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Journal articles on the topic 'Head restraints'
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HUANG, SHYH-CHOUR, and RONALD L. HUSTON. "INFLUENCE OF THE HEAD RESTRAINT POSITION ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE HEAD/NECK SYSTEM UNDER WHIPLASH LOADING." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 15, no. 04 (August 25, 2003): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237203000250.
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The objective of this paper is to present modeling and simulation of the effect of head restraint position on head/neck dynamics in rear-end motor vehicle collisions. Although individual injury tolerance levels vary, it is believed that properly positioned head restraints can be beneficial in reducing injury. The paper discusses the effects of restraint positioning by simulating a series of rear-end collisions using a finite-segment (lumped-mass) model of the human frame. It is found that proximity of the restraint to the head is the principal factor in preventing harmful whiplash motion. The findings suggest that "smart" head restraints could therefore significantly reduce whiplash induced injuries.
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Braddick, M. R., and G. Love. "Car head restraints." BMJ 301, no. 6749 (September 1, 1990): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6749.440.
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Gentle, C. R., W. Z. Golinski, and F. Heitplatz. "Computational studies of ‘whiplashg’ injuries." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 215, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411011533742.
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The term ‘whiplash’ was initially used to describe injuries to the neck caused by the head being forced backwards during a rear-end collision in cars without head restraints. The addition of head restraints in the 1970s was expected to solve this problem by preventing excessive extension of the neck but experience suggests the problem still exists. This paper reviews available experimental studies of whiplash and uses the data to construct a finite element model which is capable of dynamically simulating whiplash collisions and predicting the forces in all the relevant neck ligaments. For the first time, it is shown that trauma occurs long before the head hits the head restraint as a result of displacement between the head and the torso caused by the head's inertia leading to markedly different acceleration histories. It is concluded that experimental and computational studies must be used together to produce progress in biomechanical studies.
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O’Neill, Brian. "Head restraints—the neglected countermeasure." Accident Analysis & Prevention 32, no. 2 (March 2000): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00057-3.
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Ferrari, Robert. "Putting head restraints to rest." Accident Analysis & Prevention 33, no. 5 (September 2001): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(00)00072-5.
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Latchford, J., and E. C. Chirwa. "Airbag head restraint system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407001527385.
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The function of a head restraint system is to prevent injurious hyperextension of the occupant's neck in the event of a road vehicle rear end impact, and thus it must have adequate stiffness to limit the movement of the head relative to the torso. Also, it should absorb the kinetic energy progressively so that the head does not sustain any injury and does not roll on the cushion. Practically, a well-designed head restraint will have an optimum balance of these features and thereby offer adequate protection for both the head and the neck. This paper presents some pioneering thinking on head restraint design and develops criteria for qualifying the systems. It presents an airbag head restraint system that has optimum stiffness and good potential for reducing head and neck injuries suffered through rear end collisions. It also presents the results of experimental tests conducted on this novel airbag head restraint system and on several randomly selected existing head restraints. Furthermore, analysis of energy absorption capabilities, head injury criterion (HIC) values and a new criterion, called the equivalent impact power criterion (EIPC), is developed in order to quantify the relation between the rate at which energy is imparted to the head during the impact cycle and injury severity. Current test results show that, the lower the EIPC, the better is the head restraint system and the less is the risk of whiplash and head injuries. Moreover, the work has quantified a number of variables, including the optimum stiffness, as the factors governing the severity of injury to the occupant in a rear impact scenario.
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Yang, Yi, Hu Huang, and Ji Chang Wang. "Design of Strength of the Seats and Head Restraints Testing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.397.
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designed a equipment for testing the strength of seats and head restraints, the equipment can testing the seats and head restraints with the standard of GB 11550-1995 5.2. The equipment was composed of one upper cylinder elevating system, a beam elevating system, two load cylinders and a hydraulic station. In addition to designed the principle of the hydraulic system.
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Morris, F. "Do head-restraints protect the neck from whiplash injuries?" Emergency Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.6.1.17.
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Minton, R., P. Murray, W. Stephenson, and C. S. B. Galasko. "Whiplash injury — are current head restraints doing their job?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 32, no. 2 (March 2000): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00092-5.
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Jiang, Tao, Gui Lin Zhang, Hui Min Li, and Min Li. "Energy Absorption Device with Pendulum of Automobile Seats Head Restraints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.774.
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According to the key parameters of automobile seats’ pendulum machine, a calculating method considering the anti-collision is proposed. Then the mathematical modeling of the pendulum system with actual working condition is established based on rigid body dynamical theories. With the momentum law and collision theory, a equation describes what condition for the center of collision and the point of impact to coincidence is derived. For system optimization, the minimal pendulum weight is taken as the objective function, multiple parameters as design variables, the pendulums’ optimum parameters are calculated by using mixed penalty function method.
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Happ, Mary Beth, Patricia Tuite, Kathy Dobbin, Dana DiVirgilio-Thomas, and Julius Kitutu. "Communication Ability, Method, and Content Among Nonspeaking Nonsurviving Patients Treated With Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit." American Journal of Critical Care 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2004.13.3.210.
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• Objective To describe the communication ability, methods, and content among nonspeaking nonsurviving patients treated with mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. • Methods Fifty patients who received mechanical ventilation and died during hospitalization were randomly selected from all adult patients (N = 396) treated in 8 ICUs in a tertiary medical center during a 12-month period. Clinicians’ notes, use of physical restraints, and medication records were reviewed retrospectively. Data on communication method, use of sedation/analgesia (within 4 hours of communication event), and use of physical restraints were recorded on an investigator-developed communication event record for the first 10 communication episodes documented in each patient’s record (n = 275). Message content and method were recorded for every documented communication episode (n = 694), resulting in a total of 812 content and 771 method data codes. • Results Most charts (72%) had documentation of communication by patients at some time during mechanical ventilation. Most documented communication exchanges were between patients and nurses. Primary methods of communication were head nods, mouthing words, gesture, and writing. Physical restraints were used in half of the patients. However, most of the documented communication episodes (127/202, 62.9%) occurred when physical restraints were not in use. Communication content was primarily related to pain, symptoms, feelings, and physical needs. Patients also initiated communication about their homes, families, and conditions. • Conclusions A clinically significant proportion of nonsurviving patients treated with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit communicate to nurses, other clinicians, and family members primarily through gesture, head nods, and mouthing words.
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Langwieder, Klaus, and Wolfram Hell. "Proposal of an International Harmonized Dynamic Test Standard for Seats/Head Restraints." Traffic Injury Prevention 3, no. 2 (June 2002): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580211996.
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Birchall, M. A. "Guidelines, standards and protocols in head and neck cancer: tools not restraints." Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 24, no. 1 (February 1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00152.x.
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Graci, Valentina, Ethan Douglas, Thomas Seacrist, Jason Kerrigan, Julie Mansfield, John Bolte, Rini Sherony, Jason Hallman, and Kristy Arbogast. "Age Differences in Occupant Motion during Simulated In-Vehicle Swerving Maneuvers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061834.
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Background: With active safety and automated vehicle features becoming more available, unanticipated pre-crash vehicle maneuvers, such as evasive swerving, may become more common, and they may influence the resulting effectiveness of occupant restraints, and consequently may affect injury risks associated with crashes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the influence of age on key occupant kinematic, kinetic, and muscular responses during evasive swerving in on-road testing. Methods: Seat belt-restrained children (10–12 years old), teens (13–17 years old), and adults (21–33 years old) experienced two evasive swerving maneuvers in a recent model sedan on a test track. Kinematics, muscle activity, and seat belt load distribution were determined and analyzed. Results: Compared to teens and adults, children showed greater head and trunk motion (p < 0.03), but similar muscle activation in the into-the-belt direction of swerving. In the out–of-the-belt direction, children showed head and trunk motion more similar to teens and adults (p < 0.02), but with greater muscle activation. Conclusions: Children showed different neuromuscular control of head and trunk motion compared to older occupants. This study highlights differences in the relationship between kinematics and muscle activation across age groups, and provides new validation data for active human body models across the age range.
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Adams, B. D., and J. L. Gaffey. "Non-constrained implant arthroplasty for the distal radioulnar joint." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 42, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193417693177.
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A variety of surgical techniques are used to treat the arthritic distal radioulnar joint, which is influenced by aetiology and previous procedures. Four types of ulnar head arthroplasty exist: total ulnar head, partial ulnar head, unlinked total distal radioulnar joint, and linked distal radioulnar joint. Although long-term outcome studies are sparse, short-term clinical and biomechanical studies have shown encouraging results, leading to expanded indications. Based on our experience and a literature review, patients are advised that pain is improved but minor pain is common after strenuous activity. Ulnar neck resorption is common, however, implant loosening is rare. Sigmoid notch erosion is concerning, but appears to stabilize and not affect outcome. A partial ulnar head replacement that retains bony architecture and soft tissue restraints may have benefit over a total ulnar head in appropriate patients. If appropriate selection criteria are met, ulnar head replacement typically produces reliable results, with low revision.
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Grosh, Cassandra, Noah Patterson, and Maggie Weeks-Foy. "Villainy and Women: A Critical Edition of James Baldwin’s “The Quest of Medusa’s Head”." Digital Literature Review 4 (December 3, 2019): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/dlr.4.0.7-34.
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Tales of Medusa typically end in her death, but, if all she does is die, why are the stories about her? Through analyzing Medusa’s story with a feminist lens, readers can see that her life is dictated by the men around her—she is hideous because a man rapes her and is killed because a man desires her head. Medusa has become a comparative symbol for women who break from gender roles and defy the patriarchy. This edition analyzes restraints placed upon Medusa, and all women, with particular focus on literature from the nineteenth century.
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Grandin, T. "Observations of Cattle Restraint Devices for Stunning and Slaughtering." Animal Welfare 1, no. 2 (May 1992): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014834.
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AbstractProper design of restraint equipment is essential to prevent stress on animals during handling, stunning and slaughter. A small design mistake which may appear to be insignificant to the engineer can be extremely detrimental to animal welfare. Operators of restraint equipment must be properly trained. Cattle will place their heads into stanchion (yoke) or chin-lift types of head-restrainers if they are gently moved forward by a rear pusher gate. Cattle confined in an upright ASPCA pen for religious slaughter will remain calmer if the apparatus is gently closed around them. The vertical travel of the belly lift should be restricted to 71 cm (28 in) — it should not lift the animals off the floor. The rear pusher gates should be equipped with a separate regulator to prevent excessive pressure from being applied. Stunning or ritual slaughter should be carried out within 10 seconds of the animal's head being restrained. The modified ASPCA pen described in the paper was seemingly humane when operated by people concerned about animal welfare.
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Sarafoleanu, Dorin, and Raluca Enache. "Whiplash Syndrome." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 9, no. 34 (June 1, 2019): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2019-0009.
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Abstract Whiplash syndrome is a quite common pathology and can be defined as a neck injury produced by a sudden acceleration-deceleration, the consequence of which is a sudden forward and backward movement of the head and neck. The main production mechanism is a sudden acceleration-deceleration process that has as a consequence the sudden extension/flexion of the neck. Starting from the many structures involved, the whiplash syndrome is an interdisciplinary challenge (ENT specialist, neurologist, orthopedist, ophthalmologist, psychologist) and can be described by multiple signs and symptoms. Whiplash syndrome is a complex pathology both through the mechanism of production and symptoms, and through the forensic implications that it has. The interdisciplinary medical collaboration, the implementation of stricter rules on wearing the seat belt and the development by car manufacturers of chairs and head restraints that protect the head and neck of passengers, would be the preventive step in the occurrence and especially the chronicization of these lesions.
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R, Aakash. "Numerical Simulation of Airbag and Study on the Effect of Airbag Parameters on Head Injury Criteria." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38247.
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Abstract: In the case of an accident, inflatable restraints system plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants. Frontal airbags have saved 44,869 lives, according to research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).Finite element analysis is extremely important in the research and development of airbags in order to ensure optimum protection for occupant. In this work, we simulate a head impact test with a deploying airbag and investigate the airbag's parameters. The airbag's performance is directly influenced by the parameters of the cushion such as vent area and fabric elasticity. The FEM model is analysed to investigate the influence of airbag parameter, and the findings are utilised to determine an optimal value that may be employed in the construction of better occupant safety systems. Keywords: airbag, finite element method, occupant safety, frontal airbag, vent size, fabric elasticity, head injury criteria
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Evans, Vaughan. "Death and Injury in Motorcycle Accidents: The Utilisation of Technology to Reduce Risk." Journal of Road Safety 32, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-21-00004.
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In the early 1970s in Great Britain, the fatality rate for motorcyclists was twenty times that for a car driver, this relative risk has widened to around fifty in modern times. Motorcycling has not become more hazardous, rather a modest decline in the fatality rate over four decades has been eclipsed by a considerably greater reduction in the rate for car drivers. Travel by car has become safer, with seatbelts, a rigid safety cell and crumple zones, airbags, head restraints, energy-absorbing steering wheels, and shatter-resistant windscreens, all contributing to risk reduction. A motorcyclist, conversely, on most modern machines, has none of these features, with the crash helmet being the only safety feature generally adopted by motorcyclists over the last half century. The risk inherent in motorcycling could be reduced to a similar level as car travel by a radical re-design of the motorcycle to include a rigid safety cell, clad in energy absorbing deformable material, coupled with a rider restraint system. Less radical technological changes that could reduce the risk of injury, or death, include fitted anti-lock braking systems, ideally with integrated stability control, and an integral impact-activated airbag may arrest the forward motion of a rider in frontal impact conditions. The relatively simple measure of increased rider and/or machine conspicuousness can reduce the risk of certain accidents.
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Olney, D. B., and A. K. Marsden. "The effect of head restraints and seat belts on the incidence of neck injury in car accidents." Injury 17, no. 6 (November 1986): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(86)90070-7.
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Ewbank, R., M. J. Parker, and C. W. Mason. "Reactions of Cattle to Head-Restraint at Stunning: A Practical Dilemma." Animal Welfare 1, no. 1 (February 1992): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014718.
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AbstractThe behavioural reactions and blood Cortisol levels of cattle stunned using a penetrating captive-bolt pistol whilst standing free in a stunning box were compared with those obtained from cattle similarly stunned but with their heads held in a hydraulically operated chin-lift type of head restrainer. Few (8 out of 55) animals voluntarily put their heads into the restrainer, most had to be ‘persuaded’ to use the head-restrainer; some (5 out of 24) could not be. The mean time between entry into the stunning pen and the stun for 23 free standing animals was 5.6s and for 19 animals which could be persuaded to use the head restrainer was 34.2s. The Cortisol levels in the blood taken at the stick, from 30 animals stunned while standing free was 67.6 nmoVlitre while that from 30 stunned while head-restrained was 143.1 nmolHitre. The behaviour and Cortisol results suggest that enforced usage of this type of head restrainer could be a cause of distress to the cattle involved.
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Zannoni, Annamaria, Simone Pelliciari, Francesco Musiani, Federica Chiappori, Davide Roncarati, and Vincenzo Scarlato. "Definition of the Binding Architecture to a Target Promoter of HP1043, the Essential Master Regulator of Helicobacter pylori." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 7848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157848.
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HP1043 is an essential orphan response regulator of Helicobacter pylori orchestrating multiple crucial cellular processes. Classified as a member of the OmpR/PhoB family of two-component systems, HP1043 exhibits a highly degenerate receiver domain and evolved to function independently of phosphorylation. Here, we investigated the HP1043 binding mode to a target sequence in the hp1227 promoter (Php1227). Scanning mutagenesis of HP1043 DNA-binding domain and consensus sequence led to the identification of residues relevant for the interaction of the protein with a target DNA. These determinants were used as restraints to guide a data-driven protein-DNA docking. Results suggested that, differently from most other response regulators of the same family, HP1043 binds in a head-to-head conformation to the Php1227 target promoter. HP1043 interacts with DNA largely through charged residues and contacts with both major and minor grooves of the DNA are required for a stable binding. Computational alanine scanning on molecular dynamics trajectory was performed to corroborate our findings. Additionally, in vitro transcription assays confirmed that HP1043 positively stimulates the activity of RNA polymerase.
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Işık, Yahya, and Mücahit Göle. "Optimum structural design of seat frames for commercial vehicles." Materials Testing 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0028.
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Abstract Seat frames in commercial vehicles generally consist of components such as foot brackets, seats, back, head restraints and fasteners. In addition to mechanical properties, comfort is another important parameter. This study aims to reduce the cost of a commercial vehicle by means of alternative materials and design changes in the passenger seat frame. For this purpose, three different methods were used to optimize seat back pipes: reducing the cross-section, using thinner sections in the seat frame via alternative material and making design changes in the foot brackets. In the methods applied, mitigation and cost reductions were achieved. The suitability of the design changes in the seat through geometric changes was confirmed by international ECE R14 test results and finite element method analyses.
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Meldrum, K. C. "Head-restraint and stunning." Animal Welfare 1, no. 2 (May 1992): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014949.
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Sir, I write in response to the article in the first issue of your journal. I was pleased to note that the welfare advantages of improved accuracy of shooting that can be expected from the restraint of bovine heads prior to stunning have been recognised. Earlier research work, commissioned by the MAFF, had indicated that deficiencies existed in the accuracy of captive bolt positioning in cattle whose heads had not been restrained. Clearly the distress experienced by an animal that has been mis-stunned would be very considerable, and would outweigh the stress associated with temporary head-restraint.
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Mercier, Cletus R., Mack C. Shelley, Julie B. Rimkus, and Joyce M. Mercier. "Age and Gender as Predictors of Injury Severity in Head-on Highway Vehicular Collisions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1581, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1581-05.
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Whether age or gender or both influenced severity of injuries suffered in head-on automobile collisions on rural highways was assessed. The initial hypothesis was that, because of physiological changes, and possibly other changes related to aging (including loss of bone density), older drivers and passengers would suffer more severe injuries when involved in head-on collisions. Results of logistic regression analysis indicate that four separate factors, incorporating 14 individual and interactive variables, were strongly related to injury severity. Individual variables included age of driver or passenger (either linear or quadratic), position in the vehicle, and form of protection used, along with a set of interactive variables (such as age and position). The importance of age-related effects in injury severity is verified by hierarchical and principal components logistic regression models, amplifying findings of exploratory stepwise logistic analysis. Variations in findings resulted when the population was divided by gender. Although age remained a very important factor in predicting injury severity for both men and women, use of lap and shoulder restraints appeared to be more beneficial for men than for women, while deployed air bags seemed more beneficial for women than for men.
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Tripathi, Manjul, Dhaval P. Shukla, Dhananjaya Ishwar Bhat, Indira Devi Bhagavatula, and Tejesh Mishra. "Craniofacial injuries in professional cricket: no more a red herring." Neurosurgical Focus 40, no. 4 (April 2016): E11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.2.focus15341.
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The issue of head injury in a noncontact sport like cricket is a matter of great debate and it carries more questions than answers. Recent incidents of fatal head injuries in individuals wearing a helmet have caused some to question the protective value of the helmet. The authors discuss the pattern, type of injury, incidents, and location of cranio-facio-ocular injuries in professional cricket to date. They evaluate the history of usage of the helmet in cricket, changes in design, and the protective value, and they compare the efficacy of various sports' helmets with injury profiles similar to those in cricket. The drop test and air cannon test are compared for impact energy attenuation performance of cricket helmets. A total of 36 cases of head injuries were identified, of which 5 (14%) were fatal and 9 (22%) were career-terminating events. Batsmen are the most vulnerable to injury, bearing 86% of the burden, followed by wicketkeepers (8%) and fielders (5.5%). In 53% of cases, the ball directly hit the head, while in 19.5% of cases the ball entered the gap between the peak and the faceguard. Ocular injuries to 3 wicketkeepers proved to be career-terminating injuries. The air cannon test is a better test for evaluating cricket helmets than the drop test. Craniofacial injuries are more common than popularly believed. There is an urgent need to improve the efficacy and compliance of protective restraints in cricket. A strict injury surveillance system with universal acceptance is needed to identify the burden of injuries and modes for their prevention.
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James, Joan L., and Karl E. Kim. "Restraint Use by Children Involved in Crashes in Hawaii, 1986–1991." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1560, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156000102.
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The use of child safety seats for crash-involved children in Hawaii from 1986 through 1991 is described. Child safety seat use increased over this period, whereas unrestrained children and belt use for children decreased. Male drivers are more likely to have unrestrained infants; female drivers are more likely to have unrestrained toddlers. Toddlers are more likely to be unrestrained in automobiles and trucks, and infants are more likely to be unrestrained in vans, on the freeway, during nighttime hours, and in urban areas. Child-restraint use for infants is twice the rate for toddlers, and infants are less likely to suffer nonincapacitating, incapacitating, and fatal injuries. A logistic regression model shows that children riding in automobiles are less likely to be restrained; belted drivers are far more likely to restrain children; and one- and two-year-olds are less likely to be restrained. Separate logistic regressions for crash types reveals that restrained children are less likely to suffer a non-incapacitating, incapacitating, or fatal injury in head-on and rear-end crashes and more likely to sustain injuries in broadside crashes.
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NAIM, MOHAMMED, PIERRE NICOLAS, and DANIEL BARON. "Folded conformations of the δ-selective opioid dermenkephalin with head-to-tail interactions. A simulated annealing study through NMR restraints." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 47, no. 5 (January 12, 2009): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb01084.x.
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Tollin, Daniel J., Luis C. Populin, Jordan M. Moore, Janet L. Ruhland, and Tom C. T. Yin. "Sound-Localization Performance in the Cat: The Effect of Restraining the Head." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (March 2005): 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00747.2004.
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In oculomotor research, there are two common methods by which the apparent location of visual and/or auditory targets are measured, saccadic eye movements with the head restrained and gaze shifts (combined saccades and head movements) with the head unrestrained. Because cats have a small oculomotor range (approximately ±25°), head movements are necessary when orienting to targets at the extremes of or outside this range. Here we tested the hypothesis that the accuracy of localizing auditory and visual targets using more ethologically natural head-unrestrained gaze shifts would be superior to head-restrained eye saccades. The effect of stimulus duration on localization accuracy was also investigated. Three cats were trained using operant conditioning with their heads initially restrained to indicate the location of auditory and visual targets via eye position. Long-duration visual targets were localized accurately with little error, but the locations of short-duration visual and both long- and short-duration auditory targets were markedly underestimated. With the head unrestrained, localization accuracy improved substantially for all stimuli and all durations. While the improvement for long-duration stimuli with the head unrestrained might be expected given that dynamic sensory cues were available during the gaze shifts and the lack of a memory component, surprisingly, the improvement was greatest for the auditory and visual stimuli with the shortest durations, where the stimuli were extinguished prior to the onset of the eye or head movement. The underestimation of auditory targets with the head restrained is explained in terms of the unnatural sensorimotor conditions that likely result during head restraint.
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Shasthri, S., Qasim H. Shah, V. Kausalyah, Moumen M. Idres, Kassim A. Abdullah, and Wong Shaw Voon. "Lateral Side Impact Crash Simulation of Restrained 3 Year Old Child." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.590.
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Motor vehicle crashes have become the leading cause of death for children in many developed countries and the trend is on the rise in Malaysia. Child anatomy and physiology necessitates a separate restraints system to be implemented during vehicle travel. Although approximately twice as many crashes with a child fatality are frontal compared to lateral, it is shown that side impacts are nearly twice as likely to result in a child fatality as frontal impacts. Due to the complexity and the highly non-linear nature of vehicle crash affecting occupants, much work still remains to be looked into. This is especially so in the study of injury mechanisms towards efforts of improving CRS design as well as vehicle parameters that may offer more effective and robust injury mitigation. The study here presents a methodology which outlines the development and testing of a simulation model where a 3 year old child, restrained in a CRS within a vehicle, is subjected to lateral side impact by a bullet vehicle. A combined environment of both Finite Element as well as Multi-body is used for the model development. A HYBRID III dummy model is used to represent the child while an FE model is used for the CRS model. A hybrid modelling method is utilized for the belt harness system. The model and simulation conditions are set based on the global FMVSS standard. Head injury criterion and Neck injury criterion are primarily considered in the model assessment. Model development as well as validation steps are presented with discussion of the model’s salient features for greater insights in the study of injury mechanisms.
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Chao, Y. J. "Minimum Stress Design of Nozzles in Pressure Vessel Heads." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 110, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265630.
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In the early design stage of pressure vessels the configuration of the piping systems is not yet established; hence forces transmitted by the piping systems to the nozzles in the pressure vessels cannot be determined. This often leads to the design of nozzles in pressure vessels guided by consideration of pressure loadings such as the area-replacement method. However, it is true that in many cases the stresses due to external loads can be more critical than those due to the internal pressure. Therefore, engineers often redesign the piping system several times by adding more pipe bends or special restraints for a hot piping system to reduce the reactions at a previously designed nozzle so that the resulting stresses at the nozzle are within the acceptable limit. This paper introduces a rational mechanism whereby the stresses due to the unforeseen external loads can be minimized in the early design stage of the nozzle. An appropriate analysis is discussed which is based on the classical thin shell theory. Analyses using this method allow one to obtain the minimum stresses at a nozzle in a pressure vessel head or a spherical vessel for moment and thrust loadings.
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Fei, Kang, and Di Dai. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Behavior of Energy Piles Subjected to Thermal Cycles." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 23, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3424528.
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A laboratory-scale model test is conducted to improve the understanding of the effects of thermal cycles on the mechanical behavior of energy piles. The model pile is composed of cement mortar and dry sand with a relative density of 30% is used for the model ground. After applying the working load to the pile head, the pile is subjected to three thermal cycles with a magnitude of 15°C. The measured temperature response and mechanical behavior are analyzed and used to validate the proposed numerical approach. In the numerical analysis, the temperature variation due to thermal cycles is calculated using uncoupled heat transfer analysis. Then, the computed temperature field is used as the boundary condition in the sequence stress analysis. A series of numerical sensitivity analyses are carried out using the sequentially coupled method to investigate the long-term performance of energy piles under different soil and pile head restraint conditions. The numerical results suggest that the restraint condition at the pile head plays an important role in the mechanical response of energy piles. The ultimate pile resistance after thermal cycles does not decrease significantly. The accumulation of settlement of the free head pile and the reduction in the axial force of the restrained head pile should be considered in the design.
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Zhou, Shu Wen, and Si Qi Zhang. "Effect of Active Head Restraint on Cervical Vertebrae Injuries Lessening." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 18 (December 2013): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.18.13.
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A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck was built to evaluate the effect of active head restraint on cervical vertebrae injuries lessening in vehicle rear impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. The BioRID-II adult male dummy restrained using safety belt was seated on a sled, whose longitudinal velocity measured from rear impact FEM simulation was applied to simulate the relative motion of the head and neck. According to the interspinous ligament loads and the ligamenta flava loads of the cervical spine, an active head restraint and an impact absorber were designed to lessening the neck injuries in vehicle rear end collisions.
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Wei, Xiu Ling, Gui Qin Chen, Xian Yu Zhang, Xin Ge Wang, and Lei Li. "Influences of Initial Forward Speed, Ground Stiffness on Seat-Belt Restraint Effectiveness in Rollover of Engineering Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.418.
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A simulation model of a certain wheel loader is established to assess the restraint effectiveness of seat belts in 90° rollover accident along slope. The restraint effectiveness of seat belts for 95th percentile human body models are simulated which wearing lap belt, three-point belt and harness at a certain speed, and the influences of initial velocity and ground stiffness are analyzed. The results show that under a certain forward speed and same ground stiffness, wearing the harness can make the operator completely restrained in the operators seat comparing with the other belts, the head excursion is smallest, and it can reduce the risk of the head striking hazardous features of the cab interior. Under the same restraint system, the dummy's injury risk is inconsistent with change of initial speed. The harness can all provide the best restraint for the operator under different forward speeds and ground stiffness.
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Logan, David, Brian Fildes, Ashraf Rashed, Mohammed Nabil Ibrahim, Asma Al Jassmi, Mahmoud Dibas, and Stuart Newstead. "Development and application of a vehicle safety rating score for public transport minibuses." Journal of Road Safety 32, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00233.
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Minibuses are widely used for public transport, particularly in developing countries, yet their safety levels are often poor. This study identified a simple set of active and passive safety measures and 566 minibuses in the United Arab Emirates were inspected. Most vehicles were without seat belts or head restraints and had inadequate seat attachment. Low rates of active and passive safety features were recorded. The safety rating system assigned weightings to each of the variables in the survey, based on an assessment of their approximate relative risk. Applied to the benchmarking sample, safety rating scores (out of 50) ranged from below 10 points for the least safe vehicles to around 40 points for the best. Many vehicles inspected scored below 20 points. The safety rating score provided a practical assessment of the safety of the UAE minibus vehicle fleet and could be adapted to other vehicle types. The study outcomes are helping to both justify a new minibus safety standard in the UAE aiming to significantly reduce death and serious injury among the many passengers using this service, as well as to begin the process of removing the least safe vehicles from the fleet.
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V, Bindhu. "QOS ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS NETWORKS BASED ON LOW MOBILITY PROTOCOL." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 01, no. 02 (June 25, 2019): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2019.2.005.
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The decision on the possible trails to be taken by an information that is to be transmitted from a data point to its destined point enact to have more significance on the performance measure of the transmission. The mobile wireless network is also one such network whose quality of service are determined from the ways the trails are entrenched. This wireless adhoc network that is independent of the previously existing structure forms a topology that undergoes spontaneous changes with the closely existing data points or devices. This type of networks are well suited for many adverse situation and environment, but certain attributes of the wireless adhoc such as insubstantial bandwidth, more over head in paths , hidden data point problem, energy restraints, motility interfered routing make them visage difficulties in having a proper routing, empowering MANET to achieve lesser quality in the service provided. So this paper quality of service analysis for the MANET using high power low mobility protocol ensures a routing path entrenchment between highly energetic with diminished motility data points to improvise the quality of service. The QoS analysis is done based on the delay, throughput and the packet delivery ratio to measure its performance.
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Meybodi, Ali Tayebi, Michael T. Lawton, Pooneh Mokhtari, Olivia Kola, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Arnau Benet. "Exposure of the External Carotid Artery Through the Posterior Triangle of the Neck: A Novel Approach to Facilitate Bypass Procedures to the Posterior Cerebral Circulation." Operative Neurosurgery 13, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opw024.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: The external carotid artery (ECA) is the main high-flow donor for extracranial–intracranial revascularization procedures. However, anatomic restraints limit the availability of ECA in posterior exposures of the craniocervical junction aimed for bypass to distal vertebral artery segments. OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and safety of exposure of the ECA through the posterior triangle of the neck. METHODS: A preliminary feasibility study on the posterior neck exposure of the ECA was performed in 1 cadaveric head (2 sides) followed by a morphometric study on 9 cadaveric heads (18 sides). Through an extension of the muscular stage of the far-lateral approach, the fascial plane between the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the capsule of the parotid gland was dissected inferior to the C1. Topographic anatomy of the exposed distal segment of the ECA was defined in detail, including bony landmarks and the facial nerve. RESULTS: ECA was found successfully using the proposed technique in all specimens. In 90% of the specimens, ECA was exposed without transgression of the capsule of the parotid gland. The facial nerve was not encountered during the surgical exposures. CONCLUSION: ECA can be safely and effectively exposed through the posterior triangle of the neck using the proposed approach. This method can facilitate extracranial–intracranial bypass procedures to V3/V4 vertebral artery. Advantages of this novel approach are shortening the graft length and surgical timing, less invasiveness, and optimizing surgical trajectories for completion of both donor and recipient bypass anastomosis.
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Sweeney, T. D., D. E. Leith, and J. D. Brain. "Restraining hamsters alters their breathing pattern." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1271.
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Does the restraint required for head or nose-only exposure of rodents to inhaled aerosols or gases alter their breathing pattern? And does prior exercise training, which may increase muscle strength, affect this response to restraint? To answer those questions, we measured breathing pattern in 11 adult male hamsters while they were either 1) free to move in small cages or 2) closely restrained in head-out cones. The measurements were repeated after hamsters spent 6 wk either sedentary in standard cages or in cages with exercise wheels. Hamsters were placed in a plethysmograph to measure respiratory frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT). Their product is minute volume (V). When restrained, f and V were 1.9 and 1.7 times, respectively, greater than when hamsters were free, but VT did not change. After 6 wk, the sedentary group responded differently to restraint; f increased 3-fold, VT decreased by one-half, and V increased 1.6-fold. Exercised hamsters increased f 2.3-fold and decreased VT by one-third; V increased by 1.5-fold. In inhalation studies, changes in breathing pattern would significantly influence the amount of material inhaled, the fraction retained, and thus the amount and distribution of material deposited in the lungs.
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Chen, Ke, Hui Hu, Ke Chen, Zhaohui Chen, and Xin Wang. "Cracking Tendency Prediction of High-Performance Cementitious Materials." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/591084.
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The constraint ring test is widely used to assess the cracking potential for early-age cementitious materials. In this paper, the analytical expressions based on elastic mechanism are presented to estimate the residual stresses of the restrained mortar ring by considering the comprehensive effects of hydration heat, autogenous and drying shrinkage, creeping, and restraint. In the present analytical method, the stress field of the restrained ring is treated as the superposition of those caused by hydration heat, external restraint, autogenous and drying shrinkage, and creep. The factors including the properties of materials, environmental parameters such as relative humidity and temperature, the geometry effect of specimen, and the relative constraint effects of steel ring to mortar ring, are taken into account to predict the strain development with age of mortar. The temperature of the ring, the elastic modulus, the creep strain, and the split tensile strength are measured to validate the model. The age of cracking is predicted by comparing the estimated maximum tensile stress of the restrained mortar ring with the measured split tensile strength of specimen. The suitability of the present analytical method is assessed by comparing with the restraint ring test and a soundly good agreement is observed.
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Mukherjee, Kaustav, and Dorai Kumar Raja. "Restoring a near anatomical hip joint in an 18 year old neglected hip fracture dislocation – A rare case report." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Surgery 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijos.2022.040.
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Long standing neglected traumatic hip fracture dislocation is a rare clinical condition. Obliteration of the native acetabulum, soft tissue contractures, loss of femoral head congruity and associated hip fractures make this condition challenging to treat. We discuss a case of a middle-aged male presenting to us with pain, shortening and inability to bear weight on left lower limb for last 15 years. Clinical examination revealed an adduction deformity over the left hip, a globular swelling in the left gluteal region and a fixed equinus deformity over left ankle. Movements at the left hip hinted at restricted internal rotation and flexion. Pelvis radiographs revealed a neglected posterior hip dislocation with ipsilateral femur neck non union. Patient underwent initial upper tibial traction for 8 weeks followed by a hybrid Total Hip Arthroplasty. Postoperatively intensive physiotherapy was continued and with correction of the ankle equinus patient was able to ambulate. On five years follow-up, the patient was mobilizing independently, pain-free with a mild short limb gait and some residual foot drop.Treatment of neglected hip fracture dislocation can be challenging. Associated economic restraints may hinder clinicians from higher imaging and make the treatment even difficult. However, an anatomical reconstruction of hip by a total hip arthroplasty has yielded good functional outcomes in long standing neglected dislocations.’
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Hodgett, Rachel, and Richard Ward. "Are cervical collars effective and safe in prehospital spinal cord injury management?" Journal of Paramedic Practice 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2020.12.2.67.
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Background: In the UK, around 500–600 people a year sustain traumatic injuries to the spinal cord, half of which involve the cervical spine. UK ambulance guidelines stipulate that if immobilisation is indicated, the entire spine should be immobilised using an orthopaedic scoop stretcher, head restraints and a rigid cervical collar. However, the use of cervical collars is being debated in the paramedic profession. Although they were originally considered harmless and used as a precautionary measure, an increasing amount of evidence suggests otherwise and it is argued that they can do more harm than good. Therefore, it is debatable whether using them is consistent with the principles of patient safety and evidence-based practice. Aim: A literature review was carried out to comprehensively examine research surrounding the adverse effects of cervical collars and the range of movement they allow to gain a comprehensive understanding of their efficacy. Methods: The EBSCOhost Health Science Research database was searched. Seven articles were found and chosen for inclusion in the literature review. Results: Two themes were identified regarding cervical collars: adverse effects and range of movement. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that cervical collars can cause more harm than good, and UK ambulance guidelines for spinal immobilisation should be reconsidered.
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Tumpa, Tasmia Rahman, Shelley N. Acuff, Jens Gregor, Yong Bradley, Yitong Fu, and Dustin R. Osborne. "Data-driven head motion correction for PET using time-of-flight and positron emission particle tracking techniques." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): e0272768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272768.
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Objectives Positron emission tomography (PET) is susceptible to patient movement during a scan. Head motion is a continuing problem for brain PET imaging and diagnostic assessments. Physical head restraints and external motion tracking systems are most commonly used to address to this issue. Data-driven methods offer substantial advantages, such as retroactive processing but typically require manual interaction for robustness. In this work, we introduce a time-of-flight (TOF) weighted positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) algorithm that facilitates fully automated, data-driven head motion detection and subsequent automated correction of the raw listmode data. Materials methods We used our previously published TOF-PEPT algorithm Dustin Osborne et al. (2017), Tasmia Rahman Tumpa et al., Tasmia Rahman Tumpa et al. (2021) to automatically identify frames where the patient was near-motionless. The first such static frame was used as a reference to which subsequent static frames were registered. The underlying rigid transformations were estimated using weak radioactive point sources placed on radiolucent glasses worn by the patient. Correction of raw event data were achieved by tracking the point sources in the listmode data which was then repositioned to allow reconstruction of a single image. To create a “gold standard” for comparison purposes, frame-by-frame image registration based correction was implemented. The original listmode data was used to reconstruct an image for each static frame detected by our algorithm and then applying manual landmark registration and external software to merge these into a single image. Results We report on five patient studies. The TOF-PEPT algorithm was configured to detect motion using a 500 ms window. Our event-based correction produced images that were visually free of motion artifacts. Comparison of our algorithm to a frame-based image registration approach produced results that were nearly indistinguishable. Quantitatively, Jaccard similarity indices were found to be in the range of 85-98% for the former and 84-98% for the latter when comparing the static frame images with the reference frame counterparts. Discussion We have presented a fully automated data-driven method for motion detection and correction of raw listmode data. Easy to implement, the approach achieved high temporal resolution and reliable performance for head motion correction. Our methodology provides a mechanism by which patient motion incurred during imaging can be assessed and corrected post hoc.
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Metz, Juriaan R., Edwin J. W. Geven, Erwin H. van den Burg, and Gert Flik. "ACTH, α-MSH, and control of cortisol release: cloning, sequencing, and functional expression of the melanocortin-2 and melanocortin-5 receptor in Cyprinus carpio." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 3 (September 2005): R814—R826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00826.2004.
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Cortisol release from fish head kidney during the acute phase of the stress response is controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary pars distalis (PD). Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and β-endorphin, from the pars intermedia (PI), have been implicated in cortisol release during the chronic phase. The present study addresses the regulation of cortisol release by ACTH and α-MSH in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) and includes characterization of their receptors, namely, the melanocortin-2 and melanocortin-5 receptors (MC2R and MC5R). We could not demonstrate corticotropic activity of α-MSH, β-endorphin, and combinations of these. We do show a corticotrope in the PI, but its identity is as yet uncertain. Carp restrained for 1 and 7 days showed elevated plasma cortisol and α-MSH levels; cortisol is still elevated but lower at day 7 than day 1 of restraint. Interrenal response capacity is unaffected, as estimated by stimulation with a maximum dose ACTH in a superfusion setup. MC2R and MC5R appear phylogenetically well conserved. MC2R is predominantly expressed in head kidney; a low abundance was found in spleen and kidney. MC5R is expressed in brain, pituitary PD, kidney, and skin. Quantitative PCR analysis of MC2R and MC5R expression in the head kidney of restrained fish reveals MC2R mRNA downregulation after 7 days restraint, in line with lower plasma cortisol levels seen. We discuss regulation of corticosteroid production from a phylogenetic perspective. We propose that increased levels of α-MSH exert a positive feedback on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone release to sustain a mild stress axis activity.
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Daye, P. M., G. Blohm, and P. Lefèvre. "Saccadic Compensation for Smooth Eye and Head Movements During Head-Unrestrained Two-Dimensional Tracking." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (January 2010): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00656.2009.
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Spatial updating is the ability to keep track of the position of world-fixed objects while we move. In the case of vision, this phenomenon is called spatial constancy and has been studied in head-restraint conditions. During head-restrained smooth pursuit, it has been shown that the saccadic system has access to extraretinal information from the pursuit system to update the objects' position in the surrounding environment. However, during head-unrestrained smooth pursuit, the saccadic system needs to keep track of three different motor commands: the ocular smooth pursuit command, the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), and the head movement command. The question then arises whether saccades compensate for these movements. To address this question, we briefly presented a target during sinusoidal head-unrestrained smooth pursuit in darkness. Subjects were instructed to look at the flash as soon as they saw it. We observed that subjects were able to orient their gaze to the memorized (and spatially updated) position of the flashed target generally using one to three successive saccades. Similar to the behavior in the head-restrained condition, we found that the longer the gaze saccade latency, the better the compensation for intervening smooth gaze displacements; after about 400 ms, 62% of the smooth gaze displacement had been compensated for. This compensation depended on two independent parameters: the latency of the saccade and the eye contribution to the gaze displacement during this latency period. Separating gaze into eye and head contributions, we show that the larger the eye contribution to the gaze displacement, the better the overall compensation. Finally, we found that the compensation was a function of the head oscillation frequency and we suggest that this relationship is linked to the modulation of VOR gain. We conclude that the general mechanisms of compensation for smooth gaze displacements are similar to those observed in the head-restrained condition.
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Laban, Othman, Elsadig Mahdi, and John-John Cabibihan. "Prediction of Neural Space Narrowing and Soft Tissue Injury of the Cervical Spine Concerning Head Restraint Arrangements in Traffic Collisions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010145.
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Common quantitative assessments of neck injury criteria do not predict anatomical neck injuries and lack direct relations to design parameters of whiplash-protection systems. This study aims to provide insights into potential soft tissue-level injury sites based on the interactions developed in-between different anatomical structures in case of a rear-end collision. A detailed finite element human model has exhibited an excellent biofidelity when validated against volunteer impacts. Three head restraint arrangements were simulated, predicting both the kinematic response and the anatomical pain source at each arrangement. Head restraint’s contribution has reduced neck shear and head kinematics by at least 70 percent, minimized pressure gradients acting on ganglia and nerve roots less than half. Posterior column ligaments were the most load-bearing components, followed by the lower intervertebral discs and upper capsular ligaments. Sprain of the interspinous ligamentum flavum at early stages has caused instability in the craniovertebral structure causing its discs and facet joints to be elevated compressive loads. Excessive hyperextension motion, which occurred in the absence of the head restraint, has promoted a stable avulsion teardrop fracture of the fourth vertebral body’s anteroinferior aspect and rupture the anterior longitudinal ligament. The observed neck injuries can be mathematically related to head–torso relative kinematics. These relations will lead to the development of a comprehensive neck injury criterion that can predict the injury level. This, in turn, will impose a significant impact on the design processes of vehicle anti-whiplash safety equipment.
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Kaczmarczyk, Marta. "About Research Interests of Renowned Ukrainian Scholar." Слово і Час, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.12.14-20.
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The paper presents a scholarly profile of professor Stefaniia Andrusiv, paying specific attention to her achievements in the fields of research and education during her work at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. In 2001 professor Andrusiv started her work at the Institute of Slavic Philology and in the academic year 2005/2006 became the head of the newly founded Department of Ukrainian literature holding this post until 2013. The scholar took an active part in popularizing Ukrainian studies in Poland and was very concerned about developing Polish-Ukrainian dialogue. In the course of her fruitful work at the university professor Andrusiv met different research and educational challenges and proposed many valuable initiatives. She effectively used contemporary research trends, such as postmodern methodology, the theory of intertextuality, the literary theory of narratology, as well as anthropology and postcolonial criticism. As far as her didactic work is concerned, professor Andrusiv delivered very interesting, thought-provoking lectures on the history of Ukrainian literature. Her professional approach was much appreciated not only by her students but by academic staff as well. The lectures on cultural studies, master’s and doctoral seminars belong to her didactic achievements and constitute a valuable heritage of education. It should be underlined that under the supervision of professor Andrusiv twelve students have successfully defended their Ph.D. dissertations and the majority of them continue their scholarly work. Professor Andrusiv never was afraid of making experiments, finding new solutions and approaches. Her mind was very flexible, creative and free of any obstructive restraints.
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Greenberg, D., and S. H. Ackerman. "Energy expenditure during stress ulcer formation in vulnerable rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): R403—R407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.2.r403.
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Rat pups separated early from their mothers at day 15 become vulnerable to hypothermia and gastric erosion formation when food deprived and physically restrained on postnatal day 30 (S.H. Ackerman, M. A. Hofer, and H. Weiner, Science Wash. DC. 201: 373-376, 1978, and Gastroenterology 75: 649-654, 1978). We tested the hypothesis that this hypothermia is associated with a decrease in oxidative metabolism. We measured O2 consumption of 30-day-old rat pups that had been previously separated at either day 15 (15w) or day 21 (21w). When food was available, 15w rats used as much O2 as 21w rats. When rats were food deprived or food deprived and restrained, 15w rats used significantly less O2 than 21w rats, implying less heat production. We hypothesized that this decrease in heat production during food deprivation and/or restraint was due to impaired thermogenesis resulting from inadequate release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), which is a stimulant of brown adipose tissue- (BAT) mediated thermogenesis. To test this hypothesis we administered exogenous NE to 15w to 21w rats. Exogenous NE failed to increase O2 consumption in 21w or 15w rats when injected during either food deprivation or restraint. We concluded that 30-day-old 15w rats have decreased oxidative metabolism during food deprivation and restraint and therefore become hypothermic. This decreased oxidative metabolism does not appear to be attributable to insufficient endogenous NE, since it is not reversed by the addition of exogenous NE. We suggest that a decrease in oxidative metabolism may explain susceptibility to stress ulcers in a number of previously reported experimental models.
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Johnston, Kevin D., Kevin Barker, Lauren Schaeffer, David Schaeffer, and Stefan Everling. "Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00866.2017.
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The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing easy access to frontoparietal oculomotor areas, and may bridge the gap between systems neuroscience in macaques and molecular techniques. Techniques for restraint, training, and neural recording in these animals have been well developed in auditory neuroscience. Those for oculomotor neuroscience, however, remain at a relatively early stage. In this article we provide details of a custom-designed restraint chair for marmosets, a combination head restraint/recording chamber allowing access to cortical oculomotor areas and providing stability suitable for eye movement and neural recordings, as well as a training protocol for oculomotor tasks. We additionally report the results of a psychophysical study in marmosets trained to perform a saccade task using these methods, showing that, as in rhesus and humans, marmosets exhibit a “gap effect,” a decrease in reaction time when the fixation stimulus is removed before the onset of a visual saccade target. These results are the first evidence of this effect in marmosets and support the common marmoset model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to carry out neuronal recordings in behaving primates has provided a wealth of information regarding the neural circuits underlying the control of eye movements. Such studies require restraint of the animal within a primate chair, head fixation, methods of acclimating the animals to this restraint, and the use of operant conditioning methods for training on oculomotor tasks. In contrast to the macaque model, relatively few studies have reported in detail methods for use in the common marmoset. In this report we detail custom-designed equipment and methods by which we have used to successfully train head-restrained marmosets to perform basic oculomotor tasks.
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Acar, M., S. J. Clark, and R. Crouch. "Smart head restraint system." International Journal of Crashworthiness 12, no. 4 (October 3, 2007): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588260701483367.
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