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Journal articles on the topic 'Health and hygiene, Rwanda'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Nibamureke, Adelphine, Egide Kayonga Ntagungira, Eva Adomako, Victor Pawelzik, and Rex Wong. "Reducing post-cesarean wound infection at Muhororo Hospital by increasing hand hygiene practice." On the Horizon 24, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-07-2016-0039.

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Purpose Post-cesarean wound infection (PCWI) is a common post-operative complication that can negatively affect patients and health systems. Poor hand hygiene practice of health care professionals is a common cause of PCWI. This case study aims to describe how strategic problem solving was used to introduce an alcohol-based hand rub in a district hospital in Rwanda to improve hand hygiene compliance among health care workers and reduce PCWI. Design/methodology/approach Pre- and post-intervention study design was used to address the poor hand hygiene compliance in the maternity unit. The hospital availed an alcohol-based hand rub and the team provided training on the importance of hand hygiene. A chart audit was conducted to assess the PCWI, and an observational study was used to assess hand hygiene compliance. Findings The intervention successfully increased hand hygiene compliance of health care workers from 38.2 to 89.7 per cent, p < 0.001, and was associated with reduced hospital-acquired infection rates from 6.2 to 2.5 per cent, p = 0.083. Practical implications This case study describes the implementation process of a quality improvement project using the eight steps of strategic problem solving to introduce an alcohol-based hand rub in a district hospital in Rwanda. The intervention improved hand hygiene compliance among health care workers and reduced PCWI using available resources and effective leadership skills. Originality/value The results will inform hospitals with similar settings of steps to create an environment that enables hand hygiene practice, and in turn reduces PCWI, using available resources and strategic problem solving.

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2

Umulisa, Solange, Angele Musabyimana, Rex Wong, Eva Adomako, April Budd, and Theoneste Ntakirutimana. "Improvement of hand hygiene compliance among health professional staff of Neonatology Department in Nyamata Hospital." On the Horizon 24, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-07-2016-0038.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the hand hygiene compliance in a hospital in Rwanda. Hand hygiene is a fundamental routine practice that can greatly reduce risk of hospital-acquired infections; however, hand hygiene compliance in the hospital was low. Design/methodology/approach A multiple-strategy intervention was implemented with a focus on ensuring stable water supply was available through installing mobile hand hygiene facilities. Findings The intervention significantly increased the overall hand hygiene compliance rate by 35 per cent. The compliance for all of the five hand hygiene moments and all professions also significantly increased. Practical implications By implementing an intervention that involved multiple strategies to address the root causes of the problem, this quality improvement project successfully created an enabling environment to increase hand hygiene compliance. The hospital should encourage using the strategic problem-solving method to conduct more quality improvement projects in other departments. Originality/value Findings from this study may be useful for hospitals in similar settings seeking to improve hand hygiene compliance.

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Guzman, Andrea. "Case study: Reducing preventable maternal mortality in Rwandan healthcare facilities through improvements in WASH protocols." Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 23, no. 3 (June 2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516043518778117.

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Problem A lack of proper water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and poor hygiene practices reduce the preparedness and response of health care facilities (HCFs) in low-income countries to infection and disease outbreaks. According to a World Bank Service Provision Assessment conducted in 2007, only 28% of HCFs in Rwanda had water access throughout the year supplied by tap and 58% of HCFs provided functioning latrines. 1 This evaluation of services and infrastructure in HCFs in Rwanda indicates that targets for WASH in-country need to be enhanced. Objectives To present a case study of the causes and management of sepsis during delivery that led to the death of a 27-year-old woman, and propose a WASH protocol to be implemented in HCFs in Rwanda. Methods The state of WASH services used by staff, caregivers, and patients in HCFs was assessed in 2009 in national evaluations conducted by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Rwanda. Site selection was purposive, based on the presence of both water and power supply. Direct observation was used to assess water treatment, presence and condition of sanitation facilities and sterile equipment in the delivery room, provision of soap and water, gloves, alcohol-based hand rub, and WASH-related record keeping. Results All healthcare facilities met Ministry policies for water access, but WHO guidelines for environmental standards, including for water quality, were not fully satisfied. Conclusions The promotion and provision of low-cost technologies that enable improved WASH practices could help to reduce high rates of morbidity and mortality due to infection in low-income countries.

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Bradshaw, Abigail, Lambert Mugabo, Alemayehu Gebremariam, Evan Thomas, and Laura MacDonald. "Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041615.

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Unsafe drinking water contributes to diarrheal disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income contexts, especially among children under five years of age. Household-level water treatment interventions have previously been deployed in Rwanda to address microbial contamination of drinking water. In this paper, we describe an effort to integrate best practices regarding distribution and promotion of a household water filter with an on-going health behavior messaging program. We describe the implementation of this program and highlight key roles including the evaluators who secured overall funding and conducted a water quality and health impact trial, the promoters who were experts in the technology and behavioral messaging, and the implementers who were responsible for product distribution and education. In January 2019, 1023 LifeStraw Family 2.0 household water filters were distributed in 30 villages in the Rwamagana District of Rwanda. Approximately a year after distribution, 99.5% of filters were present in the household, and water was observed in 95.1% of filters. Compared to another recent water filter program in Rwanda, a lighter-touch engagement with households and supervision of data collection was observed, while also costing approximately twice per household compared to the predecessor program.

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Ntakirutimana, Theoneste, Bethesda O’Connell, Megan Quinn, Phillip Scheuerman, Maurice Kwizera, Francois Xavier Sunday, Ifeoma Ozodiegwu, Valens Mbarushimana, Gasana Seka Heka Franck, and Rubuga Kitema Felix. "Linkage between water, sanitation, hygiene, and child health in Bugesera District, Rwanda: a cross-sectional study." Waterlines 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00008.

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Rwanda met the Millennium Development Goal targets for access to drinking water and sanitation. However, the WASH practices of high-risk communities are undocumented. Lack of information may hide disparities that correlate with disease. The purpose of this study was to assess WASH and childhood diarrhoea in Bugesera District. A survey was administered to caregivers. Water and stool samples were collected to assess physical and biological characteristics. Focus groups provided information on community context. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, logistic regression, and thematic analysis. Piped water and unimproved sanitation were used by 45.28 per cent and 88.38 per cent of respondents. Most respondents (51.47 per cent) travelled 30–60 minutes per trip for water and 70 per cent lacked access to hand-washing near the latrine. Diarrhoea was less prevalent in children who used a toilet facility (p = 0.009). Disposal of faeces anywhere other than the toilet increased the odds of having diarrhoea (OR = 3.1, 95 per cent CI = 1.2–8.2). Use of a narrow mouth container for storage was associated with decreased intestinal parasites (p = 0.011). The presence of a hand-washing station within 10 metres of the toilet was associated with lower odds of intestinal parasites (OR = 0.54, 95 per cent CI: 0.29–0.99). Water and sanitation access, water handling and storage, and unsanitary household environment underlie high diarrhoeal disease prevalence.

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Pommells, Morgan, Corinne Schuster-Wallace, Susan Watt, and Zachariah Mulawa. "Gender Violence as a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk: Uncovering Violence Against Women and Girls as It Pertains to Poor WaSH Access." Violence Against Women 24, no. 15 (March 16, 2018): 1851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218754410.

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The purpose of this study was to better understand the gender violence risks that exist in communities where poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) access is a known problem. Focus groups and key informant interviews were used to capture the lived experiences of community and health care practitioners from Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. This article provides lived narratives of the various cultural and environmental conditions leading to assaults directly attributable to inadequate WaSH. The results shed light on the complex intersections between water access and violence and have significant implications for achieving gender equity and universal access to WaSH.

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Morgan, Camille, Michael Bowling, Jamie Bartram, and Georgia Lyn Kayser. "Water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220, no. 6 (August 2017): 950–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.015.

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Robb, Katharine Ann, Caste Habiyakare, Fredrick Kateera, Theoneste Nkurunziza, Leila Dusabe, Marthe Kubwimana, Brittany Powell, et al. "Variability of water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions and the potential infection risk following cesarean delivery in rural Rwanda." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (August 19, 2020): 741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.220.

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Abstract Safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is critical for the prevention of postpartum infections. The aim of this study was to characterize the WASH conditions women are exposed to following cesarean section in rural Rwanda. We assessed the variability of WASH conditions in the postpartum ward of a district hospital over two months, the WASH conditions at the women's homes, and the association between WASH conditions and suspected surgical site infection (SSI). Piped water flowed more consistently during the rainy month, which increased availability of water for drinking and handwashing (p < 0.05 for all). Latex gloves and hand-sanitizer were more likely to be available on weekends versus weekdays (p < 0.05 for both). Evaluation for suspected SSI after cesarean section was completed for 173 women. Women exposed to a day or more without running water in the hospital were 2.6 times more likely to develop a suspected SSI (p = 0.027). 92% of women returned home to unsafe WASH environments, with notable shortfalls in handwashing supplies and sanitation. The variability in hospital WASH conditions and the poor home WASH conditions may be contributing to SSIs after cesarean section. These relationships must be further explored to develop appropriate interventions to improve mothers’ outcomes.

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Guo, Amy, Georgia Kayser, Jamie Bartram, and J. Michael Bowling. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Rural Health-Care Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 1033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0208.

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Mourad, Khaldoon A., Vincent Habumugisha, and Bolaji F. Sule. "Assessing Students’ Knowledge on WASH-Related Diseases." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112052.

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Water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related diseases are killing many people each year in developing countries, including Rwanda, and children under the age of five are the most vulnerable. This research assessed human waste disposal practices, knowledge on diseases caused by contact with human faeces, and knowledge on causes and prevention of selected WASH-related diseases. One thousand one hundred and seventy-three students were interviewed out of 2900 students. The results showed, regarding students’ waste disposal practices, that 96.3% use latrines, 20.5% practice open defecation in bushes, and 3.2% defecate in water bodies. Regarding knowledge on diseases caused by contact with human faeces, 56.9% responded that they were aware of cholera, 26.5% of diarrhoea, 2.2% of dysentery, 0.3% of malaria, 0.1% of shigellosis, and 3.8% of typhoid. The majority of the respondents, between 50–99%, could not identify the main causes of the WASH-related diseases. This paper also showed that students lack health knowledge in regard to WASH-related diseases’ causes and prevention. Therefore, the provision of water and sanitation infrastructures should go with the provision of health education on how to avoid these diseases and possible ways to improve the well-being of the students both at home and in their various schools.

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Janoowalla, Hannah, Hannah Keppler, Daniel Asanti, Xianhong Xie, Abdissa Negassa, Nerys Benfield, Stephen Rulisa, and Lisa M. Nathan. "The impact of menstrual hygiene management on adolescent health: The effect of Go! pads on rate of urinary tract infection in adolescent females in Kibogora, Rwanda." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 148, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12983.

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Williams, Pamela A., Courtney H. Schnefke, Valerie L. Flax, Solange Nyirampeta, Heather Stobaugh, Jesse Routte, Clarisse Musanabaganwa, Gilles Ndayisaba, Felix Sayinzoga, and Mary K. Muth. "Using Trials of Improved Practices to identify practices to address the double burden of malnutrition among Rwandan children." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 17 (June 21, 2019): 3175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001551.

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AbstractObjective:Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are increasingly experiencing the double burden of malnutrition. Studies to identify ‘double-duty’ actions that address both undernutrition and overweight in sub-Saharan Africa are needed. We aimed to identify acceptable behaviours to achieve more optimal feeding and physical activity practices among both under- and overweight children in Rwanda, a sub-Saharan LMIC with one of the largest recent increases in child overweight.Design:We used the Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs) method. During three household visits over 1·5 weeks, we used structured interviews and unstructured observations to collect data on infant and young child feeding practices and caregivers’ experiences with testing recommended practices.Setting:An urban district and a rural district in Rwanda.Participants:Caregivers with an under- or overweight child from 6 to 59 months of age (n 136).Results:We identified twenty-five specific recommended practices that caregivers of both under- and overweight children agreed to try. The most frequently recommended practices were related to dietary diversity, food quantity, and hygiene and food handling. The most commonly cited reason for trying a new practice was its benefits to the child’s health and growth. Financial constraints and limited food availability were common barriers. Nearly all caregivers said they were willing to continue the practices and recommend them to others.Conclusions:These practices show potential for addressing the double burden as part of a broader intervention. Still, further research is needed to determine whether caregivers can maintain the behaviours and their direct impact on both under- and overweight.

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Rakotomanana, Hasina, Joel J. Komakech, Christine N. Walters, and Barbara J. Stoecker. "The WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Indicators for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene and Their Association with Linear Growth in Children 6 to 23 Months in East Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 6262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176262.

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The slow decrease in child stunting rates in East Africa warrants further research to identify the influence of contributing factors such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This study investigated the association between child length and WASH conditions using the recently revised WHO and UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) indicators. Data from households with infants and young children aged 6–23 months from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia were used. Associations for each country between WASH conditions and length-for-age z-scores (LAZ) were analyzed using linear regression. Stunting rates were high (>20%) reaching 45% in Burundi. At the time of the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), more than half of the households in most countries did not have basic or safely managed WASH indicators. Models predicted significantly higher LAZ for children living in households with safely managed drinking water compared to those living in households drinking from surface water in Kenya (β = 0.13, p < 0.01) and Tanzania (β = 0.08, p < 0.05) after adjustment with child, maternal, and household covariates. Children living in households with improved sanitation facilities not shared with other households were also taller than children living in households practicing open defecation in Ethiopia (β = 0.07, p < 0.01) and Tanzania (β = 0.08, p < 0.01) in the adjusted models. All countries need improved WASH conditions to reduce pathogen and helminth contamination. Targeting adherence to the highest JMP indicators would support efforts to reduce child stunting in East Africa.

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Ntakirutimana, Theoneste, Malachie Tuyizere, Olivier Ndizeye, and Francois Xavier Sunday. "Status of Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Southern Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v3i1.6.

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Background Increasing access to water sanitation and promoting basic hygiene behaviours can reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases. Availability of clean water and soap enables and encourages people to wash their hands, and as a result, it reduces the likelihood of disease transmission. The study intended to assess the hygiene and sanitation practices in Southern Rwanda. Methods A mixed method with quantitative and qualitative approach was used. A random sample of 291 households was included in the study. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and observations were used. The data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results The findings show that 88% of respondents had knowledge on best practices of hand washing with soap; 83.5% of the respondents own latrines, and 38% and 26% had the will to improve their toilets roof and slabs respectively. Forty-four per cent of respondents use boiling water methods and 55% do not treat water at all. Boiling water was regarded as the main water treatment method. Conclusion The study concludes that lack of water and soaps, and hand washing facilities were among other factors that hinder hygiene and sanitation. Key words: Hygiene; sanitation practice

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15

Holmen, I., N. Safdar, C. Seneza, B. Nyiranzayisaba, and V. Nyiringabo. "Improving hand hygiene at a district hospital in rural Rwanda." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.087.

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Engelhard, Frank. "Child health in Rwanda." Lancet 346, no. 8977 (September 1995): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91534-6.

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Holmen, Ian C., Dan Niyokwizerwa, Berthine Nyiranzayisaba, Timothy Singer, and Nasia Safdar. "Challenges to sustainability of hand hygiene at a rural hospital in Rwanda." American Journal of Infection Control 45, no. 8 (August 2017): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.006.

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18

McCaffery, Desmond, Ellen Plumb, and James Plumb. "Rwanda Health and Healing Program." Delaware Journal of Public Health 4, no. 4 (July 2018): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2018.07.003.

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Vickery, C. "Rebuilding health services in Rwanda." BMJ 309, no. 6962 (October 29, 1994): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6962.1160c.

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Eytan, Ariel, Alfred Ngirababyeyi, Charles Nkubili, and Paul Nkubamugisha Mahoro. "Forensic psychiatry in Rwanda." Global Health Action 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 1509933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1509933.

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Brandon, Sydney. "Note from Rwanda." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 1 (January 1998): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.1.50.

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Irakiza, Grace, Viateur Ugirinshuti, Olivier Kamana, and Martin P. Ongol. "Assessment of Safety Performance in Banana Alcoholic Beverage Processing Factories in Rwanda." Journal of Food Research 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v10n2p1.

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Although the Rwandan competent authorities are putting effort to improve the safety of traditional banana alcoholic beverages, safety problems still exist. This study aimed to apply customized diagnostic tool to gain an insight into the performance of food safety in traditional banana alcoholic beverage factories as an evidence based to support the selection of suitable interventions for improvement to assure sustainability and meet growing market of traditional banana alcoholic beverages. Literature search was used to identify context factors, quality assurance and control activities that can influence safety of banana alcoholic beverage products and validated by processors through interview and participant observation. The data were collected in eleven factories located in Kigali city and four provinces of Rwanda using an assessment tool. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel. All factories have shown to operate in relatively high risk context (score 2-3), most of control activities were at basic level (score 1), whereas assurance activities were at relatively average level (score 1-2) which resulted into poor food safety performance (score 1). This shows that, the modern food safety practices can’t be applied in traditional food processing factories due to traditional methods and equipment, low level of science-based knowledge related to processing technology, food safety and hygiene. Therefore, there is a need to design modern equipment that are easy to clean and disinfect to replace traditional ones, to train technical staff on processing technology, safety and hygiene, and to change behaviors towards making decisions based on scientific knowledge.

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Newell, Edwin D. "Onchocerciasis in Rwanda?" Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 4 (July 1994): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90448-0.

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Palmer, Ian, and Nsanzumuhire Firmin. "Mental health in post-genocide Rwanda." International Psychiatry 8, no. 4 (November 2011): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002733.

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The children who experienced the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda are now in their mid to late 20s. It is almost impossible to comprehend the scale of the terror and destruction of Rwanda's societal infrastructure between 6 April and 16 July 1994. While the world remained inactive, Rwanda, a small impoverished central African state, experienced the murder of about 1 million of its citizens; it also saw the terrorising, humiliation and rape of countless thousands. Although women and children were directly targeted, some actively engaged in atrocities. About 300000 children were murdered, a significant number at the hands of other children. The level of terror differed across the country and escape was frequently by luck alone. A UNICEF (2004) study of 3000 children revealed that 80% had experienced death in the family, 70% had witnessed a killing or injury, 35% saw other children killing or injuring other children, 61% were threatened with being killed and 90% believed they would die (Human Rights Watch, 2003). Of the 250000 women raped, 30% were between 13 and 35 years of age, 67% developed HIV/AIDS and 20 000 births resulted (Donovan, 2002).

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Evans, Roger. "Home Hygiene and Health." Nursing Standard 29, no. 1 (September 3, 2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.1.32.s38.

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Hampton, Sylvie. "Skin health and hygiene." Nursing and Residential Care 4, no. 12 (December 2002): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2002.4.12.10878.

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Carling, Philip C. "Health Care Environmental Hygiene." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 35, no. 3 (September 2021): 609–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2021.04.005.

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Cherrie, J. W. "Occupational Hygiene." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.53.11.791-a.

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Bideau, F., A. M. Chevalier, C. Degui, M. C. Favier-Poulet, M. Gorbinet, F. Guelon, E. Regeard, and C. Viala. "Hygiene attitude." Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 74, no. 4 (September 2013): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admp.2013.07.028.

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Poreau, B. "Mapping Rwanda public health research(1975-2014)." African Health Sciences 14, no. 4 (January 16, 2015): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i4.41.

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Wakabi, Wairagala. "Rwanda makes health-facility deliveries more feasible." Lancet 370, no. 9595 (October 2007): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61559-1.

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Ali, Robbie, Mike Cranfield, Lynne Gaffikin, Tony Mudakikwa, Leon Ngeruka, and Chris Whittier. "Occupational Health and Gorilla Conservation in Rwanda." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 10, no. 3 (July 2004): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.3.319.

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Vogel, L. "Rwanda hikes premiums in health insurance overhaul." Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, no. 13 (August 8, 2011): E973—E974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3956.

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Peden, A., and J. Vaughan. "Hand Hygiene." American Journal of Infection Control 34, no. 5 (June 2006): E60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.118.

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Uwimpuhwe, Monique, Poovendhree Reddy, Graham Barratt, and Faizal Bux. "The impact of hygiene and localised treatment on the quality of drinking water in Masaka, Rwanda." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 49, no. 4 (December 17, 2013): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2014.854674.

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Slack, R. "Forgetting hygiene." Public Health 114, no. 5 (September 2000): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(00)00352-8.

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Antonini, James M., and Stacey E. Anderson. "Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene." Environmental Health Insights 8s1 (January 2014): EHI.S24583. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ehi.s24583.

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Bu, Liping, and Elizabeth Fee. "Food Hygiene and Global Health." American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 4 (April 2008): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.124289.

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Obradović, Milutin, Biljana Anđelski-Radičević, Jelena Petrović, Marijola Obradović, and Aleksandar Timotić. "Hygiene, habits and public health." Zdravstvena zastita 39, no. 6 (2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1001015o.

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Kownatzki, E. "Hand hygiene and skin health." Journal of Hospital Infection 55, no. 4 (December 2003): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2003.08.018.

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Carling, Philip C. "Optimizing Health Care Environmental Hygiene." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 30, no. 3 (September 2016): 639–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.010.

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Semakula, Muhammed, FranÇois Niragire, Angela Umutoni, Sabin Nsanzimana, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Edison Rwagasore, Thierry Nyatanyi, Eric Remera, and Christel Faes. "The secondary transmission pattern of COVID-19 based on contact tracing in Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 6 (June 2021): e004885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004885.

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IntroductionCOVID-19 has shown an exceptionally high spread rate across and within countries worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of such an infectious disease transmission is critical for devising strategies to control its spread. In particular, Rwanda was one of the African countries that started COVID-19 preparedness early in January 2020, and a total lockdown was imposed when the country had only 18 COVID-19 confirmed cases known. Using intensive contact tracing, several infections were identified, with the majority of them being returning travellers and their close contacts. We used the contact tracing data in Rwanda for understanding the geographic patterns of COVID-19 to inform targeted interventions.MethodsWe estimated the attack rates and identified risk factors associated to COVID-19 spread. We used Bayesian disease mapping models to assess the spatial pattern of COVID-19 and to identify areas characterised by unusually high or low relative risk. In addition, we used multiple variable conditional logistic regression to assess the impact of the risk factors.ResultsThe results showed that COVID-19 cases in Rwanda are localised mainly in the central regions and in the southwest of Rwanda and that some clusters occurred in the northeast of Rwanda. Relationship to the index case, being male and coworkers are the important risk factors for COVID-19 transmission in Rwanda.ConclusionThe analysis of contact tracing data using spatial modelling allowed us to identify high-risk areas at subnational level in Rwanda. Estimating risk factors for infection with SARS-CoV-2 is vital in identifying the clusters in low spread of SARS-CoV-2 subnational level. It is imperative to understand the interactions between the index case and contacts to identify superspreaders, risk factors and high-risk places. The findings recommend that self-isolation at home in Rwanda should be reviewed to limit secondary cases from the same households and spatiotemporal analysis should be introduced in routine monitoring of COVID-19 in Rwanda for policy making decision on real time.

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Djordjevic, Darja. "Pluripotent trajectories: public oncology in Rwanda." BioSocieties 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-019-00160-w.

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Snow, Michelle, George L. White, Stephen C. Alder, and Joseph B. Stanford. "Mentor's hand hygiene practices influence student's hand hygiene rates." American Journal of Infection Control 34, no. 1 (February 2006): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.009.

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Carney, Andrew. "Lack of care in Rwanda." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 4 (October 1994): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.4.556a.

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Musanabaganwa, Clarisse, Vincent Cubaka, Etienne Mpabuka, Muhammed Semakula, Ernest Nahayo, Bethany L. Hedt-Gauthier, Kamela C. S. Ng, et al. "One hundred thirty-three observed COVID-19 deaths in 10 months: unpacking lower than predicted mortality in Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 2 (February 2021): e004547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004547.

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The African region was predicted to have worse COVID-19 infection and death rates due to challenging health systems and social determinants of health. However, in the 10 months after its first case, Rwanda recorded 10316 cases and 133 COVID-19-related deaths translating to a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.3%, which raised the question: why does Rwanda have a low COVID-19 CFR? Here we analysed COVID-19 data and explored possible explanations to better understand the disease burden in the context of Rwanda’s infection control strategies.We investigated whether the age distribution plays a role in the observed low CFR in Rwanda by comparing the expected number of deaths for 10-year age bands based on the CFR reported in other countries with the observed number of deaths for each age group. We found that the age-specific CFRs in Rwanda are similar to or, in some older age groups, slightly higher than those in other countries, suggesting that the lower population level CFR reflects the younger age structure in Rwanda, rather than a lower risk of death conditional on age. We also accounted for Rwanda’s comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies and reliable documentation of COVID-19-related deaths and deduced that these measures may have allowed them to likely identify more asymptomatic or mild cases than other countries and reduced their reported CFR.Overall, the observed low COVID-19 deaths in Rwanda is likely influenced by the combination of effective infection control strategies, reliable identification of cases and reporting of deaths, and the population’s young age structure.

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CHEEVER, CHARLES L. "Industrial Hygiene Professionalism." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48, no. 2 (February 1987): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668791384436.

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Griffith, Franklin D. "INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FORUM." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 52, no. 5 (May 1991): A—266—A—268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298669191364622.

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Heudorf, Ursel, and M. Exner. "Hygiene in Schulen." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 51, no. 11 (November 2008): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-008-0696-1.

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Uwizeye, Glorieuse, Donatilla Mukamana, Michael Relf, William Rosa, Mi Ja Kim, Philomene Uwimana, Helen Ewing, et al. "Building Nursing and Midwifery Capacity Through Rwanda’s Human Resources for Health Program." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 29, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659617705436.

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Global disparities in the quantity, distribution, and skills of health workers worldwide pose a threat to attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and deepens already existing global health inequities. Rwanda and other low-resource countries face a critical shortage of health professionals, particularly nurses and midwives. This article describes the Human Resources for Health (HRH) Program in Rwanda, a collaboration between the Ministry of Health of Rwanda and a U.S. consortium of academic institutions. The ultimate goal of the HRH Program is to strengthen health service delivery and to achieve health equity for the poor. The aim of this article is to highlight the HRH nursing and midwifery contributions to capacity building in academic and clinical educational programs throughout Rwanda. International academic partnerships need to align with the priorities of the host country, integrate the strengths of available resources, and encourage a collaborative environment of cultural humility and self-awareness for all participants.

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