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Journal articles on the topic 'Health aspects of Water reuse'
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1
Sarikaya, Hasan Z., and Veysel Eroglu. "Wastewater Reuse Potential in Turkey: Legal and Technical Aspects." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0187.
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Treated wastewater is one of the potential water resources in especially arid and semi arid regions. Overall, Turkey is not poor in terms of water sources. However, due to distribution of water in time and in space water shortage is felt. Wastewater reuse potential is especially high during summer months for agricultural and recreational purposes. In coastal areas of Turkey treated wastewaters from the coastal settlements are reused to irrigate the green areas and parks. Surplus effluents are discharged into the sea by use of marine outfall pipes. Extended aeration type of activated sludge processes followed by chlorination is the most common form of the treatment. Agricultural reuse is encouraged in inland rural regions. Simple wastewater treatment methods such as stabilization ponds are popular in rural areas. Water quality standards regulating irrigational wastewater reuse are recently set in Turkey. Guidelines given by World Health Organization (WHO) are generally adopted except the limits for the intestinal nematodes and the residual chlorine. Irrigational reuse standards as well as the degree of the treatment have to be revised based on the local experiences. Assurance of a given effluent quality is one of the major problems in management of the wastewater reuse in rural areas. Local examples are presented to illustrate this point.
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Chiou, R. J., T. C. Chang, and C. F. Ouyang. "Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.058.
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The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.
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Pronk, G. J., S. F. Stofberg, T. C. G. W. Van Dooren, M. M. L. Dingemans, J. Frijns, N. E. Koeman-Stein, P. W. M. H. Smeets, and R. P. Bartholomeus. "Increasing Water System Robustness in the Netherlands: Potential of Cross-Sectoral Water Reuse." Water Resources Management 35, no. 11 (August 17, 2021): 3721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02912-5.
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AbstractWater reuse has the potential to substantially reduce the demand on groundwater and surface water. This study presents a method to evaluate the potential of water reuse schemes in a regional context and demonstrates how water reuse propagates through the water system and potentially reduces pressure on groundwater resources. The use of Sankey diagram visualisation provides a valuable tool to explore and evaluate regional application of water reuse, its potential to reduce groundwater and surface water demand, and the possible synergies and trade-offs between sectors. The approach is demonstrated for the Dutch anthropogenic water system in the current situation and for a future scenario with increased water demand and reduced water availability due to climate change. Four types of water reuse are evaluated by theoretically upscaling local or regional water reuse schemes based on local reuse examples currently in operation in the Netherlands or Flanders: municipal and industrial wastewater effluent reuse for irrigation, effluent reuse for industrial applications, and reuse for groundwater replenishment. In all cases, water reuse has the potential to significantly reduce groundwater extraction volume, and thus to alleviate the pressure on the groundwater system. The water-quantity based analysis is placed in the context of water quality demands, health and safety aspects, technological requirements, regulations, public perception, and its net impact on the environment. This integrative context is essential for a successful implementation of water reuse in practice.
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Duarte, Victor Magalhães, Luciano Matos Queiroz, Ednildo Andrade Torres, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energetic aspects and opportunities for reusing water on offshore platforms in Campos Basin, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2121.
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In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.
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Sala, L., and M. Serra. "Towards sustainability in water recycling." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0074.
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Those like us who believe in and spread the gospel of planned wastewater reclamation and reuse usually emphasize that this is a step towards sustainability in water resource management, but this is something that is very seldom analyzed. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, issues such as goals in water reuse and influence on water demands, ecological analysis of the cycle of the main pollutants, health aspects and treatment requirements, energy consumption and measurable environmental benefits, in order to provide a set of criteria to assess sustainability in water recycling projects and to decrease the impact of the cultural water cycle on the environment.
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Strauss, Martin. "Human Waste Use: Health Protection Practices and Scheme Monitoring." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0236.
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The first part of the paper provides a short and non-exhaustive overview of human waste use practices in agriculture and aquaculture mainly in the southern hemisphere. In the second part, institutional settings as well as regulations, strategies and practices of health protection in selected reuse schemes are presented and discussed. The promulgation of new guidelines for health protection in human waste use in the late eighties has led authorities in a number of countries to formulate new or amended national guidelines and to devise the monitoring and control of wastewater treatment and reuse schemes. The third part deals with these aspects and the author presents monitoring schedules for treated wastewater irrigation schemes.
7
Oron, Gideon. "Management modeling of integrative wastewater treatment and reuse systems." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0666.
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An integrative approach for wastewater treatment and reuse projects is exemplified. The approach is based on management modeling for optimal wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. Management modeling takes into account regional and national aspects. These considerations include treatment levels and control, water supply and demand, transportation and storage requirements, technical capabilities and social issues. Attention is also given to environmental pollution and health risks aspects and purpose of wastewater application. The model is based on defining an objective (cost) function to be optimized. The optimum of the objective function is evaluated subject to a series of technological, social, health and environmental constraints. The results provide information regarding the system layout and related optimal investment and operational expenses.
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in a low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.076.
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The benefits of greywater reuse have been identified to include the protection of water resources, recovery of nutrients for agriculture, savings in fresh water usage, reduction in volumes of wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment works, groundwater recharge and sustainable water resource management. An understanding of public attitude and perceptions towards the reuse of greywater will help to facilitate a positive reaction to the promotion of such concepts. The study involved administering of structured questionnaires to residents within the community through field visits. The questionnaire addressed issues related to attitudes towards the reuse of greywater, perceived advantages related to the reuse of greywater and concerns related to public health issues regarding the reuse of greywater. A total number of 346 questionnaires were administered and respondents were aged from less than 19 to over 60 years. Of the respondents, 55% were female and 45% male. The findings revealed a complex and shifting relationship between attitudes towards and perception of the reuse of greywater. This paper thus presents the findings and assesses certain aspects of greywater reuse.
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Helmer, R., I. Hespanhol, and L. J. Saliba. "Public Health Criteria for the Aquatic Environment: Recent WHO Guidelines and Their Application." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0026.
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Over the past Decade, the World Health Organization has developed a series of microbiological guidelines covering different aspects of the aquatic environment. Transmission pathways of human pathogens from their faecal origin back to man via drinking-water, bathing waters, shellfish and sewage-irrigated crops were investigated and epidemiology-based health criteria established. The total and faecal coliform guideline values for drinking-water are generally complied with in urban water supplies but difficult to meet in rural areas of developing countries. The Mediterranean serves as the major study area for assessing health risks from bathing in coastal waters and from the consumption of shellfish eaten uncooked. Wastewater reuse for crop irrigation is rapidly expanding due to water shortages but poses health risks to farm workers and consumers. New guidelines for control of helminths were recently issued by a WHO Scientific Group. A comparative evaluation of the above guidelines follows.
10
Ganoulis, J. "Evaluating alternative strategies for wastewater recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean area." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0042.
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The concept of sustainability in wastewater reclamation and reuse in the Mediterranean area needs to be expressed in a realistic and practical way. This paper suggests a suitable methodology for sustainable wastewater reuse in the Mediterranean area by considering not only technical and economic, but also, environmental and social aspects of wastewater reuse. Alternative strategies based on different treatment and storage technologies are evaluated by using the Multicriterion Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. Alternative strategies are formulated by combining elements such as different treatments, different disposal sites, the type of irrigation scheme, crop pattern, water pricing and the use of fertilizers. The criteria used to evaluate the most sustainable strategy include firstly public health and environmental factors, that pose risks on human health, water pollution during and after irrigation, efficiency of water use, secondly economic factors, including the water cost, the initial cost of the irrigation system, maintenance costs and crop profitability, and thirdly social issues including the employment of rural labour. Various MCDA techniques, namely, ELECTRE-3, ELECTRE-4 and Compromise Programming (CP) may be employed to rank alternative strategies and find out the most sustainable alternative.
11
Tselentis, Yiannis, and Stella Alexopoulou. "Effluent reuse options in Athens metropolitan area: A case study." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0669.
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In the Athens Metropolitan area nearly 700,000 m3 of effluent is produced per day which after its primary treatment is being discharged into the sea. A serious concern has been expressed by local municipalities and the government on wasting a valuable potential resource. An integrated approach has been selected, which takes into account the water resources management aspects, the growing population and the increasing demand for improving the environmental standards in the greater Athens area. The methodology developed includes: the geographical distribution of prospective users, the quantities required and the availability and cost of the existing sources, the quality standards required and the treatment needed per use, the associated public health and environmental hazards, the institutional and political aspects, the monitoring and control requirements, the social awareness and the need for education and public acceptance for effluent reuse. The various uses examined include: crop irrigation, irrigation of afforestated areas, industrial water supply and domestic non potable use. Twelve different reuse schemes were evaluated. The conclusions are of great interest, since the quantities of the available effluent are enormous and allow the development of an overall reuse strategy for a typical Mediterranean metropolitan area like Athens.
12
Bischoff, A., J. H. Fan, P. Cornel, M. Wagner, and L. M. Ma. "Disinfection of treated wastewater as an essential purification step for safe urban reuse: a comparative pilot study of UV- and ClO2-disinfection systems for urban reuse applications in China." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.087.
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Disinfection of wastewater is vital in addressing the potential health risks of urban water reuse. To compare the applicability of wastewater disinfection methods other than chlorine, identical pilot plants that used ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) dosing were installed at municipal wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai, China and Darmstadt, Germany. The investigation included public health and environmental aspects associated with the two disinfection methods. The results of the pilot-scale studies suggest that, in order to comply with Chinese water quality standards for urban water reuse, it is advisable to have a tertiary treatment before wastewater disinfection. Both methods were able to achieve a 4 log10 reduction in both total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli). There was no evidence for regrowth of E. coli. However, after an initial 3 log10 reduction, HPC increased within 48 h by more than 10-fold after UV irradiation as well as after low doses of ClO2. An increase in acute toxicity was detected after dosing with ClO2 but not after UV irradiation.
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Starkl, M., P. Amerasinghe, L. Essl, M. Jampani, D. Kumar, and S. R. Asolekar. "Potential of natural treatment technologies for wastewater management in India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 10, 2013): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.016.
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High population growth, increasing urbanization and rapid economic development are exerting pressure on the already scarce water resources in India. Treatment and reuse of wastewater can play an important role in addressing some of the urban water challenges. Conventional treatment plants have many challenges, therefore, natural treatment systems (NTSs) are viewed as a cost-effective alternative, which are more suitable in the Indian context. This study builds on a desktop study of NTSs and presents a rapid sustainability assessment of 12 NTSs, highlighting the potential and viability of NTSs in India. The results show that the NTSs have a high potential for wastewater treatment. However, there are still gaps in knowledge related to aspects that hinder the sustainability of the systems. Risks associated with reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture, operational problems and social acceptance were perceived as frequent challenges. Self-sustaining financing methods and the use of by-products were viewed as added benefits.
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Shakeri, Hossein, and Sara Nazif. "Development of an algorithm for risk-based management of wastewater reuse alternatives." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.168.
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Abstract Due to water resources limitations, special attention has been paid to wastewater reuse in recent years. The risks associated with wastewater reuse alternatives should be considered in decision-making. Even when selecting the alternative with the least risk, risk management issues are of high importance. This study aims to develop an algorithm for risk-based management of wastewater reuse alternatives. This algorithm uses a three-step risk assessment and management approach. Risks are identified, then risks of alternatives are assessed, and, finally, risk management measures are proposed for risk reduction in the selected alternative. In risk identification, economic, social, health, and environmental aspects are taken into account. In risk assessment, its three components of likelihood, severity, and vulnerability are considered through a fuzzy inference system. Alternatives are prioritized based on calculated risks using a fuzzy VIKOR method. A case study is presented in which the proposed algorithm is used to select the best alternative for reuse of treated wastewater from Ekbatan Town, located in the western part Tehran in Iran. The results showed that the proposed approach provides the users with an easier understanding of risks and increases the relative confidence of decision-makers about the selection of the best alternatives for wastewater reuse and their risk control methods.
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Lazarova, V., and Ph Savoye. "Technical and sanitary aspects of wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation for landscape irrigation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0125.
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Water reuse for landscape irrigation requires the production of high quality virus-free effluents to minimize risk for human health. In order to establish the relevance of MS2 phages as an appropriate biodosimeter for UV design, a pilot plant study has been carried out with different types of wastewater effluents. The two pilot systems tested (low-pressure high output and medium-pressure UV units) were able to achieve 4 and 5 log MS2 reduction in tertiary filtered effluent at high calculated UV doses of 170 _ 10 and 300 mJ/cm2, respectively. UV disinfection was extremely efficient for MS2 inactivation in high quality effluents after reverse osmosis: detention times as low as one second and UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2 were sufficient to reach 5 log inactivation of MS2. UV irradiation also produced rapid inactivation of human pathogens such as poliovirus type 1 and indigenous enteroviruses at UV doses up to 3 times lower that those for MS2 disinfection. It was concluded that accurate UV unit design for a given type of wastewater could be ensured by pilot tests using laboratory-propagated MS2 as biodosimeter and collimated-beam tests as the calibration-check.
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Arden, Sam, Ben Morelli, Mary Schoen, Sarah Cashman, Michael Jahne, Xin (Cissy) Ma, and Jay Garland. "Human Health, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Onsite Non-Potable Water Reuse Systems for a Large, Mixed-Use Urban Building." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 5459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135459.
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Onsite non-potable reuse (NPR) is being increasingly considered as a viable option to address water scarcity and infrastructure challenges, particularly at the building scale. However, there are a range of possible treatment technologies, source water options, and treatment system sizes, each with its unique costs and benefits. While demonstration projects are proving that these systems can be technologically feasible and protective of public health, little guidance exists for identifying systems that balance public health protection with environmental and economic performance. This study uses quantitative microbial risk assessment, life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis to characterize the human health, environmental and economic aspects of onsite NPR systems. Treatment trains for both mixed wastewater and source-separated graywater were modeled using a core biological process—an aerobic membrane bioreactor (AeMBR), an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) or recirculating vertical flow wetland (RVFW)—and additional treatment and disinfection unit processes sufficient to meet current health-based NPR guidelines. Results show that the graywater AeMBR system designed to provide 100% of onsite non-potable demand results in the lowest impacts across most environmental and human health metrics considered but costs more than the mixed-wastewater version due to the need for a separate collection system. The use of multiple metrics also allows for identification of weaknesses in systems that lead to burden shifting. For example, although the RVFW process requires less energy than the AeMBR process, the RVFW system is more environmentally impactful and costly when considering the additional unit processes required to protect human health. Similarly, we show that incorporation of thermal recovery units to reduce hot water energy consumption can offset some environmental impacts but result in increases to others, including cumulative energy demand. Results demonstrate the need for additional data on the pathogen treatment performance of NPR systems to inform NPR health guidance.
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Oron, G., A. Bick, L. Gillerman, and Y. Manor. "Hybrid membrane systems for secondary effluent polishing for unrestricted reuse for agricultural irrigation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0389.
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Field experiments are in progress for secondary wastewater upgrading for unrestricted utilization for agricultural irrigation. The integrative approach of secondary effluent polishing is based on using a hybrid UltraFiltration (UF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane pilot system with a capacity of around 1 m3/hr. The UF effluent is used to feed the RO membranes. The RO permeate is subsequently applied for vegetable irrigation. Field results indicate the importance of the UF component in the removal of the organic matter and the pathogens that are still contained in the secondary effluent. Under specific conditions, when the dissolved solids content is relatively low, regarding sanitary and health aspects, the UF effluent can be applied for unrestricted irrigation. During the RO stage most nutrients are removed, allowing application of the effluent without jeopardizing the soil fertility and the aquifers. Preliminary economic assessment indicates that the extra cost for effluent polishing via the UF stage only is in the range of 5 to 15 US cents/m3. The extra cost for the RO stage is also assessed at 10 to 25 US cents/m3. The additional cost depends to a large extent on the quality of the incoming raw secondary effluent and local requirements of the command region.
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Müller, K., P. Cornel, and A. Nashilongo. "Utilization rates, water demand and wastewater characteristics of a shared sanitation facility in North Namibia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2016): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.176.
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Shared sanitation facilities are often the only feasible option for sanitation provision in informal settlements. When implementing infrastructure for wastewater collection and treatment, information regarding quantities and constituent loadings is required. Up to now, such data are not available for shared sanitation. In order to provide this information, this study focuses on wastewater characteristics of a shared sanitation facility in North Namibia. The input data used for planning are compared with monitoring data. This includes utilization rates, water demand, loads and concentrations of total chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total dissolved solids. During the survey period, two different tariff levels were tested. Their effect on utilization rates and water demand is outlined. The results obtained from this study are particularly valuable for better planning of shared sanitation facilities, and subsequent wastewater transport, treatment and reuse infrastructures. Future studies should include further aspects and influencing factors such as population density, available income, or the influence of competing facilities.
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Calderón- Rodríguez, Nelly Patricia. "Different Clinical Practice in Hemodialysis in Mexico and Colombia." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 7, no. 14 (July 5, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v7i14.3831.
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Chronic kidney disease is the structural or functional damage of the kidneys for more than three months and is considered a public health problem, since one out of every ten adults suffer from; the hemodialysis is a therapeutic modality that replaces kidney function (excretion of waste products, regulation of water balance and regulation of the acid-base balance) improving the quality and years of life in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, clinical practices used (dialyzers, duration of hemodialysis sessions, vascular access and health personnel) vary in each country, which has an impact on the quality of life and patient mortality. Objective: To describe the differences in the reuse of dialyzers, duration of hemodialysis sessions, goals for the type of vascular access used and the health personnel who are in each renal unit, from the rules, between Mexico and Colombia. Conclusions: The differences that exist in clinical practices of hemodialysis between Mexico and Colombia are given from the health standards, however, it is necessary reinforce aspects in the both countries to provide better care for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Agus, Cahyono, Pita Asih Bekti Cahyanti, Bambang Suhartanto, and Pipit Noviyani. "Organic Waste Management and Integrated Bio-Cycle Farming System for Sustainable Development in Tropical Ecosystem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 898 (May 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.898.45.
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The tropical ecosystem had high biomass productivity but still less in economic values. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System (IBFS) was an alternative system that harmoniously combines agricultural sectors (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, plantation estate, horticulture) and non-agricultural aspects (industry, household, infrastructure, the marketplace) on integrated ecological management. The key characteristics of IBFS developed in UGM University Farm were (i) an integration of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, (ii) value of environment, esthetics and economics, (iii) rotation and diversity of plants, (iv) artificial and functional biotechnology, (v) management of closed organic cycle, (vi) ecosystem health management, (vii) agropolitan concept, (viii) specific management of plant and (ix) holistic and integrated system. The management of cycle of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production, crop, money conducted through 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward) to obtain optimal benefits for global environment and livelihood. The system had a sustainable multifunction and multi-product (food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, biopharma, water, energy, oxygen, edutainment, eco-tourism). They would meet the expected basic need for daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade’s income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was a good prospect for sustainable economic, environmental, and socio-culture aspects.
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Jyoti Das, Nanda Karmaker, and Ruhul A. Khan. "Reasons and consequences of river water pollution and their remediation: In context of Bangladesh." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.7.1.0066.
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As the population grows and the uncontrolled industrialization, urbanization rises as well, it is high time we should give proper attention to the fact of river pollution in our country which is deploying harmful impacts both on human health and environmental, aquatic ecosystem. A plethora of studies have been done on different aspects of river water pollution. In this paper a thorough discussion regarding this fact has been presented compiling a number of important studies on it. Major causes behind this pollution have been mentioned widely, like improper management of industrial and sewage effluents. However, to detect this contamination in the major rivers of Bangladesh, various studies have been done to see the physicochemical properties of the water, such as pH, turbidity, color, odor, DO, TOD, COD, TSS, EC, dissolved metal, and other chemical and bacteriological substances etc. The microorganisms within the water are the prime sources to cause different water borne diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera, Scabies and Asthma. To find out the remedies to this problem, urgent emphasis should be given on preventive measures and to take appropriate steps to halt and improve the existing pollution of the rivers. A lot of water treatment systems are being practiced throughout the world to restore the health of the rivers as well as to reuse the waste water. Though the systems are not much popular in Bangladesh, the government should facilitates the practice of them extensively and strengthen the laws against environmental pollution.
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El-Mowelhi, N. M., S. M. S. Abo Soliman, S. M. Barbary, and M. I. El-Shahawy. "Agronomic aspects and environmental impact of reusing marginal water in irrigation: a case study from Egypt." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 9 (April 1, 2006): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.275.
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Egypt produces approximately 2.4 million m3 of secondary treated wastewater (TWW) annually, used for irrigation directly or indirectly by blending with agricultural drainage water (BDW). The annual re-use of (BDW) is approximately 4 million m3. The safe and efficient use of marginal water (BDW and TWW) is a core objective of this study which has been operating from 1997 to date. After six growing seasons the main results can be summarized as follows: Maximizing crop production: TWW can be used for high production of oil crops (canola, soybean sunflower or maize) compared to fresh water, while BDW can be used for high production of tolerant crops (cotton and sugar beet). Crop quality: using marginal water increases the concentration of elements (Pb, B, Ni, Co) in all crops but these elements were under critical levels (there were no toxicity hazards). It is better to use alternative irrigation with fresh water under a drip irrigation system to maximise crop production and minimise the adverse effects of such water in field crops quality. Soil pollution and salinity build up: A drip irrigation system under alternative irrigation by fresh with TWW or BDW reduces salinity build up risks and the levels of elements (Pb, B, Ni, Co) in soil compared to re-use marginal water. Soil pathogens: using marginal water slightly contaminated the soil with total faecal coliform (TFC), mites, shigella and salmonella Plant anatomy: No great changes in anatomical disturbance where induced in different structures of plants which were reduced at maturity stage. Primary guidelines for re-using marginal water: From obtained results it can be recommended to use marginal water with salinity content ranged between 1.1 to 3. 64 dS/m, and elemental contents (Pb 3.0–3.51 ppm), (B 0.05–1.67 ppm), (Co 0.04–0.07 ppm), (Ni 0.08–0.15 ppm) for safe (field, vegetable and medicinal) crops production. Reuse bio solids for crop production: Sewage sludge produced from treated wastewater can be safely used by mixing with rice straw (1:1 w/w) for economic crop production and saving mineral fertilisers. General conclusion: In the North Nile Delta, marginal water (especially BDW) can be safely used without significant negative impact on the environment, but there is a need for multi-disciplinary, long-term research to investigate irrigation with marginal water in terms of the environment, public health and agricultural productivity.
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Lincho, João, João Gomes, and Rui C. Martins. "Paraben Compounds—Part II: An Overview of Advanced Oxidation Processes for Their Degradation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083556.
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Water scarcity represents a problem for billions of people and is expected to get worse in the future. To guarantee people’s water needs, the use of “first-hand water” or the reuse of wastewater must be done. Wastewater treatment and reuse are favorable for this purpose, since first-hand water is scarce and the economic needs for the exploration of this type of water are increasing. In wastewater treatment, it is important to remove contaminants of emerging concern, as well as pathogenic agents. Parabens are used in daily products as preservatives and are detected in different water sources. These compounds are related to different human health problems due to their endocrine-disrupting behavior, as well as several problems in animals. Thus, their removal from water streams is essential to achieve safe reusable water. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are considered very promising technologies for wastewater treatment and can be used as alternatives or as complements of the conventional wastewater treatments that are inefficient in the removal of such contaminants. Different AOP technologies such as ozonation, catalytic ozonation, photocatalytic ozonation, Fenton’s, and photocatalysis, among others, have already been used for parabens abatement. This manuscript critically overviews several AOP technologies used in parabens abatement. These treatments were evaluated in terms of ecotoxicological assessment since the resulting by-products of parabens abatement can be more toxic than the parent compounds. The economic aspect was also analyzed to evaluate and compare the considered technologies.
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Day, Jake Kyle, and Ashok K. Sharma. "Stormwater harvesting infrastructure systems design for urban park irrigation: Brimbank Park, Melbourne case study." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, no. 8 (November 3, 2020): 844–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.047.
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Abstract Stormwater harvesting for residential and non-residential reuse is an important and crucial aspect to reduce freshwater demand to address climate change, population growth and urbanisation challenges. It is important that freshwater be conserved as much as possible through capturing rainwater and stormwater and using these resources for fit for purpose end uses such as irrigation of public open parks and residential non-potable end uses. The paper describes a methodology for the planning and design of a stormwater harvesting system for park irrigation. The application of suitable models for storage tank capacity and pipe sizing considering peak flows are described. The application of the approach is demonstrated with a local case study for the benefit of wider water professionals engaged in water-sensitive urban design.
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Lahav, Ori, Malka Kochva, and Jorge Tarchitzky. "Potential drawbacks associated with agricultural irrigation with treated wastewaters from desalinated water origin and possible remedies." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (May 1, 2010): 2451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.157.
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Over 90% of the water supplied in the coastal region in Israel in 2013 (600 Mm3 y−1) will be from desalination plants. The wastewater generated from this water (>400 Mm3 y−1) is planned, after proper treatment, to be reused for agricultural irrigation, making this low-salinity water the main agricultural-sector future water source. In this respect both the Mg2 + concentration and the Sodium Adsorption Ratio value of the water are of concern. We show that the typical Na+ concentration addition to wastewater (between ∼100 and ∼165 mg L−1) is much higher than the combined addition of Ca2 + and Mg2 + (between 0 and several mg L−1). Since desalinated water is typically supplied with low Ca2 + and Mg2 + concentrations (∼35 and 0 mg L−1 respectively), the treated wastewater is characterized by very low Mg2 + concentrations, low salinity and very high SAR values, typically >6 and up to 10 (meq L−1)0.5. SAR values can be lowered by adding either Ca2 + or Mg2 + to desalinated water. Adding Mg2 + is preferable from both health (minimizing cardiovascular disease hazards) and agriculture (inexpensive Mg fertilization) aspects. The low cost of Mg2 + addition at the post-treatment stage of desalination plants corroborates the request for Mg2 + addition in regions where treated wastewater from desalinated water origin is planned to be reused for irrigation.
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Rose, J. B. "Water reclamation, reuse and public health." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.012.
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The number of people who have limited access to high-quality water has increased, and while this is a growing global crisis, water issues, problems and solutions are often seen as localised. Water reuse and reclamation will play a significant role in achieving sustainability and public health protection in the future. The wastewater and reuse community should be responsible for monitoring sewage impacts and improvements as demonstrated through pathogen reduction with appropriate treatment. Viruses, Cryptosporidium and Giardia can all be reduced during treatment anywhere from 99% to 99.9999%, achieving drinking water quality, if so desired. Recommendations to achieve better access to scientific information for decision making include: 1) developing a global data base for biological contaminant loading from wastewater and 2) defining the public health protection via reuse and reclamation.
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de Oliveira Cruz, Luana Mattos, Adriano Luiz Tonetti, and Bianca Graziella Lento Araujo Gomes. "Association of septic tank and sand filter for wastewater treatment: full-scale feasibility for decentralized sanitation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.094.
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Abstract Worldwide, 70% of the individuals who do not have access to sanitation facilities live in rural areas. A solution for these areas is the use of decentralized systems for wastewater treatment. However, most of the studies about this topic are performed in a laboratory or in pilot scale. This work investigated a full-scale decentralized system. The association of septic tank and sand filter was installed in a rural area in Brazil. Its feasibility, maintenance, and operational conditions were appraised. The septic tank was built with precast concrete rings (inner diameter: 1.90 m; total depth: 2.34 m; useful volume: 4.30 m3). The sand filter was also constructed with precast concrete rings (internal diameter: 1.90 m; surface area: 2.84 m2) and effluent application was intermittent. The hydraulic loading rate of the sand filter was 253 Lm−2day−1. The quality of the effluent met the legal aspects and the system proved to be effective for decentralized sanitation. The final effluent may be reused in agricultural activities; however, the frequency of maintenance of this system should be taken into account.
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Khan, Nadeem Ahmad, Saif Ullah Khan, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Izharul Haq Farooqi, Arshad Hussain, Sergij Vambol, and Viola Vambol. "Smart ways of hospital wastewater management, regulatory standards and conventional treatment techniques." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-06-2019-0079.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cover some aspects about the disposal and regulatory standard around the world toward hospital effluent discharge, its managements and treatment technologies that are adopted and best suitable nowadays. Design/methodology/approach Due to large and variety of antibiotics available in the market nowadays it is difficult to control its use, thereby risking the whole ecosystem and its components. The regulation pattern is variable depending upon the various factors in different countries. The permissible limit of these emerging pollutants found in sewage as compared to in hospital effluent streams having active pharmaceutical ingredients is very narrow and is a debatable issue. Findings The disparity in the available legislation for hospital waste management in different countries makes it difficult to compare pro’s and con’s of methods adopted. Strict laws need to be framed for hospital wastewater management and its treatment, as it contains harmful compounds in higher concentrations resulting in development of resistant genes. The guideline applicable nowadays makes it clear that, specific management guidelines with respect to HWW, but also indicate certain characteristics that can be represented to specify their nature and indicator. Research limitations/implications Determination of effluent characteristic for each specialized treatment need to be analyzed for meeting the framed regulatory standards. Up-gradation of existing treatment facilities, adopting new technologies and improving operation, maintained is a viable option. As there are no specific treatment schemes available hence combination and optimization of treatment methods may solve the problem to certain extent. Practical implications There is some flexibility also there so that law framework can be modified accordingly. For any health facilities direct discharges into natural water bodies it effluent need to follow national discharge standards. These are quite strict as compared to indirect standards and generally not meet by such facilities. This is quite logical because they are not being monitored or treated by municipal systems. Social implications The law indicates that hospital needed to collect and treat effluent according to the treatment standards. But on other hand the law was made making it consideration about the HWW collection in water bodies. Originality/value The best way of management as described, is to treat HWW onsite-dividing into primary, secondary and tertiary. The document also provides details about sludge disposal, possible reuse, including the application of new and innovative treatment technologies for HWW. It also provides guidance for minimum approach for HWW management because developing countries patients do not have proper sanitation facilities.
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Xu, Dong Ying, and Guo Dong Chen. "Study on Water Saving Technology of Water Ecological Construction in Shaoxing." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.806.
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The government of Shaoxing in response to the call of country, implemented sustainable development policy, promulgating green ecological water saving construction. Shaoxing ecological building water-saving technology was mainly divided into four parts, including the use of local advantages to collect rain water for reuse, using new water-saving equipment and water-saving water apparatus, making full use of solar energy and municipal pipe pressure, city water reuse and so on several aspects. The technology has been obtained the practical application, the water supply and drainage system efficiently, thereby reducing water consumption, good energy saving and water saving benefit.
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Liu, Shuang, and Kenneth M. Persson. "Situations of water reuse in China." Water Policy 15, no. 5 (July 16, 2013): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.275.
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Water reuse is a cost-effective solution that is carried out in many water-shortage countries on different levels. China, which is the most populous country in the world, is facing a serious water crisis, with great demand and feasibility to use reclaimed water to deal with freshwater shortage and pollution. Although much progress has been made, challenges and problems still exist, which hinder the development of the water reuse market. Accordingly, a strategy should be made from a sustainable use perspective. In this paper, the driving forces, the situations of applications, the social institutions and cultural backgrounds related to water reuse in China are reviewed and presented by a literature review and survey. The obstacles and challenges are discussed from management system, safety of reclaimed water quality, economy and policy perspectives. Beijing and Tianjin are selected for case studies in some aspects. Through review and analysis, it can be concluded that the management system, price system, safe supply of reclaimed water and supported policy are the main factors affecting the development of water reuse in China. The paper also identifies strategies for further sustainable and safe water reuse.
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Zhao, Jing Bo, Fang Zhang, Tian Xie, and Li Peng Dong. "Green Building Water Use Problems and Development." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 3069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.3069.
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The utilization and disposal of water rationalization can be said as a building is one of the criteria of green building, water reuse technology can reduce wastewater directly discharged pollution of the environment and resource consumption, so our water reuse technology, even said that all aspects of the development of green building have a lot of prospects. Although the front is difficult, but the future development prospects are bright.
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Boysen, Birte, Jorge Cristóbal, Jens Hilbig, Almut Güldemund, Liselotte Schebek, and Karl-Ulrich Rudolph. "Economic and environmental assessment of water reuse in industrial parks: case study based on a Model Industrial Park." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 10, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.034.
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Abstract Industrial wastewater reuse is a major measure to mitigate the depletion of available freshwater resources in the catchments around industrial areas and to prevent possible future water shortages and the resulting problems for industry, economy and society. Combining a set of environmental aspects and economic aspects of different wastewater treatment technologies, the authors developed a model-based approach for planning and evaluating water reuse concepts in industrial parks. This paper is based on an exemplary Model Industrial Park. The results based on data primarily calculated for Germany show that, for the majority of the indicators, the installation of the Water Reuse Plant seems to be beneficial for all examined reuse options. Considering the economic dimension, due to economies of scale, reuse options with larger volumes of treated water are preferable since the costs per m3 of reuse water are reduced by up to 33%. On the other hand, the environmentally preferable option depends on the respective indicator, e.g. for freshwater eutrophication, the higher the reuse factor, the lower the impact, leading to reductions between 8 and 12%. For climate change, the best option is dependent on the reuse purpose leading to reductions between 8 and 52%.
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Nellor, Margaret H., Rodger B. Baird, and John R. Smyth. "Health Effects of Indirect Potable Water Reuse." Journal - American Water Works Association 77, no. 7 (July 1985): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05573.x.
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Hermanowicz, Slawomir W., and Takashi Asano. "Abel Wolman's “The Metabolism of Cities” Revisited: A Case for Water Recycling and Reuse." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0571.
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Factors affecting the feasibility of water reclamation and reuse in an urban environment are discussed with special focus on reclaimed water quality and reuse applications. Water supplied to a city undergoes only small changes in quality and thus becomes a valuable resource ready for reuse and under local control. Successful development of water reuse must take into consideration technical, financial and social aspects. The quality of the reclaimed water must be matched to its intended use and alternative means of its distribution should be considered. Regional population growth patterns and their influence on economic feasibility of water reuse are examined.
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Torretta, Vincenzo, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Giorgio Bertanza, and Maria Xanthopoulou. "Water reuse as a secure pathway to deal with water scarcity." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500090.
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An adequate access to water supply systems is crucial for a sustainable future. Climate change is expected to increase water shortage problems worldwide. Reuse/recycling of treated wastewater for domestic and/or agricultural purposes can be considered an interesting water supply: it is independent from seasonal drought and meteorological variability and able to cover the peak of water demand. In the case of direct reuse, the parameter of treated water must comply with the reuse limits for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids. In case of indirect reuse, the regulatory approach changes as the dilution ratio between discharge and flow of the irrigation canal is taken into account too. There are many interventions that are considered useful for the purpose of promoting the development of an enhanced water recovery and recycling: legislation improvements, modification in the water storage management, prevention in pollution discharged into sewerage systems, improving the efficiency of WWTPs, incentive the adoption of rainwater storage tanks and interventions for the separation of gray water, establish a “blue certificate” for financing investments. In the present paper those aspects are analysed referring to some cases found in an Italian region.
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Rogers, S. E., and W. C. Lauer. "Denver's Demonstration of Potable Water Reuse: Water Quality and Health Effects Testing." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0599.
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The product water of the Denver (Colorado) Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Plant is compared to national and international standards for drinking water quality and with the high quality of the present drinking water supply. For parameters which cannot be analyzed or quantified, health effects testing is performed on concentrates of the existing and the innovative supplies. In order to determine relative risk, the health effects are assessed using the measures of chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. For measurable constituents, the potable reuse product water equals or exceeds the high quality of Denver's existing drinking water. The preliminary results of the health effects testing demonstrate no health effects associated with either water. Potable reuse is shown to be an acceptable alternative water source which should be evaluated with other traditional supplies.
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Xu, P., F. Brissaud, and M. Salgot. "Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?" Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0009.
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An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisaged in order to meet new water demand, restore over-exploited aquifers and reduce expensive seawater desalination. Three types of models were established and coupled: (i) hydrological models; (ii) water demand and/or need model; (iii) technical-economic model. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis completed the technical-economic modelling. The simulated water reuse scenarios are not alternative but complementary. They provide the possibilities for total reuse of wastewater in the Palma area. Compared with seawater desalination, water reuse is a cost-effective solution to address water scarcity issues in the Palma area. Using tertiary effluent for landscape irrigation allows over-exploited aquifers to recover. It is very attractive in terms of economic benefits and feasible with respect to technical and social aspects. Further water reuse for extending agricultural irrigation can greatly reduce seawater desalination but acquiring the farmers' agreement to give up pumping groundwater for irrigation would meet some difficulties. Water recharge would help to totally reuse wastewater but uncertainties related to public perception and the attitude or regulatory board and local authorities need dealing with. Because water reuse requires a long-term managing viewpoint in order to prepare and demonstrate its feasibility and security, seawater desalination was adopted as an emergency solution to meet peak demands during the tourist season and in case of drought.
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Lansdell, Mark, and Luis M. Carbonell. "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Aspects of Lake Valencia, Venezuela." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0232.
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The environmental problems of the Lake Valencia Basin are described. A multipurpose project for the treatment and reuse of 9.5 m3/s of wastewater, which has received approval for international funding, is discussed along with technological adaptations to local opportunities and limitations. The results of bench-scale studies for potable reuse of the Lake's water by softening and blending are also described along with experience of surrogate parameters for Trihalomethane Formation Potential Measurement in a Developing world context.
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Cooper, Robert C. "Public Health Concerns in Wastewater Reuse." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0235.
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There is a growing need to reuse wastewater not only to reduce waste discharges to surface waters but also as an important water resource. The potential for increased risk of infectious disease to communities using reclaimed water continues to be a concern. With the growing interest in the use of recycled water for groundwater recharge and directly as a potable supply adjunct there is an increased awareness of chemical quality with emphasis on trace organic compounds. With proper attention to water quality standards and reclamation plant reliability high-quality water can be produced which should not pose an increased risk of disease to those using the water.
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Tortajada, Cecilia, and Sunil Nambiar. "Communications on Technological Innovations: Potable Water Reuse." Water 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020251.
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Water scarcity has prompted an increasing number of cities to look for non-conventional sources of clean water. One of these sources is reused water, or highly treated reclaimed or recycled wastewater, a worthy addition to the portfolio of water-resource alternatives that increasing cities are considering in view of demographic and environmental changes. In this paper, we analyse communications from the media, policymakers and utility managers on the technology used to produce reused water for potable purposes. The focus of our analysis is technology as a means for producing safe and reliable water supply in the long-term. Three places were selected because of their differing experiences with social acceptance: Singapore, Orange County (California, United States), and Queensland (Australia). We found distinct differences in the communications used in the three places, which we believe have strongly influenced public opinion on the provision of clean water through potable water reuse. In communicating technological innovations to the public, it is essential to also discuss the broader framework affecting reliable water supplies. In this light, planning, legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional coordination, financial sustainability, and operational aspects should also be communicated.
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Handam, Natasha Berendonk. "Estrogenic activity in reused water: comparison of concentration methods." International Journal of Hydrology 5, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2021.05.00274.
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Determining the presence of endocrine disrupting substances in waters is a relevant aspect for monitoring environmental health. Given its relevance, it is important to use methods that can make the total concentration of substances with estrogenic activity (eg endocrine disruptors), being faster, and without the use of compounds that pollute the environment. The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of the methods of concentration by lyophilization and by vacuum concentration of substances with estrogenic activity present in reused water, using the commonly used methodology, solid phase extraction. Three methods were compared: solid phase extraction, lyophilization, and vacuum centrifugation. Sample aliquots of reused water received 17β-estradiol at a final concentration of 2 μg L-1 and were concentrated by the three methods. The analysis of estrogenic activity was performed by the in vitro YES (Yeast Estrogen Screen) assay. The results showed that the vacuum centrifugation, solid phase extraction and lyophilization methods had different percentages in the recovery of substances with estrogenic activity, being 45%, 40%, and 31%, respectively. The study pointed out that the lyophilization and vacuum centrifugation methods were effective as alternative methods for concentrating samples containing substances with estrogenic activity.
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Kalavrouziotis, Ioannis K., and Prodromos H. Koukoulakis. "Plant Nutrition Aspects under Treated Wastewater Reuse Management." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 218, no. 1-4 (October 21, 2010): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0658-8.
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Toze, S. "Water reuse and health risks — real vs. perceived." Desalination 187, no. 1-3 (February 2006): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.066.
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Gur, A., and S. S. Al Salem. "Potential and Present Wastewater Reuse in Jordan." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0601.
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Reclaimed wastewater must be considered as an important component of the water budget in Jordan where water resources are rather limited. It has been estimated that wastewater effluents will amount to about 50% of the water deficit that is anticipated by the year 2000. This constitutes about 23% of the total renewable groundwater resource capacity. Quality characteristics of wastewater effluents from different treatment plants and other sources are presented. Review of institutional and legal aspects of water reuse is recommended toward encouraging treated effluent reuse. Outlines for a new reuse strategy have been suggested to ensure that wastewater reuse projects are operationally sustainable and environmentally sound.
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Shevah, Yehuda. "Water scarcity, water reuse, and environmental safety." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0202.
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Abstract In the arid and semi-arid regions, being the most water-deprived regions of the world, water scarcity is the most pressing challenge. The dry climate and the effects of the global warming are leading to increased pressure on the meager water resources causing a rapid quality degradation of chronically depleted water resources, while the use and disposal of numerous biological and chemical pollutants endangers the water bodies to a degree that part of the resources are not safe to use for human consumption, posing a health risk to the population. The degradation of water resources is magnified by the fast-growing population and the increase in domestic and irrigation water demand, which is impossible to meet from available natural resources. Such adverse development is already apparent in the Near East region (Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) where the shared water resources are already in a deteriorated state unable to satisfy the basic needs. To satisfy current and future needs, a new water resources management strategy is suggested, aiming at the sustainable use of available water resources, supplemented by the development of water reuse and desalination of brackish groundwater and seawater, cautiously considering the associated health and environmental safety, as discussed herewith.
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Cobacho, Ricardo, Miguel Martín, Cristina Palmero, and Enrique Cabrera. "Key points in the practical implementation of greywater recycling systems. The Spanish situation in the global context." Water Supply 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.006.
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This paper reviews four different aspects of greywater reuse, the adoption of which is now beginning to spread in Spain. The main aspect addressed is water quality, but legal requirements, costs and the effect on reducing water needs also require analysis. These aspects are of key importance to understand the current way in which greywater reuse systems are developing and, even more importantly, for setting the conditions for future success. In relation to each aspect, the data obtained in a pilot project in Spain is compared to other foreign references.
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Lauer, William C. "Water Quality for Potable Reuse." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0675.
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Denver's Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project is designed to examine the feasibility of converting secondary treated wastewater to potable water quality. A 1.0 mgd (44L/s) treatment plant began operation in 1985 and during the first three years many processes were evaluated. Data from the evaluation period was used to select the optimum treatment sequence which is now being used to produce samples for the two-year animal feeding health effects study now underway. Operation in this configuration will continue until early 1991 during which time comprehensive analytical studies will further define the water quality in relation to existing standards and Denver's current potable supply. A decision concerning the full-scale implementation of direct potable reuse will follow extensive analysis of the test results and in-depth economic evaluation.
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Lazarova, Valentina, Lucina Equihua, and Alberto Rojas. "Sustainable water management with multi-quality recycled water production: the example of San Luis Potosi in Mexico." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, no. 1 (July 8, 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.006.
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This paper presents and discusses the performance, reliability of operation, socio-economic and environmental aspects and benefits of the Tenorio Project in San Luis Potosi. This is the first project in Mexico making possible the production of multi-quality recycled water for planned water reuse for different purposes, including industrial cooling in a power plant, agricultural irrigation, groundwater restoration and environmental enhancement. Long-term water quality monitoring demonstrated the reliability of operation of the selected treatment trains, which were well adapted to local conditions and the given reuse application. The major challenge was the control of the conductivity and silica content in recycled water for industrial reuse, which needed complementary investigations and the implementation of an additional treatment by ion exchange. The reliable operation of the power plant with recycled water encouraged other industries to explore water reuse as an option, as well as the possibility of improved treatment. Once the main technical and social challenges of the original project were overcome, the project acquired a new dimension with the request of the industrial client to improve water quality by means of reverse osmosis. In return, the power plant proposed giving their right for water withdrawal from the aquifer to the City of San Luis Potosi, allowing thus the availability of freshwater for augmentation of the potable water supply.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Oilfield Produced Water Management: Treatment, Reuse and Disposal." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 1 (March 4, 2012): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.1.124-132.
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Produced water is accompanied with the production of oil and gas especially at the fields producing by water drive or water injection. The quantity of these waters is expected to be more complicated problem with an increasing in water cut which is expected to be 3-8 barrels water/produced barrel oil.Produced water may contain many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. Produced water contains dissolved solids and hydrocarbons (dissolved and suspended) and oxygen depletion. The most common dissolved solid is salt with concentrations range between a few parts per thousand to hundreds parts per thousand. In addition to salt, many produced waters also contain high levels of heavy metals like zinc, barium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium, vanadium and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM).This study will highlight the main aspects of the different international experiences with the produced water treatment for subsequent reuse or disposal. These different treatment methods vary considerably in effectiveness, cost and their environmental impacts. Samples of produced water from Al-Mishrif formation in ten wells belongs to five fields southern Iraq were taken and analyzed chemically to define the basic features of these waters and to have guide lines for the best strategy that required handling the increased water cut in these fields.
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Al Salem, Saqer S. "Environmental considerations for wastewater reuse in agriculture." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0692.
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The water demand in the Middle East is growing very rapidly. The portion of the quantity of the potable water is increasing on the account of the irrigation water and most of the countries will face water deficiency. A reliable way to secure the required water for irrigation is by collecting and reclaiming each drop of water used in the cities to be reused. To guarantee and safeguard hygienic standards and have no adverse effects on the environment must be given the highest priority. The paper discusses in detail the pollutants, their effect, and their way of influence. The on-site reuse and its advantages and the aspects that must be evaluated to decide the suitability of treated water were presented besides appropriate treatment for wastewater reuse and its guidelines. The Jordanian experience in the field of wastewater reuse in agriculture is discussed, and the socioeconomic benefits to community are illustrated.