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Journal articles on the topic 'Head mesoderm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Yin, Z., X. L. Xu, and M. Frasch. "Regulation of the twist target gene tinman by modular cis-regulatory elements during early mesoderm development." Development 124, no. 24 (1997): 4971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.24.4971.

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The Drosophila tinman homeobox gene has a major role in early mesoderm patterning and determines the formation of visceral mesoderm, heart progenitors, specific somatic muscle precursors and glia-like mesodermal cells. These functions of tinman are reflected in its dynamic pattern of expression, which is characterized by initial widespread expression in the trunk mesoderm, then refinement to a broad dorsal mesodermal domain, and finally restricted expression in heart progenitors. Here we show that each of these phases of expression is driven by a discrete enhancer element, the first being acti

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2

Halpern, M. E., C. Thisse, R. K. Ho, et al. "Cell-autonomous shift from axial to paraxial mesodermal development in zebrafish floating head mutants." Development 121, no. 12 (1995): 4257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.12.4257.

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Zebrafish floating head mutant embryos lack notochord and develop somitic muscle in its place. This may result from incorrect specification of the notochord domain at gastrulation, or from respecification of notochord progenitors to form muscle. In genetic mosaics, floating head acts cell autonomously. Transplanted wild-type cells differentiate into notochord in mutant hosts; however, cells from floating head mutant donors produce muscle rather than notochord in wild-type hosts. Consistent with respecification, markers of axial mesoderm are initially expressed in floating head mutant gastrulas

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3

Kusch, T., and R. Reuter. "Functions for Drosophila brachyenteron and forkhead in mesoderm specification and cell signalling." Development 126, no. 18 (1999): 3991–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.18.3991.

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The visceral musculature of the larval midgut of Drosophila has a lattice-type structure and consists of an inner stratum of circular fibers and an outer stratum of longitudinal fibers. The longitudinal fibers originate from the posterior tip of the mesoderm anlage, which has been termed the caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM). In this study, we investigate the specification of the CVM and particularly the role of the Drosophila Brachyury-homologue brachyenteron. Supported by fork head, brachyenteron mediates the early specification of the CVM along with zinc-finger homeodomain protein-1. This is t

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4

Noden, Drew M. "Interactions and fates of avian craniofacial mesenchyme." Development 103, Supplement (1988): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.supplement.121.

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Craniofacial mesenchyme is composed of three mesodermal populations – prechordal plate, lateral mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm, which includes the segmented occipital somites and the incompletely segmented somitomeres – and the neural crest. This paper outlines the fates of each of these, as determined using quail–chick chimaeras, and presents similarities and differences between these cephalic populations and their counterparts in the trunk. Prechordal and paraxial mesodermal populations are the sources of all voluntary muscles of the head. The latter also provides most of the connective prec

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Yamamoto, A., S. L. Amacher, S. H. Kim, D. Geissert, C. B. Kimmel, and E. M. De Robertis. "Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin is a downstream target of spadetail involved in morphogenesis of gastrula mesoderm." Development 125, no. 17 (1998): 3389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.17.3389.

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Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin (papc) encodes a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (PAPC) expressed in trunk mesoderm undergoing morphogenesis. Microinjection studies with a dominant-negative secreted construct suggest that papc is required for proper dorsal convergence movements during gastrulation. Genetic studies show that papc is a close downstream target of spadetail, gene encoding a transcription factor required for mesodermal morphogenetic movements. Further, we show that the floating head homeobox gene is required in axial mesoderm to repress the expression of both spadetail and pa

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Kofron, M., T. Demel, J. Xanthos, et al. "Mesoderm induction in Xenopus is a zygotic event regulated by maternal VegT via TGFbeta growth factors." Development 126, no. 24 (1999): 5759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.24.5759.

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The maternal transcription factor VegT is important for establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus. In previous work, we showed that the vegetal masses of embryos lacking maternal VegT do not produce mesoderm-inducing signals and that mesoderm formation in these embryos occurred ectopically, from the vegetal area rather than the equatorial zone of the blastula. Here we have increased the efficiency of the depletion of maternal VegT mRNA and have studied the effects on mesoderm formation. We find that maternal VegT is required for the formation of 90% of mesodermal tissue, as measured by t

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7

Bodmer, R., L. Y. Jan, and Y. N. Jan. "A new homeobox-containing gene, msh-2, is transiently expressed early during mesoderm formation of Drosophila." Development 110, no. 3 (1990): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.3.661.

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Many homeobox-containing genes of Drosophila regulate pathways of differentiation. These proteins probably function as promoter- or enhancer-selective transcription factors. We have isolated a new homeobox-containing gene, msh-2, by means of the polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using redundant primers. msh-2 is specifically expressed in mesodermal primordia during a short time period early in development. It first appears at blastoderm stage just before the ventral invagination of the mesoderm and shortly after twist, a gene required for mesoderm formation, is expressed. During germband elonga

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8

Amaya, E., P. A. Stein, T. J. Musci, and M. W. Kirschner. "FGF signalling in the early specification of mesoderm in Xenopus." Development 118, no. 2 (1993): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.477.

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We have examined the role of FGF signalling in the development of muscle and notochord and in the expression of early mesodermal markers in Xenopus embryos. Disruption of the FGF signalling pathway by expression of a dominant negative construct of the FGF receptor (XFD) generally results in gastrulation defects that are later evident in the formation of the trunk and tail, though head structures are formed nearly normally. These defects are reflected in the loss of notochord and muscle. Even in embryos that show mild defects and gastrulate properly, muscle formation is impaired, suggesting tha

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9

Kessler, D. S., and D. A. Melton. "Induction of dorsal mesoderm by soluble, mature Vg1 protein." Development 121, no. 7 (1995): 2155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.7.2155.

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Mesoderm induction during Xenopus development has been extensively studied, and two members of the transforming growth factor-beta family, activin beta B and Vg1, have emerged as candidates for a natural inducer of dorsal mesoderm. Heretofore, analysis of Vg1 activity has relied on injection of hybrid Vg1 mRNAs, which have not been shown to direct efficient secretion of ligand and, therefore, the mechanism of mesoderm induction by processed Vg1 protein is unclear. This report describes injection of Xenopus oocytes with a chimeric activin-Vg1 mRNA, encoding the pro-region of activin beta B fuse

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10

Sun, B. I., S. M. Bush, L. A. Collins-Racie, et al. "derriere: a TGF-beta family member required for posterior development in Xenopus." Development 126, no. 7 (1999): 1467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.7.1467.

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TGF-beta signaling plays a key role in induction of the Xenopus mesoderm and endoderm. Using a yeast-based selection scheme, we isolated derriere, a novel TGF-beta family member that is closely related to Vg1 and that is required for normal mesodermal patterning, particularly in posterior regions of the embryo. Unlike Vg1, derriere is expressed zygotically, with RNA localized to the future endoderm and mesoderm by late blastula, and to the posterior mesoderm by mid-gastrula. The derriere expression pattern appears to be identical to the zygotic expression domain of VegT (Xombi, Brat, Antipodea

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11

Jouve, Caroline, Tadahiro Iimura, and Olivier Pourquie. "Onset of the segmentation clock in the chick embryo: evidence for oscillations in the somite precursors in the primitive streak." Development 129, no. 5 (2002): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1107.

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Vertebrate somitogenesis is associated with a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, which is defined by the periodic expression of genes related to the Notch pathway such as hairy1 and hairy2 or lunatic fringe (referred to as the cyclic genes) in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Whereas earlier studies describing the periodic expression of these genes have essentially focussed on later stages of somitogenesis, we have analysed the onset of the dynamic expression of these genes during chick gastrulation until formation of the first somite. We observed that the onset of the dynamic express

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12

Cornell, R. A., and D. Kimelman. "Activin-mediated mesoderm induction requires FGF." Development 120, no. 2 (1994): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.2.453.

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The early patterning of mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo requires signals from several intercellular factors, including mesoderm-inducing agents that belong to the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and TGF-beta families. In animal hemisphere explants (animal caps), basic FGF and the TGF-beta family member activin are capable of converting pre-ectodermal cells to a mesodermal fate, although activin is much more effective at inducing dorsal and anterior mesoderm than is basic FGF. Using a dominant-negative form of the Xenopus type 1 FGF receptor, we show that an FGF signal is required for the full in

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13

del Corral, Ruth Diez, Dorette N. Breitkreuz, and Kate G. Storey. "Onset of neuronal differentiation is regulated by paraxial mesoderm and requires attenuation of FGF signalling." Development 129, no. 7 (2002): 1681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.7.1681.

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While many neuronal differentiation genes have been identified, we know little about what determines when and where neurons will form and how this process is coordinated with the differentiation of neighbouring tissues. In most vertebrates the onset of neuronal differentiation takes place in the spinal cord in a head to tail sequence. Here we demonstrate that the changing signalling properties of the adjacent paraxial mesoderm control the progression of neurogenesis in the chick spinal cord. We find an inverse relationship between the expression of caudal neural genes in the prospective spinal

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14

Kinder, Simon J., Tania E. Tsang, Maki Wakamiya, et al. "The organizer of the mouse gastrula is composed of a dynamic population of progenitor cells for the axial mesoderm." Development 128, no. 18 (2001): 3623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.18.3623.

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An organizer population has been identified in the anterior end of the primitive streak of the mid-streak stage embryo, by the expression of Hnf3β, GsclacZ and Chrd, and the ability of these cells to induce a second neural axis in the host embryo. This cell population can therefore be regarded as the mid-gastrula organizer and, together with the early-gastrula organizer and the node, constitute the organizer of the mouse embryo at successive stages of development. The profile of genetic activity and the tissue contribution by cells in the organizer change during gastrulation, suggesting that t

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15

Bothe, I., G. Tenin, A. Oseni, and S. Dietrich. "Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning." Development 138, no. 13 (2011): 2807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.062737.

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16

Couly, G. F., P. M. Coltey, and N. M. Le Douarin. "The developmental fate of the cephalic mesoderm in quail-chick chimeras." Development 114, no. 1 (1992): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.1.1.

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The developmental fate of the cephalic paraxial and prechordal mesoderm at the late neurula stage (3-somite) in the avian embryo has been investigated by using the isotopic, isochronic substitution technique between quail and chick embryos. The territories involved in the operation were especially tiny and the size of the transplants was of about 150 by 50 to 60 microns. At that stage, the neural crest cells have not yet started migrating and the fate of mesodermal cells exclusively was under scrutiny. The prechordal mesoderm was found to give rise to the following ocular muscles: musculus rec

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17

Tepass, U., L. I. Fessler, A. Aziz, and V. Hartenstein. "Embryonic origin of hemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila." Development 120, no. 7 (1994): 1829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.7.1829.

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We have studied the embryonic development of Drosophila hemocytes and their conversion into macrophages. Hemocytes derive exclusively from the mesoderm of the head and disperse along several invariant migratory paths throughout the embryo. The origin of hemocytes from the head mesoderm is further supported by the finding that in Bicaudal D, a mutation that lacks all head structures, and in twist snail double mutants, where no mesoderm develops, hemocytes do not form. All embryonic hemocytes behave like a homogenous population with respect to their potential for phagocytosis. Thus, in the wild

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18

Noden, D. M. "Origins and patterning of avian outflow tract endocardium." Development 111, no. 4 (1991): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.111.4.867.

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Outflow tract endocardium links the atrioventricular lining, which develops from cardiogenic plate mesoderm, with aortic arches, whose lining forms collectively from splanchnopleuric endothelial channels, local endothelial vesicles, and invasive angioblasts. At two discrete sites, outflow tract endocardial cells participate in morphogenetic events not within the repertoire of neighboring endocardium: they form mesenchymal precursors of endocardial cushions. The objectives of this research were to document the history of outflow tract endocardium in the avian embryo immediately prior to develop

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19

Nandkishore, Nitya, Bhakti Vyas, Alok Javali, and Ramkumar Sambasivan. "Axial polarization cues impinge on early mesoderm patterning and specify vertebrate head mesoderm." Mechanisms of Development 145 (July 2017): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.579.

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20

Choe, Chong Pyo, Megan Matsutani, and Gage D. Crump. "Mesodermal Wnt4a signaling regulates segmentation of head mesoderm and pharyngeal endoderm in zebrafish." Developmental Biology 331, no. 2 (2009): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.517.

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21

Candia, A. F., J. Hu, J. Crosby, et al. "Mox-1 and Mox-2 define a novel homeobox gene subfamily and are differentially expressed during early mesodermal patterning in mouse embryos." Development 116, no. 4 (1992): 1123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.4.1123.

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We have isolated two mouse genes, Mox-1 and Mox-2 that, by sequence, genomic structure and expression pattern, define a novel homeobox gene family probably involved in mesodermal regionalization and somitic differentiation. Mox-1 is genetically linked to the keratin and Hox-2 genes of chromosome 11, while Mox-2 maps to chromosome 12. At primitive streak stages (approximately 7.0 days post coitum), Mox-1 is expressed in mesoderm lying posterior of the future primordial head and heart. It is not expressed in neural tissue, ectoderm, or endoderm. Mox-1 expression may therefore define an extensive

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22

Beddington, R. S. P., P. Rashbass, and V. Wilson. "Brachyury - a gene affecting mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.157.

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Mouse embryos that are homozygous for the Brachyury (T) deletion die at mid-gestation. They have prominent defects in the notochord, the allantois and the primitive streak. Expression of the T gene commences at the onset of gastrulation and is restricted to the primitive streak, mesoderm emerging from the streak, the head process and the notochord. Genetic evidence has suggested that there may be an increasing demand for T gene function along the rostrocaudal axis. Experiments reported here indicate that this may not be the case. Instead, the gradient in severity of the T defect may be caused

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23

Jacobson, Antone G. "Somitomeres: mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos." Development 104, Supplement (1988): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.supplement.209.

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Well before the somites form, the paraxial mesoderm of vertebrate embryos is segmented into somitomeres. When newly formed, somitomeres are patterned arrays of mesenchymal cells, arranged into squat, bilaminar discs. The dorsal and ventral faces of these discs are composed of concentric rings of cells. Somitomeres are formed along the length of the embryo during gastrulation, and in the segmental plate and tail bud at later stages. They form in strict cranial to caudal order. They appear in bilateral pairs, just lateral to Hensen's node in the chick embryo. When the nervous system begins to fo

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Kimmel, Charles B., Diane S. Sepich, and Bill Trevarrow. "Development of segmentation in zebrafish." Development 104, Supplement (1988): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.supplement.197.

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Recent findings on the nature and origin of segmentation in zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, are reviewed. Segmented peripheral tissues include the trunk and tail myotomes, that are derived from somitic mesoderm, and the pharyngeal arches that are derived from head mesoderm in addition to other sources. Two major regions of the central nervous system, the spinal cord and hindbrain, are also segmentally organized, as deduced from the distribution of identified neurones in both regions and by formation of neuromeres in the hindbrain that contain single sets of these neurones. Neural and mesodermal

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Mootoosamy, Roy C., and Susanne Dietrich. "Distinct regulatory cascades for head and trunk myogenesis." Development 129, no. 3 (2002): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.3.573.

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Most head muscles arise from the pre-otic axial and paraxial head mesoderm. This tissue does not form somites, yet expresses the somitic markers Lbx1, Pax7 and Paraxis in a regionalised fashion. The domain set aside by these markers provides the lateral rectus muscle, the most caudal of the extrinsic eye muscles. In contrast to somitic cells that express Lbx1, lateral rectus precursors are non-migratory. Moreover, the set of markers characteristic for the lateral rectus precursors differs from the marker sets indicative of somitic muscle precursors. This suggests distinct roles for Lbx1/Pax7/P

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26

Couly, G. F., P. M. Coltey, and N. M. Le Douarin. "The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras." Development 117, no. 2 (1993): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.2.409.

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We have used the quail-chick chimera technique to study the origin of the bones of the skull in the avian embryo. Although the contribution of the neural crest to the facial and visceral skeleton had been established previously, the origin of the vault of the skull (i.e. frontal and parietal bones) remained uncertain. Moreover formation of the occipito-otic region from either the somitic or the cephalic paraxial mesoderm had not been experimentally investigated. The data obtained in the present and previous works now allow us to assign a precise embryonic origin from either the mesectoderm, th

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Lescroart, Fabienne, Wissam Hamou, Alexandre Francou, Magali Théveniau-Ruissy, Robert G. Kelly, and Margaret Buckingham. "Clonal analysis reveals a common origin between nonsomite-derived neck muscles and heart myocardium." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (2015): 1446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424538112.

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Neck muscles constitute a transition zone between somite-derived skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs, and muscles of the head, which derive from cranial mesoderm. The trapezius and sternocleidomastoid neck muscles are formed from progenitor cells that have expressed markers of cranial pharyngeal mesoderm, whereas other muscles in the neck arise from Pax3-expressing cells in the somites. Mef2c-AHF-Cre genetic tracing experiments and Tbx1 mutant analysis show that nonsomitic neck muscles share a gene regulatory network with cardiac progenitor cells in pharyngeal mesoderm of the second heart

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Amacher, S. L., and C. B. Kimmel. "Promoting notochord fate and repressing muscle development in zebrafish axial mesoderm." Development 125, no. 8 (1998): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1397.

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Cell fate decisions in early embryonic cells are controlled by interactions among developmental regulatory genes. Zebrafish floating head mutants lack a notochord; instead, muscle forms under the neural tube. As shown previously, axial mesoderm in floating head mutant gastrulae fails to maintain expression of notochord genes and instead expresses muscle genes. Zebrafish spadetail mutant gastrulae have a nearly opposite phenotype; notochord markers are expressed in a wider domain than in wild-type embryos and muscle marker expression is absent. We examined whether these two phenotypes revealed

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Renucci, A., V. Lemarchandel, and F. Rosa. "An activated form of type I serine/threonine kinase receptor TARAM-A reveals a specific signalling pathway involved in fish head organiser formation." Development 122, no. 12 (1996): 3735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.12.3735.

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The role of Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta)-related molecules in axis formation and mesoderm patterning in vertebrates has been extensively documented, but the identity and mechanisms of action of the endogenous molecules remained uncertain. In this study, we isolate a novel serine/threonine kinase type I receptor, TARAM-A, expressed during early zebrafish embryogenesis first ubiquitously and then restricted to dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation. A constitutive form of the receptor is able to induce the most anterior dorsal mesoderm rapidly and to confer an anterior organizing acti

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Doniach, Tabitha. "Induction of anteroposterior neural pattern in Xenopus by planar signals." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.183.

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Neural pattern in vertebrates has been thought to be induced in dorsal ectoderm by ‘vertical’ signals from underlying, patterned dorsal mesoderm. In the frog Xenopus laevis, it has recently been found that general neural differentiation and some pattern can be induced by ‘planar’ signals, i.e. those passing through the single plane formed by dorsal mesoderm and ectoderm, without the need for vertical interactions. Results in this paper, using the frog Xenopus laevis, indicate that four position-specific neural markers (the homeobox genes engrailed-2(en-2), XlHbox1 and XlHbox6 and the zincfinge

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Dale, L., J. C. Smith, and J. M. W. Slack. "Mesoderm induction in Xenopus laevis: a quantitative study using a cell lineage label and tissue-specific antibodies." Development 89, no. 1 (1985): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.89.1.289.

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We have compared the development of the animal pole (AP) region of early Xenopus embryos in normal development, in isolation, and in combination with explants of tissue from the vegetal pole (VP) region. For the grafts and the combinations the animal pole tissue was lineage labelled with FLDx in order to ascertain the provenance of the structures formed. The normal fate of the AP region was determined by orthotopic grafts at stages 7½ (early blastula), 8 (mid blastula) and 10 (early gastrula). At later stages most of the labelled cells were found in ectodermal tissues such as epidermis, head m

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Huang, R., Q. Zhi, K. Patel, J. Wilting, and B. Christ. "Dual origin and segmental organisation of the avian scapula." Development 127, no. 17 (2000): 3789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.17.3789.

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Bones of the postcranial skeleton of higher vertebrates originate from either somitic mesoderm or somatopleural layer of the lateral plate mesoderm. Controversy surrounds the origin of the scapula, a major component of the shoulder girdle, with both somitic and lateral plate origins being proposed. Abnormal scapular development has been described in the naturally occurring undulated series of mouse mutants, which has implicated Pax1 in the formation of this bone. Here we addressed the development of the scapula, firstly, by analysing the relationship between Pax1 expression and chondrogenesis

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Hacker, A., and S. Guthrie. "A distinct developmental programme for the cranial paraxial mesoderm in the chick embryo." Development 125, no. 17 (1998): 3461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.17.3461.

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Cells of the cranial paraxial mesoderm give rise to parts of the skull and muscles of the head. Some mesoderm cells migrate from locations close to the hindbrain into the branchial arches where they undergo muscle differentiation. We have characterised these migratory pathways in chick embryos either by DiI-labelling cells before migration or by grafting quail cranial paraxial mesoderm orthotopically. These experiments demonstrate that depending on their initial rostrocaudal position, cranial paraxial mesoderm cells migrate to fill the core of specific branchial arches. A survey of the express

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Osada, S. I., and C. V. Wright. "Xenopus nodal-related signaling is essential for mesendodermal patterning during early embryogenesis." Development 126, no. 14 (1999): 3229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.14.3229.

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Previously, we showed that Xenopus nodal-related factors (Xnrs) can act as mesoderm inducers, and that activin induces Xnr transcription, suggesting that Xnrs relay or maintain induction processes initiated by activin-like molecules. We used a dominant negative cleavage mutant Xnr2 (cmXnr2) to carry out loss-of-function experiments to explore the requirement for Xnr signaling in early amphibian embryogenesis, and the relationship between activin and Xnrs. cmXnr2 blocked mesoderm induction caused by Xnr, but not activin, RNA. In contrast, cmXnr2 did suppress mesoderm and endoderm induction by a

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Shen, M. M., H. Wang, and P. Leder. "A differential display strategy identifies Cryptic, a novel EGF-related gene expressed in the axial and lateral mesoderm during mouse gastrulation." Development 124, no. 2 (1997): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.2.429.

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We have developed a differential display screening approach to identify mesoderm-specific genes, relying upon the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro. Using this strategy, we have isolated a novel murine gene that encodes a secreted molecule containing a variant epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) motif. We named this gene Cryptic, based on its predicted protein sequence similarity with Cripto, which encodes an EGF-related growth factor. Based on their strong sequence similarities, we propose that Cryptic, Cripto, and the Xenopus FRL-1 gene define a new family of growth factor

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Kaestner, K. H., S. C. Bleckmann, A. P. Monaghan, et al. "Clustered arrangement of winged helix genes fkh-6 and MFH-1: possible implications for mesoderm development." Development 122, no. 6 (1996): 1751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.6.1751.

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The ‘winged helix’ or ‘forkhead’ transcription factor gene family is defined by a common 100 amino acid DNA binding domain which is a variant of the helix-turn-helix motif. Here we describe the structure and expression of the mouse fkh-6 and MFH-1 genes. Both genes are expressed in embryonic mesoderm from the headfold stage onward. Transcripts for both genes are localised mainly to mesenchymal tissues, fkh-6 mRNA is enriched in the mesenchyme of the gut, lung, tongue and head, whereas MFH-1 is expressed in somitic mesoderm, in the endocardium and blood vessels as well as the condensing mesench

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Schilling, T. F., C. Walker, and C. B. Kimmel. "The chinless mutation and neural crest cell interactions in zebrafish jaw development." Development 122, no. 5 (1996): 1417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.5.1417.

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During vertebrate development, neural crest cells are thought to pattern many aspects of head organization, including the segmented skeleton and musculature of the jaw and gills. Here we describe mutations at the gene chinless, chn, that disrupt the skeletal fates of neural crest cells in the head of the zebrafish and their interactions with muscle precursors. chn mutants lack neural-crest-derived cartilage and mesoderm-derived muscles in all seven pharyngeal arches. Fate mapping and gene expression studies demonstrate the presence of both undifferentiated cartilage and muscle precursors in mu

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Zhang, J., and M. L. King. "Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning." Development 122, no. 12 (1996): 4119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.12.4119.

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An RNA localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes encodes a novel T-box protein (VegT) capable of inducing either dorsal or posterior ventral mesoderm at different times in development. VegT is a nuclear protein and its C-terminal domain can activate transcription in a yeast reporter assay, observations consistent with VegT functioning as a transcription factor. Zygotic expression is dynamic along the dorsoventral axis, with transcripts first expressed in the dorsal marginal zone. By the end of gastrulation, VegT is expressed exclusively in posterior ventral and lateral mesoderm and is

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Hammerschmidt, M., and C. Nusslein-Volhard. "The expression of a zebrafish gene homologous to Drosophila snail suggests a conserved function in invertebrate and vertebrate gastrulation." Development 119, no. 4 (1993): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.4.1107.

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Snail, a zinc finger protein, is required for the formation of the ventral furrow and the mesoderm during gastrulation of the Drosophila embryo. snail homologues have been cloned from Xenopus and mouse. We have isolated a zebrafish homologue of snail, designated sna-1. Like its Drosophila counterpart, Sna-1 protein is nuclear. Maternal and zygotic sna-1 transcripts are ubiquitously distributed in zebrafish embryos of cleavage and blastula stages. In gastrulating embryos, sna-1 is expressed in involuting cells of the germ ring, but not in those at the dorsal midline, the presumptive notochordal

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Lemaire, P., S. Darras, D. Caillol, and L. Kodjabachian. "A role for the vegetally expressed Xenopus gene Mix.1 in endoderm formation and in the restriction of mesoderm to the marginal zone." Development 125, no. 13 (1998): 2371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.13.2371.

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We have studied the role of the activin immediate-early response gene Mix.1 in mesoderm and endoderm formation. In early gastrulae, Mix.1 is expressed throughout the vegetal hemisphere, including marginal-zone cells expressing the trunk mesodermal marker Xbra. During gastrulation, the expression domains of Xbra and Mix.1 become progressively exclusive as a result of the establishment of a negative regulatory loop between these two genes. This mutual repression is important for the specification of the embryonic body plan as ectopic expression of Mix.1 in the Xbra domain suppresses mesoderm dif

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Trevers, Katherine E., Ravindra S. Prajapati, Mark Hintze, et al. "Neural induction by the node and placode induction by head mesoderm share an initial state resembling neural plate border and ES cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (2017): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719674115.

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Around the time of gastrulation in higher vertebrate embryos, inductive interactions direct cells to form central nervous system (neural plate) or sensory placodes. Grafts of different tissues into the periphery of a chicken embryo elicit different responses: Hensen’s node induces a neural plate whereas the head mesoderm induces placodes. How different are these processes? Transcriptome analysis in time course reveals that both processes start by induction of a common set of genes, which later diverge. These genes are remarkably similar to those induced by an extraembryonic tissue, the hypobla

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Harel, I., Y. Maezawa, R. Avraham, et al. "Pharyngeal mesoderm regulatory network controls cardiac and head muscle morphogenesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 46 (2012): 18839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208690109.

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Seo, Hee-Chan, Øyvind Drivenes, and Anders Fjose. "A zebrafish Six4 homologue with early expression in head mesoderm." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1442, no. 2-3 (1998): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00193-6.

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Iida, K., H. Koseki, H. Kakinuma, et al. "Essential roles of the winged helix transcription factor MFH-1 in aortic arch patterning and skeletogenesis." Development 124, no. 22 (1997): 4627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.22.4627.

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Mesenchyme Fork Head-1 (MFH-1) is a forkhead (also called winged helix) transcription factor defined by a common 100-amino acid DNA-binding domain. MFH-1 is expressed in non-notochordal mesoderm in the prospective trunk region and in cephalic neural-crest and cephalic mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells in the prechordal region of early embryos. Subsequently, strong expression is localized in developing cartilaginous tissues, kidney and dorsal aortas. To investigate the developmental roles of MFH-1 during embryogenesis, mice lacking the MFH-1 locus were generated by targeted mutagenesis. MFH-1-

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Yamada, T. "Caudalization by the amphibian organizer: brachyury, convergent extension and retinoic acid." Development 120, no. 11 (1994): 3051–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.11.3051.

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Caudalization, which is proposed to be one of two functions of the amphibian organizer, initiates posterior pathways of neural development in the dorsalized ectoderm. In the absence of caudalization, dorsalized ectoderm only expresses the most anterior (archencephalic) differentiation. In the presence of caudalization, dorsalized ectorderm develops various levels of posterior neural tissues, depending on the extent of caudalization. A series of induction experiments have shown that caudalization is mediated by convergent extension: cell motility that is based on directed cell intercalation, an

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Venters, Sara J., and Charles P. Ordahl. "Persistent myogenic capacity of the dermomyotome dorsomedial lip and restriction of myogenic competence." Development 129, no. 16 (2002): 3873–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.16.3873.

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The dorsomedial lip (DML) of the somite dermomyotome is the source of cells for the early growth and morphogenesis of the epaxial primary myotome and the overlying dermomyotome epithelium. We have used quail-chick transplantation to investigate the mechanistic basis for DML activity. The ablated DML of chick wing-level somites was replaced with tissue fragments from various mesoderm regions of quail embryos and their capacity to form myotomal tissue assessed by confocal microscopy. Transplanted fragments from the epithelial sheet region of the dermomyotome exhibited full DML growth and morphog

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Roytman, M., E. Lin, C. D. Phillips, and J. Ivanidze. "Head and Neck Paragangliomas: CT, MR, and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET Imaging." Neurographics 10, no. 1 (2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.1900042.

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Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that result from the abnormal migration of neural crest progenitor cells, or paraganglia, during embryonic development. Paraganglia in the head and neck migrate along a branchial mesoderm; therefore, head and neck paragangliomas may occur anywhere along the branchiomeric distribution. Head and neck paragangliomas demonstrate a number of characteristic features, such as common anatomic locations, symptomatology, associated genetic mutations, and appearance on multimodal imaging. Understanding these important attributes can allow for a prompt and acc

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Ruiz i Altaba, A., and T. M. Jessell. "Pintallavis, a gene expressed in the organizer and midline cells of frog embryos: involvement in the development of the neural axis." Development 116, no. 1 (1992): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.1.81.

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We have identified a novel frog gene, Pintallavis (the Catalan for lipstick), that is related to the fly fork head and rat HNF-3 genes. Pintallavis is expressed in the organizer region of gastrula embryos as a direct zygotic response to dorsal mesodermal induction. Subsequently, Pintallavis is expressed in axial midline cells of all three germ layers. In axial mesoderm expression is graded with highest levels posteriorly. Midline neural plate cells that give rise to the floor plate transiently express Pintallavis, apparently in response to induction by the notochord. Overexpression of Pintalla

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Stylianopoulou, F., A. Efstratiadis, J. Herbert, and J. Pintar. "Pattern of the insulin-like growth factor II gene expression during rat embryogenesis." Development 103, no. 3 (1988): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.3.497.

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The rat insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene, encoding a fetal somatomedin, expresses a family of transcripts in embryonic/fetal tissues, and also in the adult choroid plexus and the leptomeninges. We have localized IGF-II gene transcripts in sections of rat embryos of embryonic days 10–16 by performing in situ hybridization. These transcripts are present in the head mesenchyme, formed from both the mesoderm and the cephalic portion of the neural crest, and also in the majority of other tissues of mesodermal origin, predominantly those derived from the somites and the lateral mesoderm.

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Sasaki, H., and B. L. Hogan. "Differential expression of multiple fork head related genes during gastrulation and axial pattern formation in the mouse embryo." Development 118, no. 1 (1993): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.1.47.

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Four genes encoding fork-head-domain-containing proteins (FD genes) have been isolated from a mouse 8.5 days post coitum (p.c.) embryo cDNA library. Two are mouse homologues of rat HNF-3 beta and HNF-3 alpha. The other two are novel and have been named MF-1 and MF-2 (for mesoderm/mesenchyme fork head). Wholemount in situ hybridization of embryos between 6.5 and 9.5 days p. c. shows that each gene has a unique expression pattern. HNF-3 beta is expressed in the node, notochord, floor plate and gut, while HNF-3 alpha is mainly in the definitive endoderm and gut, but also in the floor plate of the

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