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1
Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Ratih WIjayava, and Nunun Tri Widarwati. "Swearing Used in Richard Wright’s Black Boy." Register Journal 10, no. 1 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v10i1.62-82.
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This research aims at finding the types of swearing expressions and linguistic forms of English swearing used in Richard Wright’s Black Boy. This is a descriptive qualitative research since it describes the phenomena of swearing used in the novel. The data of the research are all the conversations or sentences used swearing in the novel written by Richard Wright namely Black Boy as the main data source. The method of collecting data in this research is observation and teknik lanjut catat. After all the data had been collected then they are coded using the coding system such as data number/title of novel/chapter/page/data. There is no data reduction since all the data are analyzed in this research. This research used theory triangulation. Kind of swearing expressions found in this novel dealing with God and religion terms, name of animals and plants, part of body, racial terms, stupidity terms, name of occupation, sexual terms, family terms. The linguistic forms of English swearing used in this novel are word, phrase, and clause. The swearing in the form of words consists of (1) noun referring to place, person, occupation, animal, and idea (2) verb and (3) adjective. Phrase consists of (1) noun phrase with swearing functioning as headword, modifier, and both headword and modifier, (2) adjective phrase with swearing functioning as modifier. Swearing expression is also found in the form of sentence.
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Ratih WIjayava, and Nunun Tri Widarwati. "Swearing Used in Richard Wright’s Black Boy." Register Journal 10, no. 1 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v10i1.876.
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This research aims at finding the types of swearing expressions and linguistic forms of English swearing used in Richard Wright’s Black Boy. This is a descriptive qualitative research since it describes the phenomena of swearing used in the novel. The data of the research are all the conversations or sentences used swearing in the novel written by Richard Wright namely Black Boy as the main data source. The method of collecting data in this research is observation and teknik lanjut catat. After all the data had been collected then they are coded using the coding system such as data number/title of novel/chapter/page/data. There is no data reduction since all the data are analyzed in this research. This research used theory triangulation. Kind of swearing expressions found in this novel dealing with God and religion terms, name of animals and plants, part of body, racial terms, stupidity terms, name of occupation, sexual terms, family terms. The linguistic forms of English swearing used in this novel are word, phrase, and clause. The swearing in the form of words consists of (1) noun referring to place, person, occupation, animal, and idea (2) verb and (3) adjective. Phrase consists of (1) noun phrase with swearing functioning as headword, modifier, and both headword and modifier, (2) adjective phrase with swearing functioning as modifier. Swearing expression is also found in the form of sentence.
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CM Simatupang, Ervina, and Anum Dahlia. "Noun as Modifier in Nominal Group: a Functional Grammar Approach." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.25306.
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To get comprehensive understanding about the meaning of a nominal group, we need to study the components forming the nominal group structure. The structure of nominal group consists of Head and Modifier. Head is the matter being talked, and it is realized by noun. Modifiers are words which modify the Head, and they are realized by word classes of determiner, numeral, adjective, and noun. Noun as a Head in nominal group is a rule as the theory says nominal group is a group of words with a noun as the headword, but noun as a modifier word deserves researching. The objective of this paper is to know the function and the meanings of noun as modifying component in nominal group structure. To obtain the function and the meanings of it, the theories of Functional Grammar are used, since the theories discuss the structure of nominal group comprehensively. The method used in this research is the qualitative method. The results of this research are noun as modifier has function to classify the Thing into its subclass, then it is labeled as Classifier, and the meanings expressed by classifier are expressing purpose and function, status, scope, mode of operation, and origin.
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Mykhaylenko, Valery. "ORDERING OF MODIFIERS IN THE MULTI-NOUN PHRASE OF SL AND TL." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (2020): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-160-163.
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In this paper there is an overview of ordering in English multi-noun phrases (MNP) or poly-adjectival nominal phrases (PNP) and the model of semantic ordering is revealed:[Det] + MODIFIERS (+ size [Adj] + shape [Adj] + age[Adj] – colour [Adj + nationality [Adj] + HEADWORD [Noun]. The transformation patterns of rendering English MNPs into Ukrainian ones are recognized and we developed a relevant analysis of MNPs. This project concerns the ordering among modifiers in poly-adjectival nominal phrases (PNP) coined by Bache (1978) to refer to any noun phrase which contains more than one modifier(see also Georgi, 2010). We considered the concept of ordering the constituents in the multi-NP (MNP) in the process of translating from English into Ukrainian. Sproat and Shih (1988) provide one of the most comprehensive cross-linguistic analyses of adjective ordering restrictions, and suggest that the semantic-based ordering theories proposed for English are largely universal across languages. This rearrangement of ordering is triggered by the Ukrainian synthetic grammar structure which permits free word order in the phrase and a sentence, and a change of the communicative focus by the translator. A modifier is defined as words or phrases which premodify the head word of the phrase and can postmodify it as well. From 150 pages of the novel “Angels ad Demons” by Dan Brown and its Ukrainian translation by Aнжелa Кам’янець only 35 multi-noun phrases have been retrieved as an object of our study which we have classified into 4 groups according to the type of transformation (equivalent, permutation, addition, and omission). There is one of the main arguments for the rearrangment motivation of noun headwords and modifiers is the opposition of the author’s and translator’s intentional meaning. In addition we put forward a hypothesis – the both transformations are motivated by the semanticsof modifiers. The Semantic Model of ordering adjectives in the English multi- noun phrase must be verified in various discourse registers to define common and distinctivefeatures of this phenomenon.
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Kusumawardhani, Paramita, and Ani Rakhmanita. "A Syntactic Analysis of Noun Phrase through “Hansel and Gretel” Short Story To 1st Semester of Accounting Students at University of Bina Sarana Informatika." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 2, no. 2 (2022): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v2i2.1501.
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Languages all over the world have their own grammar for constructing words and their components. The aim of the research is to recognize, classify and analyze noun phrases by reading Hansel and Gretel short story. A noun phrase is a part of the syntax. The syntax is a part of Linguistics. It has meaningful elements together to form words, words together to form phrases, phrases together to form clauses, clauses together to form sentences, and sentences together to form texts. Noun phrase has some aspects; they are identifier, adjective, noun modifier, quantifier, preposition phrase, participle clause, conjunctions, and indefinite clause. Hansel and Gretel short story was used as the research instrument about noun phrases. The method used to do the research was descriptive qualitative. The participants of this research are the 1st semester of accounting students at the University of Bina Sarana Informatika. The results of this research are: there are 25 noun phrases, 16 noun phrases are about rules 1, determiner + headword, meanwhile 9 other noun phrases are about common noun phrase, found in Hansel and Gretel short story.
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Li, Tie-Gen. "A Study on the Type，Function and the Role in the expression of the Modifier-head Phrase in which an Aadverbial-headword Modifying Construction Modifies Nouns Directly." Chinese Language Education and Research 15 (May 31, 2012): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24285/cler.2012.05.15.123.
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KWABENA, SYLVESTER, and Abraham Okrah. "Exploring the Syntax of the Mo/Deg Adjective phrase." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 2 (2015): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i2.2951.
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This study is largely syntactic and descriptive, and it explores the structure of the Mo/Deg adjective phrase. It, thus, provides answers to the question, What is the nature of the Mo/Deg adjective phrase? Data was gathered from thirty-five (35) literate native Mo/Deg speakers who were also very skilful in English language using purposive sampling as the ability to speak and write well in both English and Mo/Deg was crucial. Short simple English sentences which have the structure of the adjective were designed and given to the respondents to rewrite in Mo/Deg.This was done to observe the nature of the adjective structure in the language. Some of the sentences were also given to some staff of the Mo/Deg project of the Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation (GILLBT) to translate into Mo/Deg because they are ones considered to have deeper formal knowledge of the language. This was to make sure that the correct and acceptable order of the linguistic items in the adjective phrase in the Mo/Deg language was obtained. The translations comprised the data which were analysed using the Systemic Grammar concept of the adjectival group (phrase). The results showed that the Mo/Deg adjective phrase has place for the headword (H) and the qualifier (Q) but does not have a modifier (M). It further found out that the qualifier function in the adjective phrase in the language may be realised by the adverb, the prepositional phrase, and the finite clause. The paper, thus, concluded that the adjective phrase in Mo/Deg language is quite a complex one though without a modifier.
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Farinde, Raifu O., and Happy O. Omolaiye. "Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.07.
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Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.
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Oweleke, Esther N. "Igbo dialects and the citation-form: the possibility of a standard Igbo dictionary." AFRREV LALIGENS: An International Journal of Language, Literature and Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/laligens.v9i1.9.
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It is the norm in lexicography to have dictionary headwords in the standard variety of the language. But up to date, no Igbo dictionary exists in this variety. Most Igbo lexicographers have adopted the dialectal or multidialectal approach in their choice of a citation-form. The multiplicity of Igbo dialects accounts for this situation. This paper examines both sound and lexical variations in the language; describes the lexicographic problems of choice and arrangement of headwords, and discusses the suitability of the Igbo dictionary as a tool for standardizing the language. Two major sources of data were employed: the modified Ibadan 400 wordlist of basic items - used for a survey of the seven dialect zones identified by Manfredi (1989), and the dictionaries of Welmers and Welmers (1968), Williamson (1972), Igwe (1999) and Echeruo (2001). The paper demonstrated that sound and lexical variants in Igbo can be harnessed by Igbo lexicographers to produce an Igbo dictionary in the standard variety. Considering the optimal benefits derivable from a standard dictionary, the following suggestions for future Igbo lexicographers are proffered: words from different dialects of the language should be included in the dictionary; the standard forms be selected and consistently entered as headwords. Words with sound variation should be treated as sub-entries and lexical variants be cited as main-entries in their right alphabetical positions. The paper argued that, for the Igbo dictionary to fulfil its indispensable role as a language standardizing tool, the production of a Standard Igbo dictionary is imperative in Igbo lexicography and Igbo language studies.
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Li, Yuan Fa, Cai Ping Wu, Li Xuan Song, and Yan Fen Ren. "Experimental Research on Headwork Spillway Dam of Ecuador Coca Codo Sinclair Hydropower Station." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2474.
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The discharge capacity, pressure and downstream dissipation for scour prevention under fluctuating pressure of the power station headwork spillway dam were measured and analyzed through model test. The research showed that the discharge capacity of the spillway dam met the design requirement, the designed body type of the spillway dam met the requirement of standards. The modified spillway basin body type and the downstream protection type could meet the requirement of dissipation for scour prevention. In the experiment, the mean square root, spectral characteristics and amplitude sampling of the spillway dam flow fluctuating pressure were measured and analyzed. The maximum fluctuating pressure mean root was about 4.31m water column, the dominant frequencies of flow fluctuating pressure at all measuring points ranged from 0.01 to 2Hz (prototype), and the random process of the flow fluctuating pressure conformed to probability normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) on the whole.
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Hudeček, Lana, and Milica Mihaljević. "Collocations in the Croatian Web Dictionary - Mrežnik." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 8, no. 2 (2020): 78–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2020.2.78-111.
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The Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik project aims to create a free, monolingual, easily searchable, hypertext, born-digital, corpus-based dictionary of the Croatian standard language. Collocations play an important role in Mrežnik. At the outset of the Mrežnik project, the concept of collocations and their presentation was modelled after the elexiko project. However, this concept was modified during the project on the basis of corpus analysis. This paper will outline the presentation of collocations of headwords of different word classes. Some important issues connected with collocations in Mrežnik are collocation extraction methods, collocations as a means of differentiating meanings and extracting new meanings, the use of stylistic and terminological labels in collocations, and the relationship of collocations with normative and pragmatic notes, definitions, and subentries.
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Wei-Jun, Pan, Zhang Heng-Heng, Zhang Xiao-Lei, and Wu Tian-Yi. "Calculation and Analysis of Aircraft Pollutant Emission Based on Time Wake Separation Mode under Coastal Airport and Headwind Conditions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 25, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3594481.
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During the final approach, the headwind leads to a reduction of landing rate, which affects the achieved capacity and the predictability of operation, time, fuel efficiency, and environmental pollution. Under headwind conditions, ground speed decrease results in increased flight time. Time-based separation (TBS) changes the separation rule of the final approach, which changes the distance separation between two aircrafts into a time separation. This paper introduces the time-based separation (TBS) based on the distance-based separation (DBS). According to the aircraft landing schedule of each airport, the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) aircraft engine emission database, Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2), and meteorological data of Pu-dong airport, this study uses the modified P3-T3 aviation pollutant emission model to calculate, respectively, the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions based on distance separation mode and time separation mode. According to the calculation results, TBS operation mode can save 32.52%, 19.12%, and 30.41% fuel, reduce 28.93%, 17.9%, and 29.29% CO, 31.02%, 19.36%, and 33.78% HC, 30.85%, 16.42%, and 28.67% NOx, respectively, compared with the DBS operation mode at three stages of the day. It ends that TBS has an obvious optimization effect on fuel consumption and pollutant emission compared with DBS from data.
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Hartmeyer, Ingo, Markus Keuschnig, Robert Delleske, et al. "A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 3 (2020): 753–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020.
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Abstract. Cirque erosion contributes significantly to mountain denudation and is a key element of glaciated mountain topography. Despite long-standing efforts, rates of rockwall retreat and the proportional contributions of low-, mid- and high-magnitude rockfalls have remained poorly constrained. Here, a unique, terrestrial-lidar-derived rockfall inventory (2011–2017) of two glaciated cirques in the Hohe Tauern range, Central Alps, Austria, is analysed. The mean cirque wall retreat rate of 1.9 mm a−1 ranks in the top range of reported values and is mainly driven by enhanced rockfall from the lowermost, freshly deglaciated rockwall sections. Retreat rates are significantly elevated over decades subsequent to glacier downwasting. Elongated cirque morphology and recorded cirque wall retreat rates indicate headward erosion is clearly outpacing lateral erosion, most likely due to the cataclinal backwalls, which are prone to large dip-slope failures. The rockfall magnitude–frequency distribution – the first such distribution derived for deglaciating cirques – follows a distinct negative power law over 4 orders of magnitude. Magnitude–frequency distributions in glacier-proximal and glacier-distal rockwall sections differ significantly due to an increased occurrence of large rockfalls in recently deglaciated areas. In this paper, the second of two companion pieces, we show how recent climate warming shapes glacial landforms, controls spatiotemporal rockfall variation in glacial environments and indicates a transient signal with decadal-scale exhaustion of rockfall activity immediately following deglaciation crucial for future hazard assessments.
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Knight, Jasper, G. McCarron Stephen, and A. Marshall McCabe. "Landform modification by palaeo-ice streams in east-central Ireland." Annals of Glaciology 28 (1999): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821616.
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AbstractIn eastern Ireland, subglacial bedforms including drumlins and Rogen moraines were modified by headward erosion along two ice streams which had overlapping flow tracks. The ice streams, which had tidewater termini, are dated by geochronometric and morphostratigraphic methods to <15.014 C kyr BP (Castleblaney ice stream) and ~13.814C kyr BP (Armagh ice stream). Bedforms along ice-stream tracks show a morphological continuum which reflects a down-ice increase in the degree of modification by ice-stream activity (i.e. resulting in unmodified →remoulded/overprinted →crosscut →streamlined bedforms). The down-ice changes in bedform types are inferred to relate to changes in subglacial drainage and sediment-transport mechanisms. Bedform and sedimentary evidence suggest that discrete subglacial meltwater channels which developed up- ice changed in a down-ice direction to unchannelized flows which deepened towards the ice margin. Meltwater release from subglacial cavities, and produced by strain heating at sheared ice-stream margins, probably helped support ice-stream flow, which ended as the volume of subglacial meltwater discharge decreased. Dated millennial-scale cycles of ice activity may be related to instability at tidewater margins, followed by complex thermal and hydraulic responses within the ice mass.
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Hassan, Khalid, Olfat Hamdy, Mohamed Helmy, and Hossam Mostafa. "Enhancing treated wastewater effluent characteristics using hybrid biofilm/activated sludge process – a case study." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 2 (2020): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.074.
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Abstract This paper documents the results of 12 months of monitoring of an upgraded hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (MBBR-CAS WWTP). It also targets the assessment of the increment of the hydraulic load on existing treatment units with a zero construction and land cost. The influent flow to the plant was increased from 21,000 m3 d−1 to 30,000 m3 d−1, 40% of the existing CAS reactor volume was used for the MBBR zone with a carrier fill fraction of 47.62% and with Headworks Bio ActiveCell™ 515 used as media; no modifications were made for the primary and secondary tanks. The hybrid reactor showed high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), with average effluent values recording 33.00 ± 8.87 mg L−1, 52.90 ± 9.65 mg L−1 and 29.50 ± 6.64 mg L−1 respectively. Nutrient removals in the hybrid modified biological reactor were moderate compared with carbon removal despite the high C/N ratio of 12.33. Findings in this study favor the application of MBBR in the upgrading of existing CAS plants with the plant BOD5 removal efficiency recording an increase of about 5% compared with the plant before upgrade and effluent values well within the legal requirements.
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Raschka, Christoph, and Stephanie Ruf. "Body composition and nutrition in skiing." Papers on Anthropology 31, no. 2 (2022): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2022.31.2.04.
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Special requirements, such as super-maximally filled glycogen stores, short regeneration times, correct meal timing or appropriate weight specifications for ski jumping are particularly useful for endurance athletes such as cross-country skiers. A deficiency could have a fatal effect on performance and possibly a negative influence on health.
 While cross-country skiing is clearly one of endurance sports, ski jumping and alpine skiing are considered to be fast-strength sports or technical (acrobatic) sports.
 The proven advantages of carbohydrate loading (supercompensation), a nutritional technique for classic endurance loads, also apply to cross-country skiing.
 A drop in performance, concentration and coordination disorders as well as overheating threaten if fluid loss exceeds 2% of the total body water. Vitamin additives or sweeteners in sports drinks are inefficient. Since the higher need is actually compensated by the increased food intake with a balanced mixed diet, there is, in principle, no over-proportional need for individual vitamins in athletes.
 As the maximum oxygen uptake is already 15% lower from 3000 m altitude, a drop in performance is clearly noticeable there.
 When skiing (snowshoeing, ski touring, etc.), it should be noted that an ascent of 100 meters in altitude alone requires an additional 100–150 kcal. At moderate activity, the additional energy requirement at high altitudes compared to the sea level is estimated to be 250–290 kcal per day for men and 180–200 kcal per day for women.
 Top athletes in cross-country skiing can liberate 170–210 kJ/min (40– 50 kcal/min) in a dominant anaerobic manner within 2–3 minutes. The respective energy consumption is modified by numerous personal as well as external factors (for cross-country skiing, for example, the outside temperature, the friction resistance of the snow, the technique, the height profile of the route and the headwind).
 In cross-country skiers, the average values of body fat range between 4.8 and 12.7% in males and from 10.6 to 22.7% in females, while the average values of lean body mass (LBM) vary between 58.2 and 68.8 kg in males and from 45.6 to 48.6 kg in females. In alpine skiers, the mean values of body fat are between 9.7 and 15.8% in males and from 16.2 to 26.7% in females, and the LBM values in males range between 59.9 and 74.7 kg, in females from 42.1 to 52.8 kg. The span of body fat in male ski jumpers ranges from 8.6 to 16% with an LBM of 59.7 kg. Since 2012, a BMI of at least 21 kg/m² including suit and shoes has been a condition for ski jumpers to be able to use full-length skis (145% of body height). Otherwise, shorter skis have to be used, which reduces the wing area and is intended to reduce the jump distance as a penalty. The average values of body fat in male athletes of Nordic Combined range between 8.9 and 11.2%, and the corresponding LBM values are between 62.0 and 64.1 kg. When comparing these parameters of body composition, it must always be remembered that different methods of determining the body fat percentage have been used in corresponding studies and that possible differences do not represent a development of the skiing somatotypes over time but could also have methodological reasons.
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Husda, Azizah, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Noun Phrase in Mandailing Language." International Journal Of Scientific Advances 2, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v2i3.32.
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This paper discusses on the rules of Noun Phrase (NP) in Mandailing language. The objectives are firstly to structurally examine the phrase structure rules (PSR) of NP in Mandailing language and to investigate the constituents of each rules in NP. The method is descriptive qualitative with a case study. The data taken from the native speakers of Mandailing language through interviewing. The data are the utterances of Mandailing language in daily conversation. The analysis is based on the use of X-Bar theory, to see how NPs in Mandailing language are hierarchically governed and presented in tree diagram. Thus, the findings showed that there are five major rules of NP in Mandailing language, (a) single noun as headword, (b) pre-modifier preceedes head noun, (c) post-modifiers follows head noun, (d) head noun between pre-modifier and post-modifier, and (e) complex NP with coordinative conjunction. Also, there is found particle na to relate NP with the complement such as AP. To summarize, Mandailing language has similar patterns of word order with Indonesia language. Overall, this research gives contribution to provide a deep understanding in studying morphosyntactic in linguistics especially phrase structures beyond the effort on exploring and revitalizing a regional language in Indonesia.
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Dervish, Alimi. "FUNCTIONAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PHRASES AND SENTENCE ELEMENTS." January 26, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2550290.
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Usually, the structural syntax studies the phrase-s as a group of words pronounced altogether and conveying a message or an information about: the doer of action that is preceding the predicator (NP), the action itself (VP) and the object of action (NP), that is following the predicator as well as the information about the circumstances of the action (PP, Adv.P), etc. On the other hand, the functional syntax studies the sentence elements which are also conveying similar massages or information. Thus, the subject consists of the NP and is placed before the predicator, whereas the Object is also a NP, but placed after the predicator. The Predicator as a heart or nucleus of the sentence is in the same time a VP, describing the action of the doer and his situation. The PP is usually an Adjunct, because it gives information about the circumstances of time, place and manner in which the action occurs. The adjective phrase as a special independent phrase is usually in the position of the Subject complement, because it gives the description of the subject as a doer of action. Conclusively, there as a functional correlation between the phrases as groups of words containing information about the participants in the event and the sentence elements as constituents of the sentence. Those who are familiar with the analysis of the diagram of the phrase and its headword and modifiers, are strongly and very well qualified to identify the elements of the sentence, such as the information about the subject as a doer of action, the predicator as the main verb within the clause or the sentence, the direct and indirect object of the transmitted action, and the adjunct expressing the circumstances in which the main action occurs. All these elements are the constituents of the five basic sentence patterns
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Dervish, Alimi. "RHYTHMS AND INFORMATION IN SYNTAX, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PHRASE STRUCTURE." January 26, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2550193.
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The phrase is usually one group of words that are pronounced together with a spirit and to convey a certain fact or information to the reader or interlocutor. The rhythm consists in the pause the speaker makes while pronouncing a sentence, where comes to expression the process of lowering and raising the voice between the phrases. In this situation comes also to expression the criterion for the number of information as well as the prevalence of the main information identifying the key word of the phrase, as a result of the theoretical question which is information or a firsthand fact that is being conveyed to the interlocutor during the conversation or in the written text, which falls more in the eye in relation to the others. These two criteria are in fact the key and the instrument for the scientific identification of the border between phrases.
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Watson, Neale A., Ieuan Owen, and Mark D. White. "Evaluating the effect of frigate hangar shape modifications on helicopter recovery using piloted flight simulation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, September 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544100241282718.
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Turbulent ship airwakes can present a major challenge for a pilot landing a helicopter to the ship. A recent study has proposed modifications to the hangar of a simple ship, the SFS2, to improve the air flow over the deck. To assess the effect of the proposed hangar modification on the helicopter and pilot, the unsteady air flow over the modified ship has been computed using time-accurate CFD, and then integrated with a full-motion flight simulator for a pilot to conduct deck landings to the original and modified ship geometries in wind speeds from 30 kt to 50 kt. The effectiveness of the proposed modification was assessed through pilot workload ratings for the landing task, and by recording pilot control inputs and helicopter states. The study has shown that there are some benefits from the hangar modifications. In the headwind the helicopter was deemed to be at the safe limit at 50 kt when operating to the original SFS2, while the limit was not reached in the 50 kt wind for the modified ship. In an oblique wind, the safe wind speed limit was found to be 40 kt for the original ship and 50 kt for the modified version. Although the improvements are not substantial, they do represent a positive outcome.
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Mesquita, Raphael M., Patrick A. Willems, Giovanna Catavitello, et al. "Biomechanics of Human Locomotion in the Wind." Journal of Applied Physiology, July 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2024.
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In laboratory settings, human locomotion encounters minimal opposition from air resistance. However, moving in nature often requires overcoming airflow. Here, the drag force exerted on the body by different headwind or tailwind speeds (between 0-15 m s-1) was measured during walking at 1.5 m s-1 and running at 4 m s- 1. To our knowledge, the biomechanical effect of drag in human locomotion has only been evaluated by simulations. Data were collected on eight male subjects using an instrumented treadmill placed in a wind tunnel. From the ground reaction forces, the drag and external work done to overcome wind resistance and to sustain the motion of the center of mass of the body were measured. Drag increased with wind speed: a 15 m s-1 headwind exerted a drag of ~60 N in walking and ~50 N in running. The same tailwind exerted -55 N of drag in both gaits. At this wind speed, the work done to overcome the airflow represented ~80% of the external work in walking and ~50% in running. Furthermore, in the presence of fast wind speeds, subjects altered their drag area ( Cd A) by adapting their posture to limit the increase in air friction. Moving in the wind modified the ratio between positive and negative external work performed. The modifications observed when moving with a head- or tailwind have been compared with moving uphill or downhill. The present findings may have implications for optimizing aerodynamic performance in competitive running, whether in sprints or marathons.
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Colgan, Patrick M., Eleanore A. Larson, Peter E. Riemersma, Hanna V. Szydlowski, and Tyler Baker. "Spring erosional processes and small sapping valleys in southwestern lower Michigan, USA." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, May 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.5858.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTributary valleys along the Pigeon River in southwestern Michigan USA possess many previously defined criteria for sapping valleys. Direct observations of seasonal variations in groundwater levels, hydraulic gradients and water temperatures confirm that perennial springs and their streams are present in these small valleys. Estimated spring‐fed stream discharges are low and variable, but continuous. Direct observations, grain‐size distributions and bedload transport estimates indicate that significant transport of fine to medium sand occurs in all seasons.We present a process‐form model for small‐scale sapping processes. Stream terraces and paleo‐meander scarps are being modified by sapping, and elongated valleys are likely being lengthened headward by groundwater sapping. Sapping processes have been occurring for at least the past ~4,500 years after Pigeon River adjusted to a fall in base level from the Nipissing high stand to the modern level of Lake Michigan. Sapping processes are currently producing a variety of small‐scale landforms dependent on four main factors: 1) hydraulic gradients and spring discharges, 2) available grain size of material being eroded, 3) transport rate of sand bedload by spring‐fed streams and finally 4) time available for groundwater sapping process to occur.
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Bostock, Nicholas, Maneesha Wickramasuriya, Allison Webster-Giddings, and Donald Costello. "Drone Operator Workload Analysis for Integration onto a Naval Vessel." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 111, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-025-02252-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The United States Navy intends to dramatically increase its uncrewed aerial system (UAS) footprint in the future. However, there is limited data available that analyzes drone operator workload when operating in the unsteady air flow region behind the superstructure of naval vessels. The United States Naval Academy operates a fleet of 108 foot vessels for the training of future naval officers. One of these vessels has been modified to simulate a guided missile destroyer (with the addition of a flight deck and observation booth). This, combined with the USNA custom build research UAS, affords a unique opportunity to research drone integration onto a naval vessel. This paper documents two years worth of research into operating small UASs in and around naval vessels while they are underway. It analyzes standard and proposed approach paths on during different headwind conditions using traditional flight test techniques. While our available data did not contain enough data points to reach a statistically significant threshold, we did not see a major difference between the three approach paths. However, this research proposes a possible method to aid test conductors in risk reduction during flight test of these highly automated vehicles.