activement au regime revolutionnaire. Cette eriode lui a permis en tant que redacteur en chef du journal al ahram d'etre le porte-parole semi officiel du regime de nasser. Sa fidelite a nasser reste intacte jusqu'a la mort de ce dernier en 1970 avec sadate, heikal a dirige la campagne electorale du futur president. Mais, avec l'expulsion des experts sovietiques en 1972, et surtout les options de sadate sur le probleme de la paix avec israel depuis la guerre de 1973, en passant par la visite de sadate a jerusalem en 1977, leurs relations se deteriorent definitivement. Heikal devient tres critique a l'egard de sadate et de sa politique. Ces differentes positions fit d'heikal un homme controverse. Il a ete accuse a la fois d'etre un agent de la cia, et un agent des sovietiques. Notre objectif a ete dans ce travail de montrer si heikal a ete fidele a nasser en tant que chef d'etat, ou fidele a une idee, un ideal supreme, celui de "socialisme arabe".

This thesis presents a comparative study of two modern Muslim biographers of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad Husayn Haykal and Sayyid Ja$ rm sp{c}$far Murtada, the one a Sunni the other a Shispc$ = i. In dealing with their works on the { it s = i ra}, the intention is to focus on some aspects of the life of the Prophet of Islam from the time when he resided in Makka. After outlining the authors' scholarly backgrounds, sources, methods, and purposes, etc., the thesis deals with certain specific issues concerning the Prophet's birth, his nursing and the reason behind the custom of having foster-mothers, the controversial stories of the splitting of his chest and of his participation in the sacrilegious war, his state both before and after the announcement to him of his Mission, the authors' interpretations of his night journey and ascent to heaven and lastly their discussion about the Prophet and miracles. This research should not be considered as historical in nature; rather, it aims at clarifying the similarities and differences which may be discovered between our two biographers, and at comparing their respective Sunn = i and Sh = i$spc$ = i approaches.

This study is centred around the thoughts and contributions of three Egyptian Udaba namely, Taha Husayn (d. 1973), Muhammad Husayn Haykal (d. 1956), and 'Abbas Mahmud al-'Aqqad (d. 1964). The significance of their writings lies partly in the critical period in which they appeared, which was a period of religious, spiritual and national crisis. On the religious side, it was not confined to Egypt, but covered the whole Islamic world for it was the period in which the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished. With the collapse of Islamic political power, the Christian missionary thrust tried to penetrate the core of Islamic belief itself by portraying Islam as a necessary obstacle to progress. For this purpose, several attacks were simultaneously engineered. One was directed against the Arabic language which was described as unfit for modern usage. Its replacement by spoken dialects would have meant creating a delinkage between language and the Qur'an, relegating the Qur'an to the position of a liturgical and ritualistic document that interests only a few scholars and religious specialists. Another attack was directed against Arabic literature casting doubts on its content and value for modern generations with new thoughts, ideas and aspirations. A more powerful attack was directed against the Prophet Muhammad, and his companions and immediate successors. The Udaba' took up the challenge by upholding the Arabic language, expounding the true facts of the Prophet's life, and by introducing new styles of literature which derive from the Islamic fountainhead, and using styles attractive to modern readers. Among other things, the thesis shows how the Udaba's contributions in this respect were instrumental in blunting the attacks of missionaries, and incidentally, in pre-empting the attacks of Marxism which assumed dangerous proportions after World War II. Their assertion of the dignity of Islam and of the unquestionable Islamic identity of Egypt and of the great potentials of the Arabic language will remain as lasting contributions.

This thesis, which is an analytical study and annotation of the book entitled Al-libyan Jima Yahill wa-Yahrum min al-Haywan by Ibn al-`Imad al-Aqfahsi, is divided into two parts. The first part contains a study of the book and its author, while the second part contains the Arabic edition of the book. They are divided into two volumes. The first volume consists of an introduction, four chapters and two appendices. The introduction of the thesis highlights the reasons for the selection of this particular research. indicating that this kind of research has not been undertaken before, as far as the researcher knows. Moreover, the importance of this research for Muslims is highlighted since it gives the relevant injunctions on various kinds of meat that they can eat. The research offers a summary of what some Muslim scholars have written on the science of zoology as they understand it. It also examines the masons for their writing on the subject and the main features of their treatises and studies. Following that, the researcher tries to ascertain the correct name of the book Al-Tibyan and the authenticity of its reference to the author. It is ascertained that the actual name of the book is Al- Tibyan fima Yahill wa-Yahrum min al-Haywan. Then the date for the composition of the book is discussed. The methodology of this edition follows. In the second chapter the researcher studies the author, trying to ascertain his name, date of birth, upbringing, attributes and ethics. The views of other people on the author and his writings are also presented. The third chapter deals with the political, social, and intellectual ethos. The fourth chapter comprises a study of the biographies of people mentioned in the manuscript. Them are two appendices at the end of the thesis: the first is a glossary of ambiguous words used in the manuscript and the second is a verification of the places mentioned in the manuscript and study. In order to facilitate the reader for cross reference to the Arabic manuscript, the researcher has indicated the relevant page/ line number, where necessary, (e.g. 000/00) in chapters four and appendice only. Finally the bibliography and indexes conclude the thesis.

This thesis is concerned with the relationships between landscape and antiquarian and natural history studies in the work of Hayman Rooke (1723-1806). Through a study of Rooke's work on natural history and meteorology, and ancient and Roman Britain, the processes through which antiquarian and natural historical knowledges were negotiated and legitimised are highlighted. This includes how landscapes were interpreted and understood - how antiquarian and natural historical practice functioned as a form of engagement with place.