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1

Waldron, Hilary. Heterogeneity in health and morality risk among early retiree men. Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, 2004.

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2

Block, Mark Ian. The relationship between myocardial blood flow reduction and heterogeneity of ischemic injury: Following experimental coronary artery occlusion in the canine model. s.n.], 1987.

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3

1960-, Jones Andrew M., and Schurer Stefanie, eds. How does heterogeneity shape the socioeconomic gradient in health satisfaction? Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2007.

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4

Richard, Zeckhauser, Satō Ryūzō 1931-, Rizzo John Arthur, and Sōgō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan), eds. Health intervention and population heterogeneity: Evidence from Japan and the United States. National Institute for Research Advancement, 1985.

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5

Health intervention and population heterogeneity: Evidence from Japan and the United States (NIRA output). [Sohatsubaimoto Zenkoku Kanpo Hanbai Kyodo Kumiai], 1985.

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6

B, Barsky Robert, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. Preference parameters and behavioral heterogeneity: An experimental approach in the health and retirement survey. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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7

Feng, Zhilan. Applications of Epidemiological Models to Public Health Policymaking: The Role of Heterogeneity in Model Predictions. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2014.

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8

Minnesota. Health Policy and Systems Compliance Division., ed. Factors associated with heterogeneity in the risk of using health services covered by PMAP and Minnesotacare. Minnesota Dept. of Health, Health Policy and Systems Compliance Division, Health Economics Program, 2002.

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9

1954-, Börsch-Supan Axel, ed. Health, children, and elderly living arrangements: A multiperiod-multinomial probit model with unoberserved heterogeneity and autocorrelated errors. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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10

The Changing Role of the State in OECD Health Care Systems: From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity? (Transformations of the State). Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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11

Smets, Tinne, and Luc Deliens. Health services research in palliative care and end-of-life care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0198.

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Health services research in palliative care and end-of-life care involves the study of palliative care needs, access and quality of palliative care, and the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost of palliative and end-of-life care services and interventions. The evaluation of services and interventions involving patients with advanced illness presents unique challenges, both ethical and methodological. In this chapter, several research designs that are useful for the service evaluation of complex interventions in palliative care and end-of-life care are discussed and examples of studies using th
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12

Miguel, Eve, Florence Fournet, Serge Yerbanga, et al. Optimizing public health strategies in low-income countries: epidemiology, ecology and evolution for the control of malaria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0016.

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During the 20th century, health inequalities among countries have increased. Several factors explain this pattern, such as immunization and massive antibiotherapy, but nutrition, housing and hygiene are key parameters for health improvement. This heterogeneity among countries is well illustrated by malaria, although disappeared from many high-income countries, is still endemic and prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. We question these differences and detail the recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization to tackle malaria. We investigate the optimal combination of actio
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13

Gebreab, Samson Y. Statistical Methods in Spatial Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0004.

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Most studies evaluating relationships between neighborhood characteristics and health neglect to examine and account for the spatial dependency across neighborhoods, that is, how neighboring areas are related to each other, although the possible presence of spatial effects (e.g., spatial dependency, spatial heterogeneity) can potentially influence the results in substantial ways. This chapter first discusses the concept of spatial autocorrelation and then provides an overview of different spatial clustering methods, including Moran’s I and spatial scan statistics as well as different models to
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14

Fulford, K. W. M. (Bill), David Crepaz-Keay, and Giovanni Stanghellini. Depressions Plural. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0014.

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This chapter examines how values influence the heterogeneity of depression. The plurality of values is increasingly significant for contemporary person-centred mental health care with its emphasis on quality of life and development of self-manvnagement skills. Values-based practice is a partner with medical law invn working with the plurality of personal values. The chapter explains what values are, shows how the plurality of values influences the heterogeneity of depression at several levels, and provides an overview of values-based practice. It looks at the resources available for combining
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15

Adelman, Ronald D., Michele G. Greene, and Milagros D. Silva. Communication challenges with the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0052.

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The significant growth in the elderly population brings with it increased utilization of healthcare resources. Effective geriatric medical care requires effective communication and consideration of the challenges to communication in all stages of the continuum through health and disease. Given the often-negative perceptions of the elderly and the great heterogeneity of this population, it is imperative that health professionals assess each older patient as an individual. The impact of a cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as a terminal illness, has a powerful effect on the lives of older p
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16

Basu, Sanjay. Microsimulation. Edited by Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0008.

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In previous chapters, the author used Markov models to estimate the burden of disease and the potential impact of interventions. One of the key limitations to Markov models is that they don’t take into account a person’s unique individual characteristics: Markov models are designed to efficiently simulate the average outcome for an entire population. For many public health and healthcare system problems, however, we need to consider heterogeneity within a population, or differences in risk and differences in benefit from our programs. For that purpose, microsimulation models, which take into a
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17

Bohon, Cara. Research Domain Criteria. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.2.

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A primary goal of the research domain criteria (RDoC) project from the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States is to better characterize and understand the pathology and etiology of mental illness by examining constructs with biological underpinnings and their effects on psychiatric symptoms. This endeavor shows promise in helping to better conceptualize dysfunction in the field of eating disorders, where there appears to be great heterogeneity within diagnostic groups. Treatments designed for a particular diagnosis may result in improved remission rates if they instead target
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18

Felgoise, Stephanie H., and Michelle L. Dube. Resilience and coping strategies in ALS patients and caregivers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0007.

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The experience of living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) necessitates adaptation by the person living with ALS (PALS) and their caregiver. In the face of an incurable illness, many PALS and their caregivers report a significant decline in their physical and psychosocial-spiritual health, whereas others endure the illness with great fortitude and demonstrate positive adjustment and wellbeing. This heterogeneity in adjustment has led researchers to conjecture about why or how some people maintain their quality of life while others do not. Psychosocial processes that facilitate adjustmen
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19

Boros, Christina, K. Nistala, and L. R. Wedderburn. Juvenile myositis. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0010.

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Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) of childhood are rare serious disorders, of which the most common is juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). It is recognized increasingly that, even within JDM, there is significant heterogeneity. Recently defined biomarkers, such as the myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) have been valuable to define juvenile IIM subgroups and may provide novel methods of classification. Although randomized controlled trials in JDM are challenging, an increasing consensus-based body of evidence is being used to drive standardization of treatment and care, with new drugs fo
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20

Zimmerman, Molly E., and Mark S. Aloia. Role of positive pressure therapy on sleep disordered breathing and cognition in the elderly. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0037.

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Efforts aimed toward alleviating senescence have intensified as older adults occupy an increasing proportion of the population. Cognitive abilities become compromised with advancing age, with a vast heterogeneity of presentations, ranging from occasional word-finding difficulties to dementia. The role of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in moderating or mediating age-related cognitive decline is particularly relevant given its potential reversibility in response to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapies. Establishment of SDB as a significant contributor to the development of dementia and cog
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21

Casey, Patricia. The diagnostic quagmire: Philosophical issues (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0003.

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As currently defined, adjustment disorder (AD) lies in the hinterland between non-pathological behaviour/distress on one side and full-blown common mental disorders (CMDs) on the other. However, considerable symptom overlap exists, such that AD is frequently misdiagnosed as one of the other CMDs, and vice versa. Given the universality of life events which are stressful, clearly delineating AD from normal adaptive responses is particularly prescient if all human experience is not to be medicalized. DSM-III attempted to deal with this by requiring that the symptoms be ‘clinically significant’, y
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22

Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure: epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051.

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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and
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23

Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, and John McBeth. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involve
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24

Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, John McBeth, and Nisha Nair. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045_update_001.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involve
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25

Budimirovic, Dejan B., and Megha Subramanian. Neurobiology of Autism and Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0052.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests with a range of cognitive, behavioral, and social impairments. It is a monogenetic disease caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene, in contrast to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is a behaviorally-defined set of complex disorders. Because ASD is a major and growing public health concern, current research is focused on identifying common therapeutic targets among patients with different molecular etiologies. Due to the prevalence of ASD in FXS and its shared neurophysiology with ASD, FXS has been extensively studied as a
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26

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067.

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Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ
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27

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067_update_001.

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Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ
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28

Leys, Didier, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0067_update_002.

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Stroke is a major public health issue. Many are treatable in the acute stage, provided patients are admitted soon enough. The overall incidence of stroke in Western countries is approximately 2400 per year per million inhabitants, and 80% are due to cerebral ischaemia. The prevalence is approximately 12 000 per million inhabitants. Stroke is associated with increased long-term mortality, handicap, cognitive and behavioural impairments, recurrence, and an increased risk of other types of vascular events. It is of major interest to take the heterogeneity of stroke into account, because of differ
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29

Velkushanova, Konstantina, Linda Strande, Mariska Ronteltap, Thammarat Koottatep, Damir Brdjanovic, and Chris Buckley, eds. Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780409122.

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Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and analysing faecal sludge do not currently exist, results are not comparable, the actual variability is not yet fully understood, and the transfer of knowledge and data between different regions and institu
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30

Diller, G. P., A. Kempny, and H. Baumgartner. Adult congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0024.

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The heterogeneity of adult congenital heart disease requires a thorough understanding of cardiac anatomy as well as common surgical and interventional techniques. Echocardiographic studies should be comprehensive and performed in a structured fashion, to avoid missing important anatomical or functional information. The majority of clinical questions can be answered based on the results of echocardiographic studies, but the echocardiographer should be aware of the inherent limitations of the technique and additional image modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance and computed tomography sho
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31

Abrams, Keith R., Alexander J. Sutton, David R. Jones, Trevor A. Sheldon, and Fujian Song. Methods for Meta-Analysis in Medical Research (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics - Applied Probability and Statistics Section). Wiley, 2000.

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32

J, Sutton A., ed. Methods for meta-analysis in medical research. J. Wiley, 2000.

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33

Vranckx, Pascal, Wilfried Mullens, and Johan Vijgen. Non-pharmacological therapy of acute heart failure: when drugs alone are not enough. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0053.

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Acute heart failure syndrome has been defined as new-onset or a recurrence of worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure, necessitating urgent or emergency management. The management of acute heart failure syndrome is challenging, given the heterogeneity of the patient population, in terms of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic options. The management of acute heart failure syndrome is a dynamic process, requiring ongoing simultaneous diagnosis (monitoring) and treatment. Pharmacological agents remain the mainstay of therapy for acute heart failure syndrom
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34

Alexander, Kevin. Myocarditis and Pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0019.

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Infectious myocarditis is a primary, inflammatory cardiomyopathy that can lead to cardiomyocyte toxicity via direct myocyte invasion, toxin production, and/or stimulation of a chronic inflammatory response through antigenic mimicry. Its incidence is difficult to determine due to significant disease heterogeneity and the lack of a noninvasive gold standard for diagnosis. Often, the causative pathogen is not identified; in cases where it is, appropriate anti-infective agents may be used. Treatment is primarily supportive. Acute infectious pericarditis involves inflammation of the parietal and vi
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35

Cahill, Thomas J., and Paul R. Riley. Epicardial and coronary vascular development. Edited by Miguel Torres. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0009.

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The coronary circulation is essential for human life. In embryonic development, abnormal formation of the coronary vasculature can cause death in utero or after birth. In adulthood, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the commonest cause of death worldwide. The last decade has witnessed significant strides forward in our understanding of coronary development. Multiple sources of coronary endothelial cells have been identified using genetic tools for fate mapping. The epicardium, the outermost layer of the developing heart, has emerged as both a source of cell progenitors and key signal
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36

Sinagra, Gianfranco, Marco Merlo, and Davide Stolfo. Dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical diagnosis and medical management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0356.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a relatively rare primary heart muscle disease with genetic or post-inflammatory aetiology that affects relatively young patients with a low-risk co-morbidity profile. Therefore, DCM represents a particular heart failure model with specific characteristics and long-term evolution. The progressively earlier diagnosis derived from systematic familial screening programmes and the current therapeutic strategies have greatly modified the prognosis of DCM with a dramatic reduction of mortality over recent decades. A significant number of DCM patients present an impres
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37

Galiè, Nazzareno, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini. Pulmonary hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0065.

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Pulmonary hypertension is a haemodynamic and pathophysiological condition defined as an increase in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥25 mmHg at rest, as assessed by right heart catheterization. In fact, while transthoracic echocardiography may provide clues on the presence of pulmonary hypertension, the haemodynamic evaluation offers a more precise and comprehensive assessment. Pulmonary hypertension is heterogeneous from a pathophysiological point of view, and the diversity is reflected in the haemodynamic definitions. The different haemodynamic forms of pulmonary hypertension can be
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38

Spies, Dennis C. Immigration and Welfare State Retrenchment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812906.001.0001.

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Is large-scale immigration to Europe incompatible with the continent’s generous and encompassing welfare states? Are Europeans willing to share welfare benefits with ethnically different and often less well-off immigrants? Or do they regard the newcomers as undeserving and their claim for welfare rights as unjustified? These questions are at the heart of what has become known as the “New Progressive Dilemma” (NPD) debate—and the predominant answers given to them are rather pessimistic. Pointing to the experiences of the US, where a multi-racial society in combination with a longstanding histor
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39

Syrris, Petros, and Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0359.

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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder of the heart muscle which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is believed to be familial in over 50% of cases. A recessive mode of inheritance has also been reported in syndromic cases with cardiocutaneous features. The classic form of the disorder is considered to be ‘a disease of the desmosome’ as pathogenic variants have been identified in five genes encoding key desmosomal proteins: plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, desmoglein-2, and desmocollin-2. Mutations in these genes account for 30–50%
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40

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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41

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_001.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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42

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_002.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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43

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_003.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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44

Compston, Alastair. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0871.

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The oligodendrocyte–myelin unit subserves saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse in the healthy central nervous system. At one time, many disease processes were thought exclusively to target the structure and function of myelin. Therefore, they were designated ‘demyelinating diseases’. But recent analyses, based mainly on pathological and imaging studies, (re)emphasize that axons are also directly involved in these disorders during both the acute and chronic phases. Another ambiguity is the extent to which these are inflammatory conditions. Here, distinctions should be made between inflamma
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