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Journal articles on the topic 'Health aspects of Rural water supply'
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1
Azizova, Nodira Mannapovna, and Lobarkhon Kadirjanovna Azizova. "IMPLICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON RURAL WOMEN’S WELFARE: CASE OF UZBEKISTAN." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/5/13.
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Background. Lack of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in rural areas affects people’s health, welfare and living conditions, negatively impacts the rural environment, and can stall rural development and prosperity. Improving equitable and sustainable access to safe and improved water supply and sanitation in rural areas is therefore an important national development objective. This article presents to what extend the welfare level of the rural women in Uzbekistan correlates with socio-economic factors such as access to water supply and sanitation services in Uzbekistan. Methods. This article is based on comparative analysis of the gender aspects of welfare of rural women in Bukhara region. The gender aspects assessment of the water supply and sanitation sector identifies that rural women experience the unequal access to infrastructure in comparison with urban population and urban women. The utilizing of the concept of analysis based on identification of inequalities by going “beyond income, beyond averages and beyond today” demonstrates that there is no direct impact of the socio-economic factors on poverty rate of the family [1;6].
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Chew, Chun Ming, and K. M. David Ng. "Feasibility of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural water supply in Malaysia." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.050.
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Abstract According to the World Bank's collection of development indicators, in 2017 approximately 25% of Malaysia's population were living in rural villages. Some of these villages are currently without electricity from the national grid and public piped water supply. In this study, a solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment system was installed at a rural village in Perak, Malaysia, to identify its feasibility. The ultrafiltration system was evaluated and compared with a conventional sand/media filtration water treatment system at the same location. Various aspects of both systems such as operational parameters, life-cycle cost and carbon emissions have been analyzed under this study. The distinct advantages of the ultrafiltration system include better filtrate turbidity quality (below 0.4 NTU), and lower operational cost and carbon emission. By utilizing a cross-flow filtration operation mode, the UF system does not require a daily intermittent backwash sequence, unlike the conventional system, to further simplify the daily operational routine. Accessibility of clean water supply for all has been heavily emphasized by the United Nations General Assembly (under sustainable development goal number 6) to ensure public health. This comprehensive study highlights the feasibilities of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural villages in Malaysia.
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Bailey, I. W., and L. Archer. "The impact of the introduction of treated water on aspects of community health in a rural community in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0031.
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A project was designed by Umgeni Water (funded by the Water Research Commission of South Africa) to monitor the implementation of water reticulation in Vulindlela and evaluate the Water Supply Scheme from a community and environmental health perspective. The findings would hopefully contribute toward the development of criteria for Health Impact Assessment on Water Reticulation Projects. One objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of diarrhoeal disease as opposed to other health indicators for water-associated diseases. The innovative methodology followed in the study, a “stepped wedge design”, compared four discrete areas of water reticulation implementation in Vulindlela over a 15-month period. Five surveys, including a baseline and four follow-ups at each household, were carried out. Analysis (microbiological, chemical) was carried out of samples from the household drinking water and from the source of the water. Each survey included health questionnaires, the respondent being the head of the household in each case. Overall, there was no direct correlation proved between water quality and diarrhoea per se. However, there was a marked decrease in diarrhoea with the introduction of the new water supply. There was definite correlation between hygiene behaviours and diarrhoea. Diarrhoea would seem to be the health impact associated with water, of choice.
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Castilho, Lia Silva de, Efigênia Ferreira e. Ferreira, Leila Nunes Menegasse Velásquez, Lucia Maria Fantinel, and Edson Perini. "Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 44, no. 2 (April 2010): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000200005.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.
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Holik, Dubravka, Atila Bezdan, Monika Marković, Želimir Orkić, Andrea Milostić-Srb, Štefica Mikšić, and Aleksandar Včev. "The Association between Drinking Water Quality and Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Study in Eastern Croatia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228495.
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The incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming a global health problem that could be caused by changes in environmental and lifestyle habits. The study aimed to identify the association between the quality of drinking water, i.e., physiochemical and biological aspects of the phenotype and activity of IBD in Eastern Croatia. The study included 312 patients (63.4% ulcerative colitis, UC, and 36.6% Crohn’s disease, CD) from the area of Eastern Croatia. The data were collected by questionnaires and the analysis of the water safety, based on 65 samples of drinking water by the patient’s water supply method (public supply, rural water supply, and private well). IBD was active in 38.0% patients (34.0% CD and 40.0% UC). Significant differences (p = 0.001) were observed in the distribution of patients, according to counties in which they lived in. The largest deviation was noted in coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and enterococci bacteria, Fe, Al, and nitrate in rural water supply and private wells, although, without significant impact on IBD phenotype and activity. The hazard quotient (HQ) simulations showed that children are a sensitive group, regarding exposure to nitrates in drinking water over a long period of time, so there is a need for further monitoring and analysis of this issue.
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Khan, Salman, Yiqing Guan, Farhan Khan, and Zeeshan Khan. "A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan’s Capital." Water 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010166.
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Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rural to urban migration, coupled with the ongoing climate change, threaten the sustainability of cities, particularly in developing countries. Previous studies indicate numerous deficiencies in the water supply and sewage systems of Islamabad; however, a comprehensive insight into the water security assessment has not been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the urban water security of Islamabad by taking both human and environmental aspects into consideration. In principle, we achieve this objective by implementing the Water Security Assessment Framework, using five distinct parameters to calculate an urban water security index. The water supply dimension incorporates availability, accessibility, affordability, and the quality of drinking water in the city, whereas, sanitation and health dimension measures access to improved drainage systems as well as the state of overall hygiene of the city inhabitants. Furthermore, the water economy dimension includes water productivity and investment aspects in the study area, while the environment and ecosystem dimension looks into the current state of natural water bodies. Similarly, overall management and public support for freshwater resources are measured in the society and governance dimension. In general, we attempt to better comprehend water-security nexus in the federal capital considering it as a prerequisite to ensure a sustainable future for the city dwellers.
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Omobuwa, O., and M. B. Hassan. "Nigeria’s development process, methodology and milestones planned for VISION 20:2020 - 13 years after." Research Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v9i2.10.
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Infrastructure development
Infrastructural development is a key requirement for the development of any nation as it is an indispensable tool in facilitating growth and development. The usefulness of infrastructure cuts across many varying sectors relevant to development including health, education, agriculture, telecommunication, power, etc. as well as the sustenance of economic growth and preservation of the environment for sustainable economic development. This article takes a look at the critical areas/aspects of infrastructure for the purpose of judging the level of accomplishment of the Vision 2020. The sectors examined are: power supply, transportation, information communication and technology (ICT), education, health, agriculture, land use management, rural and urban development, water supply and waste management. By and large, Nigeria can not be said to have met her tall, yet laudable goals of the vision 2020, largely as a result of inadequacies in governance, policies and other factors. There is a great need for significant improvement in the political will of the government of the day to commit to the goals and aspirations of the nation for rapid development.
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Harvey, P. A., and T. Drouin. "The case for the rope-pump in Africa: A comparative performance analysis." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0033.
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The conventional handpump is the most popular technology choice for improved potable water supplies in rural sub-Saharan Africa. To date, however, it has failed to deliver satisfactory levels of sustainability, largely due to inadequate maintenance capacity. An alternative option to standardised imported handpumps is the locally manufactured rope-pump, which is considerably cheaper and easier to maintain but has been rejected in the past due to fears of impaired water quality. This paper presents the key aspects of a study in northern Ghana which compared the performance of rope-pumps with that of conventional handpumps, to determine whether or not the rope-pump provides a viable alternative for community water supplies across the sub-continent. User interviews, sanitary surveys, water quality analyses and technical performance measurements were used to develop a comparative performance analysis for the two pump types. The findings of the study indicated that the rope-pump out-performed the conventional handpump on the majority of counts and that, contrary to widespread perceptions, there was no significant difference between pump types with respect to the impact on microbiological water quality. Consequently, the rope-pump provides a significant technological opportunity to improve water supply sustainability in Africa.
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Mendonça, Zaine Lyra, Ana Lúcia Bezerra Candeias, Vanice Fragoso Selva, Marlene Maria Silva, Gilberto Gonçalves Rodrigues, and Simone Machado Santos. "Aspectos Sanitários e de Uso da Água em Pequenas Comunidades Rurais do Semiárido Pernambucano (Aspects of Sanitation and Use of Waterin Small Rural Communities of Pernambuco’s Semiarid)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 5, no. 5 (January 6, 2013): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v5i5.232897.
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Este trabalho mostra os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as condições sanitárias de algumas comunidades rurais, situadas no alto trecho do rio Pajeú, semiárido pernambucano. Nos períodos de estiagem, os açudes e poços são as fontes de águas mais utilizadas para o abastecimento das cisternas, equipamento de reservação presente em 100% das residências visitadas. As águas de três dessas fontes foram classificadas como doces, de acordo com a legislação em vigor.A forma de tratamento mais usada para as águas de consumo doméstico foi a aplicação de hipoclorito. Quanto aos resíduos gerados pelas famílias, onde a coleta pública municipal não está presente, o principal destino dos resíduos é a queima a céu aberto. Os dejetos de animais são, em sua maioria, utilizados como fertilizantes, embora tenha sido observada a presença desses resíduos em algumas nascentes. De forma geral, as principais práticas sanitárias encontradas nas comunidades visitadas, em sua maioria, são caracterizadas pela individualidade, devido à ausência de serviços públicos coletivos. Algumas práticas, como a queima de resíduos sólidos é diretamente nociva à saúde das pessoas, além de poder se constituir em uma importante fonte de poluição, à medida que a população e a quantidade de resíduos aumentam. Por outro lado, as famílias entrevistadas apresentaram certo nível de conhecimento quanto à necessidade de descontaminação da água usada para beber e cozinhar, e o aproveitamento agrícola dos nutrientes contidos nos dejetos de animais.Palavras-chave: saneamento básico; comunidades rurais; semiárido. Aspects of Sanitation and Use of Waterin Small Rural Communities of Pernambuco’s Semiarid ABSTRACTThis article shows the results of a research about the health conditions of some rural communities, located on the upper course of Pajeú River, in the semiarid region of Pernambuco State, Brazil. In periods of drought, dams and wells are the most used sources of water for the supply of cisterns, which are tanks or containers, for storing or holding water that are present in 100% of the visited homes. The water from three of those sources was classified as freshwater, according to the legislation. The most widely used form of treatment of water for domestic consumption was the use of hypochlorite. The waste generated by households where the municipal public collection is not available is, most of the time, burned in the open air. Animal manure is commonly used as fertilizer, although its presence has also been observed in some river sources. Overall, the main sanitary practices found in the communities visited are, in their majority, characterized by individuality, due to the absence of collective public services. Some practices, such as burning solid waste, is directly harmful to people's health, and can constitute an important source of pollution, as the population and the amount of waste increase. On the other hand, the families that were interviewed had some level of knowledge on: (i) the need for decontamination ofwater used for drinking and cooking; and (ii) the use of the nutrients contained in animal manure in agriculture.Keywords: sanitation; rural communities; semiarid.
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Siwila, Stephen, and Isobel C. Brink. "Comparison of five point-of-use drinking water technologies using a specialized comparison framework." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 568–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.041.
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Abstract Three novel and two commercially available low-cost point-of-use (PoU) water treatment technologies were comparatively evaluated using a specialized comparison framework targeted at them. The comparison results and specialized framework have been discussed. The PoU systems were evaluated principally in terms of performance, flow rate and cost per volume of water treated (quantitatively), ease of use, potential acceptability and material availability (qualitatively) with main focus on rural and suburban settings. The three novel systems assessed were developed in an ongoing research project aimed at developing a multibarrier low-cost PoU water treatment system. The comparative evaluation and analysis revealed that the commercially available systems may often produce water free of pathogens (with an apparent 100% removal for Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms) but may not be affordable for application to the poorest groups in much of the developing world. The novel systems, which were principally constructed from local materials, were more affordable, can supply relatively safe water and can be constructed by users with minimal training. Overall, bacterial removal effectiveness, ease of use, flow rate, material availability, cost and acceptability aspects of water were identified as key to potential adoption and sustainability of the evaluated low-cost PoU systems.
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Dondeynaz, C., J. López Puga, and C. Carmona Moreno. "Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 2481–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-2481-2013.
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Abstract. Despite the efforts made towards the millennium goals targets during the last decade, access to improved water supply or basic sanitation remains still not accessible for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables from the WatSan4Dev dataset and country profiles involving Water Supply and Sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper proposes the use of Bayesian Network modelling methods because adapted to the management of non-normal distribution, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage to integrate preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 80 and 95% which is very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow a quantification of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, a strong poverty reduction will induce an increment of the WSS access equal to 75–76% through: (1) the organisation of on-going urbanisation process to avoid slums development; and, (2) the improvement of health care for instance for children. On one side, improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules or control of corruption will also have a positive impact on WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the WSS access remains of course an improvement of the economic development with an increment of household income. Moreover, a significant country environmental commitment associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable environment for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture through irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. Strong and structured agriculture sector facilitates rural development in areas where WSS access often steps behind compared to urban areas1. External financial support, named Official Development Aid (ODA), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. This aid supports first poor countries at 47%, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country environmental commitment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, to fight against water scarcity and desertification pressure should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on political stability consolidation while supporting economic activity diversification. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/
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Dondeynaz, C., J. López Puga, and C. Carmona Moreno. "Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross-cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 9 (September 5, 2013): 3397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3397-2013.
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Abstract. Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas1. External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/, last access: 22 July 2013.
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Shao, Weiwei, Jiahong Liu, Haixing Zhang, Dianyi Yan, and Weijia Li. "Countermeasure Analysis on Promoting Drinking Water Safety in Shanshan County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China." Water 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081022.
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In recent years, China has paid an increasing amount of attention to improving urban and rural drinking water safety, an important aspect of building a healthy and stable society. This study analyzed countermeasures to promote drinking water safety in Turpan City of Shanshan County, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. First, we considered the current state of drinking water safety in Shanshan, including issues such as pollution, outdated water treatment technologies, leakage in the water supply pipe network, insufficient emergency management capability in urban areas, and low water supply guarantee rates in rural areas due to poor construction standards. Second, the quantity of guaranteed water resources was estimated; on this basis, an ideal distribution of regional water plants and water supply network needs for the optimal allocation of water resources is suggested. Third, a water purification program was developed to solve untreated water quality problems, including centralized and decentralized water quality treatments alongside intelligent water flow control processes. Water resource conservation and risk control measures are also proposed in order to promote the security of drinking water; equipment updates, and the establishment of an intelligent water management platform are also suggested.
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Machado, Anna V. M., João A. N. dos Santos, Norbertho da S. Quindeler, and Lucas M. C. Alves. "Critical Factors for the Success of Rural Water Supply Services in Brazil." Water 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102180.
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The universalization of drinking water in rural communities poses a great challenge to developing countries, where rural areas often receive poor water service coverage and limited attention from authorities. This scenario is the current reality in Brazil. The community management model of rural water services has proven to be a noteworthy approach to ensure the continuity of water supply where private and public entities do not operate. However, its sustainability depends on several aspects. The authors of the current paper performed a thorough review of relevant publications in the rural sanitation field of study using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) methodology, which enabled the creation of a list of essential factors capable to ensure the sustainability of Rural Water Supply Services (RWSS). Using the Nominal Group Technique with a selection of participants from a national conference held in Brazil in 2015, specialists hierarchized the factors, demonstrating their perception of the most important aspects necessary in RWSS throughout Brazil. Consequently, the authors noticed the necessity of a strong enabling environment, which recognizes small communities and their local services. Water quality control, post-construction support and the existence of a financial scheme were also pointed out as important aspects to ensure RWSS’s sustainability.
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Cohen, Dani, Uri Shamir, and Gideon Sinai. "Water quality aspects of optimal operation of rural water distribution systems for supply of irrigation and drinking water." Irrigation and Drainage 53, no. 4 (2004): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.143.
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Daniel, D., Julivius Prawira, Trimo Pamudji Al Djono, S. Subandriyo, Arya Rezagama, and Aries Purwanto. "A System Dynamics Model of the Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia." Water 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040507.
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The sustainability of the water supply program in developing countries is influenced by many inter-linked and dynamic factors, suggesting the need to analyse the system behaviour of the water supply program. However, no study analyses factors influencing the sustainability of rural drinking water supply programs holistically, and this study aims to fill that gap. This study utilized a system dynamics approach based on a case study of a community-based rural drinking water supply program (PAMSIMAS in Bahasa) in Magelang Regency, Indonesia. Five sustainability aspects were considered in the model development and simulation: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social aspects. Eight scenario analyses related to those five aspects were conducted. The causal loop diagrams suggest that the overall loop in the system is reinforcing, meaning that the improvement in one aspect will improve the overall condition of the system and deterioration in one aspect will reduce the overall condition of the system. Scenario analysis shows that external fund is critical to support the program financially, especially at the beginning of the project when the piped system is being built and water revenue is still low. Scenario and sensitivity analyses revealed that human factors, i.e., the performance of the water board and response and support from the community, positively influence the sustainability of the water supply program. Additionally, the water board plays a key role in accelerating the pipe network growth. Finally, this paper argues that visualising and simulating the causal relationship and dynamic behaviour of the rural water supply program are critical for water stakeholders to better design and implement the water supply program.
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Cairncross, Sandy. "Ten best readings in… rural water supply for developing countries." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 2 (1989): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.2.172.
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Poonia, Anamika, and Milap Punia. "A question on sustainability of drinking water supply: a district level analysis of India using analytic hierarchy process." Water Policy 20, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 712–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.104.
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Abstract The subject of drinking water supply falls under the legislative jurisdiction of the State governments in India. States have their own mechanism of drinking water supply through urban and rural local bodies. Drinking water supply itself is a multidimensional phenomenon of sources, quality, accessibility, sufficiency, etc. This study combines various aspects of drinking water supply at the district level, by assigning weights through analytic hierarchy process, to result in a drinking water supply index. The spatial pattern of drinking water supply index is not in favor of the areas having abundant natural water endowment. Areas which are low in the natural endowment of water are better in drinking water supply, while areas which have abundant natural water are not able to manage the available water and are low on the drinking water supply index. Among various socio-economic-political factors, water governance is most important in the wake of water supply being the function of urban and rural local bodies.
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Cook, Joseph, Jake Wagner, and Gunnar Newell. "A decision support tool for rural water supply planning." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.017.
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Abstract Over a dozen studies have examined how households who travel to collect water (about one-quarter of humanity) make choices about where and how much to collect. There is little evidence, however, that these studies have informed rural water supply planning in anything but a qualitative way. In this paper, we describe a new web-based decision support tool that planners or community members can use to simulate scenarios such as (1) price, quality, or placement changes of existing sources, (2) the closure of an existing source, or (3) the addition of a new source. We describe the analytical structure of the model and then demonstrate its possibilities using data from a recent study in rural Meru County, Kenya. We discuss some limits of the current model, and encourage readers and practitioners to explore it and suggest ways in which it could be improved or used most effectively.
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Adhikari, Keshab Prasad. "Governance for Sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes (RWSS): Case from NAPA WASH." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 17 (December 31, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v17i0.34950.
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Water and sanitation are taken at the heart of achieving a number of goals and critical targets of sustainable development goals. But achieving sustained water and sanitation service in a rural context is problematic from the viewpoint of technical, financial, environmental, and social, and governance aspects of functionality. Therefore, good governance in the operation and management of rural water and sanitation schemes are a key component to determine the other aspects of functioning and longer-term sustainability. The study sees the working of five indicators of functionality, five layers of priority ranking indicators, four service indicators of quantity, accessibility, reliability, and quality (QARQ), and ten indicators of assessing governance level sustainability. In all aspects of assessment, most RWSS found to stand at the level of partial sustainability. This urged for giving higher priority to upgrading such schemes in the status of full sustainability.
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Mahmoud, Nidal, William Hogland, Michael Sokolov, Vasily Rud, and Nikita Myazin. "Assessment of rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply in palestinian rural areas." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824506012.
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Rainwater harvesting in Palestine is a principal water resource that had been adopted since ancient times. However, the system had not been subjected to a thorough assessment. This paper aims at assessing the feasibility of rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply in Palestinian rural areas with special emphasis on socio-cultural and financial aspects as well as harvested water quality. Different methods were used to collect necessary data from a case study village, including literature review, observations, questionnaires and water quality measurement of freshly fallen and harvested rainwater samples. Moreover, domestic water demand and water supply from such a system were compared, and economic feasibility of applying this system was checked. The results revealed that harvested rainwater is a viable resource that can contribute considerably to minimizing water shortage.
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Hoque, Bilqis A., Kelly Hallman, Jason Levy, Howarth Bouis, Nahid Ali, Feroze Khan, Sufia Khanam, Mamun Kabir, Sanower Hossain, and Mohammad Shah Alam. "Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: Quality and management." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 209, no. 5 (September 2006): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.04.008.
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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Jane Dottridge. "Evaluation of user satisfaction of rural water supply in Yemen." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (February 25, 2013): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.067.
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This paper compares rural water supply (RWS) and sanitation project schemes where national policies on RWS had been adopted against schemes constructed by public authorities as part of the General Authority for RWS Project. This evaluation tests the policies and provides a comparison of donor supported and government projects. The results indicate that policies will result in relatively high levels of beneficiary satisfaction and will increase the likelihood that the communities will sustain the systems over their design lives. More confidence in Water User Associations as governing and management bodies for water schemes is medium and more transparent selection processes are required. Although beneficiaries are agreeing to and paying tariffs that cover operation and maintenance costs, it affects the quantity of water they use and leads to negative health impact. High percentages of respondents have expressed dissatisfaction with current water charges, water quantity and water quality. Findings suggest that RWS Project's strategy for developing communities' capacity and meaningful involvement in planning and managing their own water systems is effective, however, progress is needed in two areas: RWS subsector still lacks a clearly agreed strategy and a demand-responsive approach should be adopted strictly in all programs.
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Chen, Hao, Juan Zhang, Shou Jun Cai, and Dong Wang. "The Influence from Water Supply System to the Overall Layout of the Residential Building in Village." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.1174.
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Water is a basic resource for the development of human civilization, its the lifeblood of agriculture and the whole economic development. With the development of economy, the improvement of production and living needs, all aspects of water resources is more strict requirements are put forward. In this paper, we will discuss the aspects of the construction of water supply system to discuss effects on rural residential construction layout.
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Yacoob, May, and Linda Whiteford. "Behavior in Water Supply and Sanitation." Human Organization 53, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.53.4.10224210376gnk10.
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Health planners often conceptualize improved public health infrastructures, such as the provision of sanitary facilities, as keys to improved public health results. These improvements alone, however, rarely result in the anticipated health improvements. Changes in hygiene behavior, that is, in the way in which people utilize their existing resources along with improved infrastructure. are critical to achieving sustained improvements in public health conditions. This behavioral/human component tends to either be considered last in the planning process or, at best, is thought to happen once infrastructure improvements are in place. This article argues that such components need to be planned for and utilized in the overall planning of infrastructure improvements intended to change public health conditions of the peri-urban and rural poor.
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HOQUE, BILQIS A., and M. MOZZAMMEL HOQUE. "Partnership in rural water supply and sanitation: a case study from Bangladesh." Health Policy and Planning 9, no. 3 (1994): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/9.3.288.
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Trevett, Andrew F., Richard C. Carter, and Sean F. Tyrrel. "Mechanisms leading to post - supply water quality deterioration in rural Honduran communities." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 208, no. 3 (May 2005): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.024.
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Balaei, Behrooz, Suzanne Wilkinson, and Regan Potangaroa. "Social capacities in fostering water supply resilience in Vanuatu." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2018-0278.
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Purpose In March 2015 Vanuatu experienced Tropical Cyclone (TC) Pam, a category 5 cyclone with estimated wind speeds of 250 kph and one of the worst disasters in Vanuatu’s history. Prior to the cyclone, one-third of water in Vanuatu was collected by means of rainwater harvesting systems; around one quarter of these systems were damaged due to the cyclone and no longer functional. The purpose of this paper is to investigate social and organisational complexities in the resilience of water systems in Vanuatu following TC Pam, focussing on rural areas. Design/methodology/approach The resilience of water supply in rural responses to TC Pam was examined using the three following approaches: review of existing documents, a case study of a village and interviews with specialist local and international non-governmental organisation staff working in Vanuatu. Findings People’s reaction to the cyclone and its consequences at the village or community level in Vanuatu was impressive. The capacity of the locals, their involvement in the community and the low level of violence and high level of trust within society contributed to a quicker water supply restoration than expected. Despite severe shortages of water in some areas due to physical vulnerability of the system, the communities dealt with the issue calmly and the country did not experience any chaos due to water shortages. Originality/value The research results provide a benchmark for planners and decision makers in the South Pacific based on the social, organisational and technical dimensions of rural areas in Vanuatu that can be generalised to other countries in the region. This study also recommends potential tools to improve assessment of the role of social capital in fostering water supply resilience.
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Piasecki, Adam. "Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland." Water 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030625.
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Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.
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Ye, Bixiong, Yuansheng Chen, Yonghua Li, Hairong Li, Linsheng Yang, and Wuyi Wang. "Risk assessment and water safety plan: case study in Beijing, China." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.101.
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Two typical rural water utilities in Beijing, China were chosen to describe the principles and applications of water safety plans (WSP), to provide a methodological guide for the actual application and improve the quality of rural drinking water quality, and to establish an appropriate method for WSP applied in rural water supply. Hazards and hazardous events were identified and risk assessment was conducted for rural water supply systems. A total of 13 and 12 operational limits were defined for two utilities, respectively. The main risk factors that affect the water safety were identified in water sources, water processes, water disinfection systems and water utility management. The main control measures were strengthening the water source protection, monitoring the water treatment processes, establishing emergency mechanisms, improving chemical input and operating system management. WSP can be feasibly applied to the management of a rural water supply.
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Benedek, Pál. "Water Quality and Health (Review of the Internationaal Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade)." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0420.
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A review is presented of the development of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) launched in 1981 and terminated in 1990. Health aspects of drinking water quality in relation to chemical water contamination are investigated and an outlook to the future is presented as far as the tasks of water pollution control are concerned.
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Prajapat, Mahendra. "Village Sanitation System for Village." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 20, 2021): 1804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36753.
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Sanitation is important of few years development goals which covers the important aspects of management of human excreta, domestic and industrial wastewater and hazardous substances .Hence, this project focuses on a selected rural area to plan a suitable water supply scheme in accordance with their demands and requirements. It hasnt be feasible to cover all villages with piped water supply because of various constraints such as Scattered and inaccessible nature of villages, Nonavailability of nearby water sources. The project also covered planning of facilities to maintain better sanitation and beautification of surrounding .Water is important and precious as it fulfils the basic necessity of life. It is necessary that the water used must be good and free from unwanted impurities or harmful toxic chemical compounds or bacteria More than 80 % of Indian population lives in rural areas, but only few of them have some form of potable water supply. It hasn’t be feasible to cover all villages with piped water supply because of various constraints such as Scattered and inaccessible nature of villages, Non- availability of nearby water sources.
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Li, Hongxing, Alasdair Cohen, Lin Lin, Xiaoxiao Zhang, and Rong Zhang. "Water Supply Improvement and Health Promotion Campaigns in Rural Areas — China, 1949−2020." China CDC Weekly 3, no. 1 (2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.002.
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Tunyavanich, Nongluk, and Kevin Hewison. "Rural water supply, sanitation and health education in Thailand: can success follow success?" Waterlines 8, no. 3 (January 1990): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.002.
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White, Pamela, Indra Raj Badu, and Parikshit Shrestha. "Achieving sustainable water supply through better institutions, design innovations and Water Safety Plans – an experience from Nepal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.002.
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Sustainable functionality of rural water infrastructures is a major challenge in Nepal, as elsewhere. This paper looks at systems for improved community-based water supply and sanitation management in the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project (RVWRMP), in mid and far west Nepal. The paper analysed 496 rural, community-managed drinking water and sanitation schemes (with 30 to 250 beneficiary households per scheme) supported by RVWRMP (2006–2014). Observed results are: 91.5% fully functional, 8.3% partially functional and 0.2% of schemes closed due to natural disasters and social conflicts. This compares very favourably to the systems implemented by the government of similar age. We consider that the experience gained in RVWRMP provides relevant lessons on how to safeguard the functionality of rural water services infrastructure systems. The key elements noted by our staff are: prioritisation of the schemes by the community; application of quality implementation and user committee management; Water Safety Plans and active maintenance; and hands-on technical support and monitoring.
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Prakash, Prathapani, N. S. R. Prasad, and T. S. Brahmananda Chary. "SUSTAINABLE ASPECTS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY, QUALITY AND SANITATION SOURCE USING RS & GIS: A CASE STUDY." Journal of Rural Development 37, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i2/129710.
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Dhoba, L. "Going to scale with rural water supply: a reflection on experiences from sustaining community managed piped water schemes in rural Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.081.
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Abstract Access to safely managed water is a basic human right, yet rural water supply still remains a challenge in Zimbabwe. This study sought to assess sustainability of community managed piped water schemes developed under the rural WASH program as a model for rural water supply. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the collection of data. The program developed 33 schemes out of which 36.4% have since broken down. System failure is high amongst diesel and electricity powered schemes compared to solar powered. Alarmingly, all the schemes have water point committees set up and trained with support from the project. The current status-quo therefore reflects a capacity gap amongst the set water point committees. In many cases they have failed to operationalize the water fund, institute water demand management, support and retain pump operatives. Moving forward, the sector therefore needs to adopt a demand responsive approach when targeting schemes for rehabilitation. This will help address structural issues in the management of the schemes like social capital, ownership of the investment and cost recovery. Government should also consider going to scale with the solar powered schemes which are seemingly resilient and compatible with the community based management system.
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Timilsena, Narayan. "Users’ Satisfaction with Domestic Water Supply in Nepal – A Study in Lekhnath Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32851.
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Water Supply and Sanitation has been a priority of Government of Nepal. Various types of urban and rural water supply and sanitation projects are now being implemented within the Government, private and NGO sectors. The normal practice of measurement of satisfaction by service providers is to measure consumers’ satisfaction on past performance. The survey design could vary from survey questions to unstructured interviews and everything in between using comparative and non-comparative scales. In comparative scaling, the respondents are asked to compare one product against the other while non-comparative scaling is used to evaluate a single product. In this study, Likert Scales is used in this study for measurement of customer satisfaction on water supply. The higher level of satisfaction with water supply is expected to be positively related to several factors such as satisfaction with water quality, and other parameters such as hours and timings of water supply, tap pressure, quantity of water supplied, responsiveness and communication of management and water tariff. The respondents’ level of satisfaction indicates that about 41 percent of respondents were neutral, they were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with water services, while about 36 percent of respondents were satisfied with water services. The satisfaction scale of overall satisfaction with water services was 3.29 while 1.0 indicates strongly not satisfied while 5.0 indicate strongly satisfied. The various aspects that influence satisfaction among users which include hours and timings of water supply, tap pressure, quantity of water supplied, responsiveness and communication of management and water tariff as well as redresses of customer complaints have been examined. This study focused on the users’ satisfaction of Lekhnath small town water supply and sanitation project and the study was undertaken to analyze the current users’ satisfaction of the Lekhnath small town water supply and sanitation project. The result showed that the satisfaction level of users’ is above neutral but these were not in satisfying level. The characteristics/aspects of the service that contributed to users’ satisfaction including hours and timing, pressure, quantity and quality of water while there was slightly less satisfaction with regard to complaints about water supply.
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Abarca, Nadya Lizeth Serrano, and Welitom Ttatom Pereira da Silva. "Locating water distribution reservoirs in rural Andean areas: a methodological approach." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.163.
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Abstract This study aimed to present a methodology for locating water distribution reservoirs in rural Andean areas (isolated areas, low-income population, mountainous region). The research methodology consisted of the following steps: (1) description of the problem; (2) development of the DR location protocol; (3) obtaining an algorithm; (4) calibration and adjustment; and (5) application. The obtained algorithm was based on the classification and overlapping operations of five-parameter maps (pressure limits – pressure in the water supply system from 5 to 40 mH2O; supply by gravity – guarantee of gravity as energy for water movement; accessibility – use of unprotected areas or with restricted occupation; stability, greater distance from geological fault; and, proximity to population concentration, shorter distance between population centres). The overlapping of these parameters enabled us to identify a region of candidate points and select the best location point for the reservoir. The algorithm was applied to a real case indicating satisfactory results. A methodology for locating water distribution reservoirs in rural areas that have important economic constraints, difficult access (mountainous region) and high geospatial dispersion was found. Improvements in methodological steps can still be considered, for example, forecasting the use of pressure control devices in the water supply system.
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KUMAR, A., and S. B. GUPTA. "HEALTH IMPACT OF IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY IN A RURAL COMMUNITY OF DISTRICT JHANSI, INDIA." Epidemiology 7, Supplement (July 1996): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199607001-00260.
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Duarte, Victor Magalhães, Luciano Matos Queiroz, Ednildo Andrade Torres, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energetic aspects and opportunities for reusing water on offshore platforms in Campos Basin, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2121.
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In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.
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Bharti, Neha, Neha Khandekar, Prateek Sengupta, Suruchi Bhadwal, and Ishaan Kochhar. "Dynamics of urban water supply management of two Himalayan towns in India." Water Policy 22, S1 (February 20, 2019): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.203.
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Abstract Many towns in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) are experiencing permanent water crises due to increasing population pressure, urbanization, and poor management of existing water sources. This paper focuses on two towns – Mussoorie and Devprayag in the western IHR – to understand various aspects of the growing water scarcity and urban water management. In the current scenario of a changing climate, natural springs, their main water resource, are drying up. Mussoorie experiences an acute shortage of water in summer, precisely when the town hosts numerous tourists. In Devprayag, religious tourism and in-migration from rural areas contribute to rising demand. The reduced discharge in nearby streams has widened the demand–supply gap. An integrated management of water sources is crucial to solving water problems in Mussoorie and Devprayag. In both towns, little effort has been made towards recharging existing water sources. Detailed planning of the water supply system while being mindful of the floating population, a proper sewage and storm water management system, and rainwater harvesting schemes, are absent. There is an urgent need to adopt a comprehensive approach to solving urban water issues, covering aspects of demand, supply and water resources management in these hill towns for adaptive water management.
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Rante, Yohanis, Westim Ratang, and B. Elita Bharanti. "Analysis on Health Level of Local Government Owned Enterprises (BUMD) toward Papua Regional Income." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 6, 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v7i2.1302.
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In the effort to carry out the principal functions and duties for the population in Papua, Papua provincial government set up several enterprises (BUMD) purposed to provide services to the public. BUMD is also expected to give contribution on regional income. The objectives of this research are: (1) Determining the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the financial aspect, (2) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura from the operational aspect, (3) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the administration aspect. The method used in this research is survey research method toward BUMD by distributing questionnaires in several enterprises. The analytical tool used is the analysis on the health level of Water Supply Company on the financial, operational and administration aspects. Jayapura Water Supply Company health level in terms of financial aspects, operations and administration in 2011 to 2013 showed a reduction, but it was still sufficient indication. The total value of these three aspects has decreased in the last two years, 60.49 in 2011, decrease to 59.22 in 2012 and 54.59 by the end of 2013. However, this reduction was still at fairly healthcategory. Nabire Water Supply Company health level based on the financial aspect shows that from 2010 to 2013, the financial performance of Nabire Water Supply Company was experiencing unhealthy condition. Service aspect of the rate of complaints solving in 2010 to 2013 was always above 100%, it means that Nabire Water Supply Company have solved the problem of water services and other complaints that come from customers or not customer. The next indicator is water quality was 0% from 2010 to 2013. It means that they have not been able to serve the customers with the drinking water quality as provided in Ministry of Health Regulationnumber 492/MENKES/PER/IV/ 2010.
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Foster, Tim, Emily Rand, Erie Sami, Brieana Dance, Jeremy Kohlitz, and Juliet Willetts. "Does the source of water for piped supplies affect child health? Evidence from rural Vanuatu." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (April 3, 2019): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.161.
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Abstract Piped water systems are considered to provide the highest service level for drinking water supplies; however, global monitoring of safe water access pays little attention to the type of water source that piped systems draw upon, even if the water is not treated prior to distribution. This study sought to understand whether the source of water for untreated piped supplies influences the prevalence of diarrhoea among children in rural Vanuatu. The analysis was based on a dataset integrating a Demographic and Health Survey and a nationwide water supply inventory. After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, the results revealed a significant association between diarrhoea and the type of water source supplying a piped system. Compared with borehole-supplied piped systems, spring-fed piped systems were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–31, p = 0.040). No significant association between diarrhoea and piped systems drawing on surface water was observed. Increased odds of diarrhoea were significantly associated with water supply systems constructed prior to the year 2000 (AOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.9–13, p = 0.001). The results highlight the need for improvements in spring protection as well as ongoing maintenance and periodic renewal of water supply infrastructure. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Machado, Anna Virginia Muniz, Marina Thurler Nogueira, Lucas Magalhães Carneiro Alves, Norbertho Da Silveira Quindeler, Juliana Da Costa Dias Silva, Pedro Antonio de Paiva Aranha, Ricardo Pereira Gonçalves, and Natália Lascas Soares de Siqueira. "Assessment of community-managed water systems in rural areas of Espírito Santo, Brazil, using the SIASAR tool." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2517.
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Rural communities usually are poorly covered by basic services, including water supply services (WSSs). Within this context, community management of water is a promising alternative to address this issue, with many successes all over the world. This approach also contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which intends to universalize water access. This paper evaluates the WSSs provided by eleven rural community organizations from Espírito Santo, Brazil. All of those participate in the sanitation program “Pró-Rural” created by Cesan (Companhia Espiritosantense de Saneamento), the state water concessionaire, to reach small-sized rural settlements. For this purpose, Siasar was used, an informational tool that enables the identification of elements in the rural water supply systems (RWSSs) that can enhance or hinder their performance. The results verified that the communities were able to maintain a satisfactory level of quality of the WSSs, although there were perceptible fragilities regarding the distance between internal (communities and service providers) and external (technical assistance providers) actors that can decrease the quality of the WSS or even lead to its interruption if not addressed.
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Mwamsamali, O. K. K., and A. W. Mayo. "Gender mainstreaming in integrated rural water supply and sanitation project in Mzimba, Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 2 (February 6, 2014): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.111.
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Gender mainstreaming in the water sector in Malawi was analyzed using the Mzimba Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (IRWSS) project as a case in point. Information required for the study was obtained through interviews, administering a set of questionnaires and data collecting from existing documents. The results show that women in decision-making positions at head office of the Ministry responsible for water affairs only constitute about 11.1%. Assessment of the budget allocations has revealed that previously no budgetary allocations were made for gender issues, and that since the 2006/07 fiscal year about US$14,286 was allocated for gender mainstreaming. Women's involvement in local governance institutions and project activities in Mzimba is generally high. Most local water committees have 60% women and 40% men, whereas participation in project activities is highly rated at 97.2%. To improve gender balance, the Ministry responsible for water has to work with stakeholders in the education sector. Besides, great disparities still exist between men's and women's participation in water projects at a local level (97.2% for women) and a person's socioeconomic position greatly affects their inclusion in the local governance structures. Addressing these issues would, therefore, result in better gender integration in the water sector.
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Islam, Md Atikul, Abul Kalam Azad, Md Ali Akber, Masudur Rahman, and Indrojit Sadhu. "Effectiveness of solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural coastal Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.186.
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Scarcity of drinking water in the coastal area of Bangladesh compels the inhabitants to be highly dependent on alternative water supply options like rainwater harvesting system (RWHS), pond sand filter (PSF), and rain-feed ponds. Susceptibility of these alternative water supply options to microbial contamination demands a low-cost water treatment technology. This study evaluates the effectiveness of solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat drinking water from available sources in the southwest coastal area of Bangladesh. A total of 50 households from Dacope upazila in Khulna district were selected to investigate the performance of SODIS. Data were collected in two rounds to examine fecal coliform (FC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination of drinking water at the household water storage containers and SODIS bottles, and thereby determined the effectiveness of SODIS in reducing fecal contamination. All water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and salinity. SODIS significantly reduced FC and E. coli contamination under household conditions. The median health risk reduction by SODIS was more than 96 and 90% for pond and RWHS, respectively. Besides, turbidity of the treated water was found to be less than 5 NTU, except pond water. Only 34% of the participating households routinely adopted SODIS during the study.
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Nicholson, N. F. "Sustainability of Water Supplies in Provincial Egypt." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0177.
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Life, health and hygiene all depend on access to a plentiful supply of safe drinking water. Piped water supplies in rural Egypt are insufficient to meet the demands of the existing population. This situation is worsening due to the rapid population growth and failure of existing water supply systems. There are already areas of the country with severe piped water shortages. If corrective action is not taken soon densely populated villages will become vulnerable to outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Immediate action is needed to reverse the deterioration of water supply systems and to improve the benefits gained from capital works investments in the sector. This paper promotes the concept that sustainable water systems in rural Egypt depends on a central government and local unit partnership. Also needed are consumer bodies to determine user needs; local units to be given powers to manage the revenue and expenditure accounts; and the central government to concentrate on setting policies and guidelines, and assisting with the implementation of major capital works.
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Gazzinelli, Andréa, Márcia Christina C. Souza, Iara Nascimento, Ilcéia Ribeiro Sá, Matilde Meire Miranda Cadete, and Helmut Kloos. "Domestic water use in a rural village in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with an emphasis on spatial patterns, sharing of water, and factors in water use." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, no. 2 (April 1998): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000200003.
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This paper examines the relationship between domestic water use and socioeconomic, environmental, and spatial parameters at the household level in a small rural village in northern Minas Gerais State. Five methods are used direct observation, household interviews, self-reporting by households, regression analysis, and statistical mapping. Results show that water use is characterized by 1) generally low but widely fluctuating values per person per day, 2) sharing of water sources between households, 3) the use of multiple sources by individual households, 4) avoidance of heavily contaminated stream sites, and 5) predominance of socioeconomic factors in water use. Households owning their own water supply used, on average, 25.3 liters per person/day and those without a supply 9.0 l, with higher use of the local streams among the latter. Water use varied spatially. The socioeconomic factors house quality, latrine ownership, type of water source, and a utility index were significantly correlated with water use. Implications of these simple household water sources and the more deficient sanitary facilities for potential water-borne disease transmission are briefly discussed and suggestions made for further improvements. This study confirms the appropriateness of the application of direct observation, interview, and microgeographical methods for quantitative water use studies.
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Zailina, H., H. Najibah, A. Nadia Aiezzati, S. M. Praveena, and I. Patimah. "Comparison of the Health Implications on the Use of As and Cd Contaminated Water Supply between Urban and Rural Communities." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/797603.
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A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in blood, urine, and drinking water as well as the health implications on 100 residents in an urban and a rural community. Results showed the blood As, urinary Cd, DNA damage, and water As and Cs were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings showed significant (P<0.005) correlations between blood As and DNA damage with household income, years of residence, and total glasses of daily water consumption among the rural residents. The urinary NAG concentrations, years of residence, milk powder intake (glass/week), and seafood intake (per week) were significantly correlated (P<0.005) with urinary Cd concentrations among respondents. In addition, urinary Cd level significantly influenced the urinary NAG concentrations (P<0.001). The rural respondents experienced significantly higher lymphocyte DNA damage and blood As influenced by their years of residence and water consumption. The Cd in drinking water also resulted in the rural respondents having significantly higher urinary NAG which had a significant relationship with urinary Cd.