Relevant bibliographies by topics / Health aspects of Air travel

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Health aspects of Air travel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Tome, Ana Cristina Nakamura, Thaís Brandi Canello, Expedito José de Albuquerque Luna, and Heitor Franco de Andrade Junior. "Health problems awareness during travel among faculty members of a large university in Latin America: preliminary report." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 55, no. 1 (February 2013): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652013000100010.

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Health safety during trips is based on previous counseling, vaccination and prevention of infections, previous diseases or specific problems related to the destination. Our aim was to assess two aspects, incidence of health problems related to travel and the traveler's awareness of health safety. To this end we phone-interviewed faculty members of a large public University, randomly selected from humanities, engineering and health schools. Out of 520 attempts, we were able to contact 67 (12.9%) and 46 (68.6%) agreed to participate in the study. There was a large male proportion (37/44, 84.1%), mature adults mostly in their forties and fifties (32/44, 72.7%), all of them with higher education, as you would expect of faculty members. Most described themselves as being sedentary or as taking occasional exercise, with only 15.9% (7/44) taking regular exercise. Preexisting diseases were reported by 15 travelers. Most trips lasted usually one week or less. Duration of the travel was related to the destination, with (12h) or longer trips being taken by 68.2% (30/44) of travelers, and the others taking shorter (3h) domestic trips. Most travelling was made by air (41/44) and only 31.8% (14/44) of the trips were motivated by leisure. Field research trips were not reported. Specific health counseling previous to travel was reported only by two (4.5%). Twenty seven of them (61.4%) reported updated immunization, but 11/30 reported unchecked immunizations. 30% (9/30) reported travel without any health insurance coverage. As a whole group, 6 (13.6%) travelers reported at least one health problem attributed to the trip. All of them were males travelling abroad. Five presented respiratory infections, such as influenza and common cold, one neurological, one orthopedic, one social and one hypertension. There were no gender differences regarding age groups, destination, type of transport, previous health counseling, leisure travel motivation or pre-existing diseases. Interestingly, the two cases of previous health counseling were made by domestic travelers. Our data clearly shows that despite a significant number of travel related health problems, these highly educated faculty members, had a low awareness of those risks, and a significant number of travels are made without prior counseling or health insurance. A counseling program conducted by a tourism and health professional must be implemented for faculty members in order to increase the awareness of travel related health problems.
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Hodgkinson, Peter E. "Psychological After-Effects of Transportation Disaster." Medicine, Science and the Law 28, no. 4 (October 1988): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248802800408.

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ABSTRACT: Natural and technological disasters are compared, and studies of Transportation Mass Disaster, i.e. catastrophies of road, rail, air and sea, are reviewed with respect to the psychological aftereffects on victims, including survivors, bereaved and helpers. Transportation Mass Disasters are noted to have a number of features in common, including complicating factors which may contribute to the high incidence of post-disaster psychological morbidity. ‘To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive …’ R. L. Stevenson
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Hu, Xiaojian, Nan Wu, and Nuo Chen. "Young People’s Behavioral Intentions towards Low-Carbon Travel: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052327.

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With the rapid development of China’s economy and the rapid growth of the population, the demand for traffic is gradually changing from slow to fast, and the traffic congestion, air pollution, climate change and public health problems are becoming increasingly prominent. As residents’ willingness for low-carbon travel plays a crucial role in alleviating the problems caused by traffic, many studies pay attention to this aspect, but young people are still an obviously neglected group in the study of willingness for low-carbon travel. The novelty of this study lies in the extension of environmental concern and perceived moral obligation to the theory of planned behavior to explore the factors influencing young people’s low-carbon travel behavioral intention. The structural equation modeling is validated with a sample of 235 young respondents. The results show that attitude, perceived behavior control, environmental concern and perceived moral obligation have a significant positive correlation with young people’s low-carbon travel behavioral intention, while subjective norm has not. By revealing young people’s intention of low-carbon travel, this study could help to enhance the understanding of young people’s low-carbon travel choices, and could provide guidance for how to guide young people to choose low-carbon travel in the future.
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Alsayedahmed, Huda H. "COVID-19 Pandemic’s precautionary measures had hit the reset button of the quality of life at different aspects." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 08 (August 31, 2020): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12943.

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COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan-China during the last quarter in 2019 and caused an infectious respiratory disease pandemic. The strategy of “Attack and Defend” was attempted to mitigate COVID-19 crisis worldwide. A list of precautionary measures were set by healthcare professional experts to protect public from infection, social physical distancing measures being the most efficient. On the other hand, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established protective guidelines for healthcare workers to guarantee a healthy workplace and safe environment. The physical distancing measures have obviously reshaped the relationship between family members leading to better quality of family life. Meanwhile, travel suspension also led to slightly higher health standards with less air pollution, lower traffic induced stress levels and subsequently a greener footprint. Herein, we intend to highlight the impact of COVID-19 pandemic protective measures on family connections, as well as on environmental health. Moreover, we aimed at pointing out the effect on Saudi Arabian cultural and humanitarian behavior in dealing with the pandemic under the governance care of the custodian of the two holy mosques; King Salman Al-Saud. In fact, a combination of restrictive and protective measures is the most efficient to curb COVID-19 spread. In addition to improving the quality of social life, this pandemic revealed a healthier climate, which will certainly be visible on a large scale. Certainly, all together with solidarity we will be able to restrain COVID-19 pandemic and have a better quality of life.
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Timbury, M. C., J. R. Donaldson, A. C. McCartney, R. J. Fallon, J. D. Sleigh, D. Lyon, G. V. Orange, D. R. Baird, J. Winter, and T. S. Wilson. "Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary: microbiological aspects." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 3 (December 1986): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400063580.

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SUMMARYThe bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary affecting 16 patients is described. Most of the patients had been treated in high-dependency areas on two floors of the hospital supplied by the same two air-conditioned ventilation systems. The source of infection was traced to contamination of a cooling tower from which a plume of spray discharged into the intake vents of the two ventilation systems. Rubber grommets within the cooling tower probably provided a nidus of infection there. The control and management of the outbreak are discussed: a policy of frankness about the course and progress of the investigations was adopted and helped to allay anxiety on the part of both staff and media.
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Solnica, Amy, Leonid Barski, and Alan Jotkowitz. "Allocation of scarce resources during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Jewish ethical perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106242.

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The novel COVID-19 pandemic has placed medical triage decision-making in the spotlight. As life-saving ventilators become scarce, clinicians are being forced to allocate scarce resources in even the wealthiest countries. The pervasiveness of air travel and high rate of transmission has caused this pandemic to spread swiftly throughout the world. Ethical triage decisions are commonly based on the utilitarian approach of maximising total benefits and life expectancy. We present triage guidelines from Italy, USA and the UK as well as the Jewish ethical prospective on medical triage. The Jewish tradition also recognises the utilitarian approach but there is disagreement between the rabbis whether human discretion has any role in the allocation of scarce resources and triage decision-making.
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Ali, Liaqat, Ahsan Nawaz, Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir Basheer, Javaria Hameed, Gadah Albasher, Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah, and Yong Bai. "Dynamics of Transit Oriented Development, Role of Greenhouse Gases and Urban Environment: A Study for Management and Policy." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052536.

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The emission and mitigation of greenhouse gases transforms the status of urban environments. However, a policy accounting for all the aspects associated with transport is lacking. Problems related to transport include a greater reliance on cars, increased congestion, and environmental impacts. The absence of an efficient public transport system is a notable cause of the prompt escalation of diverse problems, for example, increases in the number of personal automobiles causes congestion on the road, resulting in air pollution, ubiquitous greenhouse effects and noise pollution, which ultimately affect human health. Transit oriented development (TOD) has been suggested as a solution to these problems. This paper reviews the impacts of transit development on urban development, greenhouse impact, the environment, economy, property value, travel behavior, and health etc., highlighting the policy issues which hinder TOD. Implementation of TOD has a strong impact on shaping the urban form, redevelopment, and the upgradation of old areas. Controlling transit phenomena will also help to control the emission and mitigation of greenhouse gases. This study will help in improving the urban environment and climatic condition of regions.
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Tran, Manh-Kien, Steven Sherman, Ehsan Samadani, Reid Vrolyk, Derek Wong, Mitchell Lowery, and Michael Fowler. "Environmental and Economic Benefits of a Battery Electric Vehicle Powertrain with a Zinc–Air Range Extender in the Transition to Electric Vehicles." Vehicles 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2030021.

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Emissions and pollution from the transportation sector due to the consumption of fossil fuels by conventional vehicles have been negatively affecting the global climate and public health. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a cleaner solution to reduce the emission and pollution caused by transportation. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the main type of energy storage system used in EVs. The Li-ion battery pack must be considerably large to satisfy the requirement for the vehicle’s range, which also increases the cost of the vehicle. However, considering that most people use their vehicles for short-distance travel during daily commutes, the large pack is expensive, inefficient and unnecessary. In a previous paper, we proposed a novel EV powertrain design that incorporated the use of a zinc–air (Zn–air) battery pack as a range-extender, so that a smaller Li-ion pack could be used to save costs. The design and performance aspects of the powertrain were analyzed. In this study, the environmental and economic benefits of the proposed dual-battery powertrain are investigated. The results from the new powertrain were compared with values from a standard EV powertrain with one large Li-ion pack and a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) powertrain. In addition, an air pollution model is developed to determine the total amount of pollution released by the transportation sector on Highway 401 in Ontario, Canada. The model was then used to determine the effects of mass passenger EV rollout on pollution reduction.
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UNDURRAGA, EDUARDO A. "Commentary: Challenges to Achieve Conceptual Clarity in the Definition of Pandemics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119001014.

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From a scientific standpoint, the world is more prepared than ever to respond to infectious disease outbreaks; paradoxically, globalization and air travel, antimicrobial resistance, the threat of bioterrorism, and newly emerging pathogens driven by ecological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, have increased the risk of global epidemics.1,2,3 Following the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), global efforts to build global emergency response capabilities to contain infectious disease outbreaks were put in place.4,5,6 But the recent H1N1, Ebola, and Zika global epidemics have shown unnecessary delays and insufficient coordination in response efforts.7,8,9,10 In a thoughtful and compelling essay,11 Thana C. de Campos argues that greater clarity in the definition of pandemics would probably result in more timely effective emergency responses, and pandemic preparedness. In her view, a central problem is that the definition of pandemics is based solely on disease transmission across several countries, and not on spread and severity together, which conflates two very different situations: emergency and nonemergency disease outbreaks. A greater emphasis on severity, such that pandemics are defined as severe and rapidly spreading infectious disease outbreaks, would make them “true global health emergencies,” allowing for priority resource allocation and effective collective actions in emergency response efforts. Sympathetic to the position taken by de Campos, here I highlight some of the challenges in the definition of severity during an infectious disease outbreak.
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Cerdan Chiscano, Monica. "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the Family Inclusive Airport Design Experience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137206.

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The literature on air travellers with psychiatric disorders is limited. This perspective article highlights various travel-related aspects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The airport experience can be stressful for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (FwASDs). The aim of this study was to explore the airport experience of FwASDs using the value co-creation process approach to assist airport managers in designing improved experiences for this specific passenger segment. This study responds to the current climate in which airports are developing awareness programmes in relation to children who require special assistance at airports. The prevalence of children with ASD is 1/68. While a number of airports throughout the world have adopted procedures addressing the needs of those with cognitive impairment, these advances are far from universal. As part of an academic–industry collaboration between Vueling airlines and the Spanish airport operator Aena, 25 FwASDs took part in an inclusive airport research project in the city of Barcelona from November 2015 to April 2016. Employing a qualitative methodology that incorporated focus groups, ethnographic techniques, and post-experience surveys, the study contributes to extending the body of knowledge on the management of the value co-creation process for challenging passenger segments within the airport context. The study explains how ensuring adequate resource allocation to this passenger segment can improve the family-inclusive design of the airport experience and offers managerial recommendations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Yang, Lin. "Physical activity in adults : investigating the contribution of active travel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610782.

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Fan, Pang-yung, and 范鵬勇. "Travel and health risk: a prospective study among Hong Kong outbound residents in a government travel healthcentre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971702.

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Huang, Kai Katie, and 黄恺. "The effects of walkability on air pollution and public health." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46937213.

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Shaddick, Gavin. "Statistical methodological aspects of modelling relationships between air pollution, temperature and health." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11388.

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Pérez, Grau Laura. "The urban health effects and impact of anthropogenic and natural air pollution." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7195.

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The differential role that airborne particulate matter (PM) size fractions, sources, and components play in producing adverse health effects is not fully understood. Specific gaps include the role of PM generated by traffic and the effects of PMs generated by natural sources. Source specific air pollution epidemiological research still lacks integration in the risk assessment process, a fundamental tool to inform policy makers and the public about the current situation or the impact of future or past air pollution policies. This thesis addresses both these gaps. To explore the effects of PM from different sources, we investigated the association between different PM size fractions and mortality in Barcelona, Spain and used PM chemical composition data to help determine the different sources and components linked to toxicity. To illustrate that local air pollution risk assessments are useful tools in evidence-based public health, we estimated the health and economic benefits that would result from different scenario of improved air quality in the Barcelona metropolitan area and in two communities of Southern California. These case studies include new methods to integrate into the risk assessment process the recent epidemiological evidence related to the effects of traffic exposure.This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the link between particulate matter size fraction, sources, and components and health effects, and to improve air pollution health impact assessment methods. Both contributions have important implications for public health and air pollution public policy.
El papel diferencial en que las diferentes fracciones de partículas en suspensión en el aire (PMs), sus fuentes y componentes producen efectos adversos para la salud no está completamente entendido. Las lagunas actuales incluyen el papel de las PMs generadas por el tráfico y los efectos de las PMs generadas por fuentes naturales. La investigación epidemiológica relacionada con fuentes todavía falta ser integrada en el proceso de evaluación de impacto, una herramienta fundamental para informar a los tomadores de decisiones y el público sobre la situación actual o el impacto de futuras o pasadas políticas de contaminación atmosférica. Esta tesis trata estas áreas. Para explorar el papel de las PMs generadas por diferentes fuentes, se ha investigado la asociación entre diferentes fracciones de PMs y mortalidad en Barcelona (España) y se ha usado datos de composición química de PMs para identificar las fuentes y los componentes relacionados con la toxicidad. Para ilustrar que las evaluaciones de impacto a nivel local son herramientas útiles en salud pública, se ha estimado el beneficio en salud y económico que resultaría de diferentes escenarios de mejora de la calidad del aire en el área metropolitana de Barcelona y en dos comunidades de California del Sur. Estos estudios de casos incluyen nuevos métodos para integrar en las evaluaciones de impacto las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas que relacionan la exposición al tráfico con los efectos en salud. Esta tesis contribuye a un mayor entendimiento del vínculo entre las fracciones de PM, sus fuentes y componentes y los efectos en salud así como a la mejora de los métodos de las evaluaciones de impacto. Estas contribuciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud pública y las políticas públicas de contaminación atmosférica.
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杜家榮 and Ka-wing To. "Environmental, cost and health benefits of district cooling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4257657X.

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陳卓然 and Cheuk-yin Shaun Chan. "A public health perspective on air pollution: planning for zero emissions public transport in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4167943X.

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Ngan, Wai-tak Eden, and 顔偉得. "Health risk assessment of toxic air pollutants in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253854.

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Hyland, Jackie. "The health and socioeconomic impact of traffic-related air pollution in Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11734.

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Traffic-related air pollution harms health, so whilst it would be advantageous to improve air quality, the socioeconomic impact of air pollution mitigation in Scotland is not fully understood. Evidence from research literature, current regulatory and policy directives and a socioeconomic analysis are required to assess the true health impact. This thesis presents the first health and socioeconomic analysis of traffic-related air pollution and health for Scotland. A critique of the literature was undertaken to determine the evidence base and the strength of evidence in terms of association and causation, between air pollution and ill health. The evidence was subsequently applied in epidemiological studies of Scottish residents, to assess the actual impact on health in Scotland. The perception of barriers and incentives for change were investigated to understand behavioural influences. Recent policy development in Scotland was reviewed, and a socioeconomic analysis of a proposed air pollution strategy in Scotland, was undertaken. The evidence from 30 cohort studies and nine literature reviews demonstrated a link between poor air quality, mortality and respiratory ill health, but the results for other health conditions were inconsistent. The links were associative rather than causal and therefore might be attributable to other factors other than air pollution. Furthermore, epidemiological studies on Scottish populations did not show health effects from traffic-related air pollution. The socioeconomic analysis suggested that an initial investment of between £27m and £44m to introduce Low Emission Zones (LEZ), and an effective active travel programme, might result in a saving of £38m in terms of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and reduction in sickness absence. It is unlikely that the Clean Air For Scotland Strategy will deliver improved air quality and health without substantial investment, better alignment of planning, and a greater public engagement to support public and active transport options.
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Lin, Xia, and 林夏. "Study on the effect of air pollutant exposure on synthesis of IgE in asthmatic children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206933.

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Objective Large quantities of epidemiological studies manifest that indoor and outdoor air pollutants may trigger and aggravate asthma symptoms, whose mechanism, however, has not been completely made clear yet. As shown by the result of the experiment in which in-vitro cells and animals are exposed to high-density air pollution, the triggering effect of air pollution on asthma is associated with inflammatory reaction, IgE expression and regulation pathways. However, there is a lack of evidence from population studies to support that association. This study plans to conduct continuous monitoring over indoor and outdoor air pollutants facing the asthmatic children from Beijing with a view to carry out an overall assessment of their exposure to air pollutants. Meanwhile, biomarkers which are directly reflecting airway inflammation as well as the signal molecules which are related to IgE expression and regulation are monitored. The next step is to establish an exposure-effect relationship to explore the trigger effect of air pollutants on childhood asthma. Methods 1. Questionnaires were used to collect general information (including age, drug use, indoor home decoration, passive smoking, diet during the study, indoor mildew, allergic history, history of diseases and family heredity history) in 60 asthmatic children (males, Han nationality, aged 5 to 14 years)from Beijing who were recruited into this study. 2. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on their exposure levels of air pollutants by continuous monitoring of indoor PM2.5, black carbon, benzene, toluene, xylene and formaldehyde in their houses and collecting monitoring data with respect to PM2.5, PM10, NO2and SO2at air quality monitoring sites near their houses. Benzene, toluene and xylene were measured by two-stage thermal desorption-gas chromatography (GC), formaldehyde by AHMT spectrophotometry, mass concentration of PM2.5by gravimetric method, black carbon in PM2.5by multi-wavelength absorption spectroscopy. The concentration data of ambient outdoor air pollutants were available from the real-time air quality publishing platform of Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center. 3. Exhaled FeNO of asthmatic children were taken as biomarkers reflecting their airway inflammation. FeNO was measured by electrochemical method (off-line monitoring). 4. Trigger effect of air pollution on IgE signaling pathway of asthmatic children was investigated by determining signal molecules of two signaling pathways related to IgE expression and regulation in peripheral serum. Signal molecules were determined by ELISA. 5. Confounding factors were controlled by stratification analysis and multiple linear regression model, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted of the triggering effect of air pollution on children asthma. Results 1. During the research, as for subjects, concentrations of indoor PM2.5, BC, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, m-, p-and o-xylenes were 55.3±29.9 μg/m3, 3.8±1.4 μg/m3,62.2±42.7 μg/m3, 13.1±15.9 μg/m3, 18.7±16.7 μg/m3, 7.9±7.9 μg/m3and 3.1±5.0 μg/m3, respectively. The7-day weighted average concentrations of outdoor PM2.5, PM10, SO2and NO2were 101.3±87.6μg/m3, 152.8±88.4μg/m3, 48.6±39.8 μg/m3and 63.1±27.7μg/m3, respectively. There was a significant correlation between 7-day weighted average concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 simultaneously (r=0.697, P<0.001), with a indoor/outdoor PM2.5concentration ratio (I/O ratio) of 0.86±0.39 (P25-P75ranging from 0.62 to 1.01). 2. After adjusting for such influencing factors as age, types of asthma, and season, analysis of all subjects found that FeNO was significantly positively correlated with either benzene in indoor air, or PM2.5, SO2and NO2 in ambient outdoor air. Separate analysis of subjects untreated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) found that FeNO was significantly positively correlated with PM2.5, SO2and NO2 in ambient outdoor air, while this correlation was not significant in the ICS-treated group. 3. In serum, there was a significantly positive correlation between signal molecules in the two regulatory pathways of IgE expression. After adjusting for such influencing factors as age, types of asthma, and passive smoking. No effect of air pollutants on level of signaling molecule was observed in this study. Conclusion Monitoring results of indoor and outdoor air pollutants show that, at a high level of exposure to air pollutants, exposure of asthmatic children to indoor and outdoor air pollutants may cause or aggravate the airway inflammation. Administration of ICSs can control or attenuate the airway inflammation caused by air pollutants in asthmatic children, while the level of signaling molecule in the regulatory pathway of IgE expression in serum may not be an ideal marker for reflecting the trigger effect of air pollution on children asthma.
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Books on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Kahn, F. S. Why flying endangers your health: Hidden health hazards of air travel. Santa Fe, NM: Aurora Press, 1992.

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The curse of Icarus: The health factor in air travel. London: Routledge, 1990.

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Shirley, Morgan, ed. Air travel and health: A systems perspective. Chichester, U.K: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

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Kahn, F. S. Arrive in better shape: How to avoid jet lag and travel stress. New York, N.Y: HarperPaperbacks, 1996.

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Regulla, D. F. Strahlenmessungen in Verkehrsflugzeugen: Abschlussbericht zum GSF/BG/DLH-Forschungsprojekt (1990/91). Neuherberg: GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, 1992.

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Exercises for airplanes: (and other confined spaces). New York: Excalibur Pub., 1996.

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The effects of commuting on pilot fatigue. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2011.

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Nina, Anderson. The backseat flyer: Plane sense about flying as a passenger. East Canaan, CT: Safe Goods, 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation. Efforts to prevent pandemics by air travel: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 6, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft. The airliner cabin environment and the health of passengers and crew. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Magistrale, Victor. "Health Aspects of Air Pollution." In Industrial Air Pollution, 25–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76051-8_4.

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Herbarth, Olf. "Health Impacts." In Urban Air Pollution — European Aspects, 329–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9080-8_18.

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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Digital Health Certificates for Air Travel: Some Issues." In Air Transport and Pandemic Law, 199–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80885-3_8.

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Stöber, W., and G. Rosner. "Health Aspects of Indoor Air Pollution by Organic Matter and Combustion Products." In Indoor Air Quality, 403–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_48.

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Mauderly, Joe, and Ron Wyzga. "Health Assessment Aspects of Risk- and Results-Based Multipollutant Air Quality Management." In Technical Challenges of Multipollutant Air Quality Management, 67–138. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0304-9_5.

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Lewis, Daniel M. "Immunologic Aspects of the Evaluation of Health Problems Associated with Indoor Air Pollution." In Biodeterioration Research, 437–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_34.

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Krämer, U., R. Dolgner, H. J. Willer, and H. W. Schlipköter. "Effects of Air Pollution on the Health of Children in East- and West-Germany: Aspects of Study-Design and Descriptive Results for some Questionnaire Items." In Environmental Hygiene III, 189–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77112-5_44.

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Haselsteiner, Edeltraud. "Gender Matters! Thermal Comfort and Individual Perception of Indoor Environmental Quality: A Literature Review." In Future City, 169–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_9.

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AbstractThe use of technology in construction has allowed a significant increase in comfort and the construction of energy-efficient buildings. However, for indoor environmental comfort, there is no universal standard that fits all. The indoor climate is perceived individually and the requirements are subjectively shaped. In this paper, a literature review is carried out to describe particular aspects relevant to gender. The aim is to raise awareness of these aspects in order to advance equality orientation as an integral part of planning and energy-efficient building concepts. The findings show that thermal comfort is an essential parameter, and up to 3 °C of differences between women and men were found. This difference is most evident in offices where women show a better cognitive performance in a warmer environment, while men do better in colder temperatures. Gender was also found to be an influencing factor of satisfaction with humidity, acoustic conditions, visual comfort, privacy, air quality, health aspects, light preferences, and brightness perception. Moreover, sick-building syndrome is more common among women. In conclusion, the literature confirms that essential indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters vary significantly across men and women and should be taken more into account in the practice of building technology.
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Liu, Qian, Juan Gu, Jingchao Yang, Yun Li, Dexuan Sha, Mengchao Xu, Ishan Shams, Manzhu Yu, and Chaowei Yang. "Cloud, Edge, and Mobile Computing for Smart Cities." In Urban Informatics, 757–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_41.

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AbstractSmart cities evolve rapidly along with the technical advances in wireless and sensor networks, information science, and human–computer interactions. Urban computing provides the processing power to enable the integration of such technologies to improve the living quality of urban citizens, including health care, urban planning, energy, and other aspects. This chapter uses different computing capabilities, such as cloud computing, mobile computing, and edge computing, to support smart cities using the urban heat island of the greater Washington DC area as an example. We discuss the benefits of leveraging cloud, mobile, and edge computing to address the challenges brought by the spatiotemporal dynamics of the urban heat island, including elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, compromised human health and comfort, and impaired water quality. Cloud computing brings scalability and on-demand computing capacity to urban system simulations for timely prediction. Mobile computing brings portability and social interactivity for citizens to report instantaneous information for better knowledge integration. Edge computing allows data produced by in-situ devices to be processed and analyzed at the edge of the network, reducing the data traffic to the central repository and processing engine (data center or cloud). Challenges and future directions are discussed for integrating the three computing technologies to achieve an overall better computing infrastructure supporting smart cities. The integration is discussed in aspects of bandwidth issue, network access optimization, service quality and convergence, and data integrity and security.
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"Air Quality." In Air Travel and Health, 27–58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470712009.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Shah, Jimil M., Syed Haider I. Rizvi, Indu Sravani Kota, Sahithi Reddy Nagilla, Dhaval Thakkar, and Dereje Agonafer. "Design Considerations Relating to Non-Thermal Aspects of Oil Immersion Cooling." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67320.

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Full submersion of servers in dielectric oils offers an opportunity for significant cooling energy savings and increased power densities for data centers. The enhanced thermal properties of oil can lead to considerable savings in both the upfront and operating costs over traditional air cooling methods. Despite recent findings showing the improved cooling efficiency and cost savings of oil as a cooling fluid, this technique is still not widely adopted. Many uncertainties and concerns persist regarding the non-thermal aspects of an oil immersion cooled data center. This paper presents useful information regarding a variety of factors related to the operation of an oil cooled data center. Pertinent material property considerations such as the chemistry, flammability, material compatibility, human health effects, and sustainability of mineral oil are discussed. A general introduction as to the chemical composition and production of mineral oil is provided. A discussion of the trade-offs in thermal performance and cost of the mineral oil is presented. The dielectric nature of oils is critical to their success as a cooling fluid for electronic applications. Factors such as temperature, voltage, and age that affect this property are reviewed. Flammability of oils is a valid concern when immersing costly IT equipment and the pertinent concerns of this aspect are reviewed. The evaporation loss of oil is also mentioned as refueling and safety are important parameters in the establishment of any facility. Leeching of materials, especially plastics, is a reoccurring concern expressed regarding mineral oil immersed IT equipment. Mineral oils are by-products of petroleum refining processes and as such may bring forth sustainability concerns associated with their use and disposal. The long term stability and performance of key physical and material parameters of oils used in applications such as high voltage power are typically monitored. The similarity and implications of the longevity of oils, when used for data center applications, will be examined. Other issues related to the design, operation, and serviceability of submerged IT equipment and racks will also be addressed. Switching to an oil immersion cooled data center typically brings about several designs and operational changes compared to a typical air-cooled approach. A critical element of oil cooling often cited by opponents of the technology is the issue of serviceability of IT equipment. This paper will discuss some of the additional features a data center may need in place to help alleviate these concerns, as well as, best practices based on experience and observations by the authors. This paper also includes Cup Burner Experiment as per ISO 14520/NFPA 2001 standard to determine the minimum design concentration of fire extinguishing agent for the class B hazard of heavy mineral oil and the class C hazard of electronic equipment as a part of the safety concerns for oil cooled data centers. The visual observations of the servers after immersion in oil for 8 months are also explained for a better view of the system related issues. The discussion presented here is based primarily on literature gathered on the subject and quantifiable data gathered by the authors.
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Mehra, A., and P. Masrani. "Are You Fit To Fly? Medical Fitness For Air Travel." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/86749-ms.

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"Transition to First Year University Study: A Qualitative Descriptive Study on the Psychosocial and Emotional Impacts of a Science Workshop." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4188.

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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 16] Aim/purpose The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychosocial and emotional outcomes of an introductory health science workshop designed to support and assist incoming health science students before starting their university study. Background For the past two decades, a South Australian university offered an on-campus face to face workshop titled ‘Preparation for Health Sciences’ to incoming first-year students from eleven allied health programs such as Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medical Imaging. While many were locals, a good number came from regional and rural areas, and many were international students also. They consisted of both on-campus and off-campus students. The workshop was created as a new learning environment that was available for students of diverse age groups, educational and cultural backgrounds to prepare them to study sciences. The content of the four-day workshop was developed in consultation with the program directors of the allied health programs. The objectives were to: introduce the assumed foundational science knowledge to undertake health sciences degree; gain confidence in approaching science subjects; experience lectures and laboratory activities; and become familiar with the University campus and its facilities. The workshop was delivered a week before the orientation week, before first-year formal teaching weeks. The topics covered were enhancing study skills, medical and anatomical terminology, body systems, basic chemistry and physics, laboratory activities, and assessment of learning. Methodology In order to determine the outcomes of the workshop, a survey was used requiring participants to agree or disagree about statements concerning the preparatory course and answer open-ended questions relating to the most important information learned and the best aspects of the workshop. Several students piloted this questionnaire before use in order to ascertain the clarity of instructions, terminology and statements. The result of the 2015-2018 pre- and post-evaluation showed that the workshop raised confidence and enthusiasm in commencing university and that the majority considered the workshop useful overall. The findings of the survey are drawn upon to examine the psychosocial and emotional impacts of the workshop on participants. Using secondary qualitative analysis, the researchers identified the themes relating to the psychosocial and emotional issues conveyed by the participants. Contribution The contributions of the article are in the areas of improving students’ confidence to complete their university degrees and increasing the likelihood of academic success. Findings Of the 285 students who participated in the workshops from 2015 to 2018, 166 completed the survey conducted at the conclusion of the initiative, representing a 58% response rate. The workshops achieved the objectives outlined at the outset. While there were many findings reported (Thalluri, 2016), the results highlighted in this paper relate to the psychosocial and emotional impacts of the workshop on students. Three themes emerged, and these were Increased preparedness and confidence; Networking and friendships that enhanced support, and Reduced anxiety to study sciences. Some drawbacks were also reported including the cost, time and travel involved. Recommendations for practitioners Students found the introductory workshop to be psychosocially and emotionally beneficial. It is recommended that the same approach be applied for teaching other challenging fields such as mathematics and physics within the university and in other contexts and institutions. Recommendations for researchers Improving and extending the workshop to provide greater accessibility and autonomy is recommended. A longitudinal study to follow up the durability of the workshop is also proposed. Impact on society The impacts in the broader community include: higher academic success for students; improved mental health due to social networking and friendship groups and reduced anxiety and fear; reduced dropout rate in their first year; greater potential to complete educational degrees; reduced wastage in human and financial resources; and increased human capital. Future research Addressing the limitations of cost, time and travel involved, and following-up with the participants’ academic and workplace performance are future directions for research.
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Tan, CheeFai, Wei Chen, Marcel Verbunt, Christoph Bartneck, and Matthias Rauterberg. "Adaptive Posture Advisory System for Spinal Cord Injury Patient During Long Haul Air Travel." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86076.

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Today, air travel is popular as a way of transportation for different purpose such as business and tourism. The numbers of air travel passengers are increasing every year. At the same time the flight distance is increased because of better fuel efficiency and technology advancement of airplanes. Sitting is the most common activity during the flight. The US Department of Health advised the disable people to change their sitting posture frequently to relieve sitting pressures at least every 1 hour, and every 15 minutes for normal people. Decubitus is widely recognized as serious complication for a person with spinal cord injury. Motor paralyses affected a person’s ability to respond unconsciously to potential noxious stimuli. Decubitus affect the quality of life of spinal cord injury patient. For the spinal cord injury patient who travels with long haul flight, which is more than 5 hours, the decubitus risk will increase. The paper describes the development of an adaptive posture advisory system for spinal cord injury passengers. The aim of the system is to reduce the decubitus risk of the spinal cord injury patient during long haul flight.
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Jetti, Siddhartha, and Vahid Motevalli. "A System Level Analysis of the Framework and Feasibility for Dual Air and Road Mode Vehicle." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89205.

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The dual mode air-road vehicle is one of those concepts that have intrigued travelers and inventors for a long time. The quest for a vehicle that can be driven on the roads and flown in the sky started as early as the development of airplane by Wright brothers in 1906. With the ever growing traffic and congestion on the roads, increased security procedures at airports and airline hub-spoke system, the travel times for certain range of distances have increased in recent times creating a need for a dual mode vehicle. In the US, for the mid-range distances (200–500 mile), travel options available are limited for other than large population centers. Transportation by train or bus is often limited and involves multi-stops between desired destinations. Therefore, the mid-range travel is more likely accomplished by a car or an airline or sometimes both. Travel by car or airline for this ranged can consumes considerable time because of road, airport and air traffic congestions, security procedures and wait times. A survey published in 2004 by Bureau of Transportation Statistics [1] reveals that 200–500 mile trips account for about 31.8% of the total trips taken in the US. With the premise that a dual mode vehicle could be a potential solution for mid-range travel, particularly around a 300 mile distance, the present work aims at establishing a frame-work and performance envelope for this type vehicle, In other words, the roadable aircraft or the flying car. These vehicles are neither a high performance car nor a high performance aircraft. They are vehicles that have the capability to be driven on the roads and flown in the sky. The present study focuses on identifying the technical, operational and acceptability challenges that have to be overcome to build a dual mode vehicle. This paper also covers some preliminary design aspects like power-fuel requirements, wing-airfoil parameters and an approach to address the road mode issues arising due to the wing.
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Willett, Fred T., and Arthur E. Bergles. "Heat Transfer in Rotating Narrow Rectangular Ducts With Heated Sides Oriented at 60° to the r-z Plane." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0224.

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Gas turbine blade life is often limited by the effectiveness of the cooling in the trailing edge convective cavity, which generally has a narrow cross-section. Previous research on rotational effects considered cavity shapes quite different from those of typical trailing edge cavities. In this research, experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rotation on heat transfer in ducts of narrow cross-section (height-to-width ratio of 1:10), oriented with the heated sides at 60° to the r-z plane. In the experiment, a high-molecular-weight gas (Refrigerant-134A) at ambient pressure and temperature conditions was used to match the dimensionless parameters at engine conditions. Thin foil heaters were used to produce a constant heat flux at the long sides of the duct; the narrow sides were unheated. Duct Reynolds numbers were varied up to 20,000; rotation numbers were varied up to 0.25. The test results show the effect of rotation and aspect ratio on duct leading and trailing side heat transfer. In addition, the results show the variation in heat transfer coefficient with transverse location in the duct, demonstrating the effect of rotation not only on lead and trail side heat transfer, but also on forward and aft end heat transfer.
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Smith, Arthur R., Joseph Klosek, James C. Sorensen, and Donald W. Woodward. "Air Separation Unit Integration for Alternative Fuel Projects." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-063.

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Alternative fuel projects often require substantial amounts of oxygen. World scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes based on the partial oxidation of natural gas, followed by Fischer-Tropsch chemistry and product upgrading, may require in excess of 10,000 tons per day of pressurized oxygen. The remote location of many of these proposed projects and the availability of low-cost natural gas and byproduct steam from the GTL process disadvantages the use of traditional, motor-driven air separation units in favor of steam or gas turbine drive facilities. Another process of current interest is the partial oxidation of waste materials in industrial areas to generate synthesis gas. Synthesis gas may be processed into fuels and chemicals, or combusted in gas turbines to produce electricity. A key to the economic viability of such oxygen-based processes is cost effective air separation units, and the manner in which they are integrated with the rest of the facility. Because the trade-off between capital and energy is different for the remote gas and the industrial locations, the optimum integration schemes can also differ significantly. This paper examines various methods of integrating unit operations to improve the economics of alternative fuel facilities. Integration concepts include heat recovery, as well as several uses of byproduct nitrogen to enhance gas turbine operation or power production. Start-up, control and operational aspects are presented to complete the review of integrated designs.
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Utturkar, Yogen, Mehmet Arik, and Tunc Icoz. "Thermal Characteristics of a Synthetic Jet Integrated Heat Sink Design for Air-Cooled Electronics." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89322.

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Thermal management is currently one of the key limitations in the design of electronic systems. Parallel to the advancements in the electronics industry and increase in power dissipation the development of effective, low-cost, compact heat removal solutions become extremely critical to ensure a failsafe and reliable operation. While liquid cooling is poised to provide the cooling capability for next generation electronics, its use in present-day products is less prevalent due to risks associated with condensation, leakage, and pumping power. Consequently, air-cooling strategies still continue to vie for near-term cooling needs in the electronic industry. In cohort with these trends, an advanced air-cooling solution in form of a synthetic jet assisted heat sink has been investigated in the present study. The study focuses on key design aspect of the heat sink fin design, synthetic jet design and characterization, and the interaction of unsteady air jets with the heat sink fins. Numerical simulations are employed to investigate 3D unsteady flow dynamics and experimental setup is designed and built for validation. The paper systematically presents the design trade-offs associated with the number of jets in the thermal solution and the jet driving conditions (voltage and frequency), in terms of the thermal performance and the cost. Overall, the synthetic jet integrated heat sink has demonstrably been shown to dissipate up to 4.7 times better than conventional natural convection heat sink with a COP value of greater than 40 within a volume of 25 in3.
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Smith, Shane I., Esther M. Sternberg, Arthur C. Nelson, and Mary C. Hardin. "Interscalar Design and Health Research Partnership: Research Integration Into Curriculum and Practice." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.15.11.

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Numerous built environment factors have a negative effect upon human health and wellbeing, including lack of natural daylighting, light trespass, poor air quality, poor water quality, damaging noise pollution, uncontrolled thermal conditions, constraints and limitations on physical mobility, disorienting surroundings, amongst others. A new vision for environmental health extends beyond the traditional removal of negative factors that cause illness and disease to embrace aspects of the built and natural environment that support physical health and emotional wellbeing.
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Krzysik, David. "Utilization of the MK Combustion Optimization System™ to Maximize Combustion Efficiency in an Environment-First Fashion." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52182.

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Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion prove to have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Contributing factors include the formation of acid rain, ozone, degradation of visibility, and inhalable fine particles. In addressing these problems, environmental regulations are becoming more stringent on electric utilities. Low NOx burner (LNB) technology was developed to provide a cost-effective means of complying with the NOx Reduction Program under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. Prior to LNB technology, standard burners were designed to rapidly mix the fuel and oxidant, producing high combustion efficiency and large quantities of NOx. Limiting the reaction rate at which the air and fuel mix, particularly during the early stages of combustion, can effectively control NOx formation; however, this rate limitation tends to diminish combustion efficiency and proves to be the compromise of LNB technology. Controlling one aspect or the other can be intuitively easy, but controlling both is challenging and trade-offs are necessary. Identifying a happy medium between the standards of yesterday and today is necessary in the optimization of coal-fired combustion. The ultimate effect will improve commercial availability in an environment-first fashion.
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Reports on the topic "Health aspects of Air travel"

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Dy, Sydney M., Julie M. Waldfogel, Danetta H. Sloan, Valerie Cotter, Susan Hannum, JaAlah-Ai Heughan, Linda Chyr, et al. Integrating Palliative Care in Ambulatory Care of Noncancer Serious Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer237.

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Objectives. To evaluate availability, effectiveness, and implementation of interventions for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for U.S.-based adults with serious life-threatening chronic illness or conditions other than cancer and their caregivers We evaluated interventions addressing identification of patients, patient and caregiver education, shared decision-making tools, clinician education, and models of care. Data sources. We searched key U.S. national websites (March 2020) and PubMed®, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (through May 2020). We also engaged Key Informants. Review methods. We completed a mixed-methods review; we sought, synthesized, and integrated Web resources; quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies; and input from patient/caregiver and clinician/stakeholder Key Informants. Two reviewers screened websites and search results, abstracted data, assessed risk of bias or study quality, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: health-related quality of life, patient overall symptom burden, patient depressive symptom scores, patient and caregiver satisfaction, and advance directive documentation. We performed meta-analyses when appropriate. Results. We included 46 Web resources, 20 quantitative effectiveness studies, and 16 qualitative implementation studies across primary care and specialty populations. Various prediction models, tools, and triggers to identify patients are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. Numerous patient and caregiver education tools are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. All of the shared decision-making tools addressed advance care planning; these tools may increase patient satisfaction and advance directive documentation compared with usual care (SOE: low). Patients and caregivers prefer advance care planning discussions grounded in patient and caregiver experiences with individualized timing. Although numerous education and training resources for nonpalliative care clinicians are available, we were unable to draw conclusions about implementation, and none have been evaluated for effectiveness. The models evaluated for integrating palliative care were not more effective than usual care for improving health-related quality of life or patient depressive symptom scores (SOE: moderate) and may have little to no effect on increasing patient satisfaction or decreasing overall symptom burden (SOE: low), but models for integrating palliative care were effective for increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: moderate). Multimodal interventions may have little to no effect on increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: low) and other graded outcomes were not assessed. For utilization, models for integrating palliative care were not found to be more effective than usual care for decreasing hospitalizations; we were unable to draw conclusions about most other aspects of utilization or cost and resource use. We were unable to draw conclusions about caregiver satisfaction or specific characteristics of models for integrating palliative care. Patient preferences for appropriate timing of palliative care varied; costs, additional visits, and travel were seen as barriers to implementation. Conclusions. For integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for serious illness and conditions other than cancer, advance care planning shared decision-making tools and palliative care models were the most widely evaluated interventions and may be effective for improving only a few outcomes. More research is needed, particularly on identification of patients for these interventions; education for patients, caregivers, and clinicians; shared decision-making tools beyond advance care planning and advance directive completion; and specific components, characteristics, and implementation factors in models for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care.
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