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Journal articles on the topic 'Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Shah, Dr Reena, Dr Sunita J. Solanki, Dr Prakash patel, and Dr Neeraj Singh Dr.Neeraj Singh. "Study of Incidence of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/104.

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2

Gottlieb, Sheldon H. "Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 78, no. 20 (November 2021): 2013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.015.

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3

Murphy, Sean P., Nasrien E. Ibrahim, and James L. Januzzi. "Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." JAMA 324, no. 5 (August 4, 2020): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10262.

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4

Steahr, Gregg, Linda Kelly, Meredith Moore, and Brenda Hott. "Heart Failure Preserved Ejection Fraction Patients Benefit From Heart Failure Reduced Ejection Fraction Guidelines." Journal of Cardiac Failure 21, no. 8 (August 2015): S73—S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.06.232.

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5

Butler, Javed, Milton Packer, Gerasimos Filippatos, Joao Pedro Ferreira, Cordula Zeller, Janet Schnee, Martina Brueckmann, Stuart J. Pocock, Faiez Zannad, and Stefan D. Anker. "Effect of empagliflozin in patients with heart failure across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction." European Heart Journal 43, no. 5 (December 8, 2021): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab798.

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Abstract Aims No therapy has shown to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure across the entire range of ejection fractions seen in clinical practice. We assessed the influence of ejection fraction on the effect of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin on heart failure outcomes. Methods and results A pooled analysis was performed on both the EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved trials (9718 patients; 4860 empagliflozin and 4858 placebo), and patients were grouped based on ejection fraction: <25% (n = 999), 25–34% (n = 2230), 35–44% (n = 1272), 45–54% (n = 2260), 55–64% (n = 2092), and ≥65% (n = 865). Outcomes assessed included (i) time to first hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular mortality, (ii) time to first heart failure hospitalization, (iii) total (first and recurrent) hospitalizations for heart failure, and (iv) health status assessed by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). The risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure declined progressively as ejection fraction increased from <25% to ≥65%. Empagliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization, mainly by reducing heart failure hospitalizations. Empagliflozin reduced the risk of heart failure hospitalization by ≈30% in all ejection fraction subgroups, with an attenuated effect in patients with an ejection fraction ≥65%. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were: ejection fraction <25%: 0.73 (0.55–0.96); ejection fraction 25–34%: 0.63 (0.50–0.78); ejection fraction 35–44%: 0.72 (0.52–0.98); ejection fraction 45–54%: 0.66 (0.50–0.86); ejection fraction 55–64%: 0.70 (0.53–0.92); and ejection fraction ≥65%: 1.05 (0.70–1.58). Other heart failure outcomes and measures, including KCCQ, showed a similar response pattern. Sex did not influence the responses to empagliflozin. Conclusion The magnitude of the effect of empagliflozin on heart failure outcomes was clinically meaningful and similar in patients with ejection fractions <25% to <65%, but was attenuated in patients with an ejection fraction ≥65%. Key Question How does ejection fraction influence the effects of empagliflozin in patients with heart failure and either a reduced or a preserved ejection fraction? Key Finding The magnitude of the effect of empagliflozin on heart failure outcomes and health status was similar in patients with ejection fractions <25% to <65%, but it was attenuated in patients with an ejection fraction ≥65%. Take Home Message The consistency of the response in patients with ejection fractions of <25% to <65% distinguishes the effects of empagliflozin from other drugs that have been evaluated across the full spectrum of ejection fractions in patients with heart failure.

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6

Johansson, Isabelle, Ulf Dahlström, Magnus Edner, Per Näsman, Lars Rydén, and Anna Norhammar. "Type 2 diabetes and heart failure: Characteristics and prognosis in preserved, mid-range and reduced ventricular function." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 15, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164118794619.

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Objective: To study the characteristics and prognostic implications of type 2 diabetes in different heart failure entities from a nationwide perspective. Methods: This observational study comprised 30,696 heart failure patients prospectively included in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry (SwedeHF) 2003–2011 from specialist care, with mortality information available until December 2014. Patients were categorized into three heart failure entities by their left ventricular ejection fraction (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: ⩾50%, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: 40%–49% and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: <40%). All-cause mortality stratified by type 2 diabetes and heart failure entity was studied by Cox regression. Results: Among the patients, 22% had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, 21% had heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction and 57% had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The proportion of type 2 diabetes was similar, ≈25% in each heart failure entity. Patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction were older, more often female and burdened with hypertension and renal impairment compared with heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients among whom ischaemic heart disease was more common. Type 2 diabetes remained an independent mortality predictor across all heart failure entities after multivariable adjustment, somewhat stronger in heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction below 50% (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: 1.32 [1.22–1.43], heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: 1.51 [1.39–1.65], heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: 1.46 [1.39–1.54]; p-value for interaction, p = 0.0049). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes is an independent mortality predictor across all heart failure entities increasing mortality risk by 30%–50%. In type 2 diabetes, the heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction entity resembles heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in clinical characteristics, risk factor pattern and prognosis.

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7

Hicks, Albert, Jorge F. Velazco, Salman Gohar, Ahmed Seliem, Shelley A. Hall, and Jeffrey B. Michel. "Advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 33, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2020.1765663.

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8

Moayedi, Yasbanoo, and Jeremy Kobulnik. "Chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Canadian Medical Association Journal 187, no. 7 (September 22, 2014): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.140430.

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9

Shaha, Kunal Bikram, Rikesh Tamrakar, Man Bahadur KC, Deewakar Sharma, Yadav Deo Bhatt, Sujeeb Rajbhandari, Rajit Sharma, and Rabindra Simkhada. "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; the other half of the heart failure, how it stands in 2013." Nepalese Heart Journal 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9747.

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Last two decade, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was deprived from being considered as a part of spectrum of heart failure. May be heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was common but not recognized by cardiology fraternity. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction each make up about half of the overall heart failure burden. But the paradox is: morbidity and mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction despite being similar to patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, today’s cardiology community has not much to offer in terms of mortality reducing treatment. The term diastolic heart failure has been well replaced by heart failure with preserved ejection fraction because multiple non-diastolic abnormalities in cardiovascular function also contribute to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction always accompanied heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is an uphill task since it relies upon careful clinical evaluation, doppler (pulse wave and tissue) echocardiography, and invasive hemodynamic assessment after exclusion of potential noncardiac causes of symptoms suggestive of heart failure. Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are usually older women with a history of hypertension. Obesity, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation are also highly prevalent in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cornerstone of treatment of this entity revolves around treatment of underlying cause and symptom guided therapy. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 46-56 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9747

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10

Habib, Mohammed. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Dapagliflozin in the Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 3, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/030.

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Bakground: The Dapagliflozin was associated with a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalizations compared with enalapril. Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of Dapagliflozin in Gaza Design, Setting, and Participants: Quality of life was based on trial EQ-5D scores. Hospital costs combined Medicare and private insurance reimbursement rates; medication costs included the wholesale acquisition cost for sacubitril/valsartan and Dapagliflozin. were performed on key inputs including: hospital costs, mortality benefit, hazard ratio for hospitalization reduction, drug costs, and quality-of-life estimates. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalizations, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental costs per QALY gained. Results: In DAPA HF trial: in patient with DM, the strategy of using dapagliflozin has an of $ 17287 per QALY gained and in patient without DM, the strategy of using dapagliflozin has an of $ 45192 per QALY gained. Indirect comparison between patients with dapagliflozin but without DM the strategy of using sacubitril/ valsartan has an ICER of $ 66000 per QALY gained and in patient with DM, ICER of 94 000 $ per QALY gained. Conclusions: For eligible patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, Dapagliflozin was cost effective than the sacubitril/valsartan in Gaza.

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11

Ohte, Nobuyuki, and William C. Little. "Statins Beneficial for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction But Not Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction?" Circulation Journal 79, no. 3 (2015): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-15-0016.

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12

Schütz, S. G., A. Nguyen-Phan, M. Konerman, S. Hummel, and R. D. Chervin. "0602 Daytime Sleepiness in Heart Failure with Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.599.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep apnea is common in patients with heart failure, though often not associated with significant daytime sleepiness in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The clinical presentation of sleep apnea in patients who have heart failure with borderline or preserved ejections fraction (HFbEF and HFpEF, respectively) is not well characterized. Methods Eighty patients with heart failure were identified retrospectively in data from University of Michigan Sleep Disorders Laboratories. Heart failure was categorized as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)/systolic heart failure, heart failure with borderline ejection fraction (HFbEF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)/diastolic heart failure. Clinical information and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores were extracted from medical records. A subset of subjects underwent a diagnostic polysomnogram. ANOVA was used to compare clinical characteristics in subjects with different heart failure types. Results ESS scores trended higher in 49 subjects with HFpEF (ESS mean 10.9±4.7 [sd]) compared to 9 with HFbEF (ESS 8.0±3.4) and 22 with HFrEF (ESS 8.4±5.0) (p=0.058). Among the 40 subjects who underwent diagnostic polysomnography, no statistically significant difference emerged in apnea-hypopnea index between subjects with HFpEF, HFbEF, and HFrEF (p=0.43). No significant differences emerged for the central apnea index (p=0.16), despite magnitudes of discrepancy that suggested a larger sample size might show different results CAI in participants with HFrEF showed a mean of 9.0±14.6/h, compared to 0.1±0.1/h in HFbEF and 3.1±6.3/h in HFpEF. Conclusion Among these patients with HFpEF, HFbEF, and HFrEF, subjects with HFpEF showed a trend towards increased subjective daytime sleepiness, though overall apnea and central apnea severity did not differ between groups. Further examination of clinical phenotypes in larger cohorts may help guide care in heterogeneous heart failure populations. Support National Institutes of Health grant NS107158

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13

Kebede, Bekalu, Melese Getachew, Yalew Molla, Bereket Bahiru, and Bekalu Dessie. "Management, survival, and predictors of mortality among hospitalized heart failure patients at Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Prospective cohort study." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212110573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211057336.

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Introduction: Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. Since heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction are different clinical entities, in-hospital mortality may occur at different rates. This study aimed to assess the management, survival, and predictors of mortality among hospitalized heart failure patients at Debre Markos comprehensive specialized medical ward. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 228 heart failure patients at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital medical wards. A structured data collection tool was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to investigate if there was a difference in the in-hospital survival between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Those variables having p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: From the 228 participants, 126 (55.3%) were females with a mean age of 53.32 ± 15.68 years. One hundred thirty-three (58.3%) patients were presented with preserved (⩾50%) level of ejection fraction. The all-cause in-hospital death rate was 12.7%, and the risk of in-hospital mortality was higher in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (7.4% vs 5.3%; p = 0.005). Current occupation ( p = 0.041), elevated serum creatinine ( p = 0.010), reduced ejection fraction ( p = 0.017), and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity ( p = 0.002) were the independent predictors of high hospital mortality. Conclusion: The rate of in-hospital mortality among heart failure patients was high. Healthcare providers should provide effective education activities and define disease management strategies for patients with reduced ejection fractions.

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14

Kim, In-Cheol. "Treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.1.9.

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Background: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a syndrome consisting of typical symptoms and/or signs of heart failure (HF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤40%) caused by various underlying cardiac diseases. We report conventional and recently established pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments of HFrEF in this review article.Current Concepts: So far, various pharmacologic treatments have been proven beneficial in reducing HFassociated hospitalization or cardiac death. The mainstay of the treatments is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, which are sympathetic nervous system blockers on top of the diuretics to relieve symptoms of systemic or pulmonary congestion. Recently, new treatment targets for natriuretic peptide and sodium-glucose cotransporter have emerged in HFrEF, allowing the use of these novel drugs in addition to the optimal conventional medications. Device therapies, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy, can improve the outcome in a special population. Heart transplantation is the final treatment for patients with advanced HF. However, due to the limitation of the donor pool, mechanical circulatory support is necessary.Discussion and Conclusion: Current guidelines recommend using the four pillars of medications in HFrEF, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. Appropriate device therapy, mechanical circulatory support, and heart transplantation can enhance survival in advanced HF patients. Balanced treatment, including conventional and newer therapies, is necessary.

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15

Waller, D. G., and J. R. Waller. "blockers for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." BMJ 343, sep26 1 (September 26, 2011): d5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5603.

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16

Mentzer, Gina, and Eileen M. Hsich. "Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Women." Heart Failure Clinics 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2018.08.003.

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17

Dowling, Robert, Nathaniel L. Melton, and Behzad Soleimani. "Developments in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." JAMA 324, no. 21 (December 1, 2020): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20542.

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18

Turgeon, Ricky D., and Arden R. Barry. "Developments in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." JAMA 324, no. 21 (December 1, 2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20545.

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19

Butler, Javed, Stefan D. Anker, and Milton Packer. "Redefining Heart Failure With a Reduced Ejection Fraction." JAMA 322, no. 18 (November 12, 2019): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.15600.

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20

Magrì, Damiano, Giovanna Gallo, Gianfranco Parati, Mariantonietta Cicoira, and Michele Senni. "Risk stratification in heart failure with mild reduced ejection fraction." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 2_suppl (November 26, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487320951104.

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Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction represents a heterogeneous and relatively young heart failure category accounting for nearly 20–30% of the overall heart failure population. Due to its complex phenotype, a reliable clinical picture of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction patients as well as a definite risk stratification are still relevant unsolved issues. In such a context, there is growing interest in a comprehensive functional assessment by means of a cardiopulmonary exercise test, yet considered a cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Indeed, the cardiopulmonary exercise test has also been found to be particularly useful in the heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction category, several cardiopulmonary exercise test-derived parameters being associated with a poor outcome. In particular, a recent contribution by the metabolic exercise combined with cardiac and kidney indexes research group showed an independent association between the peak oxygen uptake and pure cardiovascular mortality in a large cohort of recovered heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction patients. Contextually, the same study supplied an easy approach to identify a high-risk heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction subset by using a combination of peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory efficiency cut-off values, namely 55% of the maximum predicted and 31, respectively. Thus, looking at the above-mentioned promising results and waiting for specific trials, it is reasonable to consider cardiopulmonary exercise test assessment as part of the heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction work-up in order to identify those patients with an unfavourable functional profile who probably deserve a close clinical follow-up and, probably, more aggressive therapeutic strategies.

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Bartko, Philipp E., Martin Hülsmann, Judy Hung, Noemi Pavo, Robert A. Levine, Philippe Pibarot, Alec Vahanian, Gregg W. Stone, and Georg Goliasch. "Secondary valve regurgitation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." European Heart Journal 41, no. 29 (April 29, 2020): 2799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa129.

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Abstract Secondary mitral regurgitation and secondary tricuspid regurgitation due to heart failure (HF) remain challenging in almost every aspect: increasing prevalence, poor prognosis, notoriously elusive in diagnosis, and complexity of therapeutic management. Recently, defined HF subgroups according to three ejection fraction (EF) ranges (reduced, mid-range, and preserved) have stimulated a structured understanding of the HF syndrome but the role of secondary valve regurgitation (SVR) across the spectrum of EF remains undefined. This review expands this structured understanding by consolidating the underlying phenotype of myocardial impairment with each type of SVR. Specifically, the current understanding, epidemiological considerations, impact, public health burden, mechanisms, and treatment options of SVR are discussed separately for each lesion across the HF spectrum. Furthermore, this review identifies important gaps in knowledge, future directions for research, and provides potential solutions for diagnosis and treatment. Mastering the challenge of SVR requires a multidisciplinary collaborative effort, both, in clinical practice and scientific approach to optimize patient outcomes.

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22

Bulashova, O. V., A. A. Nasybullina, E. V. Khazova, V. M. Gazizyanova, and V. N. Oslopov. "Heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fraction: clinical features and prognosis." Kazan medical journal 102, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2021-293.

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Aim. To analyze clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and prognosis in patients with heart failure mid-range ejection fraction. Methods. The study included 76 patients with stable heart failure IIV functional class, with a mean age of 66.110.4 years. All patients were divided into 3 subgroups based on the left ventricular ejection fraction: the first group heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (below 40%), 21.1%; the second group patients with mid-range ejection fraction (from 40 to 49%), 23.7%; the third group patients with preserved ejection fraction (50%), 55.3%. The clinical characteristics of all groups were compared. The quality of life was assessed by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), the clinical condition was determined by using the clinical condition assessment scale (Russian Shocks). The prognosis was studied according to the onset of cardiovascular events one year after enrollment in the study. The endpoints were cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, hospitalization for acutely decompensated heart failure, thrombotic complications. Statistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software. Normal distribution of the data was determined by the ShapiroWilk test, nominal indicators were compared between groups by using chi-square tests, normally distributed quantitative indicators by ANOVA. The KruskalWallis test was performed to comparing data with non-normal distribution. Results. Analysis showed that the most of clinical characteristics (etiological structure, age, gender, quality of life, results on the clinical condition assessment scale for patients with chronic heart failure and a 6-minute walk test, distribution by functional classes of heart failure) in patients with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) were similar to those in patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). At the same time, they significantly differed from the characteristics of patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Echocardiographic data from patients with mid-range ejection fraction ranks in the middle compared to patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. In heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fraction, the incidence of adverse outcomes during the 1st year also was intermediate between heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and patients with reduced ejection fraction: for all cardiovascular events in the absence of significant differences (17.6; 10.8 and 18.8%, respectively), myocardial infarction (5,9; 0 and 6.2%), thrombotic complications (5.9; 5.4 and 6.2%). Heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fraction in comparison to patients with preserved ejection fraction and reduced ejection fraction had significantly lower cardiovascular mortality (0; 2.7 and 12.5%, p 0.05) and the number of hospitalization for acutely decompensated heart failure (0; 2,7 and 6.2%). Conclusion. Clinical characteristics of heart failure patients with mid-range and heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction are similar but significantly different from those in the group of patients with preserved ejection fraction; echocardiographic data in heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fraction is intermediate between those in patients with reduced ejection fraction and patients with preserved ejection fraction; the prognosis for all cardiovascular events did not differ significantly in the groups depending on the left ventricular ejection fraction.

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Pandey, Ambarish, Hassan Khan, Anne B. Newman, Edward G. Lakatta, Daniel E. Forman, Javed Butler, and Jarett D. Berry. "Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Overall Heart Failure, Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." Hypertension 69, no. 2 (February 2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08327.

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Galin, P. Yu, S. A. Kulbaisova, and N. Erov. "«Grey zone» of heart failure." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 4 (August 8, 2018): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-651.

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The review is devoted to modern understanding of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. The formation of the paradigm of «two phenotypes» of heart failure began around the end of the last century. As a result of a number of large epidemiological studies on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, so-called «grey zone» of ejection fraction values was formed in the range of about 40-50%. This situation arose because of the lack of clearly established level of normal ejection fraction and underlines imperfection of this parameter as the only classification criterion. But no more convenient «tool» for research work was offered. In the past decade, «grey zone» of heart failure has been actively explored by clinical epidemiologists and clinicians. Should we classify these patients as one of the existing phenotypes of heart failure or present them as a new, separate phenotype? Both the first and second decisions require information about the population «portrait» of subgroup, about their response to treatment, and presumptive pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure. In 2016 European society of cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction was determined as a separate subgroup to stimulate the search for such data. At the moment mid-range ejection fraction is known to be recorded in about 10-20% of patients with heart failure. They have substantial comorbidities as patients with preserved ejection fraction but the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in this subgroup makes it similar to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The response to treatment with beta-blockers and aldosterone antagonists is similar to that of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. It is important that the mortality rates in all three groups of patients are approximately the same. This circumstance underlines the importance of further searche. Perhaps the research of «grey zone» of the syndrome will help to better understand pathophysiology of the existing heart failure phenotypes and confirm the validity of their identification based on ejection fraction.

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25

Ouzan, James M., Michal Shani, Andre Keren, and Israel Gotsman. "DOES HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION HAVE A DIFFERENT PROGNOSIS THAT HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION?" Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77, no. 18 (May 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(21)02084-2.

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26

De Jong, Kirstie A., and Gary D. Lopaschuk. "Complex Energy Metabolic Changes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 33, no. 7 (July 2017): 860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.009.

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27

Wada, Hiroshi, Kenichi Sakakura, Nahoko Ikeda, Yoshitaka Sugawara, Junya Ako, and Shin-ichi Momomura. "Pulmonary Hypertension was Accompanied with Heart Failure Preserved Ejection Fraction more Frequently than Heart Failure Reduced Ejection Fraction." Journal of Cardiac Failure 17, no. 9 (September 2011): S175—S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.06.612.

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28

Irhuma, M. O. E., and M. Vally. "Use of angiotensin receptor – neprilysin inhibitors in heart failure: a paradigm shift." South African Family Practice 58, no. 5 (November 2, 2016): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v58i5.4524.

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Heart failure is a clinical syndrome responsible for at least one-third of hospitalisations amongst cardiac patients, with escalating mortality and healthcare costs on both public and private health care. Both prevalence and incidence of heart failure increase steeply with advancing age, making it a growing public health problem. Pathophysiologically, heart failure clinically presents in two common forms: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The cornerstone of heart failure management includes the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. A recently developed pharmacotherapy that inhibits both the angiotensin receptor and the enzyme neprilysin has shown promise in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. This article will highlight the impact of this new therapy and its potential use in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

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29

Czuriga, István, Attila Borbély, Dániel Czuriga, Zoltán Papp, and István Édes. "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (diastolic heart failure)." Orvosi Hetilap 153, no. 51 (December 2012): 2030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29506.

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Diastolic heart failure, which is also called as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, is a clinical syndrome in which patients have signs and symptoms of heart failure, normal or near normal left ventricular ejection fraction (≥50%) and evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that more than half of all heart failure patients have diastolic heart failure. The syndrome is more common in women than in men and the prevalence increases with age. Patients with diastolic heart failure form a fairly heterogeneous group with complex pathophysiologic mechanisms. The disease is often in association with other comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus or obesity. The diagnosis of diastolic heart failure is best achieved by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, which can detect abnormal myocardial relaxation, decreased compliance and increased filling pressure in the setting of normal left ventricular dimensions and preserved ejection fraction. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, there is no such an evidence-based treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, which would improve clinical outcomes. Thus, pharmacological therapy of diastolic heart failure is based mainly on empiric data, and aims to the normalization of blood pressure, reduction of left ventricular dimensions and increased heart rate, maintenance of normal atrial contraction and treatment of symptoms caused by congestion. Beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers may be utilized in patients with diastolic dysfunction, especially in those with hypertension. Beta-blockers appear to be useful in lowering heart rate and thereby prolonging left ventricular diastolic filling time, while diuretic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for preventing pulmonary congestion. Nonetheless, treatment of the underlying disease is also an important therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the state of current knowledge with regard to diastolic heart failure. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 2030–2040.

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Soufi, Mohamad Khaled, Mohamed Faher Almahmoud, Rishabh R. Jain, Joseph R. Mcfarland, Simon Pinsky, Milin N. Rana, Precious Ogbonna, and Wissam I. Khalife. "Prognosis of Heart Failure with Stable Mid-Range Ejection Fraction in Comparison to Heart Failure with Stable Reduced Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure with Stable Preserved Ejection Fraction." Journal of Cardiac Failure 25, no. 8 (August 2019): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.07.437.

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Barry, Arden R., Lynette Kosar, Sheri L. Koshman, and Ricky D. Turgeon. "Medication management for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Canadian Family Physician 67, no. 12 (December 2021): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6712915.

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Rastogi, Tripti, and Nicolas Girerd. "SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction." Heart Failure Clinics 18, no. 4 (October 2022): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2022.03.006.

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Swaraj, Sascha, Rebecca Kozor, Clare Arnott, Belinda A. Di Bartolo, and Gemma A. Figtree. "Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction—Does Sex Matter?" Current Heart Failure Reports 18, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11897-021-00533-y.

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Abstract Purpose of Review There is an increasing recognition of the importance of sex in susceptibility, clinical presentation, and outcomes for heart failure. This review focusses on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), unravelling differences in biology, clinical and demographic features and evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This is intended to inform clinicians and researchers regarding state-of-the-art evidence relevant to women, as well as areas of unmet need. Recent Findings Females are well recognised to be under-represented in clinical trials, but there have been some improvements in recent years. Data from the last 5 years reaffirms that women presenting with HFrEF women are older and have more comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes and obesity compared with men and are less likely to have ischaemic heart disease. Non-ischaemic aetiologies are more likely to be the cause of HFrEF in women, and women are more often symptomatic. Whilst mortality is less than in their male counterparts, HFrEF is associated with a bigger impact on quality of life in females. The implications of this for improved prevention, treatment and outcomes are discussed. Summary This review reveals distinct sex differences in HFrEF pathophysiology, types of presentation, morbidity and mortality. In light of this, in order for future research and clinical medicine to be able to manage HFrEF adequately, there must be more representation of women in clinical trials as well as collaboration for the development of sex-specific management guidelines. Future research might also elucidate the biochemical foundation of the sex discrepancy in HFrEF.

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Galinier, Michel. "Reduced ejection fraction chronic heart failure: new physiopathological management." Sang thrombose vaisseaux 33, no. 3 (June 2021): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/stv.2021.1168.

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Voskoboinik, Aleksandr, and Joshua D. Moss. "Ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Current Opinion in Cardiology 35, no. 3 (May 2020): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hco.0000000000000733.

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36

Fukumoto, Yoshihiro. "New Biomarker in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." Circulation Journal 78, no. 4 (2014): 827–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-14-0190.

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Sotirakos, Sara, Peter Wheen, James Spiers, and Richard Armstrong. "New pharmacotherapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 18, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2020.1784007.

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Shah, Kevin S., Haolin Xu, Roland A. Matsouaka, Deepak L. Bhatt, Paul A. Heidenreich, Adrian F. Hernandez, Adam D. Devore, Clyde W. Yancy, and Gregg C. Fonarow. "Heart Failure With Preserved, Borderline, and Reduced Ejection Fraction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70, no. 20 (November 2017): 2476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074.

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Greene, Stephen J., Javed Butler, Nancy M. Albert, Adam D. DeVore, Puza P. Sharma, Carol I. Duffy, C. Larry Hill, et al. "Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72, no. 4 (July 2018): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.070.

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Deswal, Anita. "Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Renal Dysfunction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 74, no. 23 (December 2019): 2905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.012.

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Daubert, Melissa A. "Diastolic Function in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction." JACC: Heart Failure 7, no. 9 (September 2019): 818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2019.06.005.

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42

O'Donovan, Kate. "Aldosterone antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Nurse Prescribing 13, no. 5 (May 2, 2015): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2015.13.5.242.

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43

Hartupee, Justin, and Douglas L. Mann. "Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." Nature Reviews Cardiology 14, no. 1 (October 6, 2016): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.163.

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Murphy, Sean P., Nasrien E. Ibhrahim, and James L. Januzzi. "Developments in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction—Reply." JAMA 324, no. 21 (December 1, 2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20548.

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Aydogan, Mehmet, Sevket Balta, Sait Demirkol, Seyfettin Gumus, Zekeriya Arslan, and Murat Unlu. "Heart failure: Not only reduced left ventricular ejection fraction but also reserved ejection fraction!" Heart & Lung 42, no. 3 (May 2013): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2013.01.001.

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Kanazirev, Branimir. "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction – onset." Bulgarian Cardiology 27, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bgcardio.27.e69589.

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During these more than 20 years of evolution in understandings of the mechanisms of heart failure (HF) with preserved fractional ejection, there has been a rich variety of terminology, including „diastolic heart failure“, „heart failure with preserved systolic function“ and „heart failure with preserved fraction“. By deﬁ nition, the latter term “ejection fraction-induced heart failure” proved to be the most appropriate and was accepted as the most correct, as the presence of diastolic dysfunction is not unique only to this group and exists in these patients, albeit subclinically and discrete disturbance in the longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle against the background of the preserved ejection fraction. The problem, however, is not in the value of the ejection fraction or in the paradox of the combination of a well-functioning left ventricle and classic symptoms of heart failure, but in the non-inﬂ uence of the prognosis of these patients in the way it is in patients with suppressed EF. Unlike patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, the prognosis and results in patients with HF with preserved EF do not mark the expected results and so far there are not enough effective and promising therapies.

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Tsujinaga, Shingo, Hiroyuki Iwano, Yasuyuki Chiba, Suguru Ishizaka, Miwa Sarashina, Michito Murayama, Masahiro Nakabachi, et al. "Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction vs. Reduced Ejection Fraction ― Mechanisms of Ventilatory Inefficiency During Exercise in Heart Failure ―." Circulation Reports 2, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circrep.cr-20-0021.

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Jong, P., R. McKelvie, and S. Yusuf. "Should treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction differ from that for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?" BMJ 341, aug25 2 (August 25, 2010): c4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4202.

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Miani, Daniela, Luigi P. Badano, Paola De Biaggio, Maria Cecilia Albanese, Marco Ghidina, Alessandro Proclemer, and Paolo Fioretti. "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A precursor of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or a distinct syndrome?" International Journal of Cardiology 149, no. 1 (May 2011): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.02.007.

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Qureshi, Reema, Ahmed S. Mohamed, Mary Roberts, Lisa W. Martin, Matthew A. Allison, Michael J. LaMonte, Simin Liu, Zhan-Peng Huang, JoAnn Manson, and Charles Eaton. "PROSPECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND HEART FAILURE, HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION, HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 11 (March 2018): A854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(18)31395-0.

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