Academic literature on the topic 'Health aspects of Rural-urban migration'
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Journal articles on the topic "Health aspects of Rural-urban migration"
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Pham, Nhu Ngoc K., Mai Do, Van H. Bui, and Giang T. Nguyen. "Rural-to-urban migration in Vietnam: conceptualized youth’s vulnerabilities in the city." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2015-0044.
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Purpose Vietnam is experiencing high rates of young adult migration from rural hometowns to urban cities in search of new economic and social opportunities. However, limited internal migration research has examined the well-being of this population once they are in the urban destinations, as well as their interactions with the new lifestyles in the cities. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore the social transition of young Vietnamese migrants into city life. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted among ten female and six male temporary unmarried migrants, between ages of 18 and 25 years, currently living in Ha Noi through purposive sampling. Findings Despite a higher income in the city, young migrants often suffer from physical and mental health strains that decrease their overall well-being, caused by the factors such as barriers to assimilation to new lifestyles, continued attachment to origin hometowns, financial pressures, and poor living conditions. Important aspects in pre-migration expectations and actual experiences influenced the psychosocial well-being of these young migrants as they transitioned into adulthood during their migration process. Migration to the city and assimilation into city life also changed young migrants’ views on lifestyles and behaviors often considered misconducts in their rural hometowns, such as premarital sex. Female migrants faced higher stigmatization compared to male migrants, often described by fellow migrants as becoming “loose” in the new city. Originality/value The study findings highlight the important gender-specific implications for health services and programs to improve young migrants’ well-being in the city.
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Murto, Christine, Liana Ariza, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Olga André Chichava, Alexcian Rodrigues Oliveira, Charles Kaplan, Luciana Ferreira Marques da Silva, and Jorg Heukelbach. "Migration among individuals with leprosy: a population-based study in Central Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00005913.
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This study investigates social and clinical factors associated with migration among individuals affected by leprosy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among those newly diagnosed with leprosy (2006-2008), in 79 endemic municipalities in the state of Tocantins, Brazil (N = 1,074). In total, 76.2% were born in a municipality different from their current residence. In the five years before diagnosis 16.7% migrated, and 3.6% migrated after leprosy diagnosis. Findings reflect aspects associated with historical rural-urban population movement in Brazil. Indicators of poverty were prominent among before-diagnosis migrants but not after-diagnosis migrants. Migration after diagnosis was associated with prior migration. The association of multibacillary leprosy with migration indicates healthcare access may be an obstacle to early diagnosis among before-diagnosis migrants, which may also be related to the high mobility of this group.
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KNODEL, JOHN, JIRAPORN KESPICHAYAWATTANA, CHANPEN SAENGTIENCHAI, and SUVINEE WIWATWANICH. "How left behind are rural parents of migrant children? Evidence from Thailand." Ageing and Society 30, no. 5 (January 20, 2010): 811–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09990699.
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ABSTRACTThe consequences of adult children's migration from rural areas for older parents who remain behind are keenly debated. While the mass media and international advocacy organisations favour an ‘alarmist’ view of desertion, the academic literature makes more sanguine assessments using the ‘household strategy’ and ‘modified extended family’ perspectives. We examine the relationship between the migration of adult children and various dimensions of older parents' wellbeing in Thailand using evidence from a survey that focused on the issues. The results provide little support for the alarmist view, but instead suggest that parents and adult children adapt to the social and economic changes associated with development in ways not necessarily detrimental to intergenerational relations. The migration of children, especially to urban areas, often benefits parents' material support while the recent spread of cell phones has radically increased their ability to maintain social contact. Nevertheless, changing living arrangements through increased migration and the smaller family sizes of the youngest age groups of older people pose serious challenges for aspects of filial support, especially at advanced ages when chronic illness and frailty require long-term personal care. Dealing with this emerging situation in a context of social, economic and technological change is among the most critical issues facing those concerned with the implications of rapid population ageing in Thailand and elsewhere.
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KEELING, SALLY. "Relative distance: ageing in rural New Zealand." Ageing and Society 21, no. 5 (September 2001): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01008443.
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This paper explores aspects of kinship and geographical distance in terms of the social context of older people in the South Island of New Zealand, and with particular reference to the long-term epidemiological study of ageing in the community of Mosgiel. Comparisons between the numbers of relatives reported in the social networks of the older participants at baseline and in the six-year follow-up study indicate both losses and gains over time. A local qualitative study carried out within the Mosgiel study interprets meanings of closeness and distance from the ways that older people talk about family and friends. In discussing definitions of family, aspects of genealogical and generational connection are described, along with processes which allow for ‘proxies’ and ‘substitution’ in the light of geographical proximity. These role definitions within families, and the wider social networks within which they operate, provide continuity and reliable social support together with flexibility and adaptability to change. The Mosgiel study illustrates some aspects of the combined effects of low population density in the region, rural-to-urban migration, and recent health and social service restructuring on older people and on their families.
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Dr. Sakreen Hasan. "Quality of Life in Metropolitan cities of Uttar Pradesh." Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities 6, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/jassh.v6i11.550.
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Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. Being a complex socio-economic process closely connected with scientific technological revolution, urbanization exercises a growing influence on all aspects of society, reflecting the nature of economic and regional development.
The numbers of metro cities in India are continuously increasing from 12 in the year 1981 to 23 in 1991, 35 in 2001 and 54 in 2011. This shows that urbanization is increasing but mostly in or nearby metro cities of the country. But the capacity of metro to assimilate increasing urban population is not as good as it should be.
The sheer magnitude of the urban population, haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas, and a desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such a situation. The rapid growth of urban population (decadal growth of total population in India is about 17.7 percentage points during 2001-2011 while urban population growth is about 31.8 percentage points)[1] both natural and through migration though there is decline of rural-urban migration[2], has put heavy pressure on public utilities like housing, sanitation, transport, water, electricity, health, education and so on. So the study of metro cities is needed.
This study is about the quality of life in seven metro cities (Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Agra, Meerut, Varanasi and Allahabad) of Uttar Pradesh. For the analysis some index are used in this paper like deprivation index, multi-dimension poverty index and quality of life index. This could give us insight of the sustainability of the metropolitan cities.
[1] Census of India, 2011
[2] Amitabh Kundu, ‘Urbanisation and urban governance – search for a prospective beyond neo-liberalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 29, July 19, 2003, pp. 3079-3087.
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Bezrukova, Galina Aleksandrovna, Tamara Anatolievna Novikova, and Anatoliy Nikolaevich Mikerov. "Health and hygiene aspects affecting the development of the agricultural production environment." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2012-06.
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The results of a comprehensive multi-factor analysis of updated information about the demographic situation in rural settlements of the Russian Federation and working conditions in the agricultural sector of the economy are presented. It is shown that in the period from 2010 to 2018, stable population growth was registered only in 20.8 % of rural municipalities, while 79.2 % of settlements were characterized by a decrease in rural residents. Along with depopulation, critical for the sustainable development of rural areas is a prevailing explicit deformation of the age structure of the population and associated growth of demographic burden on the able-bodied rural population due to low birth rate and high death rate of men of working age, as well as the continuing migration outflow of the economically active population in the regional and Federal centers of Russia. The main place of employment in rural areas remains the production of agricultural products. Despite the differences characteristic of technological processes in certain types of agricultural activities, the specifics of labor in the agricultural sector have common aspects related to the impact of harmful factors of the production environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The number of people working in the agricultural sector in harmful and dangerous working conditions in the period from 2011 to 2017 decreased by 19.2 %, while the share of this category of people in the total structure of those employed in agricultural production decreased by 4.4 % to 29.4 % in 2017. According to the results of inspections of territorial bodies of Rospotrebnadzor in the period from 2011 to 2017, the share of jobs that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards at agricultural enterprises decreased from 35.7 to 30.4 %, which indicates a trend of improvement in the sanitary and hygienic situation.
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Khan, Salman, Yiqing Guan, Farhan Khan, and Zeeshan Khan. "A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan’s Capital." Water 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010166.
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Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rural to urban migration, coupled with the ongoing climate change, threaten the sustainability of cities, particularly in developing countries. Previous studies indicate numerous deficiencies in the water supply and sewage systems of Islamabad; however, a comprehensive insight into the water security assessment has not been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the urban water security of Islamabad by taking both human and environmental aspects into consideration. In principle, we achieve this objective by implementing the Water Security Assessment Framework, using five distinct parameters to calculate an urban water security index. The water supply dimension incorporates availability, accessibility, affordability, and the quality of drinking water in the city, whereas, sanitation and health dimension measures access to improved drainage systems as well as the state of overall hygiene of the city inhabitants. Furthermore, the water economy dimension includes water productivity and investment aspects in the study area, while the environment and ecosystem dimension looks into the current state of natural water bodies. Similarly, overall management and public support for freshwater resources are measured in the society and governance dimension. In general, we attempt to better comprehend water-security nexus in the federal capital considering it as a prerequisite to ensure a sustainable future for the city dwellers.
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Hudzelyak, Iryna, and Iryna Dnistryanska. "Demographic situation in rural locality of Ukraine: trends and regional features." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10171.
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Ukrainian rural locality marks of negative demographic trends, which began to appear in most areas from the 1970-80s and primarily connected with depopulation processes. Forced industrialization and urbanization caused a migratory outflow of rural residents that was additionally predetermined by liquidation policy of hamlets and “unpromising villages”. It led to the exhaustion of the demographic potential, reduction in reproductive cohorts and to the aging population. Most acutely these trends were detected in Chernihiv, Sumy, Poltava, Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions, where natural geography factors also didn’t promote the expansion of rural settlement network. Large negative impact on the reproduction of human potential was famine in 1932-1933. Depopulation of village people in Ukraine has taken place under the influence of unbalanced in spatial aspect social development. Namely, though stable underfunding there was a steady decline in health and education sector and in the other branches of social service completely did not meet the needs of modern society, which has lowered among young people the attractiveness of the villages as place permanent residence. Significant migration losses and lowering of the birth rate defined trends of rural population aging, faster than urban areas. Natural reproduction of rural population has a narrowed nature and is noted by a gradual decline in the birth rate, which remains higher than in urban areas, mainly due to high mortality too distorted age structure. Natural and migration movement of the rural population defined the dynamics of the rural settlement network: reduced the number of settlements in almost all regions of Ukraine except Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Volyn, Kherson and Zakarpattia region. The greatest reduction in the number of villages – in Poltava, Sumy, Chernihiv and Kirovohrad regions. Stabilization of depopulation processes in rural areas is possible implementation of social policies and activation of the processing industries related to the agricultural sector. Key words: rural population, rural settlement, depopulation aging, natural reproduction, migration outflow.
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Wanderley, Dalva Marli Valério, and Fernando M. A. Corrêa. "Epidemiology of Chagas' heart disease." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 2 (April 1995): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000200003.
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Chagas' disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. About 16 million persons are affected and 90 million others are exposed to the risk of being infected by the parasite. The knowledge of epidemiological aspects of the disease allowed to delineate the strategies for the control of the disease related with the vectorial transmission. However, these strategies have had no priority in all endemic countries. Rural-urban migration in most endemic areas carried infected individuals to urban centers increasing the problem of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion. In Brazil the control program has reached good results in the last years and in several states the vectorial transmission was controlled. More recently, hemotherapic practices are performed using screening procedures but this practice must be improved in order to eliminate the possibility of Chagas' disease transmission by another ways (congenital, accidental, oral, etc.). An adequate health care to the infected persons must be improved in order to diminish the social costs of the severe cardiopathy which has been responsible for the adults premature deaths.
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Castro, Mora, and Giorgina Fabron. "Food Knowledge and Migrant Families in Argentina." Anthropology in Action 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2019.260304.
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This article presents an analysis of different aspects of the migration process of a large group of people in Argentina, who originally come from the rural uplands (Jujuy Province) but who currently dwell in a lowlands peri-urban area (Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area). In particular, it presents some of the results of a long-term research project on food practices deployed in both geographical zones, which are united by a considerable migrant flow that intensified during the last three decades. From an anthropological perspective, it analyses the features of the nutritional transition of this social group regard to changes in its food knowledge and cultural heritage. It suggests that this qualitative factor can contribute to a better understanding of the health issues that have been faced by this group.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Health aspects of Rural-urban migration"
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Borhade, Anjali. "Challenges and possible solutions for ensuring health of urban migrants as a part of India's agenda for a sustainable urban growth story." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:65e3dec5-09ec-4b73-8ca8-3de451c15237.
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Internal labour migration is an important livelihood strategy for poor groups worldwide. Aims and objectives This research aims to answer the question "What is appropriate policy framework to address the health needs of the Indian urban migrants?" The research analyses existing policies and compares policies in arrange of countries that have developed mechanisms to address migrant's health needs. Transferable lessons will be drawn to develop a policy framework to address health needs of Indian migrants. Recommendations to improve the health of urban migrants will be made. Methods The research involves a mixed methods approach - literature review, questionnaire survey, qualitative interviews and site visits to understand successes and challenges in the implementation of migration and health policies in India and other countries. A literature review was conducted to understand the impact of migration - its health outcomes and policies in India and abroad. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was conducted using random sampling with 4000 migrants in Nashik to understand their access to health care. In-depth interviews were conducted with policy makers in ministries including health and labour, migrant's organizations and international agencies in India, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam to understand the successes and challenges in the implementation of migration and health policies and learn from their experiences. Conclusions Internal migration is rising in India mainly from the scheduled tribes and castes. Lack of migration specific data, state specific programmes/policies linked with state citizenship and lack of federal structures are key challenges to meet the unique needs of Indian migrants. Lessons for India were learnt from other countries included initiating a migration census, introducing a national portable health insurance and a comprehensive 'whole government approach'. Recommendations were made to enable the government to facilitate appropriate policy to improve the health and status of the migrants.
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Stephenson, Robert Brian. "The impact of rural-urban migration on child survival in India." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313189.
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Mahoney, Elizabeth D. "Return Migration: A Study of College Graduates Returning to Rural U.S. Homes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MahoneyED2009.pdf.
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Harris, Sally. "People, planning and floods : aspects of rural living at Lewiston, S.A /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh316.pdf.
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Sherkin, Samantha G. "Forever united : identity-construction across the rural-urban divide /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5523.pdf.
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Omar, Suleiman Mohammed. "A point-prevalence investigation of aspects of dental health in rural and urban Libyan children." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357189.
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Dalzell, Sarah. "Bone health in Gambian women : impact and implications of rural-to-urban migration and the nutrition transition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283609.
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Urbanisation and the associated nutrition transition have been linked with the recent rise in osteoporotic fragility fracture incidence in many countries. Predictions indicate that hip fracture incidence will increase 6-fold in Africa and Asia by 2050, partially attributed to demographic transition and population ageing. Differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) between rural and urban locations indicate that urban regions of high-income countries (HIC) have lower aBMD and a higher incidence of hip fracture. The few studies conducted in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) provide inconsistent results; in contrast to HIC, most have found higher aBMD in urban populations. To investigate the impact of migrating to an urban environment, detailed studies of bone phenotype and factors affecting bone health have been conducted in two groups of pre-menopausal Gambian women: urban migrant (n=58) and rural (n=81). Both groups spent their formative years in the same rural setting of Kiang West, urban women were known to have migrated to coastal districts, concentrated in Brikama and Kanifing, when aged ≥16 years. Bone phenotype (bone mineral content (BMC); bone area (BA); aBMD, and size-adjusted BMC (adjusted for height, weight and BA) of the whole-body, lumbar spine and hip) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with further characterisation by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Data were also collected on anthropometry, body composition, food and nutrient intakes, physical activity, socio-demographic characteristics, vitamin D status, and 24hr urinary mineral outputs (Na, K, P, and Ca). Mean age and height of rural and urban migrant groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Urban migrant women were significantly heavier (p < 0.01). Significant differences in BMC and aBMD were found between groups at all skeletal sites, with urban women having higher BMC and aBMD; BA was not significantly different. The greatest difference in BMC was found at the lumbar spine (8.5% ± SE 3.0, p < 0.01), a meaningful difference, equivalent to 0.76 of rural SD. T- Scores were also calculated using a young adult (white, female) reference population, mean T- scores were -1.03 and -0.22, for rural and urban groups respectively. After adjusting for size, differences in whole-body and hip BMC were mostly attenuated (p > 0.05), but difference in spine BMC remained significant (6.2% ± SE 2.1, p < 0.01). These results indicate that rural-to-urban migration is associated with higher BMC; BA and height were similar, and difference in body weight could not fully account for higher BMC at the lumbar spine. Calcium intakes were low in both groups, urban migrant 294mg/d (IQR: 235 to 385) and rural 305mg/d (IQR: 222 to 420). Urban women had significantly lower intakes of potassium, magnesium and dietary fibre (p < 0.01), related to lower consumption of fruit, green leafy vegetables and groundnuts. 25-hydroxy vitamin D status was good in both groups, urban migrant 64.0 ± 14.2nmol/L and rural 68.3 ± 15.7nmol/L (M ± SD, p > 0.05). Implications for bone health of the nutrition and demographic transition, principally future fracture risk and other non-communicable diseases require further research in LMICs. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE To my knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of rural-to-urban migration on bone health to be conducted in sub Saharan Africa. It is the first study of bone health and determinants of bone health in an urban population in The Gambia.
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Chaplin, Brian Douglas. "Health and wellbeing in an island community where urban style deprivation and traditional rural values interact." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1959/.
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This thesis explored aspects of the urban-rural interface within a densely populated, deprived housing scheme located on a remote, rural island lying off the north west coast of Scotland. The thesis had two aims, the first related to health, health inequality and aspects of neighbourhood and from this exploration a second aim emerged that focused in detail on the effects of rurality and religion as significant cultural influences that determined the nature of health and social environment. The Cearns housing area of Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis is reminiscent of a mainland urban scheme in terms of housing design and layout with units spaced around a series of pedestrianised courts with little green space. Significantly, most tenants, both well-established and recent, have their origins in rural Lewis, bringing with them a number of rural beliefs and behaviours. An in-depth qualitative study was carried out through individual interviews (N=55) and Cattell's social network typology was applied to inform interpretation of the nature of the social infrastructure. The main findings demonstrated the existence of 'traditional', 'socially excluded' and 'solidaristic' networks from which a strong sense of island identity, described as 'hebridean', emerged. In marked contrast to many urban areas, crime and vandalism levels were low, the housing stock was well maintained and the area was described by residents as friendly and close-knit. Hebridean communities are rural in nature, the Cearns being an anomaly, yet it shared with neighbouring villages close familial and other connections as most residents either know, or know of, their neighbours. Rurality and remoteness reinforced a 'can-do' self help culture where friendliness and co-operation is expected and this can be related to Freudenberg's notion of the 'density of acquaintanceship'. This study demonstrated that residents, irrespective of age or gender, have this view of the world, either from personal experience or through the rural upbringing of their parents and that either way a particular range of attitudes and behaviours has come with them to the Cearns. In addition to themes associated with rurality, findings from this thesis demonstrated the effect of religion at the level of the individual in terms of social support, as well as at community level in relation to social cohesion, identity and social control. Communities on the Isle of Lewis are distinctive and possibly unique within the UK in their continued adherence to the biblically strict Presbyterian religion, apparent through high levels of church attendance and strict Sabbath observance. Use of Social Identity Theory with its understanding of in-groups and out-groups provided a framework for an analysis of the interface of religion with social cohesion. The study concluded that these remote, close-knit, Gaelic-speaking, religious communities are amongst the most distinctive in the UK and that the methodology and findings of this study would have relevance in studies of similar communities elsewhere, notably within the hitherto under-researched rural communities of the Western Isles.
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Molyneux, Catherine Sarah. "Migration, mobility and health-seeking behaviour of mothers living in rural and peri-urban areas on the Kenyan Coast." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264945.
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Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.
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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.
Books on the topic "Health aspects of Rural-urban migration"
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Filho, Naomar de Almeida. Migration and mental health in Bahia, Brazil. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: Caja de Ahorros de la Immaculada de Aragon, 1987.
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Bryant, Jenny. Urban poverty and the environment in the South Pacific. Armidale, NSW: Dept. of Geography and Planning, University of New England, 1993.
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Miriam, Grant, Frayne Bruce, and Southern African Migration Project, eds. Linking migration, HIV/AIDS and urban food security in southern and eastern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Idasa, 2007.
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Urioste, Isabel Guglielmone de. Migración campo-ciudad y nutrición: Sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de Chuquisaca. Sucre, Bolivia: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 1997.
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Theron, François. Rural-urban migration: Aspects of theory, policy, and practice. Stellenbosch, Grahamstown: University Publishers & Booksellers, 1987.
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University of Dhaka. Urban Studies Programme., ed. Mobility behaviour of working people in Bangladesh: Rural-rural and rural-urban circulation. Dhaka: Urban Studies Programme, Dept. of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, 1997.
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Universität des Saarlandes. Sozialpsychologische Forschungsstelle für Entwicklungsplanung., ed. Social-psychological determinants of rural-urban migration in Kenya: An evo-psychological village study on social change in Meru District (Mt. Kenya). Saarbrücken: Breitenbach, 1986.
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Ferreira, Ademir Pacelli. O migrante na rede do outro: Ensaios sobre alteridade e subjetividade. Rio de Janeiro: TeCorá, 1999.
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Tabrīzī, Masʻūd Murtaz̤avī. Muhājarat-i rūstāyiyān bih shahrʹhā: Va taʼs̲īrāt-i iqtiṣādī va siyāsī-i ān dar dawrah-yī Pahlavī-i duvvum. Tihrān: Markaz-i Asnād-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 2004.
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Zhong, Bao-Liang, and Helen Fung-Kum Chiu. "Mental Health Morbidity Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Workers in China." In Mental Health, Mental Illness and Migration, 1–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0750-7_28-1.
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Feng, Zhilan, Yiqiang Zheng, Nancy Hernandez-Ceron, and Henry Zhao. "Designing Public Health Policies to Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of Rural-Urban Migration via Meta-Population Modeling." In Mathematical and Statistical Modeling for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, 187–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40413-4_12.
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Weber, Eberhard Heinrich. "Socio-Economic Aspects of Mangrove Degradation in an Urban Setting." In Examining International Land Use Policies, Changes, and Conflicts, 272–90. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4372-6.ch014.
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In Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS), the degradation of mangroves advances at a fast pace, especially in urban places. Rural to urban migration let urban settlements grow tremendously in the past 60 years. People built many informal settlements straight into mangrove forests. Health implications are severe, but settlements in mangrove forests provide protection against eviction. The case study provides insight into people's lives, perception and actions in a degraded mangrove forest in the eastern part of Suva, the capital of Fiji. The major question is why people are exposing themselves to serious environmental health hazards. Based on recent changes, the chapter also looks at development efforts that threaten residents of informal settlement to get evicted from the locations they right now reside. Investigations concentrate on people's actions in space, particularly, the role degraded urban mangroves play in their decision to reside in a particular place. A major explanation is that people want to reduce risk and enhance security: security from eviction.
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Ventriglio, Antonio, and Dinesh Bhugra. "Internal migration and internal boundaries." In Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series), edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Antonio Ventriglio, João Castaldelli-Maia, and Layla McCay, 59–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804949.003.0005.
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The recent spate of global migration for geo-political reasons hides the fact that human migration has occurred over several millennia. Perhaps social media has led to acute awareness of the impact of immigration on social, political, and economic aspects of the new country. Urban areas and conurbations tend to attract refugees and asylum seekers. The contributions that migrants make are often ignored or forgotten. Migrants are mostly psychologically and physically resilient, but acculturation processes may not always go smoothly, creating discrimination by the larger community. Some migrant groups show higher rates of psychiatric disorders, but these have to be seen in the context of discrimination in policies of employment, housing, etc., and physical and psychological acculturation. Political, social, and economic factors are likely to play a role in the genesis of depression in urban migrants. Specific social factors may influence the individual’s functioning soon after arrival, but other factors may emerge after moving into the city.
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Bogin, Barry. "Rural-to-urban migration." In Biological Aspects of Human Migration, 90–129. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511897801.005.
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Martin, Philip. "Development and Rural–Urban Migration." In The Prosperity Paradox, 16–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867845.003.0003.
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Economic development is associated with rural–urban migration. Low rural wages provide a supply push to move to urban areas, while higher urban wages act as a demand pull attraction. Lewis believed that the marginal productivity of many workers employed in agriculture was near zero, so that workers could leave agriculture and hold down urban wages while the remaining farmers maintained the supply of food, justifying government neglect of agriculture in favor of industry. Todaro emphasized that high urban wages encouraged rural residents to move to cities without guaranteed jobs. Schultz argued that the best government policy was to improve education and health care in rural areas to ensure that rural residents are productive whether they stay in rural areas or move to cities. Most countries agricultural systems obey 80–20 rules: 80 % of farms are small and account for 20% of farm output, while 20% of farms are large and account for 80 % of farm output.
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Bradlow, Richard, Neha Singh, Suraj Beloskar, and Gurvinder Kalra. "Gender and sexual minorities." In Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series), edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Antonio Ventriglio, João Castaldelli-Maia, and Layla McCay, 258–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804949.003.0018.
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A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.
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Clair, Kimberly, Abdur Razzaque, Mohammad Zahirul Islam, Mohammad Nahid Mia, Razib Chowdhury, AHM Golam Mustafa, and Randall Kuhn. "Identifying reproductive health coverage gaps for rural- and urban-born migrant household heads in the slums in and around Dhaka city, Bangladesh." In South Asia Migration Report 2020, 261–77. Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429321450-11.
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Poon, Simon K., Yiren Liu, Ruihua Guo, and Mu Li. "Digital Health." In Science, Technology, and Innovation for Sustainable Development Goals, 288–309. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949501.003.0014.
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Digital health is the intersection of information, computer, and medical science and healthcare, which focusses on adopting information technology (IT) within clinical and healthcare processes. In this chapter, a maturity measurement framework of digital health in China is developed. The framework is applied to contextualize different aspects of the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of digital health in China; more specifically, to identify its potential in improving the quality and delivery of healthcare (SDG3) and the way health information is shared through new value chains in the health system. The demand of quality education, digital health literacy, and expansion of complementary skills among health professionals, patients, and the general population will become more important to ensure inclusive and equitable education and to promote lifelong learning (SDG4). Transforming health service supply through digitization (automating processes) as well as digitalization (changing to new model of care deliveries) will enable better access in rural regions and help prevent the urban–rural divide faced by many people. Progress in digital health can facilitate equality between populations and reduce inequality among different groups of population by location, health, or economic status (SDG10). This chapter discusses the recent establishment of the Chinese National Health Information Platform, also known as the 4631-2 project, and then takes a system perspective to assess the impacts by covering four dimensions: translation, education, transformation, and technology. Finally, the chapter provides future projections on the basis of the literature synthesis, including opportunities and challenges for a sustainable digital health system in China.
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Xing, Chunbing. "Human Capital and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China." In Cities of Dragons and Elephants, 475–513. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0015.
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This chapter explores the relationship between human capital development and urbanization in the People’s Republic of China, highlighting the Hukou system and decentralized fiscal system. Educated workers disproportionately reside in urban areas and in large cities, and the returns to education are higher in urban areas relative to those in rural areas, and in large, educated cities relative to small, less educated cities. In addition, the external returns to education in urban areas are at least comparable to the magnitude of private returns. Rural areas are the major reservoir for urban population growth, and the more educated have a higher chance of moving to cities and obtaining urban Hukou. As for health, rural–urban migration is selective in that healthy rural residents choose to migrate. However, occupational choices and living conditions are detrimental to migrants’ health. While migration has a positive effect on migrant children, its effect on ‘left-behind’ children is unclear.
Conference papers on the topic "Health aspects of Rural-urban migration"
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Matejovičová, Barbora. "Selected Aspects Of Health Status In Rural And Urban Young Slovak Women." In 7th icCSBs 2018 - The Annual International Conference on Cognitive - Social, and Behavioural Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.02.02.41.
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Yayar, Rüştü, Meltem Uçgunoğlu, and Yusuf Demir. "Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01513.
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Migration is defined as movement of population from one place to another. If population moves within the country, it is identified as internal migration, vice versa if population moves out of country, it is identified as emigration. Thanks to economic policies implemented in 1980’s in Turkey, there has been structural transformation. With the beginning of intensive migration from rural areas to urban places, this movement has brought some problems. In this paper, firstly internal migration phenomenon will be explained theoretically and will be presented in terms of Turkey side with various statistics. Some factors which are thought as having an impact on emergence of internal migration that heads to serious problems and reached serious dimensions in Turkey will be estimated with regression model. Economic reasons of migration will be discussed with driving and attractive forces. And with this approach, it is planned as the migration rate will be added to regression model as dependent variable and income, education, unemployment and health will be added to model as independent variable. Social and economic policies will be proposed in order to provide solutions of problems about internal migration.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Chanden, Mysore Chandrashekar, J. S. Aadithyaa, P. S. Prakash, and Haridas Bharath. "Machine learning for building extraction and integration of particle swarm optimization with sleuth for urban growth pattern visualization for liveable cities." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/pukd9844.
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Rapidly increasing population and migration from rural areas to nearby urban agglomerations develop tremendous pressure on system of the existing cities without compromising socioeconomic and cultural linkages. Policy interventions, both at global and local scale, have created newer avenues for the researchers to explore real-time solutions for problems world-wide. For instance, the outcome of 2015 United Nations agenda for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the year 2030 primarily focuses on urbanization issues and probabilistic modelling of future scenarios to obtain a robust alternative for resource utilization and further for maximizing sustainability through land use pattern analysis. This is the clear indication toward the very important role of “ever dormant” urban planning, especially in the case of a rapidly developing country such as India. Remote sensing and geo informatics along with Machine learning can provide extremely relevant information about the pattern change in cities and as input to visualize the future growth pockets. In this context, potential of cellular automata (CA) in urban modelling has been explored by various researchers across the globe. In the recent past, models have been drawing majority of the attention along with geographic CA processes about urban growth and urban sprawl studies. Most recent approaches include optimization of transition rules based on machine learning techniques and evolutionary algorithms that follow nature-inspired mechanism such as Genetic Algorithm, Ant colony optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), simulated annealing, Grey Wolf optimizer etc. Irrespective of any modelling technique, model calibration remains one of the challenging and most crucial steps towards obtaining realistic results. This research communication tries to demonstrate a novel idea of integrating PSO with SLEUTH post calibration of the spatial-temporal footprint of urban growth from the year 1990 to 2017 for Kolkata, a historical megacity of Eastern India. Results were evaluated and validated using statistical fit measuresreveals PSO-SLEUTH performed substantially better compared to traditional Brute Force calibration method (BFM). Another significant development was in terms of computation time of optimized values from days (BFM) to hours (PSO). The study identifies Kolkata region to be sensitive to spread and road gravity coefficients during calibration procedure. Results indicate growth along the transport corridors with multiple agents fuelling the growth. Further, with the aid of high spatial resolution data, buildings were extracted to understand the growth parameters incorporating neural networks. Using the results, renewable energy aspects were explored to harness and provide a suitable local solution for energy issues in energy gobbling cities. Pattern of landscape change, development of better process of modeling and extraction of building from machine learning techniques for planning smart cities with self-sustaining energy is presented in this research work.
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Liu, Xuhui, Yifan Yu, and Xin Sui. "Neighborhood Environment and the Elderly’s Subject Well-being." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/evqy6355.
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Background: In the context of an aging society, the physical and mental health and quality of life of the elderly have received more and more attention. Among them, in the field of mental health of the elderly, subject well-being is an important concern. Many studies have shown that the environment has a certain impact on people's mental health. In the field of landscape, public health and architecture, most of the studies focus on the natural environment, including the number and proportion of green space, the distance to green space, the characteristics of green space, as well as the building density, building form, road network density and layout in the built environment. However, in China, the specific environment elements that are more comprehensive and more closely linked with urban planning and management need to be studied. Objectives: Relevant research shows that more than 80% of the activities of the elderly are completed within 1 km of the neighborhood. This study takes neighborhood environment as the main research area and research object. The objectives include: 1, to find the status of the elderly’s subject well-being in Shanghai; 2, to find the impact of the neighborhood environmental factors on the subject well-being of the elderly; and therefore, 3, to put forward some suggestions for neighborhood planning to promote the subject well-being of the elderly. Methods: Based on the data of the Fourth Survey on the Living Conditions of the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas of China, 3431 urban residential samples in Shanghai were selected and analyzed in this study. The subject well-being comes from the question, "General speaking, do you feel happy?" Options include five levels, ranging from very happy to very unhappy. According to the existing literature and the specific requirements of Shanghai urban planning compilation and management, the environmental factors are summarized as 20 indicators in four aspects: natural environment, housing conditions, urban form and facility environment. According to the sample address, the environmental factors indicators are calculated in GIS. The data are analyzed by the method of path analysis in Mplus7.4. Results: 70.9% of the respondents felt very happy or happy, while only 2.2% of the respondents said they were unhappy or very unhappy. Non-agricultural household registration, higher education, better self-rated economic status of the elderly, the better of the subject well-being of the elderly. Under the control of the basic characteristics and socio-economic attributes of the elderly, the per capita green space area, housing construction area, road network density and location conditions have a significant impact on the well-being of the elderly. Conclusion: Under the control of socio-economic variables, community environment can significantly affect the subjective well-being of the elderly. In the planning of community life circle, improving the level of green space per capita in the community, improving the housing conditions of the elderly, and building a high-density road network system are effective measures to promote the subject well-being of the elderly.
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Scientific Committee, EAAE-ARCC-IC. "EAAE-ARCC International Conference & 2nd VIBRArch: The architect and the city. Vol. 2." In EAAE-ARCC International Conference & 2nd VIBRArch. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eaae-arcc-ic.2020.13832.
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Contemporary thinking regarding architecture is nowadays rather dispersed. But most authors totally agree in the characteristics of the modern subject who inhabits it. This subject is rational, employs several logics and language resources, has articulated complex societies and organizational structures and has created cities to meet and grow. This anthropological relation between architecture and city has gone through different stages in recent times. In the first half of the twentieth century, cities took the initiative by means of their experts as a direct extension of a society which was questioning many aspects of obedience. However, the second half of the twentieth century was marked by a more acquiescent temper, with profitability and productivity in the foreground. As a result, their remarkable growing often has blurred them, habitational products are not connected with social subjects and development initiative is taken by productive sectors. Facing this situation, architecture has recently made a move and has retaken the initiative leaded by a third revisionist generation which employs different cultural variables such as alterity, applied sociology or social activism. Debates on sustainability, landscape, environment, new documentary frameworks and mapping processes, have set the place for new reflections on: limits, borders, traces, surroundings-city interaction, compact or diffuse cities, and many more. Along with such a themed view new topics such as revisiting the rural, have emerged. This third way has collaterally connected with new parameters derived from committed activism such as cooperation, development, third world, urban overcrowdings, residual fabrics, refugee camps, and others which have incorporated new material and strategic discourses on recycling, crowdfunding or low-cost. The profusion of divisions of the problem has characterized a time of fragmented tests, with a noticeable loss of general perspective and where the architects’ responsibility about the cities has again broken through but in a fairly hesitant and slow way. Against this background, a fourth and contemporary and critical generation is characterized by the cohesion of speeches, positions and approaches. With an inclusive, transversal and revisionist nature, incorporates and revisits concepts such as feminism, gender, childhood, shelter, migration, wealth, transversality, glocality, interculturality, multiculturality and many more. Hence, we nowadays face the challenge of refounding the concept of city for the future generations, subjected to the duality of the inherited city and its expansion, to the duality of what is consigned and what is missing. The 2020 edition of the EAAE-ARCC International Conference to be held in Valencia, Spain, along with the 2nd edition of the Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture will welcome keynote speakers and papers that explore the future of cities and the regained leading role that architects should have in its design.