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Journal articles on the topic 'Headcount index'
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1
Muñoz, J. F., E. Álvarez-Verdejo, R. M. García-Fernández, and L. J. Barroso. "Efficient Estimation of the Headcount Index." Social Indicators Research 123, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0757-9.
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Lisna, Vera, Bonar M. Sinaga, Muhammad Firdaus, and Slamet Sutomo. "Dampak Kapasitas Fiskal terhadap Penurunan Kemiskinan: Suatu Analisis Simulasi Kebijakan." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v14i1.433.
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AbstractThis study examines the impacts of fiscal capacity on the acceleration of poverty alleviation through a dynamic simultaneous equations model using empirical data of 23 provinces and conducting historical simulation. The increasing of fiscal capacity from local taxes and tax-revenue sharing have signicant impact on poverty reduction, particularly in agricultural household, which has the largest share in number of poor in Indonesia indicated by larger decline of agricultural headcount index than industrial and trade headcount index. However, the increasing of General Allocator Fund/Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) has negative impact on agricultural headcount index. The policy implication is to increase revenue from taxation by local governments as the impact is more effective in accelerating poverty reduction.Keywords: Fiscal Capacity, Poverty Reduction, Policy Simulation AbstrakStudi ini menganalisis dampak kapasitas fiskal dalam mempercepat pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia melalui jalur pertumbuhan pro-poor melalui model persamaan simultan dinamis atas data empiris 23 provinsi dan simulasi historis. Peningkatan kapasitas fiskal dari pajak daerah dan bagi hasil pajak berdampak paling besar dalam menurunkan kemiskinan terutama di rumah tangga pertanian yang mendominasi jumlah penduduk miskin di Indonesia di mana headcount index pertanian turun lebih besar dibandingkan headcount index industri dan perdagangan. Sebaliknya, peningkatan Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) berdampak negatif pada kemiskinan pertanian. Implikasinya adalah pemerintah daerah perlu meningkatkan penerimaan dari perpajakan karena dampaknya lebih efektif mempercepat pengentasan kemiskinan.Kata kunci: Kapasitas Fiskal, Penurunan Kemiskinan, Simulasi Kebijakan
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Subramanian, Sreenivasan. "On a ‘Level-Sensitive’ Headcount Ratio: Revisiting Shorrocks’ Poverty Index." Social Indicators Research 88, no. 3 (November 6, 2007): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9215-2.
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J. Moya Fernández, Pablo, Encarnación Álvarez, and Ángela González Medina. "An Analysis of the Impact of Various Sampling Designs on the Headcount Index: A Simulation Study Based on the EU-SILC." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 610 (October 31, 2020): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.610.914.922.
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The analysis and the comparison of poverty between regions and countries are important topics in social sciences, which have relevant demands of many national (Cáritas, Intermón Oxfam, Cruz Roja, etc) and international (UN, World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, IMF, etc) agencies and organizations. One of the most common poverty indicators in practice is the headcount index, which analyzes the proportion of individuals considered as poor in a population. In this paper, we first analyze the impact on the headcount index when different sampling designs are considered. Note that this study is based on real data sets taken from different countries of the European Union, and the empirical measures for comparisons are based on different Monte Carlo simulation studies. For instance, we observe that stratified sampling has the best performance in comparison to alternative sampling designs. Post-stratification performs similar to simple random sampling without replacement, and the use of auxiliary information provides similar results to ones derived from stratified sampling. Second, we also analyze the empirical performance of different variance estimators under the commented sampling designs. We conclude that they have a similar empirical performance, and they provide, in general, confidence intervals with desirable coverage rates.
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Njoya, Eric Tchouamou, and Neelu Seetaram. "Tourism Contribution to Poverty Alleviation in Kenya: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 4 (April 4, 2017): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517700317.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the claim that tourism development can be the engine for poverty reduction in Kenya using a dynamic, microsimulation computable general equilibrium model. The article improves on the common practice in the literature by using the more comprehensive Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index to measure poverty instead of headcount ratios only. Simulations results from previous studies confirm that expansion of the tourism industry will benefit different sectors unevenly and will only marginally improve poverty headcount. This is mainly due to the contraction of the agricultural sector caused the appreciation of the real exchange rates. This article demonstrates that the effect on poverty gap and poverty severity is, nevertheless, significant for both rural and urban areas with higher impact in the urban areas. Tourism expansion enables poorer households to move closer to the poverty line. It is concluded that the tourism industry is pro-poor.
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Nindyaningtyas, Ullya, and Meri Indri Hapsari. "Peran Pembiayaan Produktif BMT Pahlawan Dalam Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Anggota." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 3, no. 6 (January 20, 2017): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol3iss20166pp504-519.
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The purpose of this research is to assess the role played by Baitul Maal Wattamwil (BMT) in increasing welfare of its member. This research adopts a quantitative approach through empirical analysis using Pahlawan Baitul Maal Wattamwil (BMT) located in Tulungagung as the subject of research.Several tools of analysis used in this research are: The Headcount Ratio, The Poverty Discrepancy Ratio, The Income Discrepancy Ratio, The Fooster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT) index and the Threshold of Trade.
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Fadhilahningrum, Nura Yuli, and Karsinah Karsinah. "Zakat Distribution Role in Reducing People Poor Number in Semarang City." Economics Development Analysis Journal 6, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v6i3.22275.
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Poverty is one of the main problems facing Indonesia to date, as the capital of Central Java City Semarang also can not be separated from this poverty problem. Although the number of poor people from year to year decline, but in terms of proportion to the total population of Semarang City, the number of poor people reached 20%. One instrument that can help reduce poverty is zakat. This study aims to analyze the impact of zakat as poverty reduction with zakat approach and with zakat. The analytical tool used in this research is poverty indicator consisting of headcount ratio, poverty gap index, income index gap, Sen index and FGT (Foster, Greer, Thorbecke) index and CIBEST Index. The find show that zakat can reduce the poverty rate and also can improve the level of welfare of a family, both material and spiritual.
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Uprety, Pravat. "Measures, Distribution and Decomposition of Poverty: An Empirical Analysis in Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Statistics 4 (December 18, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njs.v4i0.33447.
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Background: Poverty has been in existence for many years and continues to exist in a large number of countries. Poverty is “pronounced in wellbeing” where wellbeing (and poverty) in broader term, focuses on the capability of the individual to function in society and poor people often lack key capabilities, they may have not adequate income, education, or be in poor health or feel powerless or lack of political freedoms. In Nepal, despite the decreasing trend in poverty incidence, still the current prevalence is very high with the comparison of other countries.
Objective: To identify, compare and decomposition of different poverty measures by rural urban area and ecological belt in Nepal.
Materials and Methods: Data set of Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics in 2011 consisting of various variables related to food, non-food consumption, income, demographic, socioeconomics, etc., have been used for analysis. In order to measure the poverty, different measures such as head count ratio, poverty gap, poverty severity, Watts index and Sen-Shorrocks-Thon index were used. The comparisons of different poverty measures across different variables were attempted including use of appropriate poverty curves. The decomposition of poverty indices by consumption components using the Shapley value along with Lump-Sum Targeting approach has been applied.
Results: Average per capita consumption is 34186.5, the head count index, poverty gap and poverty severity of Nepal are 0.2518, 0.0545 and 0.0182, respectively. The poverty measures of rural area are higher than the urban area, and the incidence of poverty is highest in mountain ecological belt. Food and non-food component allows to 46.39% & 28.42% of the total population to be non-poor of headcount index, 60.19% & 34.34% for poverty gap index and 59.96% & 38.20% for poverty severity, respectively.
Conclusion: For both within and overall population, rural area has the higher impact than urban area and each measure of poverty in mountain is significantly higher than hill and terai. To reduce within group headcount index and poverty gap, policymakers should give more focus to rural area and mountain region.
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Nguyen Hoang, Bao. "Where does Pro-Poor Growth Occur in Vietnam?" Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2015.22.1.03.
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Although Vietnam’s economic growth and poverty reduction for almost three decades have been remarkable, growth for poverty reduction is unequally distributed across the nation. The paper examines the cause of poverty and the impact of provincial economic growth on poverty alleviation, using the data of 63 provinces in Vietnam. The elasticity of poverty with respect to provincial economic growth is employed (the elasticities of headcount index, poverty gap index, and squared poverty index with respect to provincial economic growth) to identify the provinces where pro-poor growth has occurred. The elasticity of poverty with respect to provincial Gini coefficient is examined to identify the impact of expenditure inequality on poverty. The simultaneous equation system is estimated to analyze not only direct and indirect effects of the related variables, but also the causality effect between economic growth and the poverty elasticity with respect to both growth and the Gini coefficient.
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Firstiana, Dessy. "ANALISIS INDEKS KEMISKINAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN FGT INDEX SESUDAH PROGRAM IKHTIAR (Studi Kasus : Program Ikhtiar Masyarakat Mandiri di Desa Tegal dan Desa Babakan Sabrang, Kecamatan Ciseeng, Kabupaten Bogor)." Media Ekonomi 20, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v20i1.777.
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<p>Poverty is a fundamental problem faced by the people of Indonesia. This thesis discusses the empirical the charity if charity has mustahiq poverty rate using poverty indices and income mustahiq Determination program at Tegal village and the village of Kampung Anyar Babakan Sabrang, Ciseeng district, Bogor regency. Determination Program is a poverty reduction and empowerment of the poor by the Institute Amil Zakat Wallet Dhuafa Republika, Foundation for Community Empowerment, and Governmental Cooperative Self Determination. This study used FGT index consisting of headcount index (H), the depth of poverty (P1) and severity of poverty (P2). The findings of this study indicate that the poverty index mustahiq measured using FGT index, the poverty rate mustahiq will increasingly come down once they join the program endeavor. It can be concluded that the income per capita mustahiq significantly affected by income from a job / business which uses funds from the Program Determination, activity mustahiq work, and the number of families mustahiq the load.<br />Keywords: Poverty, Zakat, FGT index</p>
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Sugiyarto, Sugiyarto, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, and Rosalia Natalia Seleky. "KEMISKINAN DAN KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO." Agro Ekonomi 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.17264.
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Poverty and inequality have become challenges for most developing countries in the world. Large number of the poor are concentrated in the rural area, and mostly are farmer. The objectives of the study were to identify the poverty occurrence in the rural Bojonegoro and, to analyze the income inequality among them. This research was conducted in rural areas in Bojonegoro Regency, and there were 60 rural households interviewed. The FGT index (Headcount index, Poverty Gap index and Poverty Severity index) and the Criterions of BPS, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank were introduced to identify the poverty occurred in the rural area. Meanwhile, the Gini index and Lorentz curve were employed to measure the income inequality among those households. The result shows that the level of poverty in rural Bojonegoro considered to be quite high (based on the criterions of World Bank and Asian Development Bank), on the contrary, based on BPS criteria, the poverty level is fairly low. The ‘depth of poverty’ score measured by the FGT index is 0.05, meanwhile the ‘severity of poverty’ score is 0.02. Furthermore, the income is distributed unequally among the rural households showed by the Gini index of 0.459.
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Rini, Nova, Nurul Huda, Yosi Mardoni, and Purnama Putra. "PERAN DANA ZAKAT DALAM MENGURANGI KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DAN KEMISKINAN." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 17, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2013.v17.i1.2230.
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This research attempts to examine the role of zakat in reducing income inequality and poverty, by taking a case study in Bogor. Two zakat institutions, Baytul Maal Bogor and Baytul Ikhtiar have been selected. A number of well-known inequality and poverty measures have utilized including Lorenz Curve, Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, headcount ratio, poverty gap index, income gap index, sen index and FGT index. After analyzing 200 household as the respondent, this study found zakat has increased monthly income of the household 11,48%. In general, the presence of zakat helps lower the income inequality an average of 0,3% points. The findings suggest that the presence of zakat has make better the income loss of the respondent an average of 25,7% points. The existence of zakat is able to decrease the poverty incidence an average of 44% points. The gap of poverty can be reduced as the poverty gap show can be reductions of 27%. The depth of poverty can be reduced as the income gap show the reductions 18,8% points. Similarly, the severty of poverty can also be lower as evidenced from 18% points increase in the Sen index and 10% points increase in the FGT index.
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Ambel, Alemayehu Azeze, Harriet Kasidi Mugera, and Robert E. S. Bain. "Accounting for drinking water quality in measuring multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): e0243921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243921.
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The Multidimensional Poverty Index is used increasingly to measure poverty in developing countries. The index is constructed using selected indicators that cover health, education, and living standards dimensions. The accuracy of this tool, however, depends on how each indicator is measured. This study explores the effect of accounting for water quality in multidimensional poverty measurement. Access to drinking water is traditionally measured by water source types. The study uses a more comprehensive measure, access to safely managed drinking water services, which are free from E. coli contamination, available when needed and accessible on premises in line with Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1. The study finds that the new measure increases national multidimensional headcount poverty by 5–13 percentage points, which would mean that 5–13 million more people are multidimensionally poor. It also increases the poverty level in urban areas to a greater extent than in rural areas. The finding is robust to changes in water contamination risk levels and Multidimensional Poverty Index aggregation approaches and weighting structures.
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Moraes, Mayara Da Mata, Solange Regina Marin, and Carine De Almeida Vieira. "Pobreza multidimensional em Santa Catarina (2000-2010): Uma aplicação do método Alkire-Foster." Economia e Desenvolvimento 30 (November 26, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1414650933175.
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Com o decorrer dos anos, o conceito de pobreza evoluiu da perspectiva da subsistência - que relaciona pobreza com o mínimo necessário para sobrevivência - para as necessidades básicas - que promove questões vinculadas ao atendimento de serviços como educação e saúde e para a concepção da privação relativa - que incorporou o contexto socioeconômico e o padrão de vida da sociedade em questão. Na concepção da abordagem das capacitações, que entende a privação como falta de realização de determinados funcionamentos e capacitações, entende-se pobreza como um fenômeno multidimensional. Da mesma forma, os métodos de medição de pobreza também evoluíram das linhas de pobreza para medidas como: headcount index, poverty gap index, squared poverty gap index e Sen index, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), Índice de Pobreza Humana (IPH) e Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) que é baseado no método Alkire-Foster (2009). O objetivo desse estudo é aplicar o método Alkire-Foster (2009) para os municípios de Santa Catarina nos anos de 2000 e 2010. Alguns resultados revelam que a pobreza multidimensional tem diminuído no estado: a incidência de pobreza multidimensional diminuiu de 26,66% em 2000 para 15,07% em 2010.
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NUR KHOLID, AMIN. "DAMPAK ZAKAT, INFAK DAN SEDEKAH (ZIS) TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DAN PERCEPATAN PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN." Jurnal Bina Ummat: Membina dan Membentengi Ummat 1, no. 02 (March 4, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.38214/jurnalbinaummatstidnatsir.v1i02.22.
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Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk menganalisa dampak pendistribusian ZIS dalam mereduksi tingkat kemiskinan dan mempercepat proses pengentasan kemiskinan dengan mengambil studi kasus Lembaga Amil Zakat Daerah Amal Insani (LAZDAI) dan DPU-DT Lampung. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatanData yang digunakan adalah data tahun 2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data, yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara langsung kepada 186 reponden (mustahik). Sedangkan data sekunder berupa garis kemiskinan berdasarkan nishab emas dan literature pendukung. Penelitian ini menggunakan sejumlah alat analisa, yaitu T-Statistik untuk mengetahui apakah distribusi ZIS berpengaruh nyata terhadap pendapatan mustahik atau tidak, Headcount Ratio (H) untuk mengetahui insiden kemiskinan (poverty incidence), Poverty Gap Ratio (P1) dan Income Index (I) untuk mengukur tingkat kedalaman kemiskinan, dan Sen Index of Poverty (P2) serta FGT Index (P3) untuk mengukur tingkat keparahan kemiskinan. Sedangkan formula Time Taken to Exit digunakan untuk menganalisa waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan rumah tangga mustahik. Hasil penelitian: Pada taraf nyata 5 persen, distribusi ZIS berpengaruh secara signifikan dan positif terhadap pendapatan keluarga mustahik. Distribusi ZIS mampu mereduksi jumlah kemiskinan (poverty incidence), kedalaman kemiskinan (poverty gap dan income index), dan keparahan kemiskinan (poverty severity index). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa ZIS mampu mempersingkat/mempercepat waktu pengentasan kemiskinan.
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Kholid, Amin Nur. "DAMPAK ZAKAT, INFAK DAN SEDEKAH (ZIS) TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DAN PERCEPATAN PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN." Jurnal Bina Ummat: Membina dan Membentengi Ummat 2, no. 01 (May 6, 2020): 65–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.38214/jurnalbinaummatstidnatsir.v2i01.40.
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Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk menganalisa dampak pendistribusian ZIS dalam mereduksi tingkat kemiskinan dan mempercepat proses pengentasan kemiskinan dengan mengambil studi kasus Lembaga Amil Zakat Daerah Amal Insani (LAZDAI) dan DPU-DT Lampung. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data tahun 2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data, yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara langsung kepada 186 reponden (mustahik). Sedangkan data sekunder berupa garis kemiskinan berdasarkan nishab emas dan literature pendukung. Penelitian ini menggunakan sejumlah alat analisa, yaitu T-Statistik untuk mengetahui apakah distribusi ZIS berpengaruh nyata terhadap pendapatan mustahik atau tidak, Headcount Ratio (H) untuk mengetahui insiden kemiskinan (poverty incidence), Poverty Gap Ratio (P1) dan Income Index (I) untuk mengukur tingkat kedalaman kemiskinan, dan Sen Index of Poverty (P2) serta FGT Index (P3) untuk mengukur tingkat keparahan kemiskinan. Sedangkan formula Time Taken to Exit digunakan untuk menganalisa waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan rumah tangga mustahik. Hasil penelitian: Pada taraf nyata 5 persen, distribusi ZIS berpengaruh secara signifikan dan positif terhadap pendapatan keluarga mustahik. Distribusi ZIS mampu mereduksi jumlah kemiskinan (poverty incidence), kedalaman kemiskinan (poverty gap dan income index), dan keparahan kemiskinan (poverty severity index). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa ZIS mampu mempersingkat/mempercepat waktu pengentasan kemiskinan.
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Purwanto, Jamaludin Abdi, Rustam Abd Rauf, and Lien Damayanti. "ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY AT SOI VILLAGE, WEST MARAWOLA DISTRICT, SIGI REGENCY." AGROLAND: The Agricultural Sciences Journal 5, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24077593.2018.v5.i1.10454.
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This research aims at finding out the level of household poverty and analyzing the factors influencing the household poverty. The data were analyzed by using headcount index analysis, poverty gap analysis, distribution revenue analysis, total revenue of household analysis, and regression analysis. The poverty level can be seen from the seriousness of poverty index, namely 1.72 which means the poor household expenses various with the acerage value 1.72. the distribution revenue at Soi village, west Marawola district, Sigi regency showed that the average value of household income in 2017 was 246.000, with the coefficient Gini Ratio 0.22 or in the low inequality category. The results of regression analysis showed that the coefficient of terminated (R2) was 0.472. the total of household income variable gave negative significant influence with the coefficient of elasticity -2.341 (p < 0,05), the number of elasticity 3.325 (p<0.05), the age of head of household variable gave negative variable of land ownership gave positive insignificant influence with the value 0.726 and dummy variable of educational status of household gave positive significant influence with the value 0.633.
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Shah, Salyha Zulfiqar Ali, Fatima Farooq, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, and Muhammad Muzammil Asghar. "The Role of Internal and External Migration on Rural Poverty Alleviation In Pakistan: A Case Study of Multan District." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i2.163.
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Migration has become an important part of the current global economy. People migrate from their homes for different purposes although this study endeavors to estimate the role of internal and external migration on poverty alleviation in rural areas of the Multan district. Binary logistic regression is applied to the data of 170 rural households. Poverty has been measured by the headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap, estimates show the high incidence of poverty in rural areas of Multan district. The findings reveal that rural to urban migration, foreign remittances, educational attainment of the household head, household head age and livestock population turn out to be discouraging aspects of poverty while physical disability and household size turn out to be encouraging aspects of poverty. To eradicate poverty easiness in internal and external migration should be ensured by the government.
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Ogwumike, Fidelis O., and Uche M. Ozughalu. "Analysis of energy poverty and its implications for sustainable development in Nigeria." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 3 (August 19, 2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000236.
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AbstractThis study estimates and analyzes the incidence and determinants of energy poverty in Nigeria based on a simple multidimensional energy poverty index that it constructed. It also highlights the implications of energy poverty for sustainable development in Nigeria. The headcount ratio and the logistic regression technique are used. The study utilizes the Nigeria Living Standard Survey data set of 2004, obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. The estimates show that energy poverty is pervasive in the country; it afflicts over 75 per cent of the population. The determinants of energy poverty in Nigeria include household size; educational level, gender and age of household head; general poverty; region of residence; and proportion of working members in the household. Efforts should be made to adequately tackle the problem of energy poverty in Nigeria. This is a major way to put the country on the path to rapid and sustainable development.
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Zhao, Lei, and Xin Xia. "Tourism and poverty reduction: Empirical evidence from China." Tourism Economics 26, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816619863266.
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This study empirically examines whether tourism affects poverty reduction based on the panel data of Chinese provinces for the period from 1999 to 2014. Using more comprehensive Foster–Greer–Thorbecke index to decompose poverty into three indices, namely, headcount ratio, poverty gap, and poverty severity, we investigate the relationship between tourism and poverty indices within a single framework. The empirical analysis indicates that tourism has a positive effect on poverty reduction and the concomitant inequality in the distribution of income among the poor could weaken the poverty reduction effect of tourism. China’s western provinces confirm a stronger relationship between tourism and poverty reduction, although the effect of tourism on poverty in the eastern provinces is nearly negligible. We also identify possible mechanisms by which tourism may have an impact on poverty. The results provide empirical evidence to provide an improved assessment of the pro-poor effect of tourism in China.
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Paidil, Nur, Abdul Muis, and Lien Damayanti. "Analisis Kemiskinan dan Distribusi Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani Padi Sawah di Desa Jalajja Kecamatan Burau Kabupaten Luwu Timur." Agroland: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian 28, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agrolandnasional.v28i1.741.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga petani padi sawah dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan rumah tangga petani padi sawah. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah Analisis headcount index, Analisis Poverty Gap, Analisis Distribusi Pendapatan dan Analisis Regresi. Tingkat kemiskinan rumah tangga petani padi sawah di Desa Jalajja Kecamatan Burau Kabupaten Luwu Timur dapat dilihat berdasarkan nilai indeks keparahan kemiskinan sebesar 74,5 % artinya proporsi rumah tangga petani padi sawah yang hidup diatas garis kemiskinan lebih tinggi atau rumah tangga miskin lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan proporsi rumah tangga yang hidup diatas garis kemiskinan atau tidak miskin. Distribusi pendapatan dengan melihat nilai Gini ratio yaitu sebesar 0,094 yang menandakan bahwa ketimpangan kemiskinan di daerah penelitian tergolong sangat rendah. Hasil Analisis Regresi diperoleh koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 74,8 % dengan faktor Tingkat kemiskinan dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh variabel pendapatan rumah tangga sebesar 3,771 %, Sedangkan variabel umur kepala rumah tangga dan jumlah tanggungan keluarga berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap tingkat kemiskinan.
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Iqbal, Nasir, and Saima Nawaz. "Spatial Differences and Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Poverty." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i3pp.221-248.
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The study aims to develop health poverty index (HPI) using the Alkire Foster (AF) Method for Pakistan based on district representative data obtained from Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2012-13. Using HPI, this study investigates the spatial differences of health poverty at sub-national level and explores the socioeconomic determinants. The analysis reveals that the headcount health poverty is 41 percent in Pakistan. Further, the ratio is very high in rural areas (50 percent) as compared to urban areas (22 percent). Provincial analysis shows that Punjab is the least poor province (36 percent) while Balochistan is the poorest province (62 percent). The majority of the households are deprived in term of cost of health services, post-natal care and child immunisation. Empirical analysis shows that income, regional variation, education and awareness play very important role in explaining health poverty. To eradicate health deprivation, area and dimension specific policies are required to make efficient use of scarce resources. JEL Classification: I12, I32, J18 Keywords: Health Poverty, Spatial Analysis, Alkire Foster Method
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Adnan, Muhammad Akhyar, and Shochrul Rohmatul Ajija. "The effectiveness of Baitul Maal wat Tamwil in reducing poverty." Humanomics 31, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/h-03-2012-0003.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) in reducing poverty. Design/methodology/approach – The case study approach on BMT MMU Sidogiri (located at East Java Province) is taken. Two important and dominating products of BMT MMU Sidogiri (i.e. ba’i bithaman ‘ajil (BBA) and mudarabah) are examined carefully on how much they have helped the customers in reducing their poverty. The paper goes beyond data measurement using descriptive statistics, paired t-test and some poverty measurement indexes such as headcount index; poverty gap; Sen index; and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke Index to investigate the effectiveness of the BMT in reducing poverty. Findings – This paper reveals that BMT financing is effective in reducing poverty. Most of respondents can increase their income after receiving BMT financing. Products of BMT, especially BBA and mudarabah, to empower the poor in various productive businesses have been able to reduce the extent and severity of poverty. This paper also discloses some interesting and important findings related with how BMT’s work, so that it can contribute more to the knowledge enrichment, as well as the development of BMTs, in general, in realising their mission. Originality/value – The establishment of the so-called BMT in the form of an Islamic microfinance is intended initially to effectively help the poor. At present, there are around 3,874 BMTs operating around the country. Although the BMTs have been existing since more than ten years, no research has been conducted to examine their effectiveness in alleviating the poverty. This study in aimed at fulfilling this important gap.
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Setiadi, Fahmi, and Y. Anni Aryani. "Political Connection and Credit Risk Management: Its Effect on Bank’s Performance." Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/reaksi.v4i3.8520.
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The present study examines the effect of political connection and credit risk management on Indonesian bank’s performance during the declining credit growth period. The present study involved 258 banks that registered in the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2017 as the sample of the study. Company political connection was measured using headcount index, credit risk management was measured by its credit risk value or NPL, and the company financial performance was measured based on Return on Asset. The data of the study were obtained from banks and Indonesian Stock Exchange annual report. The result of regression analysis showed that Indonesian bank’s political connection positively and significantly affected financial performance, and credit risk significantly affected bank’s financial performance. This result implied that banks in Indonesia needs political connection and improve their credit risk management in order to improve their financial performance during the declining credit growth period. The present study reveals a new fact that in order to maintain financial performance during the declining credit growth period, banking institution may utilize their political connection and improve their credit risk management. Keywords: Political Connection, Credit Risk Management, Bank Performance, Credit Growth
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Ahmed Shaikh, Salman. "Zakat Collectible in OIC Countries for Poverty Alleviation: A Primer on Empirical Estimation." International Journal of Zakat 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2016): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v1i1.4.
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This study estimates potential Zakat collectible in 17 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). In our estimation, we found that the zakat to GDP ratio exceeds the poverty gap index to GDP (PGI-GDP) ratio in all but 3 countries, with poverty line defined at $1.25 a day. We also found that the zakat to GDP ratio exceeds the PGI-GDP ratio, except in 4 countries with poverty line defined at $2.00 a day. We also compared zakat to GDP ratio against poverty headcount ratio. According to our estimates, the Zakat to GDP ratio exceeds the poverty head count ratio to GDP (PHCR-GDP), except in 5 countries with poverty line defined at $1.25 a day. We also found that zakat to GDP ratio exceeds PHCR-GDP ratio except in 7 countries, with poverty line defined at $2.00 a day. Thus, the institution of Zakat has ample potential to contribute towards the alleviation of poverty. Lastly, we show that the aggregate resources pooled together from the potential Zakat collection in 17 OIC countries will be enough to fund resources for poverty alleviation in all 17 OIC countries combined.
Keywords: Zakat, Fiscal Policy, Poverty, Redistribution
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Ataguba, John Ele-Ojo. "Reassessing catastrophic health-care payments with a Nigerian case study." Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, no. 3 (February 11, 2011): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000356.
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AbstractHealth financing reforms have recently received much attention in developing countries. However, out-of-pocket payments remain substantial. When such payments involve expenditures above some given proportion of household resources, they are often deemed ‘catastrophic’. The research literature on defining catastrophe leaves open a number of important questions and as a result there still exists a lack of consensus on the issue. This paper argues that there is a need to examine the question of what might constitute fair indices of catastrophic payment, which explicitly recognize diminishing marginal utility of income as reflected in some principle of vertical equity. It proposes the use of rank-dependent weights to allow variations in threshold payment levels across individuals on the income ladder. These are then applied to a Nigerian data set. It emerged that the catastrophic headcount (positive gap) obtained using a fixed threshold – weighted or not by the concentration index – is lower (higher) than that predicted by the rank-dependent threshold. More fundamentally there is a need for more research effort to take the ideas in this paper further and examine in various different contexts what a fair construct of catastrophe might look like.
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Jamil, Norzita, and Siti Hadijah Che Mat. "KEMISKINAN PELGABAI DIMENSI BERWAJARAN." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY 2, No.1 (January 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jes2020.2.1.1.
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Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) adalah satu indeks pelbagai dimensi yang mengukur kemiskinan. Berdasarkan MPI, insiden kekurangan yang dialami oleh manusia dan pengalaman manusia yang hidup dalam kemiskinan pada suatu masa dapat dikenal pasti. Hasilnya, satu gambaran yang komprehensif mengenai taraf hidup penduduk yang miskin dengan melihat perbandingan antara negara, wilayah, kumpulan etnik, kawasan bandar dan luar bandar ciri-ciri isi rumah, dan masyarakat dapat dibuat. MPI merupakan indeks yang menggantikan Human Poverty Index (HPI) yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1997 (Human Development Report, 2010). Pada Julai 2010, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) dan United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) telah melancarkan satu ukuran kemiskinan yang baharu iaitu ukuran kemiskinan “pelbagai dimensi”. Ia dikatakan dapat membantu pembangunan sumber sasaran dengan lebih berkesan (Human Development Report, 2010). Berdasarkan MPI ini, dua output akan terhasil iaitu (1) Headcount Ratio (H), iaitu peratus isi rumah yang miskin yang diperolehi dengan membahagikan jumlah isi rumah yang miskin dengan jumlah semua isi rumah; dan (2) Purata jurang kemiskinan (A), iaitu purata bilangan kekurangan yang dihadapi oleh mereka yang miskin. Purata ini dikira dengan menjumlahkan nisbah kekurangan yang dihadapi oleh setiap orang yang miskin dan dibahagikan dengan jumlah orang yang miskin. Dalam MPI, setiap dimensi boleh diberikan wajaran yang sama atau wajaran yang berbeza bergantung kepada pertimbangan nilai penyelidik. Pengiraan MPI berwajaran ini dapat memberikan keputusan kadar kemiskinanan yang lebih tepat kerana ia mengambil kira bahawa kepentingan satu-satu dimensi ke atas kadar kemiskinan adalah berbeza.
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Megbowon, Ebenezer Toyin. "Multidimensional Poverty Analysis of Urban and Rural Households in South Africa." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Oeconomica 63, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2018-0001.
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Abstract The study profiled and compared household multidimensional poverty status and its determinants among urban and rural households in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using information from a sample population of 3033 households interviewed from the Province during the General Household Survey conducted by the Statistics South Africa in 2014. Analytical techniques utilized include the recent multidimensional poverty index (MPI), descriptive statistics and Tobit regression. Findings reveal that multiple deprivations are found mostly in the rural area of the province; the multidimensional headcount is highest in the rural area, though the intensity of multidimensional poverty is almost similar in both geographical locations. The standard of living dimension is also the largest contribution to MPI in both locations. MPI has significant links with education attainment of household head, access to electricity and asset stock in both geographical locations, but is influenced by the gender of head, agriculture engagement and household monthly income in rural areas only. In order to improve households’ multidimensional poverty status in both urban and rural locations, there is the need to take into account some significant variables such as education of head, increase electricity subsidy coverage during winter period, asset accumulation and increase in households’ participation in agricultural activities, especially those residing in rural areas.
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Prasad Pati, Ambika. "Contribution of Microfinance in Achieving Millennium Development Goals." International Journal of Rural Management 13, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005217725412.
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Evidences world over largely acknowledge the contribution of empowered women on education and health of the family. Since all over the world microfinance (MF) is mainly intervened through women, their economic empowerment should have a salubrious impact on poverty and social variables. The linkage of MF with Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) accepted by United Nations in 2010 further boosted this belief. However, literature on MF linkage with social transformations does not provide concrete evidence. In this article, with the help of a set of 92 cross-country pooled data for 9 years (2007–15), a linkage assessment of MF and MDGs related to poverty, that is, poverty headcount ratio and school enrolment at primary level of female and ratio of girls to boys in primary education, that is, Gender Parity Index, is attempted. With the help of pooled ordinary least square regression, three models were separately developed for the selected MDGs. While the findings do provide evidence about the participation of poor in MF and poverty reduction linkage, the education-related MDGs were less influenced by the MF programme. This prompts to suggest that overall capacity-building interventions at grass-roots level are also required along with MF for achieving MDGs.
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K.C., Nahakul. "Measuring Multi-Dimensional Poverty Analysis in Nepal." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22427.
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This study measures the Multi-Dimensional Poverty of the poverty alleviation fund intervention program districts of Nepal. This study uses quantitative only non-experimental, descriptive and exploratory study/survey design applying multi-stage Cluster Random Sampling method. At 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level sample size of 2,660 households from 14 districts (two districts from each of seven provinces) is determined as representative for the study. The study finds that Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the study population is slightly higher (0.133) than that of national level (0.127) (NPC, 2018). The rational reason is that the current study was based on PAF households only or economically it is homogeneous population. People living in three different places of residence (urban (0.117) and hill (0.116) found to have better quality of life as compared to corresponding other places (Rural (0.153), Mountain (0.162) and Terai (0.138)). Despite having low human development index (NPC, 2014), provinces No.7 recorded the lowest MPI value (0.084), which is urgently needed to be investigated again. By caste/ethnicity, other categories (e.g., Marwadi, Bangali, Sikh. Jain, Panjawi among others) found lowest poverty level (0.064), followed by Brahmin/Chhetri) (0.069). The highest proportion of headcount ratio (51.5) is noticed in Province No. 2. The gravity of poverty is found high among the Muslim community (44.6). One in every four households (22.9 percent) has the likelihood of being vulnerable to poverty. Households situated in Province No.1 are more vulnerable to poor as compared to population from other provinces.
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Novidianto, Raditya, and Rini Irfani. "Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm to Catching Pattern of Change in District/City Poverty Variables Before and The Beginning of The Covid-19 Pandemic in Sulawesi Island." Parameter: Journal of Statistics 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/27765660.2021.v1.i2.15446.
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The first goal of the SDGs is to end poverty in any form. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected several economic indicators, especially absolute poverty, especially in Sulawesi Island, which has increased poverty indicators, leading to the movement of values between districts/cities. The grouping will show similar characteristics of absolute variable poverty. By the Fuzzy method clustering, each observation has a degree of membership so that from the degree of membership can be identified which areas have vulnerable to move from one cluster to another. Grouping using fuzzy algorithms will get an overview of districts of concern to the government during the pandemic so that the variable indicators of absolute poverty do not worsen due to the pandemic. Comparison with the absolute variables of poverty in 2019 and 2020 in the headcount index (P0), Poverty Gap Index (P1), and Poverty Severity Index (P2) in districts/cities on the island of Sulawesi based on silhouette coefficients shows that optimum clusters formed as many as 2 clusters, with a coefficient of 0.57 and 0.60 respectively. Cluster 1 has characteristics including areas with absolute poverty rates that tend to be more prosperous than cluster 2 in the 2019 and 2020 data groups on the island of Sulawesi. The fuzzy algorithm detects areas prone to displacement from cluster 1 to cluster 2, namely Bombana, Bone, Sangihe Islands, South Konawe, and Siau Tagulandang Biaro in 2019 and Bombana, Bone, Sangihe, and Maros Islands in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 has not had much impact on the macro indicators of poverty seen in the transfer of membership from 2019 to 2020, which only occurred to 3 districts that changed, namely bolaang mongondouw and konawe selatan from cluster 1 to cluster 2 and Maros from cluster 2 to cluster 1.
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Sirag, Abdalla, and Norashidah Mohamed Nor. "Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure and Poverty: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050536.
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The current study investigated the association between out-of-pocket health expenditure and poverty using macroeconomic data from a sample of 145 countries from 2000 to 2017. In particular, it was examined whether the relationship between out-of-pocket health expenditure and poverty was contingent on a certain threshold level of out-of-pocket health spending. The dynamic panel threshold method, which allows for the endogeneity of the threshold regressor (out-of-pocket health expenditure), was used. Three indicators were adopted as poverty measures, namely the poverty headcount ratio, the poverty gap index, and the poverty gap squared index. At the same time, out-of-pocket health expenditure was measured as a percentage of total health expenditure. The results showed the validity of the estimated threshold models, indicating that only beyond the turning point, which was about 29 percent, that out-of-pocket health spending led to increased poverty. When heterogeneity was controlled for in the sample, using the World Bank income classification, the findings showed variations in the estimated threshold, with higher values for the low- and lower-middle-income groups, as compared to the high-income group. For the lower-income groups, below the threshold for out-of-pocket health expenditure, it had a positive or insignificant effect on poverty reduction, while it led to higher poverty above the threshold. Further, the sampled countries were divided into regions, according to the World Health Organization. Generally, improving health care systems through tolerable levels of out-of-pocket health expenditure is an inevitable step toward better health coverage and poverty reduction in many developing countries.
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Cliff, Dallas. "Negotiating A Flexible Retirement: Further Paid Work and the Quality of Life in Early Retirement." Ageing and Society 11, no. 3 (September 1991): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00004190.
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ABSTRACTThe economic participation rates of older men have fallen dramatically over the last decade. Early retirements have accounted for much although not all of this reduction and yet early retirement has been a somewhat neglected aspect of the social scientific literature. Initially the prerogative of managers and white-collar workers, early retirement has spread to wider sections of the work force and has generally been seen by managers and trade unions as an uncontentious way of achieving ‘headcount reduction'. Research into the experiences of early retirees is sparse but such survey data as does exist suggests relatively high levels of satisfaction. This paper presents some of the findings of a small, qualitative study of the experience of early retirement from the chemical industry of a sample of 40 men from the West Riding of Yorkshire. An attempt was made to construct a quality-of-life index with which to compare and contrast their experiences and investigate some of the major factors in determining the outcome of early retirement. The paper highlights the role of further paid work in enabling healthy men with marketable skills to effectively negotiate their own ‘flexible retirements’. Those with ill health and a lack of skills were unable to do this and these factors were associated with a relatively low quality of life.
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Iqbal, Asim, Anjum Siddiqui, and Maryam Zafar. "A geographically disaggregated analysis of multidimensional poverty in Punjab." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2019-0037.
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PurposeThe study seeks to examine the extent and the causes of multidimensional poverty as opposed to the traditional unidimensional headcount poverty measures to understand the true face of economic deprivation in Punjab, Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachPoverty is measured through the Alkire–Foster index at the geographically disaggregated levels of divisions and districts, and the causes of pervasive poverty are analyzed through a logit model using the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) comprising of 95,238 households in 9 geographical divisions and their 36 districts.FindingsIt was found that poverty in Punjab is associated with larger household size, inadequate wealth, and low levels of educational attainment, and that both matric as well as post-matric education reduced the chances of poverty of household heads by approximately 19 percent. In addition to rural poverty, the study finds evidence of urban poverty across the geographical districts of Punjab. Contrary to common belief that chances of poverty are higher in females, it was found to be more likely in males. However, the statistical significance of gender as a determinant of poverty was not observed in the majority of divisions.Practical implicationsPractical implications were for focused policy interventions in poverty alleviation.Originality/valueThe analysis of determinants of multidimensional poverty at the geographically disaggregated level of divisions is an original contribution.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2019-0037
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Aulia, Rizka, and Kangkook Lee. "The Impact of Tariff Reduction on Poverty in Indonesia: Regional Level Analysis." Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 2, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v2i1.111.
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The study examines the effect of trade liberalization on poverty reduction across districts in Indonesia during the period from 2000 to 2016 using the fixed effect approach. Tariff exposure is used to measure trade liberalization, which is computed at the district level by combining information on sector composition of the economy in each district and tariff lines by sectors. This study also distinguishes between tariff exposure for output products and intermediate inputs. This produces a measure indicating how changes in exposure to tariff reductions in outputs and inputs vary by region over the period. Due to the available multi-district and 17-year dataset, the study includes a set of fixed effects: the district-fixed effects and the time-fixed effects, which controls for aggregate time trend. The results indicate that the impact of output and input tariff on regional poverty headcount index (P0) is different. Output tariff has a negative correlation with poverty, while input tariff has a positive correlation with poverty. This suggests that trade liberalization in input sectors could reduce poverty in Indonesia. It is also found that GRDP per capita, literacy rates, and road length are negatively associated with poverty. Also, the effect of reducing input tariffs on poverty reduction will be larger if the districts have higher GRDP per capita and higher literacy rates.
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Zulkifli, Zulkifli, Agustrisno Agustrisno, and Henry Sitorus. "Kemiskinan Nelayan Tradisional Bermula Dari Wilayah Penangkapan Ikan." PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/perspektif.v10i2.4800.
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This research is motivated by a contradictory reality about the life of traditional fishermen. Traditional fishermen have “sacred” zones for fishing activities which are protected by law due to their highest biodiversity and cultural importance to local fishing communities. On the other hand, 76 percent of the traditional fishermen are classified as poor; the level of poverty headcount index (PHI) reaches 32.4 percent. Based on this contradictory situation, 2 (two) important questions arise: what happens in the fishing area of traditional fishermen and whether the poverty experienced by traditional fishermen starst from this fishing ground. This research took place in Bagan Kuala, a village where the majority of the population are traditional fishermen. This study used an ethnographic approach with two data collection tools, which are interviews and observations. It was found that each traditional fisherman in this village has its own fishing grounds and boundaries. The boundary is marked by fish aggregating device (FAD), which also serve its purpose as fish catcher. Some of the FADs have been owned by fishermen for many generations. Outsiders often trespass this fishing ground, particularly at night where they use modern tools like trawl, destroying the fishermen’s FADs. As a result, there are conflicts and also negotiations involving the locals and outsiders who asked for their permission; the catch was divided depending on the agreement. From these findings, it can be concluded that poverty can start from the fishing ground.
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Emeka Eze and Justin C. Alugbuo. "Nigeria's multidimensional poverty analysis: A subgroup and dimensional breakdown." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0383.
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This study is an attempt to analyze the nature of multidimensional poverty in Nigeria in the light of recent data. The study used data from the Nigerian standard of living and measurement survey (LSMS) 2018/2019 to estimate the overall MPI for Nigeria, which included six indices of deprivation from four dimensions: consumption, education, energy, and housing. The study also performed a decomposition of multidimensional poverty across Nigerian regions, as well as a dimensional breakdown of multidimensional poverty across Nigeria and across regions. According to the study, Nigeria's multidimensional poverty index is 0.34, with a headcount ratio of 0.64 when the deprivation cutoff is 1, implying that roughly 64 percent of Nigerians are poor in at least one of the four areas studied. The North West, North East, and North Central regions, on the other hand, account for the majority of Nigeria's multidimensional poverty, accounting for more than 70% of the country's total multidimensional poverty. The South West has the lowest poverty rate, followed by the South South and the South East. Deprivations in Education, Energy, Consumption, and Housing, according to the report, are the most significant contributors to MPI. The study recommends that policies aimed at reducing poverty must take into account the distribution of multidimensional poverty in Nigeria so as to be able to get to the targeted audience. Secondly, there is a need to improve investment in Education and Energy so as to reduce overall multidimensional poverty in Nigeria.
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Ahmed, Bilqis Ololade, Fuadah Johari, and Kalsom Abdul Wahab. "Identifying the poor and the needy among the beneficiaries of zakat." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 4 (April 10, 2017): 446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2015-0234.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the hardcore poor, moderately poor and just poor among zakat recipients in southwest Nigeria. It seeks to explain the criteria and basis used in determining the most deprived among zakat recipients considering the multi-dimensional nature of poverty and modern-day situations. Design/methodology/approach Out of 200 questionnaires that were randomly distributed among the recipients of zakat from Al-Hayat Relief Foundation and Zakat and Sadaqat Foundation in southwest Nigeria, only 150 were completed. Headcount poverty index, poverty gap index, multi-dimensional index on standard of living, income ranges and monthly per-capita household expenditures using the national workers’ minimum wage as poverty threshold were adopted for analyzing the data collected. Findings On the basis of the income range of the recipients, 128 out of 150 recipients were found to be poor, whereas on using the MMPCHE 93 out of 150 recipients were found to be poor. Both results were further classified into hardcore poor, moderately poor and just poor recipients. The multi-dimensional index on standard of living was also used to capture poverty in terms of deprivation in standard of living, such as non-availability of electricity, drinking water, cooking fuel, sanitation, flooring and assets. Research limitations/implications A limited number of recipients were evaluated in this study, and hence it would be difficult to generalize. Also, some recipients had difficulty in answering the survey questionnaire used in this study, which reduced the amount of information derived. Thus, an in-depth interview method coupled with a survey can be used in future studies. Practical implications The implication of this result is either that the threshold and measures adopted are not capturing the poor and the needy or that the zakat institutions are not reaching out enough to the poor and the needy eligible to receive zakat. This paper suggests the introduction of a more uniform and comprehensive zakat-based poverty threshold for the poor and the needy that will continuously be examined by Shariah scholars and researchers to best engage with the modern-day situation. Social implications This paper examines the measures of poverty and concludes on the introduction of a well-comprehensive threshold that is Shariah compliant and based on the plight of the modern-day poor and needy, which can go a long way in achieving the objectives of zakat. Originality/value This study recommends a more comprehensive zakat-based poverty threshold that will capture the multi-dimensional nature of poverty in the present day for better outreach to the most deprived needy and poor.
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Azwar, Azwar Azwar, and Rahmaluddin Saragih. "DOES CORRUPTION AFFECT POVERTY IN INDONESIA?" Jurnal BPPK : Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan 11, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48108/jurnalbppk.v11i1.175.
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Corruption is likely to increase poverty because it reduces the potential income earning of the poor. Therefore, eradicating corruption is a crucial issue in the poverty reduction process. This study is set out to investigate and analyze the short and long-run relationship between corruption and poverty. It uses secondary data from World Bank and Transparency International then Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and dynamic Error Correction Model (ECM), focuses on capability poverty using headcount poverty index during year 1995-2017. The results of study indicated that corruption have positive significant effect on the level of poverty ratio in 1% significance level In the long run. This implies that in the long run, there is relationship between corruption and poverty. In the long run, the coefficient of corruption effect implies that 1% increase in corruption would increase the poverty ratio by 1.36%. The negative implication of corruption on the life of the citizens is a major disaster in the economy and harmful to the growth and development of the citizens in particular and the economy in general. The simple pearson correlation findings also show that corruption has significant distributional consequences by affecting growth and government expenditures. High and rising corruption increases poverty by reducing the level and effectiveness of groth and social spending (education and health). For effective sustainable and management of this disaster, government should embark on policies that will reduce the level of corruption significantly so as to have positive influence on the standard of living of the citizens in terms of quality and efficient education, sound management of our natural resources, provision of good health facilities and other infrastructures that will transcend to the growth of the economy.
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Olarinde, Luke Oyesola, Adebayo Busura Abass, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Adebusola Adenike Adepoju, Emmanuel Gbenga Fanifosi, Matthew Olufemi Adio, Obadiah Adekunle Adeniyi, and Awoyale Wasiu. "Estimating Multidimensional Poverty among Cassava Producers in Nigeria: Patterns and Socioeconomic Determinants." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 5366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135366.
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The scourge of poverty, including its correlates, has been witnessing an incremental sequence over the years in Nigeria despite the natural endowment of the country. Efforts by various stakeholders to address this problem have not yielded tangible results. Using cross-sectional data collected in 2015 on 775 cassava farmers spread across four geographical zones, this study estimates multidimensional poverty of cassava producers in Nigeria. This is to determine the factors responsible for poverty increase and contribution(s) of these factors to poverty. The study found that about 74% of the respondents were multidimensionally poor. Assets and public/housing utility were the main contributors to aggregate multidimensional poverty index (MPI), while education and health contributed most to povertyreduction. The results also showed major contributing indicators to MPI to be formal employment, school enrolment, years of schooling, frequency of hospital visits, and household assets’ ownership. The South-eastzone of Nigeria had the highest adjusted headcount of poverty among cassava producers. The estimated coefficient of age, farming experience, years of schooling, household size, and access to informal credit were significant determinants of poverty in the study area. In conclusion, the results suggest that although Nigeria is a federation of more than 30 states that continue to rely on nation-wide policy initiatives of the central government, policies on cassava aiming to lift millions of people out of poverty should instead vary according to the peculiar poverty dimensions of each federation unit. We suggest reform in the agriculture sector that will emphasize facilitation and access to incentives (credits, training, extension, cooperate system, etc.) by younger farmers to engage in modern cassava farming, thereby, enhancing the chances of rural cassava growers to move out of poverty.
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Mundra, Dr Sheetal. "A REVIEW OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT INCLUSIVE INITIATIVES: POVERTY ON THE DECLINE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 1 (July 20, 2019): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7137.
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Purpose of the study: The ineffectiveness of the Indian development planning model reflected in India’s largest share in the count of poor people for the year 2016. This paper depicts the current poverty situation and the importance of poverty reduction in India. It also explores the socioeconomic determinants affecting poverty across different states of India and the possible reasons of the recent decline in the poverty ratio in India during the Modi reform era (2015-2018).
Methodology: The study is based on secondary data. The data of 28 Indian states for the year 2009-10 and 2011-12 have been considered on key inclusive socioeconomic indicators, namely, Human Development Index (HDI), Work Participation Rate, Gini-coefficient, Gross State Domestic Product, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act expenditure, and Poverty Head Count Ratio. The variation in the poverty headcount ratio, having the combined effect of these indicators, has been measured through the multiple regression model and presented with the help of SPSS.
Main Findings: The paper concludes that HDI is the most significant determinant in both years (2009-10 and 2011-12) across different states of India. It underlines the fact that major inclusive initiatives during the Modi reform era have been coincidentally directed towards the improvement of health and education and the generation of income, resulting in poverty reduction. Thus, right initiatives require the right direction for their effectiveness.
Applications of this study: This study will help in highlighting the key inclusive initiatives of performance and in supporting these initiatives to reduce poverty in India. India can be considered as a model for many developing countries to follow such inclusive initiatives, identify the significant determinant of poverty, and get rid of it.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This paper sheds light on key determinants of poverty in the Indian context. The paper examines the government inclusive initiatives in the context of identifying the determinants that help in supporting the right initiatives towards the right direction, resulting in the reduction of poverty in India.
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EGWUE, Ogechi Lynda, Ikechi Kelechi AGBUGBA, and Ridwan MUKAILA. "ASSESSMENT OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS FOOD INSECURITY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 12 (January 2, 2021): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2713.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of food insecurity remains a challenge in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Despite the rising level of food insecurity, COVID-19 set in and was said to pose a threat to food security globally if adequate measures are not quickly put in place. This study, therefore, described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents; examined the extent to which the rural households are food secure or otherwise during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine the drivers of food security status among rural households in South-East Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 200 households with the use of structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, food security index and logistics regression. Results of the findings revealed that the majority of the household heads were male (92%), married (93.5%), educated (87.5%) and had an average age of 54 years. They had an average household size of 7 persons, an average farming experience of 22 years, an average monthly income of N14, 305.5 and majority (83%) do not belong to a cooperative society. Majority (69.5%) of the households were food insecure, while only (30.5%) were food secure. The food-secure households had an average household size of 5 persons, while the food insecure households had 9 persons in their households. The headcount ratio of food secure households was 0.30, while it was 0.70 for food-insecure households. This shows that at least two out of three persons were food insecure in the study area. The surplus/shortfall index indicates that the food secure households exceeded the calorie requirement by 12%, while the food insecure fell short of the recommended calorie intake by 39%. Square food insecure gap or square shortfall index which indicate the severity of food insecurity among the food insecure household was 0.0056. The average calorie available (adult equivalent per day) for food secure households was 2523.5kcal, while average calorie available (AE/day) for food-insecure households was 1389.05kcal. The identified positive drivers of food security were marital status, educational level, cooperative members and annual income of the household heads. While, age of household head, household size and COVID-19 negatively influenced food security status.
The study recommends, among others, putting in place immediate policy measures to reduce the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on rural household’s food security through the provision of enough palliatives which should be monitored so that it gets to the targeted population. Effective household size management and enlightenment programs on modern family planning techniques should be encouraged in rural areas. Rural households should also be educated on the nutritional implication of the various food items such as egg, milk, soybean and fish, especially for children to increase their protein intake and boost their immune system against COVID-19.
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Kovacs, Klara. "The impact of sports on above-the-average and high-performing students achievements in Hungarian and Romanian higher education institutions." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 3 (October 31, 2014): 794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i3.3379.
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In this paper, we apply such a complex indicator of student achievement to study the effect of sporting habits on higher education students achievement in Romania and Hungary in the Partium region. We created a complex indicator based on 12 dimensions and re-coded the index to a binominal variable: measuring above-the-average and high-performing student achievement. Consequently, our main research question is whether sporting habits contribute to becoming a member of the above-the-average or high-performing student groups. In our analysis, we control for the effect of social background variables and examine also the effects of subjective wellbeing (happiness and life satisfaction), self-assessment on health and resilience (mental fitness, flexibility, adaptability to changed conditions) as the positive influence of these latter factors on student achievement has been verified by others and our previous studies as well. In the frame of our research, Higher Education for Social Cohesion Cooperative Research and Development in a Cross-border Area (HERD, HURO/0901/253/2.2.2.) a survey was carried out in the three countries of the Partium region (Hungary, Romania, Ukraine). The Ukrainian subsample was eliminated from the current analysis due to low headcounts and biased effects, thus our database included 2619 students. According to our results free-time sporting, subjective health status and resilience increase the likelihood to belong to the above-the-average group, while the two regular forms of sporting and mental fitness promote students to belong to the high-performing group. The level of subjective well-being decreases the likelihood to belong to both student groups. These support the assumption that sporting students are more engaged towards their studies and work as well and consider their studies as more meaningful. Such an attitude serves as a motivational factor for finishing their studies even more successfully, continuing their studies even at the doctoral level. These positive personality traits, values and attitudes that are also related to sporting define advantages in academic and personal lives and the labour market through the transfer-effect of sports.
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Jones, Sam. "Extending multidimensional poverty identification: from additive weights to minimal bundles." Journal of Economic Inequality, May 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-021-09477-8.
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AbstractIn the popular class of multidimensional poverty measures introduced by Alkire and Foster (2011), a threshold switching function is used to identify who is multidimensionally poor. This paper shows that the weights and cut-off employed in this procedure are generally not unique and that such functions implicitly assume all groups of deprivation indicators of some fixed size are perfect substitutes. To address these limitations, I show how the identification procedure can be extended to incorporate any type of positive switching function, represented by the set of minimal deprivation bundles that define a unit as poor. Furthermore, the Banzhaf power index, uniquely defined from the same set of minimal bundles, constitutes a natural and robust metric of the relative importance of each indicator, from which the adjusted headcount can be estimated. I demonstrate the merit of this approach using data from Mozambique, including a decomposition of the adjusted headcount using a ‘one from each dimension’ non-threshold function.
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Rini, Nova, Nurul Huda, Yosi Mardoni, and Purnama Putra. "PERAN DANA ZAKAT DALAM MENGURANGI KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DAN KEMISKINAN." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 17, no. 1 (September 13, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2013.v17.i1.269.
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This research attempts to examine the role of zakat in reducing income inequality and poverty, by taking a case study in Bogor. Two zakat institutions, Baytul Maal Bogor and Baytul Ikhtiar have been selected. A number of well-known inequality and poverty measures have utilized including Lorenz Curve, Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, headcount ratio, poverty gap index, income gap index, sen index and FGT index. After analyzing 200 household as the respondent, this study found zakat has increased monthly income of the household 11,48%. In general, the presence of zakat helps lower the income inequality an average of 0,3% points. The findings suggest that the presence of zakat has make better the income loss of the respondent an average of 25,7% points. The existence of zakat is able to decrease the poverty incidence an average of 44% points. The gap of poverty can be reduced as the poverty gap show can be reductions of 27%. The depth of poverty can be reduced as the income gap show the reductions 18,8% points. Similarly, the severty of poverty can also be lower as evidenced from 18% points increase in the Sen index and 10% points increase in the FGT index.
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Choiriyah, Evi Aninatin Nimatul, Abdul Kafi, Irma Faikhotul Hikmah, and Imam Wahyudi Indrawan. "ZAKAT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDONESIA: A PANEL ANALYSIS AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 6, no. 4 (September 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v6i4.1122.
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As a pillar of Islam and an instrument for poverty alleviation, zakat is perceived as aneffective tool for tackling the problem of poverty in the Muslim world. However,whether zakat is effective in improving indicators of both quantity and quality ofpoverty is still a question requiring empirical investigation. This study is aims toempirically investigate the role of impactful zakat in poverty alleviation as indicated bythe BAZNAS prosperity index (Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS or IKB), at provinciallevel in Indonesia. This study covers annual data from 28 provinces in Indonesia forthe years 2017 and 2018. Data analysis uses a panel-data approach, with threeindicators of poverty – the poverty headcount ratio (P0), poverty gap index (P1), andpoverty severity index (P2) – as dependent variables. The study finds that higherBAZNAS IKB, used as a sign of impactful zakat, significantly reduces P0 but hasinsignificant effect on P1 and P2. The results of this study imply that zakat managersshould put emphasis on the poorest section of the poor population to enableimprovements in poverty indicators through zakat utilization.
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Rakhmawati. "Sakofa: Evaluating Zakat Microfinance Program." Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business 2, no. 3 (January 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v2i3.172.
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Zakat microfinance (ZMF) is an alternative to the limitation of zakat institution and microfinance institution in empowerment program. To make sure the zakat microfinance is on the track and to boost its performance and its benefit, evaluation is needed. This study aims to do an operational evaluation of productive zakat program formed in the micro-economic empowerment program named Sakofa (Madrasah Ekonomi Dhuafa/ School for Economics of the Poor) of Dompet Dhuafa Yogyakarta. Primary data were gathered from Sakofa beneficiaries in Sleman, Bantul, and Gunung Kidul. The findings show that all monetary aspects are better after running the program. Using ADePT software, headcount index, poverty gap, poverty severity, Watts index, and the average time taken to exit poverty are lower after doing the program. Altruism and saving behavior are better after Sakofa Program is implemented. Unfortunately, mustahiq were lack of discipline and desire to be independent. The effectiveness of counseling material on religiosity is the lowest. In short, Sakofa Program has a good performance in improving their prosperity. Keywords: productive zakat, zakat microfinance, poverty alleviation, empowerment, poverty index
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Choirunisa, Ulfah, Sendi Permadia, and Aditya Rahmat Gunawan. "The Role of Zakat in Reducing the Poverty Gap." International Conference of Zakat, October 26, 2020, 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37706/iconz.2020.206.
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Poverty is a crucial problem in Indonesia. Poverty rate in Indonesia is high when compared to other countries in Southeast Asia. We need continuous efforts between government and society, one of them is by maximizing the potential of zakat in Indonesia. This paper aims to analyze the utilization of zakat funds on poverty reduction in Indonesia, especially through program Entrepreneurship Assistance in Desa Berdaya Rumah Zakat. There are 2323 samples taken from the monthly report Entrepreneurship Assistance. The method used is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach that aims to explain and analyze comprehensively the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and indicators. Analysis tools used such as headcount index, poverty gap, income gap, sen poverty index dan FGT index is based on three poverty indicators, namely the poverty line, had kifayah and the nisab of zakat. Distribution of zakat has an impact on increasing the income and business scale of the program recipients, with the result that reducing the depth and severity of poverty in Indonesia
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Balogun, T. A., and L. O. Abegunde. "Poverty Status among Irrigators and Homestead Gardeners in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, December 28, 2019, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2019/v11i430071.
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The study analysed the poverty status and the determinants among farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Primary data were collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire and a total of 267 respondents were chosen using a multi-stage random sampling technique. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, poverty index (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), logit regression, and correlation matrix. The headcount index of the pooled data indicated that 49 percent of the respondents in the study area was poor with poverty severity and poverty gap indices of 0.15 and 0.25 respectively. The depth of poverty was higher and severe among the female homestead gardeners in Tyhefu and farmers with less than 2ha of farmland. The logit regression revealed that years spent in school, household size, size of cultivated farmland, extension services, and being a member of an association have a significant influence on the likelihood of being poor. Only the age of the respondents was not significant. The study therefore recommends that institutions in charge of credit facilities, education, and extension services be strengthened to give farmers meaningful wellbeing.
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Fitriatusakiah, Fitriatusakiah, Andi Kresna Jaya, and La Podje Talangko. "Pemodelan Semiparametrik Geographical Weighted Logistic Regression pada Data Kemiskinan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2017." ESTIMASI: Journal of Statistics and Its Application, July 23, 2021, 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ejsa.v2i2.11309.
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The level of poverty in a Regency/city in South Sulawesi in 2017 is different. The grouping of poverty status can be done based on the value of the HeadCount Index (HCI) of South Sulawesi. Factors affecting poverty will differ for each area being observed. The statistical modeling method developed for data analysis by taking into account the location factor is semiparametric Geographical Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR). The GWLR semiparametric Model consists of parameters that are affected by the location and not affected by the location. The parameter estimator of the GWLR semiparametric model used in this research was obtained using the maximum method likelihood estimation. The result of a semiparametric model of GWLR each district/city in South Sulawesi in 2017 has the value Estimator parameter for global parameters is the same value for each location, namely, a3 = 0.1724, a4 = 0.0204, and a6 = 0.0261 whereas the parameter estimator for local parameters has different values so that GWLR semiparametric model of each district/city.