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Academic literature on the topic 'HBC'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HBC"

Xiong-Ming, Du, Pan Zhao-E, Sun Jun-Ling, Zhou Zhong-Li, and Pang Bao-Yin. "Characterization of trait variations in progenies of Gossypium hirsutum transformed with the genomic DNA of Gossypium barbadense." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (April 2005): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cjb200550.

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AbstractFour variant lines, HB1, HB2, HB3 and HB4, were derived from progenies of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivar Yumian 17 that had been transformed with genomic DNA from sea island cotton, Gossypium barbadense, using the pollen tube pathway (PTP) method. They showed significant differences from the wild-type recipient in terms of fibre quality, lint percentage, boll weight and other agronomic traits. The four variant lines also differed from the wild-type recipient in the amplification products of two SSR loci, indicating that the DNA of G. barbadense had been introduced into the genome of the recipient and was inherited stably. On the other hand, the agronomic traits of another three lines (HB5, HB6 and HB7) derived from the same transformation experiment were identical to those of the wild-type recipient, indicating that G. barbadense DNA had not integrated into the genome of these lines. A combination of the analyses on agronomic traits and SSR markers indicated that transgenic upland cotton strains produced by the PTP method could become homozygous in only a few generations and the foreign DNA introduced during the transformation experiments could be inherited stably in the transgenic progenies.

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Agarwal, Aarti, Aldiouma Guindo, Yacouba Cissoko, James G. Taylor, Drissa Coulibaly, Abdoulaye Koné, Kassoum Kayentao, et al. "Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a West African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S." Blood 96, no. 7 (October 1, 2000): 2358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.7.2358.

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Abstract The malaria hypothesis proposes a survival advantage for individuals with hemoglobin variants in areas of endemicPlasmodium falciparum malaria. Hemoglobin C (HbC) is a possible example in West Africa, where this hemoglobin has a centric distribution with high frequencies among certain populations including the Dogon ethnic group. To test whether HbC is associated with protection from malaria, we performed a case-control study in the Dogon of Bandiagara, Mali. HbC was present in 68 of 391 (17.4%) of uncomplicated malaria control cases, whereas it was detected in only 3 of 67 cases (4.5%) of severe malaria (odds ratio [OR], 0.22;P = .01). Further, HbC was present in only 1 of 34 cases (2.9%) with cerebral manifestations, the most common presentation of severe malaria in this population (OR, 0.14; P = .03). Episodes of uncomplicated malaria and parasitemias (4800-205 050/μL) were identified in cases of homozygous HbC (HbCC), which indicates thatP falciparum parasites are able to efficiently replicate within HbCC erythrocytes in vivo. These findings suggest that HbC does not protect against infection or uncomplicated malaria but can protect against severe malaria in the Dogon population of Bandiagara, Mali. The data also suggest that the protective effect associated with HbC may be greater than that of HbS in this population.

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The malaria hypothesis proposes a survival advantage for individuals with hemoglobin variants in areas of endemicPlasmodium falciparum malaria. Hemoglobin C (HbC) is a possible example in West Africa, where this hemoglobin has a centric distribution with high frequencies among certain populations including the Dogon ethnic group. To test whether HbC is associated with protection from malaria, we performed a case-control study in the Dogon of Bandiagara, Mali. HbC was present in 68 of 391 (17.4%) of uncomplicated malaria control cases, whereas it was detected in only 3 of 67 cases (4.5%) of severe malaria (odds ratio [OR], 0.22;P = .01). Further, HbC was present in only 1 of 34 cases (2.9%) with cerebral manifestations, the most common presentation of severe malaria in this population (OR, 0.14; P = .03). Episodes of uncomplicated malaria and parasitemias (4800-205 050/μL) were identified in cases of homozygous HbC (HbCC), which indicates thatP falciparum parasites are able to efficiently replicate within HbCC erythrocytes in vivo. These findings suggest that HbC does not protect against infection or uncomplicated malaria but can protect against severe malaria in the Dogon population of Bandiagara, Mali. The data also suggest that the protective effect associated with HbC may be greater than that of HbS in this population.

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Lin, MJ, RL Nagel, and RE Hirsch. "Acceleration of hemoglobin C crystallization by hemoglobin S." Blood 74, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.5.1823.1823.

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Abstract We previously reported that circulating hemoglobin (Hb) CC erythrocytes contain oxygenated HbC crystals with little or no HbF and that HbF inhibits in vitro crystallization of HbC. We now report that HbS accelerates in vitro crystallization of HbC. Crystals were formed in 1.8 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 30 degrees C and were counted in several time intervals with a hematocytometer. The hemoglobin composition of Millipore-isolated crystals and supernatant were also analyzed. Under the conditions selected, 100% HbS formed needle-shaped crystals only after two hours. Pure HbC does not form crystals within 15 minutes, whereas a ratio of 10% HbS:90% HbC forms 1,100 crystals/mm3, 20% HbS:80% HbC forms 370 crystals/mm3, and 30% HbS:70% HbC forms 5 crystals/mm3. Crystals formed in the presence of HbS are tetragonal, as are pure HbC crystals. As compared with 100% HbC, HbA or albumin mixed with HbC showed a decreased number of crystals as a result of dilution. Analysis of the Hb content of isolated crystals by citrate agar gel electrophoresis showed that HbS was rapidly incorporated into the crystal in the same ratio over time. These results demonstrate that HbS accelerates crystallization of HbC with respect to the rates of crystallization of any of these two Hbs separately, through a mechanism that involves cocrystallization. These results may be significant in understanding SC disease.

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Lin, MJ, RL Nagel, and RE Hirsch. "Acceleration of hemoglobin C crystallization by hemoglobin S." Blood 74, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.5.1823.bloodjournal7451823.

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We previously reported that circulating hemoglobin (Hb) CC erythrocytes contain oxygenated HbC crystals with little or no HbF and that HbF inhibits in vitro crystallization of HbC. We now report that HbS accelerates in vitro crystallization of HbC. Crystals were formed in 1.8 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 30 degrees C and were counted in several time intervals with a hematocytometer. The hemoglobin composition of Millipore-isolated crystals and supernatant were also analyzed. Under the conditions selected, 100% HbS formed needle-shaped crystals only after two hours. Pure HbC does not form crystals within 15 minutes, whereas a ratio of 10% HbS:90% HbC forms 1,100 crystals/mm3, 20% HbS:80% HbC forms 370 crystals/mm3, and 30% HbS:70% HbC forms 5 crystals/mm3. Crystals formed in the presence of HbS are tetragonal, as are pure HbC crystals. As compared with 100% HbC, HbA or albumin mixed with HbC showed a decreased number of crystals as a result of dilution. Analysis of the Hb content of isolated crystals by citrate agar gel electrophoresis showed that HbS was rapidly incorporated into the crystal in the same ratio over time. These results demonstrate that HbS accelerates crystallization of HbC with respect to the rates of crystallization of any of these two Hbs separately, through a mechanism that involves cocrystallization. These results may be significant in understanding SC disease.

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Nagel, RL, MJ Lin, HE Witkowska, ME Fabry, M. Bestak, and RE Hirsch. "Compound heterozygosity for hemoglobin C and Korle-Bu: moderate microcytic hemolytic anemia and acceleration of crystal formation [corrected] [published erratum appears in Blood 1994 May 15;83(10):3105]." Blood 82, no. 6 (September 15, 1993): 1907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v82.6.1907.1907.

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Abstract We report here that compound heterozygosity for hemoglobin Korle-Bu (HbKB) and HbC (beta 6 Glu-->Lys) is associated with moderate chronic hemolytic anemia with microcytosis. To understand the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we have studied the effect of Hb Korle-Bu (KB = beta 73 Asp-->Asn) on the crystallization of HbC. We have previously established that fetal Hb (HbF) inhibits the crystallization of HbC. In contrast, HbS accelerates crystallization affecting the pathogenesis of SC disease. We now report on in vitro crystallization of mixtures of HbKB, HbC, and various amounts of HbF and the native hemolysate of a child who is a compound heterozygote for HbKB and HbC. At 6 months of age, the propositus' hemolysate contained 55% HbKB, 39% HbC, and 6% HbF. Crystal formed within 2 minutes compared with 30 minutes for the mixture of 40% HbC:60% HbS and with 180 minutes for 40% HbC:60% HbA. The morphology of the crystals formed was cubic, in contrast with the tetragonal crystals observed in CC and SC disease. Early crystals did not exhibit “sharp edges” until 45 minutes. Purified HbKB formed aggregates but not crystals after 24 hours. Isopycnic gradients showed that the KB/C compound heterozygotes have red blood cell (RBC) densities intermediate between the AC and CC phenotype and similar to SC disease. The surface residue beta 73, known to participate in areas of interaction of the deoxy HbS polymer, can now be assigned to areas of contact in HbC containing crystals. The hemolysis observed in the HbKB/C compound heterozygote is likely to be secondary to the acceleration of Hb crystallization. The microcytosis and increased RBC density is clearly the consequence of the presence of HbC, but the basis of the increased RBC pathology compared with AC trait, despite the low proportion of HbC (35% to 40%), remains to be elucidated.

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We report here that compound heterozygosity for hemoglobin Korle-Bu (HbKB) and HbC (beta 6 Glu-->Lys) is associated with moderate chronic hemolytic anemia with microcytosis. To understand the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we have studied the effect of Hb Korle-Bu (KB = beta 73 Asp-->Asn) on the crystallization of HbC. We have previously established that fetal Hb (HbF) inhibits the crystallization of HbC. In contrast, HbS accelerates crystallization affecting the pathogenesis of SC disease. We now report on in vitro crystallization of mixtures of HbKB, HbC, and various amounts of HbF and the native hemolysate of a child who is a compound heterozygote for HbKB and HbC. At 6 months of age, the propositus' hemolysate contained 55% HbKB, 39% HbC, and 6% HbF. Crystal formed within 2 minutes compared with 30 minutes for the mixture of 40% HbC:60% HbS and with 180 minutes for 40% HbC:60% HbA. The morphology of the crystals formed was cubic, in contrast with the tetragonal crystals observed in CC and SC disease. Early crystals did not exhibit “sharp edges” until 45 minutes. Purified HbKB formed aggregates but not crystals after 24 hours. Isopycnic gradients showed that the KB/C compound heterozygotes have red blood cell (RBC) densities intermediate between the AC and CC phenotype and similar to SC disease. The surface residue beta 73, known to participate in areas of interaction of the deoxy HbS polymer, can now be assigned to areas of contact in HbC containing crystals. The hemolysis observed in the HbKB/C compound heterozygote is likely to be secondary to the acceleration of Hb crystallization. The microcytosis and increased RBC density is clearly the consequence of the presence of HbC, but the basis of the increased RBC pathology compared with AC trait, despite the low proportion of HbC (35% to 40%), remains to be elucidated.

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Hirsch, Rhoda Elison, H. Ewa Witkowska, Frank Shafer, Margaret J. Lin, Tatiana C. Balazs, Robert M. Bookchin, and Ronald L. Nagel. "HbC compound heterozygotes [HbC/Hb Riyadh and HbC/Hb N‐Baltimore] with opposing effects upon HbC crystallization." British Journal of Haematology 97, no. 2 (May 1997): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.432639.x.

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Sun, Shujun, Jianye Dai, Wenyu Wang, Huijuan Cao, Junwei Fang, Yi Yang Hu, Shibing Su, and Yongyu Zhang. "Metabonomic Evaluation of ZHENG Differentiation and Treatment by Fuzhenghuayu Tablet in Hepatitis-B-Caused Cirrhosis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/453503.

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In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), treatment based on ZHENG (also called TCM syndrome and pattern) differentiation has been applied for about 3 thousand years, while there are some difficulties to communicate with western medicine. In the present work, metabonomic methods were utilized to differentiate ZHENG types and evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of Fuzhenghuayu (FZHY) tablet in hepatitis-B-caused cirrhosis (HBC). Urine samples of 12 healthy volunteers (control group, CG) and 31 HBC patients (HBCG) were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. The significantly changed metabolites between CG and HBCG were selected by PLS-DA loading plot analysis. Moreover, 4 ZHENGs were differentiated mutually, suggesting that there was urine metabolic material basis in ZHENG differentiation. The efficiency of FZHY tablet on subjects with spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance syndrome (SDDES) and liver-kidney yin deficiency syndrome (LKYDS) was better than that of other syndromes. The efficiency of FZHY treatment based on ZHENG differentiation indicated that accurately ZHENG differentiating could guide the appropriate TCM treatment in HBC.

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Kreuels, Benno, Christina Kreuzberg, Robin Kobbe, Matilda Ayim-Akonor, Peter Apiah-Thompson, Benedicta Thompson, Christa Ehmen, et al. "Differing effects of HbS and HbC traits on uncomplicated falciparum malaria, anemia, and child growth." Blood 115, no. 22 (June 3, 2010): 4551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-09-241844.

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Abstract The high prevalence of hemoglobin S (HbS) in Africa and hemoglobin C (HbC) in parts of West Africa is caused by the strong protection against severe falciparum malaria during childhood. Much less is known about the effect of HbS and especially HbC on Plasmodium falciparum infection, uncomplicated malaria, and anemia. A total of 1070 children from the Ashanti Region, Ghana, were enrolled at the age of 3 months and visited monthly until 2 years of age. The effects of the β-globin genotype on the age-dependent incidence of malaria, levels of parasitemia, and hemoglobin as well as physical development were analyzed by population-averaged models. Infants with HbAS were protected from uncomplicated malaria (P < .005) and anemia (P < .001), had lower age-adjusted parasite densities (P < .001), and higher age-adjusted hemoglobin levels compared with children with the HbAA genotype (P = .004). In contrast, HbAC carriers had lower hemoglobin levels (P < .033) and were not protected against malaria or anemia. Notably, infants with HbAS were also significantly protected against stunting compared with carriers of HbAA or HbAC. This indicates differing mechanisms of protection against malaria of HbAS and HbAC and might help to understand why HbC is restricted to distinct areas of West Africa.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HBC"

Bitencourt, Hellen Tayaná Oliveira. "Pesquisa e caracterização da hepatite B oculta em doadores de sangue do estado do Amapá." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17155/tde-07062017-161019/.

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Introdução. A infecção causada pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) é um dos agravos de maior prevalência no mundial. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) existem mais de 350 milhões de portadores crônicos da doença. A infecção pelo HBV é rotineiramente identificada quando há a presença do HBsAg circulante. Entretanto, em alguns casos o HBV-DNA tem sido detectado em indivíduos HBsAg negativos, positivos ou negativos para anti-HBc e anti-HBs. Essa apresentação sorológica e molecular é denominada infecção oculta pelo HBV (OBI). Geralmente a concentração do HBV-DNA no soro será abaixo de 200 UI/mL. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da OBI, em doadores de sangue do Estado do Amapá no ano de 2014. Material e Métodos. Foram analisadas um total de 62 amostras de doadores de sangue do estado do Amapá, no ano de 2014, que apresentavam o perfil sorológico: HBsAg negativo, anti-HBc positivo e com anti-HBs negativo ou positivo. Os marcadores sorológicos HBsAg e anti-HBc foram determinados através do imunoensaio quimioluminescente. As amostras selecionadas para a detecção do HBV-DNA foram testadas utilizando as metodologias de Real-Time PCR Kit NAT HIV/HCV/HBV (Bio-Manguinhos®) e PCR \"in house\". Resultados. Do total de 13.261 doadores triados para infecções transmissíveis pelo sangue, 283 apresentaram resultados reagentes para os marcadores da hepatite B, nos quais: 35 (0,3%) foram HBsAg e 248 (1,9%) para anti-HBc reagentes. Um total de 62 amostras foram testadas pelos métodos moleculares. Todas as amostras apresentaram resultado HBV-DNA não-detectável. Conclusão: O índice de inaptidão sorológica no ano de 2014 no HEMOAP foi de 1,9% para anti-HBc e 0,3% para HBsAg. A população estudada foi constituída predominantemente por adultos com idade entre 29-65 anos, do sexo masculino, casados e naturais de municípios do estado do Amapá
Introduction. The infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are more than 350 million chronic carriers of the disease. HBV infection is routinely identified when there is presence of circulating HBsAg. However, in some cases HBV-DNA has been detected in HBsAg negative individuals, positive or negative for anti-HBc and anti-HBs. This serological and molecular presentation is termed HBV-occult infection (OBI). Usually the concentration of HBV-DNA in serum will be below 200 IU / mL.Objective: To determine the prevalence of OBI in blood donors, in the State of Amapá, in the 2014. Material and methods. A total of 62 samples of blood donors from the State of Amapá in the year 2014 were analyzed, presenting the serological profile: HBsAg negative, anti-HBc positive and with negative or positive anti-HBs. Serum markers HBsAg and anti-HBc were determined by the chemiluminescent immunoassay. Samples selected for HBV-DNA detection were tested using the Real-Time PCR Kit Kit HIV / HCV / HBV (Bio-Manguinhos®) and in-house PCR. Results. Of the total of 13,261 donors screened for blood-borne infections, 283 presented reactive results for hepatitis B markers, in which: 35 (0.3%) were HBsAg and 248 (1.9%) for anti-HBc reagents. All samples showed nondetectable HBV-DNA result. Conclusion: The serological disability index in the year 2014 in HEMOAP was 1.9% for anti-HBc and 0.3% for HBsAg. The studied population consisted predominantly of adults aged 29-65 years, males, married and natural of cities of the state of Amapá

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BARROS, Emanuelle Antonino. "Pesquisa do HBV-DNA em doadores de sangue com diferentes perfis sorológicos para hepatite B." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6990.

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Testes sorológicos para detecção do HBsAg e anti-HBc são realizados em doadores de sangue para evitar a transmissão da hepatite B. No entanto, a maior causa de rejeição nos hemocentros é a detecção do anti-HBc, que provoca ausência de doadores e descarte de bolsas de sangue, o que aumenta os custos nos bancos de sangue. Mas, pesquisas mostram que doadores anti-HBc positivo com ou sem o anti-HBs, podem continuar replicando o vírus e transmitir a infecção aos receptores dos hemocomponentes. Outros estudos mostram que doadores HBsAg/anti-HBc positivos na fase crônica podem conter quantidades de HBV-DNA muito baixas e não ser detectado por testes moleculares. Ainda existe um risco de transmissão que ocorre se o doador estiver na fase inicial da infecção, antes da detecção do HBsAg e que pode ser evitado pesquisando-se o HBV-DNA. Testes para detecção de ácidos nucleicos (NAT) do HIV, HCV e HBV em doadores de sangue já ocorre em alguns países, e no Brasil, está em fase de implantação para o HIV e HCV. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: pesquisar o HBV-DNA em doadores de sangue anti-HBc positivo da Fundação HEMOPE com e sem o anti-HBs, determinar a carga viral nos doadores HBsAg/anti-HBc positivo e estimar a frequência de positividade do HBV-DNA nos diferentes perfis sorológicos no período de junho de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. Trezentos e vinte doadores anti-HBc/anti-HBs positivos, 39 HBsAg/anti-HBc positivos e 41 anti-HBc positivo isolado participaram do estudo. A pesquisa do HBV-DNA foi realizada pelo teste qualitativo de nested-PCR e a quantificação pelo teste AMPLICOR HBV MONITOR (ROCHE). Os resultados mostraram que o HBV-DNA não foi detectado em nenhum doador anti-HBc/anti-HBs positivos e anti-HBc positivo isolado, sendo quantificado em 64% dos HBsAg/anti-HBc positivos. Esses resultados sugerem que com a utilização de uma técnica mais sensível, aumentaria a possibilidade de se detectar o HBV-DNA em um número maior de doadores. Além disso, a substituição do teste do HBsAg pela detecção do HBV-DNA, requer cautela e novos estudos. No entanto, o HBV-DNA é um marcador útil para detectar a infecção na fase de janela imunológica

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Indrák, Martin. "Komplexní zhodnocení finanční pozice podniku Coca Cola HBC Česká republika." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10561.

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The Purpose of this thesis is to briefly describe the company but also the whole branch of soft drinks production. The Dissertation investigate financial structure and analyzes the company through particular instruments of financial analysis such as absolute and ratio indexes, Du Pont decomposition, Altman index, Model IN and Economic value added. Also comparison with the biggest and most dangerous competitors on the market is the other essential part. Output of this thesis presents the evaluation of the financial health and condition of the company, its market position and last but not least some little recommendations, if needed.

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Kyselová, Karolina. "Podnikatelské strategie pro čínský trh - příklad společnosti Coca-Cola, HBC." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112677.

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This thesis deals with the business strategy in the Chinese market, which is introduced a concrete example of the business strategy of Coca-Cola. According the breadth of the topic there is not included the overall business strategy of mentioned company, but corporate social responsibility, which is the third pillar of the strategy. The aim is to compare by values of social responsibility and setting the Coca-Cola's current situation on the Chinese market and local governments attitude to the main problems of this area. The first chapter is describe the economic growth and current economic development of China, which is marked by the global financial crisis. In the context of sustainable development of Coca-Cola is worth mentioning the Convention and the obligations arising from the country for membership in the ILO. This issue is devoted to the second chapter. The last chapter describes the business strategy (including the basic pillars of the strategy "4A"), with a focus on ensuring sustainable growth. This information is used not only to approach the business strategy, but also for possible access to government compared with the real situation in the country.

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Schwab, Anja. "Gestaltung flexibler Arbeitszeiten dargestellt am Beispiel der HBC-radiomatic GmbH /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11759405.

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Leturcq, Didier. "Purification de l'antigène de capside du virus de l'hépatite B (AG HBC) et préparation d'anticorps monoclonaux anti-HBC : application de ces deux réactifs en immuno-enzymologie." Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR3802.

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Nous avons mis au point et comparé différentes techniques chromatographiques de purification de la capside du virus de l'hépatite B (antigène HBc). L'antigène HBc obtenu a été utilisé pour préparer des anticorps monoclonaux murins anti-HBc, dont trois ont été caractérisés plus en détail. Un des trois anticorps monoclonaux a été utilisé dans un test immuno-enzymatique de recherche de l'antigène HBc, ainsi que pour la réalisation de tests immuno-enzymatique permettant de mettre en évidence la présence d'Ig A et d'Ig E anti-HBc par immunocapture. Les Ig A et les Ig E anti HBc ont pu être mises en évidence à la phase aigüe de l'hépatite B aigüe, que ce soit pour les formes graves ou bégnines, selon une cinétique proche de celles des Ig M anti-HBc (disparition à la convalescence). Dans les formes chroniques d'hépatite B, les taux d'Ig A et d'Ig E anti-HBc observés vont de pair avec la gravité des lésions hépatiques ; les Ig A et Ig E anti-HBc semblent donc être des marqueurs sérologiques particulièrement intéressants pour suivre l'évolution des hépatites chroniques.

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Inuzuka, Tadashi. "Reactivation from occult HBV carrier status is characterized by low genetic heterogeneity with the wild-type or G1896A variant prevalence." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215419.

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MAGALHÃES, Paula Machado Ribeiro. "Perfil de produção de anticorpos após vacinação para Hepatite B em doadores sanguíneos positivos para Anti-HBc e negativos para HBsAg e Anti-HBs." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7397.

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O anticorpo contra o antígeno do centro (ou do core), o anti-HBc, do vírus da hepatite B (VHB) é considerado o mais sensível e duradouro marcador sérico da infecção pelo VHB. Algumas vezes o anti-HBc é encontrado na ausência de outros marcadores como por exemplo o anti-HBs ou o HBsAg. O significado clínico do encontro isolado do anti-HBc permanece incerto. Existem algumas explicações para este achado: primeiro, o encontro do anti-HBc pode ser um resultado apenas falso-positivo. Segundo, o indivíduo pode ter ficado imune após contato com o VHB, porém não possui anti-HBs detectável. Terceiro, estes indivíduos com anti-HBc isolado podem ser portadores crônicos do VHB com ausência ou não detecção de HBsAg. Além do que o encontro isolado do anti-HBc pode ser pelo fato do indivíduo se encontrar na fase de janela imunológica quando o HBsAg desapareceu mas o anti-HBs ainda não está detectável. Uma última hipótese menos provável é que a presença do anti-HBc possa ter sido devida a uma passagem passiva deste anticorpo. Exceto a situação de janela imunológica todas as outras explicações hipotéticas teriam teoricamente esclarecimento com o uso de técnicas de biologia molecular. Porém, como é cara e laboriosa não é utilizada de rotina. Haja vista a importância tanto do ponto de vista do indivíduo como para os serviços de saúde de elucidar se o anti-HBc isolado é falso-positividade do teste ou contato prévio com o VHB alguns serviços de saúde têm utilizado a vacinação contra o VHB nestes indivíduos para distinguir entre estas duas situações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta contra vacina recombinante para VHB em doadores sanguíneos portadores de anti-HBc e negativos para HBsAg e anti-HBs. O modelo do estudo foi do tipo quasi-experimental sem grupo controle, não randomizado. Vinte e quatro doadores entre 22 e 76 anos receberam três doses de 20 mcg de Engerix®-B nos meses 0, 1 e 6. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas 30 dias após primeira e terceira dose de vacina e testadas para anti-HBs pela técnica imunoenzimática por fluorescência. Os resultados mostraram que após a primeira e terceira dose de vacina a taxa de soroproteção (anti-HBs >10 miliUI/ml) foi de 61,9% e 87,5%, respectivamente. A taxa de resposta tipo anamnéstica com produção rápida de anticorpos foi de 38% e tipo primária ou lenta foi de 47,6%. A taxa de não respondedores ao final do esquema vacinal foi de 12,5%. Doadores estes potencialmente suspeitos de serem portadores inativos de VHB e que foram submetidos à pesquisa de DNA do VHB pela PCR sendo todos negativos para este teste. O uso da vacina recombinante contra VHB ajudou a elucidar a situação imunológica da maioria dos indivíduos do presente estudo. Portanto, a estratégia da vacinação parece ser prática e pouco laboriosa para esclarecimento diagnóstico neste grupo de doadores

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Hertík, Vojtěch. "Analýza týmové práce vybraného pracovního týmu ve společnosti Coca-Cola HBC Česká republika, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198089.

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The content of this thesis is an analysis of a selected work team in the company Coca-Cola HBC Czech Republic Ltd. The main aim of the work is to provide materials and recommendations to the team manager helping him improve the teamwork effectiveness and develop the team. In the introductory part of the thesis theoretical principles related to teamwork are presented. The next part deals with processing methodology of empirical investigation. The practical part is focused on the analysis of work team and provides recommendations for improving the effectiveness of teamwork and team development.

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Kupski, Carlos. "Perfil sorológico e molecular de indivíduos anti-HBc reagente e HBsAg negativo provenientes de um banco de sangue em uma área de baixa endemicidade para HBV." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4522.

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Hepatitis B vírus (HBV), even after being eliminated, leaves serological markers which demonstrate a previous contact with the virus or an occult infection. Stages of HBV infection can be identified based on the profile of HBV markers. The aim of this study was to characterize the profile of serological and molecular HBV markers of individuals excluded from blood donation in a region of low HBV endemicity due to the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen (total anti-HBc), but negative for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). A transversal study was designed to evaluate serological and molecular profile of subjects excluded from blood donation at the Blood bank of Hospital São Lucas -PUCRS (HSL-PUCRS), presenting a reagent total anti-HBc and negative HBsAg. From March 2003 to May 2005, 244 individuals were selected, all them exclusively total anti-HBc reagent, with all other serological markers routinely tested negative. Serological markers such HBsAg antibodies (anti-HBs), HBV “e” antigen (HBeAg), HBeAg antibodies (anti-HBe) were determined using the Elecsys commercial kits (Roche Diagnostics) and HBV-DNA was identified by polimerase chain reaction (PCR).Study was conducted with a total of 244 rejected blood samples, 85. 7% presenting anti-HBs titles 10 IU/L. Among 164 samples tested for serological markers related to viral replication, all were negative for HBeAg and 66. 5% were reagent for anti-HBe. All samples tested for HBV-DNA (n=241) were negative. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between anti-HBe and anti-HBs titles, where individuals with anti-HBe reagent were positively associated with strong protective anti-HBs titles (P=0,026). Based upon reported data, it is possible to conclude that study individuals from a low endemic area for HBV, excluded from blood donation due to an isolated reagent anti- HBc, have frequently shown anti-HBs titers which confer immunity against HBV, besides being negative for HBV-DNA.
O vírus da Hepatite B (HBV), mesmo depois de eliminado, deixa marcas sorológicas que podem demonstrar esse contato prévio ou infecção oculta. O perfil de marcadores permite identificar os diferentes estágios da infecção pelo HBV. O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir o perfil sorológico e molecular de indivíduos de uma área de baixa endemicidade para o HBV excluídos de doação de sangue por apresentarem anticorpos contra o antígeno do cerne do HBV (anti-HBc total), apesar de negativos para o antígeno de superfície do HBV (HBsAg). Um estudo transversal foi delineado para avaliar o perfil sorológico e molecular de indivíduos anti-HBc total reagente e HBsAg negativo impedidos da doação sangüínea no Banco de Sangue do HSL-PUCRS. No período de março/2003 a maio/2005 foram selecionados 244 indivíduos, todos apenas anti-HBc total reagente, com os demais marcadores rotineiramente testados negativos. As variáveis do estudo foram os seguintes marcadores: título de anticorpos contra o HBsAg (anti-HBs), antígeno “e” do HBV (HBeAg), anticorpos contra o HBeAg (anti-HBe) e HBV-DNA. Os marcadores sorológicos foram determinados utilizando kits comerciais Elecsys (Roche Diagnostics) e a pesquisa molecular de HBV foi realizada através da reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). A amostra do estudo foi composta por 244 impedimentos, sendo que 85,7% já apresentavam títulos de anti-HBs 10 UI/L. Em relação aos marcadores relacionados com a replicação viral, das 164 amostras testadas, todas foram HBeAg não-reagentes e 66,5% apresentavam anti-HBe reagente. Todas amostras testadas para o HBV-DNA (n=241) foram negativas. A análise estatística mostrou uma associação significativa entre anti-HBe e títulos de anti-HBs, onde os indivíduos anti-HBe reagente apresentaram uma associação positiva com títulos anti-HBs forte-protetores (P=0,026). A partir dos dados do presente estudo, é possível concluir que estes indivíduos de uma zona considerada de baixa endemicidade para o HBV, excluídos de doação sangüínea por apresentarem anti-HBc total reagente isolado, apresentaram, na maioria das vezes, títulos de anti-HBs que lhe conferem imunidade contra o HBV, além de não apresentarem HBV-DNA circulante.

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Books on the topic "HBC"

White, Rachel. MONOLISA anti-HBc PLUS. London: MHRA, 2003.

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White, Rachel. Ortho HBc ELISA test system. London: MHRA, 2003.

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Dowd, Timothy Jon. The U.S. market for ethnic HBC: Hair care, skin care, color cosmetics. New York: Packaged Facts, 2002.

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Bjørn, Claus. H.C. Hansen. [Copenhagen]: Fremad, 2005.

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Jovanovich, Harcourt Brace. HBJ language. Orlando, Fla: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993.

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Cooper, Elizabeth K. HBJ science. Orlando, Fla: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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Johnson, Betty Kracht. HBJ handwriting. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.

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Strickland, Dorothy S. HBJ language. Orlando, Fla: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993.

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Kerslake, Daphne. HBJ mathematics. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991.

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Hakan, Özalp Ömer, ed. Hac yolunda. İstanbul: Timaş, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "HBC"

Feitelson, Mark. "Anti-HBc." In Molecular Components of Hepatitis B Virus, 82–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2573-4_6.

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Korec, E., and W. H. Gerlich. "HBc and HBe specificity of monoclonal antibodies against complete and truncated HBc proteins from E. coli." In Chronically Evolving Viral Hepatitis, 119–21. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5633-9_25.

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Diment, J. A., J. Tyrrell, and J. Brown. "Measurement of anti-HBc IgM levels using the Amerlite anti-HBc IgM assay." In Chronically Evolving Viral Hepatitis, 122–23. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5633-9_26.

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Stephen, Sam L., Lucy Beales, Hadrien Peyret, Amy Roe, Nicola J. Stonehouse, and David J. Rowlands. "Recombinant Expression of Tandem-HBc Virus-Like Particles (VLPs)." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 97–123. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_7.

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Hellström, U. B., and S. P. E. Sylvan. "Divergent anti-HBc reactivities in HB-immune and chronic HBsAg carriers." In Chronically Evolving Viral Hepatitis, 36–38. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5633-9_7.

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Sylvan, S. P. E., U. B. Hellström, G. Fei, H. Norder, L. Magnius, and G. Lindh. "HBcAg induced T-cell independent anti-HBc production in chronic HBsAg carriers." In Chronically Evolving Viral Hepatitis, 29–35. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5633-9_6.

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Tsuchiya, Kenji J., and Shu Takagai. "Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study)." In Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 175–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2194-8_11.

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Possehl, Ch, R. Repp, K. H. Heermann, E. Korec, A. Uy, and W. H. Gerlich. "Absence of free core antigen in anti-HBc negative viremic hepatitis B carriers." In Chronically Evolving Viral Hepatitis, 39–41. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5633-9_8.

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Fontan, G., M. Tordjman, J. M. Sabatier, K. Mabrouk, A. Hoffenbach, J. Martin, J. Van Rietschoten, and G. Somme. "Synthetic peptides as antigens for detection by ELISA of anti-HBc antibodies in patients infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV)." In Peptides 1990, 903–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3034-9_370.

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Dhanasooraj, Dhananjayan, R. Ajay Kumar, and Sathish Mundayoor. "Subunit Protein Vaccine Delivery System for Tuberculosis Based on Hepatitis B Virus Core VLP (HBc-VLP) Particles." In Vaccine Design, 377–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "HBC"

Sousa, Adriany Brito, Cristhiane Campos Marques de Oliveira, Nicole Nogueira Cardoso, Luis Regagnan Dias, Carolina Barbosa Carvalho do Carmo, Marcos Filipe Bueno Langkamer, Fabiana Nunes de Carvalho Mariz, and Carla Nunes de Araújo. "Serological profile of HBV infection among young adults assisted at a Counseling and Testing Centre in the southwest of Goiás." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p027.

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Introduction: Young people often present risky sexual behavior and are more exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the sexual behavior and HBV serological profile in the young population attended at a Counseling and Testing Centre (CTC) in the southwest of Goiás. Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional study with descriptive and retrospective analysis conducted at the CTC of Rio Verde. Data from young adults (18-29 years) attended in 2018 were examined to determine the seroprevalence and sexual behavior of HBV. Results: The sample consisted of 1,455 individuals, with 1,423 nonreactive for HBV (HBsAg and total anti-HBc negative), 2 with serological scar (total anti-HBc and anti-HBs positive), and 8 reagents (HBsAg and total anti-HBc positive). Of these, 63% (5) were males and 38% (3) females, with an average age of 24.6 years, 75% (6) were single, and a mean education of 4.25 years. The average number of sexual partnerships in the past 12 months was 2.71. Notably, 25% (2) had previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) and 75% (6) reported drug use, with alcohol being the most frequent. Regarding the use of condoms with fixed partnership, 57% (4) men did not use them. As reason for not wearing a condom, 71% (5) of them claimed trust in the sexual partnership. With casual partners, 14% (1) did not use condoms, 14% (1) justified their nonuse by trust, and 14% (1) were under the effect of drugs/alcohol. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in young adults who attended the CTC in 2018 was 0.55% with HBsAg and total anti-HBc positive and 0.14% with total anti-HBc and anti-HBs positive. Among those infected, most were single men, brown, with low education, and reported alcohol consumption and inconsistent use of condoms in sexual intercourse for both fixed and casual partnerships. These data reinforce the need for STI preventive strategies in this population.

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Castro, Ana Rita Motta, Livia Lima, Larissa Bandeira, Selma Gomes, Barbara Lago, Grazielli Rezende, and Gabriela Alves Cesar. "Hepatitis B: changes in epidemiological features of Afrodescendant communities in Central Brazil." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p142.

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Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a concern in vulnerable populations. In a study performed by our team in 1999–2003 in two Afro-Brazilian communities, Furnas dos Dionísios (FD) and São Benedito (SB), high prevalence rates of HBV exposure (42.7% and 16.0%, respectively), high susceptibility to HBV (55.3% and 63.0%, respectively) and low HBV vaccination like profile rates (2.0% and 21.0%, respectively) were observed. Objective: In 2015–2016, we reassessed epidemiological and molecular features of HBV in these two communities to verify the impact of health actions adopted in the past years. Methods: Serum samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of HBsAg, hepatitis B core antibody (total anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) (Biokit S.A., Barcelona, Spain). Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was used to test the presence of HBeAg, anti- -HBe, and anti-HBc IgM in HBsAg-positive samples. The complete pre-S/S HBV region (nt 2826–nt 841) was amplified by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The prevalence rate of HBV exposure among the enrolled 331 subjects was 35.3% in FD and 21.8% in SB. HBV chronic infection (5.8% in FD, 4.9% in SB) remained high. The rate of HBV vaccination like profile rate increased from 10.7% to 43.5% (2.0%–45.9% in FD, 21.0%–39.5% in SB), while susceptible subjects declined from 58.9% to 26.3% (55.3%– 18.8% in FD, 63.0%–38.7% in SB). Among 18 HBsAg-positive samples, 13 were successfully sequenced (pre-S/S region). Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates belong to HBV subgenotype A1, clustering within the Asian-American clade. Conclusion: Despite the maintenance of high prevalence rate of HBV exposure over these 13 years of surveillance, significant improvements were observed, reinforcing the importance of facilitated HBV vaccination to difficult-to-access population to close gaps in prevention.

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Seidl, S. "SCREENING PROCEDURES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B, NON-A,NON-B, AND AIDS BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644753.

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Although the number of infectious agents capable of being transmitted through blood and blood products is vast, only a few cause problems in recipients of a magnitude which warrants the need for screening tests. The most important agents are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis non-A,non-B (HNANB) - agents causing posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and the human immundeficiency viruses (HIV) responsible for transfusion associated AIDS (TAA).PTH: Prospective studies in open-heart-surgery patients demonstrated a high prevalence (8-17%) *in Spain, Italy, the United States and Israel whereas low percentages (2-5%) were observed in Australia, Finland and West-Germany. Among haemophiliacs acute and chronic hepatitis is a rather frequent complication. Serologic markers of HBV infection have been observed in the majority of patients. Since HBsAg screening has been introduced most cases of PTH (>90%) are due to infection with HNANB-agents. For this type of hepatitis no specific assay exists. It has been suggested that surrogate tests (ALT, anti-HBc screening) might serve as interim screening measure. In prospective studies in the USA a correlation has been observed between donor ALT and recipient hepatitis, but not more than 30% of PTH can be prevented at a loss of 1,5 to 3,0% of the donor population. Similar data have been reported when blood donors were screened for anti-HBc. There was a significantly higher incidence of PTH in recipients receiving at least one unit of anti HBc positive blood. This was recently confirmed in a study in which patients received blood with ALT-levels below 30 IU/ml. The incidence of HNANB was 2,1% after transfusion with anti HBc negative blood whereas 10,1% developed HNANB when anti HB positive blood was transfused (P=< 0.0001). However, these two markers (ALT, anti HBc) do not identify the same NANB carrier population. - ALT screening and testing for anti-HBc have been recently instituted in the USA as “surrogate tests” for detecting HNANB carriers.TAA: Among the total number of AIDS cases there ist a small percentage caused by transfusion of blood and blood products. In the USA approximately 2% of TAA have been reported, 1 % of AIDS patients are haemophiliacs but the majority of haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody positive. According to a survey of the Council of Europe (March 1986) the percentages of HIV positive European haemophiliacs varies between 4 to 8% (Belgium, Norway) and 30 to 60% in other European countries. The number of TAA-cases is around 1%, AIDS among European haemophiliacs has been observed up to 5% of the total AIDS cases. - Screening for HIV antibodies in blood donors was introduced in most European countries and the USA in early summer 1985, but several thousands of recipients of HIV positive blood (issued before) are now virus carriers. This has been confirmed in “look back” programmes: A substantial number of recipient (50 to 90%) has been found to be HIV positive.-A major disadvantage of the HIV antibody test is the fact that antibodies appear several weeks after infection. The gap between infection and detecting HIV antibodies may be reduced by an antigen test, which recognizes the HIV infection as early as two weeks after infection. - The recent detection of HIV 2 implies the necessity of developing tests for the identification of variants of HIV.

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Pereira, M. D., K. T. Silvestri, and F. R. de Sousa. "Measurement results and analysis on a HBC channel." In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2014.6860069.

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Zong, Wei-Hua, Hong-Fei Li, Yu Han, Zhiqun Yang, Xiaoyun Qu, and Shandong Li. "A Dual-Band Helix Antenna Operating at HBC Band." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccem47450.2020.9219329.

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Wang, Q., X. Du, T. Bauer, M. Baerhold, and D. Plettemeier. "Electrode-based implanted HBC channel characterization and SAR analysis." In 2020 XXXIIIrd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursigass49373.2020.9232390.

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Ahmed, Doaa, Jens Kirchner, and Georg Fischer. "Wave propagation with HBC in a human arm model." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2017.7985918.

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Abdul Razak, Roslina, Takehiro Sugo, and Toshiyuki Maeyama. "Radio Wave Propagation in an HBC Device Including a Transceiver." In 7th International Conference on Body Area Networks. ACM, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.bodynets.2012.249941.

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Zhang, Yan, Baohua Kou, Dandan Fan, Yang Liu, Zunwen He, and Xiang Chen. "A dynamic pilot interval adjustment scheme for HBC channel estimation." In 2016 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC Workshops). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccchinaw.2016.7586721.

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Ali, Abdelhay, Ahmed Shalaby, Mohammed S. Sayed, and Mohammed Abo-Zahhad. "Low power HBC PHY baseband transceiver for IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN." In 2017 29th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm.2017.8268857.

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Reports on the topic "HBC"

Homan, Rick, and Catherine Searle. Programmatic implications of a cost study of home-based care programs in South Africa. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv14.1001.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has meant that an increasing number of chronically ill people need ongoing assistance with care and support. Programs providing home-based care (HBC) services are a key component of the response to HIV/AIDS. However, few programs are using operations research, including cost studies, to decide what services to provide and how to structure their services. In 2004, the Horizons Program undertook a study of six HBC programs from different South African provinces to provide key information to NGOs, government ministries, donors, and the programs themselves to inform decisions about service delivery. The study analyzed the cost of HBC services, the best use of resources, and how well programs are able to meet the needs of beneficiaries and their families. The sample represents programs that operate in rural areas and informal settlements. This brief focuses on the coverage, organization, volume, and costs of the services and on findings from two of the methods of data collection: financial records and service statistics, and interviews with financial officers, program managers, and caregivers.

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Monroe, Laura Marie. HPC Visualization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1179065.

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Manno, Dominic A. HPC Utilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049322.

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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.

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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.

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Dennig, Yasmin. SNL HPC 2018. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1476162.

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Gaspar, Andrew James. Rust in HPC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1485376.

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Trujillo, Angelina Michelle. HPC - Facilities Penta. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223175.

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Jones, Nicholas Alexander. OpenSCAP in HPC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1375131.

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Randles, Timothy C. Flexible HPC Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1193628.

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Blazek, R. J. Automated HMC assembly. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10186737.

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