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Journal articles on the topic 'Health aspects of Rural-urban migration'
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Pham, Nhu Ngoc K., Mai Do, Van H. Bui, and Giang T. Nguyen. "Rural-to-urban migration in Vietnam: conceptualized youth’s vulnerabilities in the city." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2015-0044.
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Purpose Vietnam is experiencing high rates of young adult migration from rural hometowns to urban cities in search of new economic and social opportunities. However, limited internal migration research has examined the well-being of this population once they are in the urban destinations, as well as their interactions with the new lifestyles in the cities. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore the social transition of young Vietnamese migrants into city life. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted among ten female and six male temporary unmarried migrants, between ages of 18 and 25 years, currently living in Ha Noi through purposive sampling. Findings Despite a higher income in the city, young migrants often suffer from physical and mental health strains that decrease their overall well-being, caused by the factors such as barriers to assimilation to new lifestyles, continued attachment to origin hometowns, financial pressures, and poor living conditions. Important aspects in pre-migration expectations and actual experiences influenced the psychosocial well-being of these young migrants as they transitioned into adulthood during their migration process. Migration to the city and assimilation into city life also changed young migrants’ views on lifestyles and behaviors often considered misconducts in their rural hometowns, such as premarital sex. Female migrants faced higher stigmatization compared to male migrants, often described by fellow migrants as becoming “loose” in the new city. Originality/value The study findings highlight the important gender-specific implications for health services and programs to improve young migrants’ well-being in the city.
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Murto, Christine, Liana Ariza, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Olga André Chichava, Alexcian Rodrigues Oliveira, Charles Kaplan, Luciana Ferreira Marques da Silva, and Jorg Heukelbach. "Migration among individuals with leprosy: a population-based study in Central Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00005913.
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This study investigates social and clinical factors associated with migration among individuals affected by leprosy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among those newly diagnosed with leprosy (2006-2008), in 79 endemic municipalities in the state of Tocantins, Brazil (N = 1,074). In total, 76.2% were born in a municipality different from their current residence. In the five years before diagnosis 16.7% migrated, and 3.6% migrated after leprosy diagnosis. Findings reflect aspects associated with historical rural-urban population movement in Brazil. Indicators of poverty were prominent among before-diagnosis migrants but not after-diagnosis migrants. Migration after diagnosis was associated with prior migration. The association of multibacillary leprosy with migration indicates healthcare access may be an obstacle to early diagnosis among before-diagnosis migrants, which may also be related to the high mobility of this group.
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KNODEL, JOHN, JIRAPORN KESPICHAYAWATTANA, CHANPEN SAENGTIENCHAI, and SUVINEE WIWATWANICH. "How left behind are rural parents of migrant children? Evidence from Thailand." Ageing and Society 30, no. 5 (January 20, 2010): 811–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09990699.
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ABSTRACTThe consequences of adult children's migration from rural areas for older parents who remain behind are keenly debated. While the mass media and international advocacy organisations favour an ‘alarmist’ view of desertion, the academic literature makes more sanguine assessments using the ‘household strategy’ and ‘modified extended family’ perspectives. We examine the relationship between the migration of adult children and various dimensions of older parents' wellbeing in Thailand using evidence from a survey that focused on the issues. The results provide little support for the alarmist view, but instead suggest that parents and adult children adapt to the social and economic changes associated with development in ways not necessarily detrimental to intergenerational relations. The migration of children, especially to urban areas, often benefits parents' material support while the recent spread of cell phones has radically increased their ability to maintain social contact. Nevertheless, changing living arrangements through increased migration and the smaller family sizes of the youngest age groups of older people pose serious challenges for aspects of filial support, especially at advanced ages when chronic illness and frailty require long-term personal care. Dealing with this emerging situation in a context of social, economic and technological change is among the most critical issues facing those concerned with the implications of rapid population ageing in Thailand and elsewhere.
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KEELING, SALLY. "Relative distance: ageing in rural New Zealand." Ageing and Society 21, no. 5 (September 2001): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01008443.
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This paper explores aspects of kinship and geographical distance in terms of the social context of older people in the South Island of New Zealand, and with particular reference to the long-term epidemiological study of ageing in the community of Mosgiel. Comparisons between the numbers of relatives reported in the social networks of the older participants at baseline and in the six-year follow-up study indicate both losses and gains over time. A local qualitative study carried out within the Mosgiel study interprets meanings of closeness and distance from the ways that older people talk about family and friends. In discussing definitions of family, aspects of genealogical and generational connection are described, along with processes which allow for ‘proxies’ and ‘substitution’ in the light of geographical proximity. These role definitions within families, and the wider social networks within which they operate, provide continuity and reliable social support together with flexibility and adaptability to change. The Mosgiel study illustrates some aspects of the combined effects of low population density in the region, rural-to-urban migration, and recent health and social service restructuring on older people and on their families.
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Dr. Sakreen Hasan. "Quality of Life in Metropolitan cities of Uttar Pradesh." Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities 6, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/jassh.v6i11.550.
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Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. Being a complex socio-economic process closely connected with scientific technological revolution, urbanization exercises a growing influence on all aspects of society, reflecting the nature of economic and regional development.
The numbers of metro cities in India are continuously increasing from 12 in the year 1981 to 23 in 1991, 35 in 2001 and 54 in 2011. This shows that urbanization is increasing but mostly in or nearby metro cities of the country. But the capacity of metro to assimilate increasing urban population is not as good as it should be.
The sheer magnitude of the urban population, haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas, and a desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such a situation. The rapid growth of urban population (decadal growth of total population in India is about 17.7 percentage points during 2001-2011 while urban population growth is about 31.8 percentage points)[1] both natural and through migration though there is decline of rural-urban migration[2], has put heavy pressure on public utilities like housing, sanitation, transport, water, electricity, health, education and so on. So the study of metro cities is needed.
This study is about the quality of life in seven metro cities (Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Agra, Meerut, Varanasi and Allahabad) of Uttar Pradesh. For the analysis some index are used in this paper like deprivation index, multi-dimension poverty index and quality of life index. This could give us insight of the sustainability of the metropolitan cities.
[1] Census of India, 2011
[2] Amitabh Kundu, ‘Urbanisation and urban governance – search for a prospective beyond neo-liberalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 29, July 19, 2003, pp. 3079-3087.
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Bezrukova, Galina Aleksandrovna, Tamara Anatolievna Novikova, and Anatoliy Nikolaevich Mikerov. "Health and hygiene aspects affecting the development of the agricultural production environment." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2012-06.
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The results of a comprehensive multi-factor analysis of updated information about the demographic situation in rural settlements of the Russian Federation and working conditions in the agricultural sector of the economy are presented. It is shown that in the period from 2010 to 2018, stable population growth was registered only in 20.8 % of rural municipalities, while 79.2 % of settlements were characterized by a decrease in rural residents. Along with depopulation, critical for the sustainable development of rural areas is a prevailing explicit deformation of the age structure of the population and associated growth of demographic burden on the able-bodied rural population due to low birth rate and high death rate of men of working age, as well as the continuing migration outflow of the economically active population in the regional and Federal centers of Russia. The main place of employment in rural areas remains the production of agricultural products. Despite the differences characteristic of technological processes in certain types of agricultural activities, the specifics of labor in the agricultural sector have common aspects related to the impact of harmful factors of the production environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The number of people working in the agricultural sector in harmful and dangerous working conditions in the period from 2011 to 2017 decreased by 19.2 %, while the share of this category of people in the total structure of those employed in agricultural production decreased by 4.4 % to 29.4 % in 2017. According to the results of inspections of territorial bodies of Rospotrebnadzor in the period from 2011 to 2017, the share of jobs that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards at agricultural enterprises decreased from 35.7 to 30.4 %, which indicates a trend of improvement in the sanitary and hygienic situation.
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Khan, Salman, Yiqing Guan, Farhan Khan, and Zeeshan Khan. "A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan’s Capital." Water 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010166.
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Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rural to urban migration, coupled with the ongoing climate change, threaten the sustainability of cities, particularly in developing countries. Previous studies indicate numerous deficiencies in the water supply and sewage systems of Islamabad; however, a comprehensive insight into the water security assessment has not been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the urban water security of Islamabad by taking both human and environmental aspects into consideration. In principle, we achieve this objective by implementing the Water Security Assessment Framework, using five distinct parameters to calculate an urban water security index. The water supply dimension incorporates availability, accessibility, affordability, and the quality of drinking water in the city, whereas, sanitation and health dimension measures access to improved drainage systems as well as the state of overall hygiene of the city inhabitants. Furthermore, the water economy dimension includes water productivity and investment aspects in the study area, while the environment and ecosystem dimension looks into the current state of natural water bodies. Similarly, overall management and public support for freshwater resources are measured in the society and governance dimension. In general, we attempt to better comprehend water-security nexus in the federal capital considering it as a prerequisite to ensure a sustainable future for the city dwellers.
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Hudzelyak, Iryna, and Iryna Dnistryanska. "Demographic situation in rural locality of Ukraine: trends and regional features." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10171.
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Ukrainian rural locality marks of negative demographic trends, which began to appear in most areas from the 1970-80s and primarily connected with depopulation processes. Forced industrialization and urbanization caused a migratory outflow of rural residents that was additionally predetermined by liquidation policy of hamlets and “unpromising villages”. It led to the exhaustion of the demographic potential, reduction in reproductive cohorts and to the aging population. Most acutely these trends were detected in Chernihiv, Sumy, Poltava, Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions, where natural geography factors also didn’t promote the expansion of rural settlement network. Large negative impact on the reproduction of human potential was famine in 1932-1933. Depopulation of village people in Ukraine has taken place under the influence of unbalanced in spatial aspect social development. Namely, though stable underfunding there was a steady decline in health and education sector and in the other branches of social service completely did not meet the needs of modern society, which has lowered among young people the attractiveness of the villages as place permanent residence. Significant migration losses and lowering of the birth rate defined trends of rural population aging, faster than urban areas. Natural reproduction of rural population has a narrowed nature and is noted by a gradual decline in the birth rate, which remains higher than in urban areas, mainly due to high mortality too distorted age structure. Natural and migration movement of the rural population defined the dynamics of the rural settlement network: reduced the number of settlements in almost all regions of Ukraine except Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Volyn, Kherson and Zakarpattia region. The greatest reduction in the number of villages – in Poltava, Sumy, Chernihiv and Kirovohrad regions. Stabilization of depopulation processes in rural areas is possible implementation of social policies and activation of the processing industries related to the agricultural sector. Key words: rural population, rural settlement, depopulation aging, natural reproduction, migration outflow.
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Wanderley, Dalva Marli Valério, and Fernando M. A. Corrêa. "Epidemiology of Chagas' heart disease." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 2 (April 1995): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000200003.
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Chagas' disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. About 16 million persons are affected and 90 million others are exposed to the risk of being infected by the parasite. The knowledge of epidemiological aspects of the disease allowed to delineate the strategies for the control of the disease related with the vectorial transmission. However, these strategies have had no priority in all endemic countries. Rural-urban migration in most endemic areas carried infected individuals to urban centers increasing the problem of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion. In Brazil the control program has reached good results in the last years and in several states the vectorial transmission was controlled. More recently, hemotherapic practices are performed using screening procedures but this practice must be improved in order to eliminate the possibility of Chagas' disease transmission by another ways (congenital, accidental, oral, etc.). An adequate health care to the infected persons must be improved in order to diminish the social costs of the severe cardiopathy which has been responsible for the adults premature deaths.
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Castro, Mora, and Giorgina Fabron. "Food Knowledge and Migrant Families in Argentina." Anthropology in Action 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2019.260304.
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This article presents an analysis of different aspects of the migration process of a large group of people in Argentina, who originally come from the rural uplands (Jujuy Province) but who currently dwell in a lowlands peri-urban area (Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area). In particular, it presents some of the results of a long-term research project on food practices deployed in both geographical zones, which are united by a considerable migrant flow that intensified during the last three decades. From an anthropological perspective, it analyses the features of the nutritional transition of this social group regard to changes in its food knowledge and cultural heritage. It suggests that this qualitative factor can contribute to a better understanding of the health issues that have been faced by this group.
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Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore, Alfredo Manuli, Maria Cristina De Cola, and Placido Bramanti. "Innovation technology in neurorehabilitation: introducing a hub and spoke model to avoid patient “migration” in Sicily." Journal of Health Organization and Management 34, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-07-2019-0200.
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PurposeIn the Italian National Health Service, hospital planning has been influenced by two aspects: patients' freedom to choose their healthcare provider and the equal distribution of centers spread throughout country. Unfortunately, while every Italian region should be able to meet the health needs of its own inhabitants, consistent migration among regions exists, especially from the southern areas of the country, including Sicily. As it has been demonstrated that a hub-and-spoke model (HSM) can provide medical care to even the most rural areas, the aim of this study is to propose a new Sicilian model to avoid patients' migration.Design, Methodology, ApproachThe IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo” of Messina, together with the Ministry of Health and the Sicilian government, has incorporated an HSM into a Sicilian healthcare program that provides neurological rehabilitation by means of innovative technologies such as robotics.FindingsThe authors expected, thanks to this novel HSM, that patients may benefit from advanced robotic neurorehabilitation even in rural areas, and therefore be properly treated in their own cities, avoiding unnecessary and expensive migrations to other regions and/or countries. Indeed, since the introduction of this model, there has been a reduction in patient migration, especially in the province of Messina, with a reduction of costs for admission outside the region of about 260.000 euros.Originality/valueThe use of innovative technology in the context of the promising HSM will help clinicians increase the intensity of therapies and improve working cost/efficacy, with better functional outcomes in patients.
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Wang, Feng, Leesa Lin, Mingming Xu, Leah Li, Jingjing Lu, and Xudong Zhou. "Mental Health among Left-Behind Children in Rural China in Relation to Parent-Child Communication." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101855.
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In China, there are an estimated 41 million left-behind children (LBC). The objective of this study was to examine the mental health of current-left-behind children (current-LBC) and previous-left-behind children (previous-LBC) as compared to never-left-behind children (never-LBC), while considering factors like parent-child communication. Children were recruited from schools in rural areas of Anhui province in eastern China. Participants completed a questionnaire focusing on migration status, mental health, and parent-child communication, measured with the validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS). Full data were available for 1251 current-, 473 previous-, and 268 never-LBC in Anhui province. After adjusting for all confounding variables, the results showed that both current and previous parental migration was associated with significantly higher mental health difficulties, including aspects of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and total difficulties. Additionally, we found that difficulties communicating with parents were strongly associated with the presence of greater total difficulties in children. Parental migration has an independent, long-lasting negative effect on children. Poor parent-child communication is strongly associated with children’s mental health. These results indicate that parent–child communication is important for the development of children, and interventions are needed to improve migrant parents’ understanding and communication skills with their children.
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Trifu, Alexandru, and Loredana Terec-Vlad. "Understanding the Transhumance and Migration as Phase in the Humanity Cycles." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.91.
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The human society evolves and develops according either to intrinsic (natural) laws and to so-called laws of motion imposed by the challenges, impulses, came from the actions of different components of it.The analysis conducted in this paper is considered as a precursor of the sequences of the human activities, or humanity general speaking, from ancient times, through the present times and towards the new trends in the theory of knowledge, in the manner of the discovery of what is "beyond’ ("trans”) humanity and the implications in the day-to-day life.Even this process is declining today, it is very important, not only for the pastoral and rural traditions, but also for the health status of population. Eco and bio-products from healthy livestock, living in healthy natural environment, that is on way to go in order to preserve life and health of the people.We’ve questioned also aspects of the superior level of transhumance: people migration, as a pulse motion and its impact on the daily facts and even some remarks on the refugees as ultimate stage of the migration (with intention to establish and work in the new locations).
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Zhang, Bingzheng, Ting Yu, Qiuxing Chen, Kaye Wellings, Theresa M. Oniffrey, Junrui Ma, Limin Huang, et al. "Early menarche and its relationship to paternal migrant work among middle-school-aged students in China." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 1 (May 21, 2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000300.
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AbstractAssociations have been shown between father’s absence and menarcheal age, but most studies have focused on absence resulting from divorce, abandonment or death. Little research has been conducted to evaluate the effect on menarcheal age of paternal absence through migrant work. In a sample of 400 middle school students, this study examined the association between paternal migrant work and menarcheal age against a backdrop of extensive rural-to-urban migration in China. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire, including social-demographic characteristics, aspects of family relationships, information about father’s migrant work and age at menarche. After adjusting for BMI, parent marital status and perceived relationship with mother, lower self-perceived quality of father–daughter relationship (both ‘father present, relationship poor’ and ‘father absent, relationship poor’) and lower frequency of contact with the father were associated with higher odds for early menarche. These findings suggest that the assumption that father’s absence for work influences the timing of menarche needs to be examined in the context of the quality of the father–daughter relationship and paternal care, which appear to play a critical role in the timing of menarche. These findings also emphasize the importance of enhancing paternal involvement and improving father–daughter relationships in the development of appropriate reproductive strategy in daughters.
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MacKenzie, Brianne, Gabriel Anaya, Jinwei Hu, Arlen Brickman, Peter L. Elkin, and Mandip Panesar. "Defining Data Migration Across Multidisciplinary Ambulatory Clinics Using Participatory Design." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 02 (March 2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726032.
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Abstract Objective This study aimed to develop an institutional approach for defining data migration based on participatory design principles. Methods We outline a collaborative approach to define data migration as part of an electronic health record (EHR) transition at an urban hospital with 20 ambulatory clinics, based on participatory design. We developed an institution-specific list of data for migration based on physician end-user feedback. In this paper, we review the project planning phases, multidisciplinary governance, and methods used. Results Detailed data migration feedback was obtained from 90% of participants. Depending on the specialty, requests for historical laboratory values ranged from 2 to as many as 145 unique laboratory types. Lookback periods requested by physicians varied and were ultimately assigned to provide the most clinical data. This clinical information was then combined to synthesize an overall proposed data migration request on behalf of the institution. Conclusion Institutions undergoing an EHR transition should actively involve physician end-users and key stakeholders. Physician feedback is vital for developing a clinically relevant EHR environment but is often difficult to obtain. Challenges include physician time constraints and overall knowledge about health information technology. This study demonstrates how a participatory design can serve to improve the clinical end-user's understanding of the technical aspects of an EHR implementation, as well as enhance the outcomes of such projects.
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Vilas Boas, Lucas Guedes. "Notas sobre a migração campo-cidade e a monocultura no Brasil." Ateliê Geográfico 11, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v11i1.39181.
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ResumoEste artigo discute a migração campo-cidade e a monocultura em território brasileiro, abordando aspectos vinculados às relações capitalistas de produção presentes no cenário agrário nacional. Assim sendo, serão aludidos processos como a mecanização agrícola, a Revolução Verde, a Modernização Agrícola, a especulação fundiária, entre outros. Para além, o direcionamento da produção agrícola ao exterior também será tema de discussão, pois compromete a segurança alimentar para a população brasileira. Outro fator deletério à alimentação é o fato de vastas extensões de terra serem utilizadas para a produção de agrocombustíveis ou de soja, voltada principalmente à alimentação do gado bovino. Neste contexto, a produção monocultora, atrelada ao uso intenso de agrotóxicos, reverbera em prejuízos à saúde dos brasileiros, pois reduz a variedade de gêneros alimentícios consumidos, além de ampliar a quantidade de enfermidades causadas pelo contato e ingestão dos pesticidas. Por fim, discute-se a questão agrária ante o processo de globalização e o neoliberalismo, os quais acentuam o viés capitalista presente na agricultura nacional, bem como na mundial.Palavras-chave: Migração Campo-Cidade. Monocultura. Brasil. AbstractThis article discusses the rural-urban migration and monoculture in Brazil, approaching aspects linked to capitalist relations of production present in the national agricultural scenario. Thus, will be alluded processes as agricultural mechanization, the Green Revolution, Agricultural Modernization, land speculation, among others. Furthermore, the direction of agricultural production abroad will also be theme of discussion, because prejudice the food security for the Brazilian population. Another deleterious effect to food is the fact that vast tracts of land be used for agrofuel production or soy production, mainly focused on feed cattle. In this context, monoculture production, linked to high use of pesticides, reverberates in damages to the health of Brazilians, because it reduces the variety of consumed foodstuffs, as well as expanding the number of illnesses caused by contact and ingestion of pesticides. Finally, is discussed the agrarian question before the process of globalization and neoliberalism, which accentuate the capitalist feature present in national agriculture as well as in the world.Keywords: Rural-Urban Migration. Monoculture. Brazil. ResumenEste artículo discute la migración rural-urbana y el monocultivo en Brasil, abordando los aspectos vinculados a las relaciones capitalistas de producción presentes en el escenario agrícola nacional. Así, serán aludidos procesos como la mecanización agrícola, la Revolución Verde, la modernización agrícola, la especulación del suelo, entre otros. Además, la orientación de la producción agrícola al exterior también será objeto de discusión, pues compromete la seguridad alimentaria de la población brasileña. Otro efecto perjudicial a la alimentación es el hecho de que grandes extensiones de tierra son usadas para la producción de agrocombustibles o soja, dirigida principalmente a la alimentación del ganado. En este contexto, la producción de monocultivos, vinculado a la utilización intensiva de pesticidas, reverbera en daños a la salud de los brasileños, pues reduce la variedad de alimentos consumidos, además de ampliar el número de enfermedades causadas por contacto e ingestión de pesticidas. Finalmente, se discute la cuestión agraria en el proceso de globalización y el neoliberalismo, los cuales acentúan la tendencia capitalista presente en la agricultura nacional, así como en el mundo.Palabras clave: Migración Rural-Urbana. Monocultivo. Brasil.
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Kong, Weichang, Dorina Pojani, Neil Sipe, and Dominic Stead. "Transport Poverty in Chinese Cities: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094707.
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The widening income gap in post-reform China has given rise to social inequality. Among those, transport poverty and inequality have significantly affected the daily life of low-income groups. While important, this is an under-researched topic in China. This gap in the academic literature is glaring given the country’s urbanization rates, sprawling cities and income differentials. Most previous studies have only focused on two aspects of transport poverty—job-housing imbalance and accessibility. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and impacts of transport inequality is currently lacking. Therefore, a systematic review of academic literature based on keywords relevant to transport poverty in China was conducted to provide a more complete assessment of the situation in Chinese cities. In total, 62 relevant studies were identified after close examination of the articles (including titles, abstracts, and full-texts). This set of articles allowed a number of general patterns to be identified. It was found that the most common causes of transport poverty include: a lack of access to private vehicles; uneven access to alternative transport options; inadequate public transport provision; jobs-housing imbalance; and the hukou system (a system of household registration which aims to regulate population distribution and rural-to-urban migration). The main impacts of transport poverty include: curtailed mobility and longer travel times; higher household expenditures on travel; reduced access to jobs and essential services; higher household expenditures on travel; and health and environmental issues.
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Cook, Joanne, and Jieyu Liu. "Can ‘distant water … quench the instant thirst’? The renegotiation of familial support in rural China in the face of extensive out migration." Journal of Aging Studies 37 (April 2016): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2016.02.002.
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Shukla, Nagesh, Biswajeet Pradhan, Abhirup Dikshit, Subrata Chakraborty, and Abdullah M. Alamri. "A Review of Models Used for Investigating Barriers to Healthcare Access in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114087.
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Understanding barriers to healthcare access is a multifaceted challenge, which is often highly diverse depending on location and the prevalent surroundings. The barriers can range from transport accessibility to socio-economic conditions, ethnicity and various patient characteristics. Australia has one of the best healthcare systems in the world; however, there are several concerns surrounding its accessibility, primarily due to the vast geographical area it encompasses. This review study is an attempt to understand the various modeling approaches used by researchers to analyze diverse barriers related to specific disease types and the various areal distributions in the country. In terms of barriers, the most affected people are those living in rural and remote parts, and the situation is even worse for indigenous people. These models have mostly focused on the use of statistical models and spatial modeling. The review reveals that most of the focus has been on cancer-related studies and understanding accessibility among the rural and urban population. Future work should focus on further categorizing the population based on indigeneity, migration status and the use of advanced computational models. This article should not be considered an exhaustive review of every aspect as each section deserves a separate review of its own. However, it highlights all the key points, covered under several facets which can be used by researchers and policymakers to understand the current limitations and the steps that need to be taken to improve health accessibility.
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Marcu, Andreea. "Medical Students’ Working Preferences - A Pilot Study in Romania." Social Change Review 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2017): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2017-0001.
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AbstractHealth workforce migration affects healthcare services from all around the world. This present study hypothesized that: Romanian medical students’ preference of a workplace is based not only on factors such as economical, working conditions and professional development, but also on other factors that are more related to personal values. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 215 medical students from Cluj-Napoca. Students were invited to take part in a career preference questionnaire about: socio-demographic factors, work environment, job characteristics, influence of family and friends and the students’ intention to emigrate. Results show that students would choose a job based on: quality of working conditions, intellectual challenges, job security, the location of job in an urban area, income and a good atmosphere at the workplace. The factors impacting the migration are: quality of working conditions, desire of support from nurses and acceptance of a job even if is far from where the students’ family lives. The results could influence legislation on health and workforce mobility and improve the workforce recruitment, retention and motivation aspects on long-term.
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Deb, Surajit. "Social Protection Network Across Indian States." Social Change 51, no. 3 (September 2021): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211032937.
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This contribution of the Social Change Indicators forms the eleventh part of the series. Over the last three segments, we have been focussing on the social and economic challenges arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The topics previously covered were on the themes of vulnerable households across social classes, poverty and migration and living conditions for social distancing. In this part, we highlight the spread of the social protection network in various states of India. Aspects such as the percentage of households having a below poverty line (BPL) card, percentage of households having a health scheme or health insurance, percentage of households having a bank or post office account, Aadhaar card saturation, percentage of families/persons covered under the targetted Public Distribution System, percentage of Aadhaar-seeded ration cards, allocation of work under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and the number of fair price shops per thousand population in 2021 have been examined. The required data has been collected from the Aadhaar Saturation Report provided by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the Food Grain Bulletin of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ration Card Dashboard of the National Food Security Act, the public data portal of MGNREGA and the Fourth Round of the National Family Health Survey’s state volumes.
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Gusakov, T. Yu. "Rural-urban migration on the Crimean Peninsula." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-279-295.
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Despite the wide popularity of the Crimean region, its scientific descriptions are full of gaps. In the Soviet period, the research was limited by the unspoken prohibitions on the study of social processes and by the absence of a strong scientific school. After the collapse of the USSR, the Crimean region was considered only in the works on social aspects of migration and on artificial transformations of the ethnic-confessional composition of the population. The change in the status of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 made this region interesting for the Russian science: there are many recent articles on the features of the social-economic development of the peninsula, but a number of issues in the life of Crimea are still poorly understood. One of them is the migration on the peninsula: the historical ethnic migrations are sufficiently described but not the contemporary population movements. Historically, migration processes have played an important role in the social-economic development of Crimea. However, until recently, external migrations were the driver of this development, while since the beginning of the 21st century, migration movements within the peninsula have played this role, and their features should be taken into account in planning and financing the rural development. Rural areas of Crimea remain agrarian-overpopulated; therefore, it is necessary to identify areas promising for capital investment and areas that soon will be depopulated due to the lack of opportunities for human and social capital. The author considers the population exchange between urban and rural areas as an important factor for the demographic situation, and focuses on the reasons and features of the spatial mobility and migration of the Crimean population based on the analysis of statistical data and transport links between the city and the countryside.
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Ngo, Lan Thi Phuong. "URAL EMPLOYMENTS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN AREAS IN THE SHIFT FROM RICE CULTIVATION TO SHRIMP FARMING." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i3.1997.
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By analyzing dimensions of labor migration in the delta’s rice-to-shrimp communities, this paper suggests that in the present context, the relationship between rural and urban areas cannot be separately analyzed. In this paper, this close relationship is manifested in two aspects of rural employments and rural-urban migration. Those factors of excess labor, limited land, lack of employment, and uncertain conditions in agriculture production are important movitations of labor migration in the delta. Our findings are that having close proximity to industrial and urban areas remains an important drive of rural-urban migration. However, the rapid development of transportation and information which more and more connects rural and urban areas effectively has reduced geographical distance. Consequently, the organic relations between rural and industrial and urban areas have accelerated rural-urban migration. Moreover, rural-migration is also an indicator of unsustainability in agricultural production of the Mekong Delta.
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Grossman, D. C. "Rural-Urban Migration for Pediatric Inpatient Care." PEDIATRICS 137, no. 5 (April 11, 2016): e20160323-e20160323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0323.
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Hudzelyak, Iryna. "Geographical aspects of the demographic situation in Western Ukraine." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10170.
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The population of Western Ukraine decreases over the 2001–2016 years and at present is 9,356 thousands or 21 % of the whole population. Due to the slower pace of depopulation in comparison with other regions, the demographic weight of the Western region increases in the population of Ukraine. The rural population of the Western region decreases, while the urban population due to migration inflows increases. The level of urbanization in the Western region remains the lowest in Ukraine – only 49 %, but the rate of urbanization in the last 15 years was the highest in the country, except the capital region. Improvements in the economic activity and expansion of urban areas have a place in many cities. The level of population ageing of the Western region is the lowest in Ukraine and the more aged population is rural. Due to reduced fertility and the premature mortality, extremely rapid ageing of the urban population occurs. Because of the great migration losses in rural areas in recent decades, the level of ageing of the rural population is growing really slowly and in Volyn region, the rural population became younger. The birth rate here is the highest in Ukraine, especially in rural areas of Rivne, Zakarpattia, and Volyn regions. Therefore, the proportion of children in all types of settlements dramatically exceeds the average indicators among Ukrainian. The urban population of the region is characterised by a new European model of reproductive behaviour that defines the main demographic parameters: low fertility, including early birth, the dominance of nucleus families, and higher age for marriages. In general, the most favourable demographic situation is in Zakarpattia region and rural areas of Rivne region, which is mostly achieved by high birth rates, lower level of premature mortality and lower migration loss of reproductive groups. The worst demographic situation among the Western regions is in the Ternopil region, where demographic potential in the rural areas significantly decreased as a result of large migration losses and a rapid decline in fertility. Key words: population, demographic situation, urbanization, depopulation, demographic ageing, natural reproduction, migration.
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Johnson, Janna E., and Evan J. Taylor. "The long run health consequences of rural‐urban migration." Quantitative Economics 10, no. 2 (2019): 565–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe962.
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Rural‐urban migration is an integral part of the structural transformation as societies move from a traditional agricultural economy to a modern economy. This process has many potential consequences for migrants. Our study focuses on the lifetime health effects of the large mid‐20th century migration out of rural U.S. Northern Great Plains states, primarily to urban locations in the West and Midwest. An analysis of marginal treatment effects (MTEs) shows that (a) migrants are positively selected, and (b) the causal impact of migration is decreased longevity. Our evidence suggests that elevated mortality among migrants is linked to increased smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Young, Alwyn. "Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 1727–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt025.
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Abstract Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.
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Rusta, Ana. "City: Melting Locus and Cross-Cultural Difference Versus Rural (The Case of Tirana after the 90s)." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, s2 (July 1, 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0037.
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Abstract After the 1990s, with the recognition of a number of rights denied during the communist regime, such as free movement, there was a large movement of internal migration from rural areas to large urban areas, especially towards the city of Tirana. A number of factors, mainly economic and social factors, favored this massive population movement from rural areas to urban areas. Almost complete disintegration of the economic base in rural areas, as well as infrastructure shortages, have pushed large numbers of population into urban areas, especially towards the periphery, across migration flows. On the other hand, enormous rural migration not only redefined the physical boundaries of the city but also produced new social and economic forms. As a result of interaction and confrontation of the social and cultural mentalities between rural and urban population (the case of Tirana) emerged several phenomena that created a clear demarcation area under the cultural and social aspects, as well as semi-rural or semiurban hybrid interaction. In this perspective, this essay attempts to use a multidisciplinary approach to explain the general factors of this massive internal migration but also some aspects of the newly-formed landscape of social and cultural mentalities after this migration. As a result of this cultural interaction, we attempt to understand the reality of various subcultures in the city of Tirana and social behaviors in order to clarify the effects of this process regarding the dilemma on the ruralization of the urban or urbanization of the rural population.
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ISLAM, M. MAZHARUL, and KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD. "RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?" Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002271.
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SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.
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Collinson, Mark A., Stephen M. Tollman, and Kathleen Kahn. "Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (August 2007): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701356401.
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Background: World population growth will be increasingly concentrated in the urban areas of the developing world; however, some scholars caution against the oversimplification of African urbanization noting that there may be ``counterurbanization'' and a prevailing pattern of circular rural—urban migration. The aim of the paper is to examine the ongoing urban transition in South Africa in the post-apartheid period, and to consider the health and social policy implications of prevailing migration patterns. Methods: Two data sets were analysed, namely the South African national census of 2001 and the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system. A settlement-type transition matrix was constructed on the national data to show how patterns of settlement have changed in a five-year period. Using the sub-district data, permanent and temporary migration was characterized, providing migration rates by age and sex, and showing the distribution of origins and destinations. Findings: The comparison of national and sub-district data highlight the following features: urban population growth, particularly in metropolitan areas, resulting from permanent and temporary migration; prevailing patterns of temporary, circular migration, and a changing gender balance in this form of migration; stepwise urbanization; and return migration from urban to rural areas. Conclusions: Policy concerns include: rural poverty exacerbated by labour migration; explosive conditions for the transmission of HIV; labour migrants returning to die in rural areas; and the challenges for health information created by chronically ill migrants returning to rural areas to convalesce. Lastly, suggestions are made on how to address the dearth of relevant population information for policy-making in the fields of migration, settlement change and health.
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Deng, Zihong, and Yik Wa Law. "Rural-to-urban migration, discrimination experience, and health in China: Evidence from propensity score analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0244441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244441.
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This research examines how rural-to-urban migration influences health through discrimination experience in China after considering migration selection bias. We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) to obtain a matched group of rural residents and rural-to-urban migrants with a similar probability of migrating from rural to urban areas using data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Regression and mediation analyses were performed after PSM. The results of regression analysis after PSM indicated that rural-to-urban migrants reported more discrimination experience than rural residents, and those of mediation analysis revealed discrimination experience to exert negative indirect effects on the associations between rural-to-urban migration and three measures of health: self-reported health, psychological distress, and physical discomfort. Sensitivity analysis using different calipers yielded similar results. Relevant policies and practices are required to respond to the unfair treatment and discrimination experienced by this migrant population.
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Qi, Ziwei. "An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges." Migration Letters 16, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182//ml.v16i2.664.
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The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.
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Deb, Surajit. "The Poor and the Migrant in India." Social Change 50, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085720957831.
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The ninth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account of the poor and migrants in different states of India by focussing on the following aspects: Percentage of population belonging to the lowest two wealth quintiles, percentage of households (rural and urban) without any agricultural land, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by source states, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by destination states, per cent composition of employment as the reason for migration in inter-state out-migration of source states and the per cent unemployment rate (rural and urban) according to the usual status.
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STEPHENSON, ROB, ZOE MATTHEWS, and J. W. MCDONALD. "THE IMPACT OF RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION ON UNDER-TWO MORTALITY IN INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 1 (December 12, 2002): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003000154.
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This paper examines the impact of rural–urban migration on under-two mortality in India, using data from the 1992/93 Indian National Family Health Survey. Multilevel logistic models are fitted for mortality in three age groups: neonatal, early post-neonatal, and late post-neonatal and toddler. Migration status was not a significant determinant of mortality in any of the three age groups. Further analysis shows that a relationship between migration status and mortality exists when socioeconomic and health utilization variables are omitted from the models. The relationship between migration and mortality is thus explained by differences in socioeconomic status and use of health services between rural–urban migrant and non-migrant groups. The selectivity of rural–urban migrants on socioeconomic characteristics creates mortality differentials between rural–urban migrants and rural non-migrants. Problems faced by migrants in assimilating into urban societies create mortality differentials between rural–urban migrants and urban non-migrants. These results highlight the need to target migrants in the provision of health services, and demonstrate that rural areas continue to have the highest levels of infant–child mortality. Further research is needed to understand the health care needs of rural–urban migrants in order to inform the provision of appropriate health care.
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Lu, Yao. "Rural-urban migration and health: Evidence from longitudinal data in Indonesia." Social Science & Medicine 70, no. 3 (February 2010): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.028.
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Long, Cuihong, Jiajun Han, and Yong Liu. "Has Rural-Urban Migration Promoted the Health of Chinese Migrant Workers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041218.
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The relationship between health and migration has always been an important theme in immigration research. This research develops a new approach to test the healthy migrant hypothesis and the salmon bias hypothesis in China by examining an interaction term combining agricultural hukou and migrant status, non-agricultural employment history, and subsequent area of residence. Based on two Chinese micro-databases, CGSS 2015 and Harmonized CHARLS, we conducted an empirical test on the relationship between migration and health. Our empirical evidence suggests that the initial health advantage among Chinese rural migrant workers was largely due to self-selection rather than migration effects. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, this advantage disappeared. After their health deteriorated, migrant workers returned to their original location. This could exacerbate the contradiction between the allocation of medical resources and the demand in rural and urban China, further intensifying the already widening health status gap between rural and urban residents.
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KRZYŻANOWSKA, M., and K. BORYSŁAWSKI. "BODY HEIGHT IN RELATION TO RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION IN POLAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 6 (November 2008): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932008002800.
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SummaryA survey was conducted among 2800 students studying in Wrocław, Poland. The questionnaire included questions on the body height of the students and their parents, and place of residence and migration patterns of the students themselves, their parents and their grandparents. Body height in both students and their parents was positively correlated with the size of their place of residence. This was particularly true for male students and their fathers. Body height in students and parents from mobile families was not significantly different from that of their peers from non-mobile families. Body height in mobile individuals was generally between that of non-mobile individuals from rural areas and that of non-mobile individuals from large urban centres. Students from families that had migrated from smaller urban centres to larger ones were taller than students from families that had migrated from rural areas to urban centres. Body height in students was also correlated with the kind of migration that took place. In the students’ mothers, body height was higher if the maternal grandparents moved from smaller urban centres to larger urban centres than if the maternal grandparents moved from rural areas to urban centres. In female students, body height depended on whether their mothers had migrated from smaller places of residence to larger places of residence, but was not affected by the degree of migration. Intra-generational migration during the generation of the students’ grandparents was associated with increased body height in the students’ mothers. On the other hand, intergenerational migration during the generations of the students’ grandparents and parents was associated with increased body height in the students’ fathers and in female students. Body height was not a reliable indicator of whether an individual migrated from rural areas to Wrocław. Far more reliable indicators were the size of the place the student lived their whole life and whether the family had lived in an urban environment for at least two generations.
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Peker, K. "The causes and results of internal migration from rural areas: case of Eastern Anatolia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 10 (February 24, 2012): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5235-agricecon.
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Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970’s. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950’s was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970’s. The conventional wisdom in the 1970’s concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness.
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Gao, Li, Zheng Wu, and Shu z. Li. "INTERNAL MIGRATION AND HEALTH CHANGES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHINESE ADULTS IN MID AND LATER LIFE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2930.
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Abstract Objectives: This study examines the effects of internal migration on health status and health changes among middle-aged and older migrants in China. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study compares non-migrants with those of recent migrants and earlier migrants in regard to their self-rated health and mental health. OLS and a series of fixed effects models were conducted to examine the effects of migration on health status and health changes. Results: Compared with non-migrants, earlier migrants report better self-rated health but no difference in depression. Our findings demonstrate that recent migrants show better self-rated health changes than non-migrants. In addition, for recent migrants, there are significant changes in self-rated health among rural-to-urban migrants and rural-to-rural migrants, while urban-to-rural migrants and urban-to-urban migrants are not significantly different from non-migrations. Discussion: There are associations between internal migration and self-rated health in China. The effects of migration on health appear to differ by the type of migration. Those who migrated from rural area are mostly likely to be affected by migration. However, migrants from urban area are less affected.
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Sirili, Nathanael, and Daudi Simba. "Understanding the Rural–Rural Migration of Health Workers in Two Selected Districts of Tanzania." Advances in Public Health 2020 (January 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4910791.
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Globally, rural–urban migration has been the focus in addressing the question of availability of health workers in rural areas. Often, the rural–rural migration of health workers, another important dimension is neglected. This study aimed to analyze the magnitude and the underlying factors for rural–rural migration of health workers in two rural districts of Tanzania. An exploratory comparative cross-sectional study adopting both quantitative and qualitative approaches was carried out in two districts of Kilwa in Lindi region, southern Tanzania, and Rombo in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania. In a quantitative approach, 174 health workers (both clinicians and nonclinicians) filled in a self-administered questionnaire between August 2015 and September 2016. For the qualitative sub-study, 14 key informants that included health facilities in-charges and district health managers from the two districts were interviewed. In addition, three focus group discussions were conducted with members of the health facilities committee, in the two districts. Over 40% of health workers migrated from one workstation to another between 2011 and 2015. Close to 70% of the migrated health workers, migrated within the same districts. The proportion of health workers migrated was higher in Kilwa compared to Rombo. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The major underlying factors for migration in both districts were: Caring for the family and Unfavorable working and living conditions. In Kilwa, unlike Rombo, rejection by the community, superstitious beliefs, and lack of social services, were the other major factors underlying migration of the health workers. While addressing rural–urban migration, attention should be paid also to the rural–rural migration of health workers. Lastly, addressing the migration of health workers is a multi-dimensional issue that needs the engagement of all stakeholders within and beyond the health sector.
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Shah, Salyha Zulfiqar Ali, Fatima Farooq, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, and Muhammad Muzammil Asghar. "The Role of Internal and External Migration on Rural Poverty Alleviation In Pakistan: A Case Study of Multan District." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i2.163.
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Migration has become an important part of the current global economy. People migrate from their homes for different purposes although this study endeavors to estimate the role of internal and external migration on poverty alleviation in rural areas of the Multan district. Binary logistic regression is applied to the data of 170 rural households. Poverty has been measured by the headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap, estimates show the high incidence of poverty in rural areas of Multan district. The findings reveal that rural to urban migration, foreign remittances, educational attainment of the household head, household head age and livestock population turn out to be discouraging aspects of poverty while physical disability and household size turn out to be encouraging aspects of poverty. To eradicate poverty easiness in internal and external migration should be ensured by the government.
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Niu, Li, Yan Liu, Xin Wang, Hui Li, Junbo Chen, and Hutcha Sriplung. "The Effect of Migration Duration on Treatment Delay Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants After the Integration of Urban and Rural Health Insurance in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 57 (January 2020): 004695802091928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958020919288.
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Few researches have been focused on the treatment delay of rural-to-urban migrants in China. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of migration duration on treatment delay among rural-to-urban migrants in tertiary hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a sample of 727 patients and surveyed factors including sociodemographics, medical costs, migration, treatment delay, and health cost-coping strategies. Totally, 727 patients were included, of which 61 delayed their treatment and 666 had no treatment delay. Statistically significant differences were found between different migration duration groups in marital status, education, insurance, family annual income, residency, payment before treatment, reported disease, and migration duration ( P < .05). The results from multiple logistic regression showed that migration between 1 and 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 7.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.59-32.87; P < .05) was considered the significant contributing risk factor for treatment delay after adjusting for age, sex, and other variables. To cope with their health expenditure, patients with treatment delay tended to use less savings and borrow more money than those without. Rural-to-urban migrants with 1 to 5 years of migration were the most vulnerable group of having treatment delay. Migrants were more likely to borrow money to cope with the health expenditure. Targeted services should be provided to meet different needs of migrants according to migration duration.
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Lin, Zhiyong. "SEPARATED KIN: RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND MENTAL HEALTH TRAJECTORIES OF OLDER ADULTS LEFT BEHIND IN RURAL CHINA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3223.
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Abstract As the processes of urbanization and globalization have intensified across the world, a burgeoning literature has documented the impact of emigration on the health of family members left behind in emigrant communities. Although the association between children’s migration and parental well-being is well documented, few have examined the health implications of children’s migration in the milieu of multiple children and further differentiated between children’s short-term and long-term migration. Therefore, I argue that it is not the geographic locality of a single child but the composition of all children’s location that matters. I further suggest that the impact of children’s migration on parental wellbeing is conditioned on the duration of children’s migration. Using a six waves longitudinal data (2001-2015) collected in rural China, this paper compares mental health (measured as depressive symptoms) trajectories of old adults (aged 60 and older) across different compositions of local and migrant children over a 14-year span. Results from growth curve models show that parents having more migrant children relative to local children experience a more rapid increase in depressive symptoms. In addition, older adults who have their most children migrate away for three or more waves of data have experienced the steepest rate of increase in depressive symptoms. These findings provide new evidence to support the life course processes of mental health disparities among older adults from the perspective of intergenerational proximity.
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Hahn, Hans Peter. "Urban Life-Worlds in Motion: In Africa and Beyond." Africa Spectrum 45, no. 3 (December 2010): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500306.
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Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.
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Gonzales, Isidro, J. Jaime Miranda, Silvia Rodriguez, Victor Vargas, Alfredo Cjuno, Liam Smeeth, Armando E. Gonzalez, Victor C. W. Tsang, Robert H. Gilman, and Hector H. Garcia. "Seizures, cysticercosis and rural‐to‐urban migration: the PERU MIGRANT study." Tropical Medicine & International Health 20, no. 4 (February 3, 2015): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12456.
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Gray, Diane, Shirley Chau, Tim Huerta, and Jim Frankish. "Urban-Rural Migration and Health and Quality of Life in Homeless People." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 20, no. 1-2 (June 2011): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/105307811805365007.
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Saenz, Joseph. "Rural and Urban Dwelling Across the Life-Course and Late-Life Cognitive Ability in Mexico." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1905.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Research has consistently suggested urban dwelling in late adulthood is associated with better cognitive ability. Whether early life rural/urban dwelling and its interaction with late-life rural/urban dwelling relate with late-life cognitive ability in the context of Mexico is not well understood. METHOD: Data comes from the 2003 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Early life rural/urban was assessed as respondents’ reports of growing up in an urban/rural area. Current rural/urban was assessed by locality size (greater/fewer than 100,000 residents). RESULTS: Both early life and current rural residence were associated with poorer cognitive ability independent of education, literacy, early life SES and health, income/wealth, healthcare access, health, and health behaviors. Compared to individuals who always lived in rural areas, rural to urban migration was associated with better cognitive ability. DISCUSSION: In addition to current rural/urban dwelling, researchers should consider where individuals lived in early life and migration across the life-course.
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Afeadie, Ransford Kwaku. "Rural–urban drift: labour migration, health-seeking behaviour disparity in the urban slum of Madina, Ghana." Health Education 121, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-01-2021-0005.
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PurposeThe health challenges that characterise most of the migrants' urban slums raises a lot of concern for their well-being. Health-seeking behaviour becomes an important step towards maintaining a healthy life. The importance of contextual issues is necessary to help meet specific community health needs and programmes. Therefore, this study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating health-seeking behaviour disparity among rural–urban labour migrant's slum dwellers before and after migration to the urban slums of Madina in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe author used explanatory sequential approach of research investigation. Questionnaire and interview guides were used to collect data from the respondents however, in the absence of an existing reliable sampling frame, the various communities were selected by the use of cluster sampling proportional to size. At the second stage, a simple random sampling was used to select the various household heads. A total of 241 questionnaires were retrieved from the respondents representing a response rate of 100%. The author used purposive sampling technique to conduct eight in-depth interviews and six key informants' interviews.FindingsThe author found various discrepancies in many of the activities that could fulfil substantial health-seeking behaviour in the slum as compared to migrant's places of origin. The reason for coming to the slum amidst many settlements needs and low education background are the factors that accounted for this. This study, therefore, contradicts the proposition held by the health belief model. It is, therefore, important to note that contextual issues are key, in this case, rural–urban migrant slums present a different dynamic that must be taken into account when designing health programmes for such settings.Originality/valueMany, if not all the, studies on health-seeking behaviour have focused on urban slums without taking into account urban migrants' slums. Such a failure to take into account the variations of the health needs of migrants' urban slum settings can eventually lead to a mismatch of health programmes meant to address their challenges. Therefore, this study brings to the fore such variations that must be taken into account when designing health programmes. The study also indicates that even with the same people, there were disparities in terms of health-seeking behaviour in the slum and at places of origin.
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Haque, M. Ershadul, and M. Mazharul Islam. "Rural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 60, no. 2 (August 3, 2012): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11529.
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This study examines the relationships between rural to urban migration status and household living conditions, using the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data. The analysis finds significant living condition advantage of rural-urban migrants and urban natives over rural-natives, primarily linked to migration selectivity by education and occupation. Once the independent effects of education and occupation are controlled, association between migration status and living conditions remain significant but living condition advantage of rural-urban migrants and urban natives over rural natives fall down. The results imply that promoting higher education and opportunities for employment outside the agricultural or labour sectors (pull factor) are more likely to yield improved living conditions in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11529 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 253-257, 2012 (July)
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Peters, Remco, Dickson A. Amugsi, Blessing Mberu, Tim Ensor, Andrew J. Hill, James N. Newell, and Helen Elsey. "Nutrition transition, overweight and obesity among rural-to-urban migrant women in Kenya." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 17 (June 4, 2019): 3200–3210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001204.
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AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of rural-to-urban migration on nutrition transition and overweight/obesity risk among women in Kenya.Design:Secondary analysis of data from nationally representative cross-sectional samples. Outcome variables were women’s BMI and nutrition transition. Nutrition transition was based on fifteen different household food groups and was adjusted for socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Stepwise backward multiple ordinal regression analysis was applied.Setting:Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014.Participants:Rural non-migrant, rural-to-urban migrant and urban non-migrant women aged 15–49 years (n 6171).Results:Crude data analysis showed rural-to-urban migration to be associated with overweight/obesity risk and nutrition transition. After adjustment for household wealth, no significant differences between rural non-migrants and rural-to-urban migrants for overweight/obesity risk and household consumption of several food groups characteristic of nutrition transition (animal-source, fats and sweets) were observed. Regardless of wealth, migrants were less likely to consume main staples and legumes, and more likely to consume fruits and vegetables. Identified predictive factors of overweight/obesity among migrant women were age, duration of residence in urban area, marital status and household wealth.Conclusions:Our analysis showed that nutrition transition and overweight/obesity risk among rural-to-urban migrants is apparent with increasing wealth in urban areas. Several predictive factors were identified characterising migrant women being at risk for overweight/obesity. Future research is needed which investigates in depth the association between rural-to-urban migration and wealth to address inequalities in diet and overweight/obesity in Kenya.