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Journal articles on the topic 'HC-Pro'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Stenger, Drake C., Brock A. Young, Feng Qu, T. Jack Morris, and Roy French. "Wheat streak mosaic virus Lacking Helper Component-Proteinase Is Competent to Produce Disease Synergism in Double Infections with Maize chlorotic mottle virus." Phytopathology® 97, no. 10 (2007): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-10-1213.

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The tritimovirus Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and the machlomovirus Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) each cause systemic chlorosis in infected maize plants. Infection of maize with both viruses produces corn lethal necrosis disease (CLND). Here, we report that complete deletion of the WSMV helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) coding region had no effect on induction of CLND symptoms following coinoculation of maize with WSMV and MCMV. We further demonstrated that elevation of virus titers in double infections, relative to single infections, also was independent of WSMV HC-Pro. Thus, unl

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2

Jamous, Rana M., Kajohn Boonrod, Marc W. Fuellgrabe, Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh, Gabi Krczal, and Michael Wassenegger. "The helper component-proteinase of the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus inhibits the Hua Enhancer 1 methyltransferase activity in vitro." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 9 (2011): 2222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.031534-0.

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The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) is a multifunctional protein found among potyviruses. With respect to its silencing suppressor function, small RNA binding appears to be the major activity of HC-Pro. HC-Pro could also exhibit other suppressor activities. HC-Pro may inhibit the Hua Enhancer 1 (HEN1) activity. There is indirect evidence showing that either transient or stable expression of HC-Pro in plants results in an increase of non-methylated small RNAs. Here, we demonstrated that recombinant Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) HC-Pro inhibited the methyltransferase activity of HEN1

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3

Maia, I. G., A. L. Haenni, and F. Bernardi. "Potyviral HC-Pro: a multifunctional protein." Journal of General Virology 77, no. 7 (1996): 1335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-77-7-1335.

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4

Lim, Hyoun Sub, Tae Seok Ko, Houston A. Hobbs, et al. "Soybean mosaic virus Helper Component-Protease Alters Leaf Morphology and Reduces Seed Production in Transgenic Soybean Plants." Phytopathology® 97, no. 3 (2007): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-3-0366.

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Transgenic soybean (Glycine max) plants expressing Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) helper component-protease (HC-Pro) showed altered vegetative and reproductive phenotypes and responses to SMV infection. When inoculated with SMV, transgenic plants expressing the lowest level of HC-Pro mRNA and those transformed with the vector alone initially showed mild SMV symptoms. Plants that accumulated the highest level of SMV HC-Pro mRNA showed very severe SMV symptoms initially, but after 2 weeks symptoms disappeared, and SMV titers were greatly reduced. Analysis of SMV RNA abundance over time with region-s

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5

Boonrod, Kajohn, Marc W. Füllgrabe, Gabi Krczal, and Michael Wassenegger. "Analysis of the autoproteolytic activity of the recombinant helper component proteinase from zucchini yellow mosaic virus." Biological Chemistry 392, no. 10 (2011): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2011.097.

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AbstractThe multifunctional helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) of potyviruses contains an autoproteolytic function that, together with the protein 1 (P1) and NIa proteinase, processes the polyprotein into mature proteins. In this study, we analysed the autoproteolytic active domain of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) HC-Pro. SeveralEscherichia coli-expressed MBP:HC-Pro:GFP mutants containing deletions or point mutations at either the N- or C-terminus of the HC-Pro protein were examined. Our results showed that amino acids essential for the proteolytic activity of ZYMV HC-Pro are distinct

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6

Stenger, Drake C., Roy French, and Frederick E. Gildow. "Complete Deletion of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus HC-Pro: a Null Mutant Is Viable for Systemic Infection." Journal of Virology 79, no. 18 (2005): 12077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.18.12077-12080.2005.

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ABSTRACT A Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) genome lacking HC-Pro was constructed and confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR to systemically infect wheat, oat, and corn. Coupled in vitro transcription/translation reactions indicated that WSMV P1 proteinase cleaved the polyprotein at the P1/P3 junction of the HC-Pro null mutant. The WSMV HC-Pro null mutant was competent for virion formation, but the virus titer was reduced 4.5-fold relative to that of the wild type. Collectively, these results indicate that WSMV HC-Pro is dispensable for replication and movement, two essential processes that ar

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7

Dombrovsky, Aviv, Natan Gollop, Songbi Chen, Nor Chejanovsky, and Benjamin Raccah. "In vitro association between the helper component–proteinase of zucchini yellow mosaic virus and cuticle proteins of Myzus persicae." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 5 (2007): 1602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82769-0.

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Potyviruses, as typical non-persistently transmitted viruses, are carried within the stylets of aphids. Cuticle proteins (CuPs), which are a major component of the insect cuticle, were examined for in vitro binding to the potyviral helper component–proteinase (HC–Pro). Proteins in 8 M urea extracts from Myzus persicae were separated by SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto membranes and identified as CuPs by using specific antibodies to M. persicae CuP. Blotted M. persicae protein extracts were overlaid with two HC–Pros, differing by the presence of K or E in the KLSC domain. The HC–Pro with KLSC, kno

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8

Goytia, Elisa, Lourdes Fernández-Calvino, Belén Martínez-García, Dionisio López-Abella, and Juan José López-Moya. "Production of plum pox virus HC-Pro functionally active for aphid transmission in a transient-expression system." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 11 (2006): 3413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82301-0.

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Potyviruses are non-persistently transmitted by aphid vectors with the assistance of a viral accessory factor known as helper component (HC-Pro), a multifunctional protein that is also involved in many other essential processes during the virus infection cycle. A transient Agrobacterium-mediated expression system was used to produce Plum pox virus (PPV) HC-Pro in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves from constructs that incorporated the 5′ region of the genome, yielding high levels of HC-Pro in agroinfiltrated leaves. The expressed PPV HC-Pro was able to assist aphid transmission of purified virus par

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9

Wu, Hui-Wen, Shih-Shun Lin, Kuan-Chun Chen, Shyi-Dong Yeh, and Nam-Hai Chua. "Discriminating Mutations of HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus with Differential Effects on Small RNA Pathways Involved in Viral Pathogenicity and Symptom Development." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 1 (2010): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-1-0017.

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Helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), the gene-silencing suppressor of Potyvirus spp., interferes with microRNA (miRNA) and short-interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways. Our previous studies showed that three mutations of highly conserved amino acids of HC-Pro, R180I (mutation A), F205L (B), and E396N (C), of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) affect symptom severity and viral pathogenicity. The mutant ZYMV GAC (ZGAC) with double mutations, R180I/E396N, induces transient leaf mottling in host plants followed by recovery. This mutant confers complete cross protection against subsequent infection by

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10

Jin, Yongsheng, Dongyuan Ma, Jiangli Dong, et al. "HC-Pro Protein of Potato Virus Y Can Interact with Three Arabidopsis 20S Proteasome Subunits In Planta." Journal of Virology 81, no. 23 (2007): 12881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00913-07.

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ABSTRACT The multifunctional protein helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) is thought to interfere with the activity of the 20S proteasome; however, no sites of interaction have been identified for either protein. Here, we first show that the Potato virus Y (PVY) HC-Pro protein can interact with three Arabidopsis 20S proteasome subunits (PAA, PBB, and PBE), using a yeast two-hybrid system and the bimolecular fluorescence complement assay. In addition, yeast two-hybrid analysis of the interaction between several mutant subunits of the 20S proteasome and PVY HC-Pro confirmed that residues 81 to 1

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11

Stenger, Drake C., Gary L. Hein, Frederick E. Gildow, Kempton M. Horken, and Roy French. "Plant Virus HC-Pro Is a Determinant of Eriophyid Mite Transmission." Journal of Virology 79, no. 14 (2005): 9054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.14.9054-9061.2005.

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ABSTRACT The eriophyid mite transmitted Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; genus Tritimovirus, family Potyviridae) shares a common genome organization with aphid transmitted species of the genus Potyvirus. Although both tritimoviruses and potyviruses encode helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) homologues (required for nonpersistent aphid transmission of potyviruses), sequence conservation is low (amino acid identity, ∼16%), and a role for HC-Pro in semipersistent transmission of WSMV by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella [Keifer]) has not been investigated. Wheat curl mite transmissibility w

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12

González-Jara, Pablo, Felix A. Atencio, Belén Martínez-García, Daniel Barajas, Francisco Tenllado, and José Ramón Díaz-Ruíz. "A Single Amino Acid Mutation in the Plum pox virus Helper Component-Proteinase Gene Abolishes Both Synergistic and RNA Silencing Suppression Activities." Phytopathology® 95, no. 8 (2005): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0894.

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The effects on symptom expression of single amino acid mutations in the central region of the Plum pox virus (PPV) helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) gene were analyzed in Nicotiana benthamiana using Potato virus X (PVX) recombinant viruses. PVX recombinant virus expressing the wild-type variant of PPV HC-Pro induced the expected enhancement of PVX pathogenicity, manifested as necrosis and plant death. Recombinant virus expressing a variant of PPV HC-Pro containing a single point mutation ( HCL134H) was unable to induce this synergistic phenotype. The RNA silencing suppressor activity of PPV

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13

Barajas, D., F. Tenllado, and J. R. Díaz-Ruíz. "Characterization of the Recombinant Forms Arising from a Potato virus X Chimeric Virus Infection under RNA Silencing Pressure." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 8 (2006): 904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-0904.

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Recombination is a frequent phenomenon in RNA viruses whose net result is largely influenced by selective pressures. RNA silencing in plants acts as a defense mechanism against viruses and can be used to engineer virus resistance. Here, we have investigated the influence of RNA silencing as a selective pressure to favor recombinants of PVX-HCT, a chimeric Potato virus X (PVX) vector carrying the helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) gene from Plum pox virus (PPV). All the plants from two lines expressing a silenced HC-Pro transgene were completely resistant to PPV. However a significant proport

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14

Shiboleth, Yoel Moshe, Elina Haronsky, Diana Leibman, et al. "The Conserved FRNK Box in HC-Pro, a Plant Viral Suppressor of Gene Silencing, Is Required for Small RNA Binding and Mediates Symptom Development." Journal of Virology 81, no. 23 (2007): 13135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01031-07.

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ABSTRACT The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses is a suppressor of gene silencing and has been shown to elicit plant developmental-defect-like symptoms. In Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), a mutation in the highly conserved FR180NK box of HC-Pro to FI180NK causes attenuation of these symptoms. At 5 days postinoculation and before symptoms appear, virus accumulation, HC-Pro protein levels, and viral short interfering RNA (siRNA) levels are similar for the severe (FRNK) and attenuated (FINK) strains. At this stage, ZYMVFRNK caused greater accumulation of most microRN

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15

Ruiz-Ferrer, Virginia, Jasminka Boskovic, Carlos Alfonso, et al. "Structural Analysis of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus HC-Pro Oligomers Involved in Aphid Transmission." Journal of Virology 79, no. 6 (2005): 3758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.6.3758-3765.2005.

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ABSTRACT Oligomeric forms of the HC-Pro protein of the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) have been analyzed by analytical ultracentrifugation and single-particle electron microscopy combined with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Highly purified HC-Pro protein was obtained from plants infected with TEV by using a modified version of the virus that incorporates a histidine tag at the HC-Pro N terminus (hisHC-Pro). The purified protein retained a high biological activity in solution when tested for aphid transmission. Sedimentation equilibrium showed that the hisHC-Pro preparations were heteroge

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16

Zhao, Ming-Min, De-Rong An, Guang-Hua Huang, Zu-Hua He, and Jiang-Ye Chen. "A Viral Protein Suppresses siRNA-directed Interference in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 37, no. 4 (2005): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00036.x.

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Abstract Plant viruses encode suppressors of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), an adaptive defense response that limits virus replication and its spread in plants. The helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) of the potato virus A (PVA, genus Potyvirus) suppresses PTGS of silenced transgenes. Here, the effect of HC-Pro on siRNA-directed interference in the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was examined by using a transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based delivery system in intact tissues. It was shown that the interference effect was completely blocked by co-infiltration with HC-Pro plus siRNA

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17

Sanobar, Neda, Pin-Chun Lin, Zhao-Jun Pan, et al. "Investigating the Viral Suppressor HC-Pro Inhibiting Small RNA Methylation through Functional Comparison of HEN1 in Angiosperm and Bryophyte." Viruses 13, no. 9 (2021): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091837.

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In plants, HEN1-facilitated methylation at 3′ end ribose is a critical step of small-RNA (sRNA) biogenesis. A mutant of well-studied Arabidopsis HEN1 (AtHEN1), hen1-1, showed a defective developmental phenotype, indicating the importance of sRNA methylation. Moreover, Marchantia polymorpha has been identified to have a HEN1 ortholog gene (MpHEN1); however, its function remained unfathomed. Our in vivo and in vitro data have shown MpHEN1 activity being comparable with AtHEN1, and their substrate specificity towards duplex microRNA (miRNA) remained consistent. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree

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18

Hajimorad, M. R., A. L. Eggenberger, and J. H. Hill. "Adaptation of Soybean mosaic virus Avirulent Chimeras Containing P3 Sequences from Virulent Strains to Rsv1-Genotype Soybeans Is Mediated by Mutations in HC-Pro." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 7 (2008): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0937.

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In Rsv1-genotype soybean, Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)-N (an avirulent isolate of strain G2) elicits extreme resistance (ER) whereas strain SMV-G7 provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR). SMV-G7d, an experimentally evolved variant of SMV-G7, induces systemic mosaic. Thus, for Rsv1-genotype soybean, SMV-N is avirulent whereas SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d are both virulent. Exploiting these differential interactions, we recently mapped the elicitor functions of SMV provoking Rsv1-mediated ER and LSHR to the N-terminal 271 amino acids of P3 from SMV-N and SMV-G7, respectively. The phenotype

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19

Tian, Yan-Ping, and Jari P. T. Valkonen. "Genetic Determinants of Potato virus Y Required to Overcome or Trigger Hypersensitive Resistance to PVY Strain Group O Controlled by the Gene Ny in Potato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 3 (2013): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0219-r.

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Potato virus Y (PVY) (genus Potyvirus) is the most economically damaging and widely distributed virus in potato. Spread of PVY in the field is controlled by growing resistant cultivars. The dominant potato gene Nytbr for hypersensitive resistance (HR) controls ordinary PVY strains (PVYO) but is overcome by PVYN strains. Studies with infectious PVY chimeras and mutants indicated that the viral determinants necessary and sufficient to overcome Nytbr reside within the helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) (residues 227 to 327). Specifically, eight residues and the modeled three-dimensional conform

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20

Urcuqui-Inchima, Silvio, Ivan G. Maia, Gabrièle Drugeon, Anne-Lise Haenni, and Françoise Bernardi. "Effect of mutations within the Cys-rich region of potyvirus helper component-proteinase on self-interaction." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 11 (1999): 2809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-2809.

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The first ∼60 amino acids of the N-terminal part of the potyvirus helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) include highly conserved residues comprising a Cys-rich region. In the present study, the domain in Potato virus Y sufficient for self-interaction was mapped using the yeast two-hybrid system to the 83 N-terminal amino acids of HC-Pro. Mutations in the conserved His and two Cys residues within the Cys-rich region have a strong debilitating effect on self-interaction when introduced in the full-length HC-Pro, but not when introduced in the N-terminal fragment.

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21

Jin, Yongsheng, Dongyuan Ma, Jiangli Dong, et al. "The HC-Pro Protein of Potato Virus Y Interacts with NtMinD of Tobacco." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 12 (2007): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-12-1505.

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Potato virus Y (PVY) infections often lead to altered numbers of host plant chloroplasts, as well as changes in morphology and inhibited photosynthesis. The multifunctional protein helper component-proteinase, HC-Pro, has been identified in PVY-infected leaf chloroplasts. We used yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to demonstrate that HC-Pro can interact with the chloroplast division-related factor NtMinD in yeast and tobacco cells, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that residues 271 to 314 in NtMinD are necessary for its interaction with PVY HC-Pro in a

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22

Stenger, Drake C., Brock A. Young, and Roy French. "Random mutagenesis of wheat streak mosaic virus HC-Pro: non-infectious interfering mutations in a gene dispensable for systemic infection of plants." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 9 (2006): 2741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81933-0.

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Mutations within the HC-Pro coding region of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were introduced by misincorporation during PCR and evaluated for phenotype within the context of an infectious clone. Nine synonymous substitutions and 15 of 25 non-synonymous substitutions had no phenotypic effect. Four non-synonymous substitutions, including one that reverted consistently to wild type, resulted in attenuated systemic infection. Six non-synonymous substitutions and one nonsense substitution abolished systemic infectivity. Mutants bearing the GUS reporter gene were evaluated for the ability to establ

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23

Tu, Yayi, Zhenqian Zhang, Daofeng Li, Heng Li, Jiangli Dong, and Tao Wang. "Potato virus Y HC-Pro Reduces the ATPase Activity of NtMinD, Which Results in Enlarged Chloroplasts in HC-Pro Transgenic Tobacco." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (2015): e0136210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136210.

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24

Sáenz, Pilar, Beatriz Salvador, Carmen Simón-Mateo, Kristin D. Kasschau, James C. Carrington, and Juan Antonio García. "Host-Specific Involvement of the HC Protein in the Long-Distance Movement of Potyviruses." Journal of Virology 76, no. 4 (2002): 1922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.4.1922-1931.2002.

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ABSTRACT Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the Potyvirus genus that, in nature, infects trees of the Prunus genus. Although PPV infects systemically several species of the Nicotiana genus, such as N. clevelandii and N. benthamiana, and replicates in the inoculated leaves of N. tabacum, it is unable to infect systemically the last host. The long-distance movement defect of PPV was corrected in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the 5"-terminal region of the genome of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a potyvirus that infects systemically tobacco. The fact that PPV was unable to move to upper nonino

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25

Goh, Chul Jun, and Yoonsoo Hahn. "Analysis of proteolytic processing sites in potyvirus polyproteins revealed differential amino acid preferences of NIa-Pro protease in each of seven cleavage sites." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245853.

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Potyviruses encode a large polyprotein that undergoes proteolytic processing, producing 10 mature proteins: P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb-RdRp, and CP. While P1/HC-Pro and HC-Pro/P3 junctions are cleaved by P1 and HC-Pro, respectively, the remaining seven are processed by NIa-Pro. In this study, we analyzed 135 polyprotein sequences from approved potyvirus species and deduced the consensus amino acid residues at five positions (from −4 to +1, where a protease cleaves between −1 and +1) in each of nine cleavage sites. In general, the newly deduced consensus sequences were cons

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26

Tian, Y. P., J. L. Liu, C. L. Zhang, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Potato virus Y Infecting Tobacco Crops in China." Phytopathology® 101, no. 3 (2011): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-10-0055.

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Genetic variability of Potato virus Y (PVY) isolates infecting potato has been characterized but little is known about genetic diversity of PVY isolates infecting tobacco crops. In this study, PVY isolates were collected from major tobacco-growing areas in China and single-lesion isolates were produced by serial inoculation on Chenopodium amaranticolor. Most isolates (88%) caused systemic veinal necrosis symptoms in tobacco. Of these, 16 isolates contained a PVYO-like coat protein (CP) and PVYN-like helper component proteinase (HC-pro) and, in this respect, were similar to the PVYN-Wi, PVYN:O,

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27

Carrington, James C., and Kerri L. Herndon. "Characterization of the potyviral HC-pro autoproteolytic cleavage site." Virology 187, no. 1 (1992): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90319-k.

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Wang, Y., W. Xu, J. Abe, K. S. Nakahara, and M. R. Hajimorad. "Precise Exchange of the Helper-Component Proteinase Cistron Between Soybean mosaic virus and Clover yellow vein virus: Impact on Virus Viability and Host Range Specificity." Phytopathology® 110, no. 1 (2020): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-19-0193-fi.

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Soybean mosaic virus and Clover yellow vein virus are two definite species of the genus Potyvirus within the family Potyviridae. Soybean mosaic virus-N (SMV-N) is well adapted to cultivated soybean (Glycine max) genotypes and wild soybean (G. soja), whereas it remains undetectable in inoculated broad bean (Vicia faba). In contrast, clover yellow vein virus No. 30 (ClYVV-No. 30) is capable of systemic infection in broad bean and wild soybean; however, it infects cultivated soybean genotypes only locally. In this study, SMV-N was shown to also infect broad bean locally; hence, broad bean is a ho

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29

Moury, Benoît, Bernard Caromel, Elisabeth Johansen, et al. "The Helper Component Proteinase Cistron of Potato virus Y Induces Hypersensitivity and Resistance in Potato Genotypes Carrying Dominant Resistance Genes on Chromosome IV." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 7 (2011): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-10-0246.

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The Nctbr and Nytbr genes in Solanum tuberosum determine hypersensitive reactions, characterized by necrotic reactions and restriction of the virus systemic movement, toward isolates belonging to clade C and clade O of Potato virus Y (PVY), respectively. We describe a new resistance from S. sparsipilum which possesses the same phenotype and specificity as Nctbr and is controlled by a dominant gene designated Ncspl. Ncspl maps on potato chromosome IV close or allelic to Nytbr. The helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) cistron of PVY was shown to control necrotic reactions and resistance elicitat

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Cheng, Yu-Qin, Zhong-Mei Liu, Jian Xu, et al. "HC-Pro protein of sugar cane mosaic virus interacts specifically with maize ferredoxin-5 in vitro and in planta." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 8 (2008): 2046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/001271-0.

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Symptom development of a plant viral disease is a result of molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant; thus, the elucidation of specific interactions is a prerequisite to reveal the mechanism of viral pathogenesis. Here, we show that the chloroplast precursor of ferredoxin-5 (Fd V) from maize (Zea mays) interacts with the multifunctional HC-Pro protein of sugar cane mosaic virus (SCMV) in yeast, Nicotiana benthamiana cells and maize protoplasts. Our results demonstrate that the transit peptide rather than the mature protein of Fd V precursor could interact with both N-termina

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31

Plisson, Célia, Martin Drucker, Stéphane Blanc, et al. "Structural Characterization of HC-Pro, a Plant Virus Multifunctional Protein." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 26 (2003): 23753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m302512200.

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Wen, R. H., B. Khatabi, T. Ashfield, M. A. Saghai Maroof, and M. R. Hajimorad. "The HC-Pro and P3 Cistrons of an Avirulent Soybean mosaic virus Are Recognized by Different Resistance Genes at the Complex Rsv1 Locus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 2 (2013): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0156-r.

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The complex Rsv1 locus in soybean plant introduction (PI) ‘PI96983’ confers extreme resistance (ER) against Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strain N but not SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d. Both the SMV helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) and P3 cistrons can serve as avirulence factors recognized by Rsv1. To understand the genetics underlying recognition of the two cistrons, we have utilized two soybean lines (L800 and L943) derived from crosses between PI96983 (Rsv1) and Lee68 (rsv1) with distinct recombination events within the Rsv1 locus. L800 contains a single PI96983-derived member (3gG2) of an Rsv1-assoc

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Belobrajdic, Damien P., Jan Frystyk, Nilani Jeyaratnaganthan, et al. "Moderate energy restriction-induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels independent of dietary composition." European Journal of Endocrinology 162, no. 6 (2010): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0062.

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BackgroundObesity is associated with major changes in the circulating IGF system. However, it is not clear to what extent the IGF system is normalized following diet, and the possible role of different types of diet is also unknown.ObjectiveTo compare changes in the circulating IGF system following 12 weeks of moderate energy restriction (7000 kJ/day) in overweight or obese males on a high protein high red meat diet (HP) or a high carbohydrate diet (HC).DesignSeventy-six men (mean age, 51±1.0 years; body mass index, 32.8±0.5 kg/m2) were allocated to matched groups treated with isocaloric diets

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Eggenberger, A. L., M. R. Hajimorad, and J. H. Hill. "Gain of Virulence on Rsv1-Genotype Soybean by an Avirulent Soybean mosaic virus Requires Concurrent Mutations in Both P3 and HC-Pro." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 7 (2008): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0931.

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In soybean, Rsv1, a single dominant resistance gene, invokes extreme resistance (ER) against most Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains, including SMV-N, but not SMV-G7, which provokes a virulent lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR). The elicitor functions of the two viruses provoking Rsv1-mediated ER and LSHR have been mapped to the N-terminal 271 amino acids of P3 from SMV-N and SMV-G7, respectively, which differ by nine residues between the two strains. To identify amino acids of P3 from SMV-N provoking Rsv1-mediated ER, the unique residues of SMV-G7 were substituted with those of SM

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Peng, Chih-Wen, Valera V. Peremyslov, Arcady R. Mushegian, William O. Dawson, and Valerian V. Dolja. "Functional Specialization and Evolution of Leader Proteinases in the Family Closteroviridae." Journal of Virology 75, no. 24 (2001): 12153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.24.12153-12160.2001.

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ABSTRACT Members of the Closteroviridae andPotyviridae families of the plant positive-strand RNA viruses encode one or two papain-like leader proteinases. In addition to a C-terminal proteolytic domain, each of these proteinases possesses a nonproteolytic N-terminal domain. We compared functions of the several leader proteinases using a gene swapping approach. The leader proteinase (L-Pro) of Beet yellows virus (BYV; a closterovirus) was replaced with L1 or L2 proteinases of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV; another closterovirus), P-Pro proteinase of Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV; a criniv

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Zilian, Eva, and Edgar Maiss. "Detection of plum pox potyviral protein–protein interactions in planta using an optimized mRFP-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation system." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 12 (2011): 2711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.033811-0.

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In previous studies, protein interaction maps of different potyviruses have been generated using yeast two-hybrid (YTH) systems, and these maps have demonstrated a high diversity of interactions of potyviral proteins. Using an optimized bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system, a complete interaction matrix for proteins of a potyvirus was developed for the first time under in planta conditions with ten proteins from plum pox virus (PPV). In total, 52 of 100 possible interactions were detected, including the self-interactions of CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and CP, which is more int

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Kadouri, D., Yan-hua Peng, Y. Wang, et al. "Affinity purification of HC-Pro of potyviruses with Ni2+-NTA resin." Journal of Virological Methods 76, no. 1-2 (1998): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00119-0.

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SHEN, WENTAO, PU YAN, LE GAO, XUEYING PAN, JINYAN WU, and PENG ZHOU. "Helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein ofPapaya ringspot virusinteracts with papaya calreticulin." Molecular Plant Pathology 11, no. 3 (2010): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00606.x.

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Kasschau, Kristin D., and James C. Carrington. "Requirement for HC-Pro Processing during Genome Amplification of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus." Virology 209, no. 1 (1995): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1254.

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Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Beata, Mario A. Fares, and Santiago F. Elena. "Molecular Evolution of Viral Multifunctional Proteins: The Case of Potyvirus HC-Pro." Journal of Molecular Evolution 78, no. 1 (2013): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-013-9601-0.

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Sastre-Garriga, J., M. Comabella, L. Brieva, A. Rovira, M. Tintoré, and X. Montalban. "Decreased MMP-9 production in primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 10, no. 4 (2004): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458504ms1058oa.

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Background: An increase in MMP-9 levels has been found in relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) showing correlation with magnetic resonance (MR) parameters mainly during relapses. However, data regarding primary progressive (PP) MS is scarce. Objectives: To determine both the pro and active forms of MMP-9 in PPMS and transitional progressive (TP) MS, RRMS and healthy controls (HC), and to assess the relationship between MMP-9 levels and clinical and radiological variables in PP/TPMS. Methods: 73 patients with PP/TPMS, 50 RRMS and 43 HC were studied. Levels of pro and active forms of

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Sonoda, S., H. Koiwa, K. Kanda, H. Kato, M. Shimono, and M. Nishiguchi. "The Helper Component-Proteinase of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus Facilitates Systemic Spread of Potato virus X in Ipomoea nil." Phytopathology® 90, no. 9 (2000): 944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.944.

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When Ipomoea nil was coinfected with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, and Potato virus X (PVX) typical symptoms caused by PVX were observed on those by SPFMV on the first upper true leaves at 14 days postinoculation (dpi). On the other hand, no PVX-induced symptoms were observed on the first upper true leaves at 14 dpi when plants were infected with PVX alone. In the case of coinfection with PVX and SPFMV, PVX RNA was detected not only in the inoculated cotyledonary leaves but also in the first upper true leaves at 14 dpi. In the case of single infec

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Varrelmann, Mark, Edgar Maiss, Ruth Pilot, and Laszlo Palkovics. "Use of pentapeptide-insertion scanning mutagenesis for functional mapping of the plum pox virus helper component proteinase suppressor of gene silencing." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 3 (2007): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82200-0.

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Helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) of Plum pox virus is a multifunctional potyvirus protein that has been examined intensively. In addition to its involvement in aphid transmission, genome amplification and long-distance movement, it is also one of the better-studied plant virus suppressors of RNA silencing. The first systematic analysis using pentapeptide-insertion scanning mutagenesis of the silencing suppression function of a potyvirus HC-Pro is presented here. Sixty-three in-frame insertion mutants, each containing five extra amino acids inserted randomly within the HC-Pro protein, were

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Huang, Yu-Min, Xuan Liu, Knut Steffensen, et al. "Immunological heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia and Sweden." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 11, no. 1 (2005): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1127oa.

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Subjects from Sardinia, Italy, are relatively homogeneous compared to Swedes. Although ethnically distant, both populations have similarly high multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence rates. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, signalling molecules and other immune response-associated factors might influence MS pathogenesis, though definite proof is missing. The study of populations with similar MS incidence but different genetic and environmental background could make possible the definition of factors that relate to such background differences. We selected untreated female MS

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Jossey, Sushma, Houston A. Hobbs, and Leslie L. Domier. "Role of Soybean mosaic virus–Encoded Proteins in Seed and Aphid Transmission in Soybean." Phytopathology® 103, no. 9 (2013): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-12-0248-r.

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Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is seed and aphid transmitted and can cause significant reductions in yield and seed quality in soybean (Glycine max). The roles in seed and aphid transmission of selected SMV-encoded proteins were investigated by constructing mutants in and chimeric recombinants between SMV 413 (efficiently aphid and seed transmitted) and an isolate of SMV G2 (not aphid or seed transmitted). As previously reported, the DAG amino acid sequence motif near the amino terminus of the coat protein (CP) was the major determinant in differences in aphid transmissibility of the two SMV isola

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Dobrota, R., S. Jordan, P. Juhl, et al. "OP0252 CIRCULATING COLLAGEN TURNOVER MARKERS ARE SPECIFICALLY CHANGED IN VERY EARLY SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (2020): 159.1–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5683.

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Background:Timely diagnosis of patients with very early systemic sclerosis (veSSc) is essential for their personalized and optimal management. We hypothesise that changes in serum-based extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover biomarkers are already detectable in patients with veSSc, even before occurrence of specific clinical signs.Objectives:To investigate circulating ECM turnover markers as potential biomarkers for veSSc.Methods:Patients with veSSc, n=42, defined as presence of Raynaud’s syndrome and at least one of puffy fingers, positive antinuclear antibodies or pathological nailfold capillar

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Tribodet, Michel, Laurent Glais, Camille Kerlan, and Emmanuel Jacquot. "Characterization of Potato virus Y (PVY) molecular determinants involved in the vein necrosis symptom induced by PVYN isolates in infected Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 7 (2005): 2101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80926-0.

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Viral molecular determinant(s) involved in the tobacco vein necrosis (TVN) symptom induced by necrotic isolates of Potato virus Y (PVY) on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi leaves remain undetermined. Reference isolates belonging to PVYN (infectious PVYN-605 clone) and PVYO (PVYO-139) were used to produce PVY chimeric genomes by using reverse-genetic techniques. These chimeric clones were inoculated biolistically onto Nicotiana clevelandii plants to establish the clone, prior to being tested on N. tabacum for their ability to induce TVN symptoms. Comparison between sequence data and symptoms observ

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Quidé, Yann, Chiara C. Bortolasci, Briana Spolding, et al. "Association between childhood trauma exposure and pro-inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia and bipolar-I disorder." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 16 (2018): 2736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003690.

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AbstractBackgroundElevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are consistently reported in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar-I disorder (BD), as well as among individuals who have been exposed to childhood trauma. However, higher levels of inflammatory markers in these disorders are yet to be investigated with respect to levels of exposure to different types of childhood trauma.MethodsParticipants were 68 cases with a diagnosis of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ), 69 cases with a diagnosis of psychotic BD and 72 healthy controls (HC). Serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necr

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Fuellgrabe, Marc W., Kajohn Boonrod, Rana Jamous, et al. "Expression, purification and functional characterization of recombinant Zucchini yellow mosaic virus HC-Pro." Protein Expression and Purification 75, no. 1 (2011): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2010.07.008.

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Oh, Chan-Seok, and James C. Carrington. "Identification of essential residues in potyvirus proteinase HC-pro by site-directed mutagenesis." Virology 173, no. 2 (1989): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90582-5.

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