Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heart Rupture'

La voie d’éjection cardiaque (VEC) est initialement un tube unique, qui se divise ensuite en artère aorte (Ao) et pulmonaire (Pa) au cours du développement embryonnaire. Cette morphogenèse est régulée par les cellules de crête neurale (CCN) qui colonisent la VEC et se condensent le long de l’endocarde, entraînant sa rupture et la formation des Ao et Pa. Des recherches ont montré que les Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) contrôlent le comportement des CCN durant ce processus. Cependant, les cascades moléculaires impliquées sont méconnues. Afin de mieux comprendre ces cascades moléculaires nous avons étudié le rôle de Dullard, une phosphatase identifiée comme inhibiteur intracellulaire de la voie BMP, au cours de la morphogenèse de la VEC. Nos résultats montrent que la délétion de Dullard dans les CCN augmente la signalisation BMP dans ces cellules, induit une septation asymétrique et prématurée de la VEC, l’obstruction de Pa et la mort embryonnaire. Cette suractivation de la voie BMP dans les CCN entraîne la diminution de leurs marqueurs mésenchymateux et augmente l’expression d’une cytokine appelée Sema3c, qui elle-même induit une compaction prématurée des CCN à l’endocarde. En parallèle, la différentiation asymétrique du myocarde sous-pulmonaire entraîne la rupture asymétrique de l’endocarde et l’obstruction de Pa. Enfin, nos résultats montrent qu’un gradient d’activation de la voie BMP et d’expression de Sema3c dans les CCN le long de l’axe de la VEC régule sa septation disto-proximale. Ainsi, nous mettons en évidence que la régulation des BMP dans les CCN orchestre spatiotemporellement la septation de la VEC
The heart outflow tract (OFT) is originally a solitary tube, which is septated into the aortic and pulmonary artery (Pa) during embryonic development. This morphogenesis is regulated by the cardiac neural crest cells (cNCC), which colonize the OFT and condense towards the endocardium, triggering its rupture and the fromation of the two arteries. Investigations to identify the molecular cues controlling cNCC behaviour in the OFT mesenchyme have established the importance of the Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP). However, little is known on the molecular cascades triggered by BMP signaling responsible for the cNCC mediated OFT septation. To get insights into these molecular cascades, we decided to dissect the role of Dullard, a perinuclear phosphatase uncovered as a BMP intracellular signaling inhibitor, during OFT morphogenesis. Our results show that deletion of Dullard in the cNCC increases BMP intracellular signaling, leading to premature and asymmetric septation of the OFT, Pa obstruction and embryonic death. This BMP overactivation in the cNCC triggers the downregulation of mesenchymal markers and the upregulation of a cytokine called Sema3c, which in turn results in premature cNCC compaction at the endocardium. In addition, asymmetric differentiation of the distal subpulmonary myocardium contributes to asymmetrical rupture of the endocardium and Pa obstruction. Finally, our data converge to a model whereby graded BMP activity and Sema3c expression in the cNCC along the OFT axis set the tempo of OFT septation from its distal to its proximal regions. Hence, our findings reveal that fine tuning of BMP signaling levels in cNCC orchestrate OFT septation in time and space

Die nicht-invasive Analyse der fetalen Herzratenvariabilität mittels abdominaler Elektrokardiographie stellt eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung des fetalen Zustandes dar. Die Herzratenvariabilität gilt hier als ein sensitives Maß der autonomen Regulation. Bereits mit Beginn der zweiten Schwangerschaftshälfte ist es möglich, über das mütterliche Abdomen ein fetales Elektrokardiogramm abzuleiten und einer Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse zuzuführen. Das Untersuchungskollektiv dieser Arbeit umfasste Frauen mit frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung als Modell einer pathologischen Alteration des fetalen Zustandes sowie Frauen mit normalen Schwangerschaften zwischen der 20. und 28. Schwangerschaftswoche. Die technische Umsetzung und Analyse der fetalen Herzratenvariabilität erfolgte in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Biomedizinische Technik der TU Dresden. Insgesamt wurden 25 Datensätze der Auswertung zugeführt. Eine Reifung des autonomen Nervensystems des Feten mit ansteigendem Gestationsalter konnte mittels der Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse gezeigt werden. Zur Risikostratifizierung der Feten bei frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung konnten bei der Betrachtung der Herzratenvariabilitätsparameter keine signifikanten Unterschiede zum Normalkollektiv erhoben werden. Die Analyse der Parameter erfolgte hierbei unabhängig von den fetalen Verhaltenszuständen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die nicht-invasive Analyse der Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse methodisch und technisch in der Lage ist, den Fetalzustand und dessen Alterationen zu erfassen.

This thesis aims to contextualize gender politics, nationalism, and animism as interconnected cultural patterns reflecting 19th century acculturation and post-WWII national reconstruction of Japan. In particular, state-nationalism, hegemonic femininity, commodity animism, uniform fetishsm, and power structure are analyzed through the symbolisms and discourse of the Japanese indigenous faith: Shinto, female practitioners, and followers. There are two points of ideological and linguistic rupture in modern Japan: late-19th century and mid-20th century, in which a large part of this thesis is dedicated to for a holistic contextualization in accordance to historical narrative and events. Materials for this thesis were collected through three separate occasions of field research: winter of 2016 to 2017, summer of 2017, and the spring of 2018 where participant- observation, semi-structured interviews across different platforms, internet ethnography, and archival data analysis were combined. The thesis is separated into three parts: super state- nationalism, gender politics, and commodity animism, and each chapter has its own thematic focus for analysis while the ideological shifts are explained largely based on Ideological State Apparatus and subjectivity. The development of the several thousand year old faith is the preoccupation of this thesis in an attempt to interpret the collective identities, tendencies, and patterns of Japanese modernity.

The experience of living through an unexpected, life-threatening cardiovascular surgery can be a profound. This study examined the experience of 4 men who had survived ruptured aortic aneurysm using a phenomenological research design.Audio-taped interviews were analyzed for common themes and patterns. Two strong, opposing constitutive patterns were found. The patterns the data conveyed were: 1) fear as a response to overwhelming pain and clouded perceptions, and 2) gratitude for recovery in an atmosphere of caring support.This study was significant in beginning to bring to understanding the phenomenon of surviving major, unexpected cardiovascular surgical trauma. It is recommended that health care providers be more attentive to similar patients' experiences and listen to how their lives have changed as a result of their experiences.
School of Nursing

Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque is one of the primary causes of death due to cardiovascular disease. The factors directing plaque progression to instability are poorly understood. It is well-known that arteries respond to changes in mechanical stress by remodeling, and that remodeling is mediated by the inflammatory response. Studies have shown that both mechanical stress and markers of inflammation are increased in the fibrous cap and shoulder regions of plaque, where rupture most often occurs. In this study we hypothesized that there are spatial relationships between the local mechanical environment and expression of markers of inflammation in atherosclerosis, and that these relationships are plaque-progression dependent. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed cross-sections at intervals along the length of human coronary atherosclerotic arteries. For each cross-section, a heterogeneous finite element model was developed to determine the spatial distribution of stress. In addition, novel techniques for quantifying inflammatory markers at high spatial resolution were used to determine the distributions of inflammatory markers. The distributions of stress and five markers of inflammation activated NF-kB, macrophages, MMP-1, nitrotyrosine, and microvessels - were then compared to determine whether spatial relationships exists. We demonstrated that the probability of activated NF-kB expression increases monotonically with increasing stress in all stages of plaque progression. This indicates that the relationship between mechanical stress and NF-kB activation is a player throughout the disease process. We found that the relationship between mechanical stress and macrophages is highly dependent on the state of plaque progression. In intermediate stages of progression macrophages increase with moderate stress but drop off again at very high stresses, while in the advanced stage macrophages continue to increase monotonically with stress. We found that MMP1 increases with stress in stages of progression where active remodeling is occurring, but decreases with stress in mature stable plaque. We found no relationship between mechanical stress and nitrotyrosine expression or microvessels. Taken together, these results support the role of mechanical stress in instigating and maintaining the inflammatory response, and help explain how mechanical input is able to direct the complex biological changes involved in remodeling.

Tra tutti i differenti concetti di reattori nucleari proposti nell’ambito della Generation IV, I reattori “pool-type” raffreddati a metallo liquido pesante rappresentano una delle opzioni più promettenti. Uno dei principali obbiettivi, dal punto di vista progettuale e della sicurezza, consiste nell’ottenere un concetto efficiente e compatto. Tale requisito spesso implica l’adozione di un numero inferiore di circuiti refrigeranti rispetto ad altri reattori simili. La rimozione del circuito intermedio può essere ottenuta tramite l’adozione di un fluido secondario che entri direttamente nello scambiatore di calore (o generatore di vapore) situato nel vessel primario. Per quanto concerne il fluido secondario, una scelta comune è rappresentata dall’acqua in pressione. Uno degli eventi più rilevanti dal punto di vista dell’analisi di sicurezza applicata a reattori di questa tipologia è rappresentato dall’ingresso accidentale di acqua nel vessel primario, che potrebbe scatenare una serie di conseguenze potenzialmente in grado di mettere a repentaglio la sicurezza del reattore. Lo studio di tale transitorio implica un’analisi multifase dei flussi, caratterizzata da svariate fenomenologie su diverse scale spaziali e temporali. MYRRHA è un reattore di ricerca pool-type raffreddato da una lega eutettica di piombo e bismuto (LBE). Pur essendo un Accelerator Driven System (ADS), ha la capacità di operare in modalità critica. La potenza generata nel sistema di raffreddamento primario è trasferita, tramite lo Scambiatore di Calore Primario (PHX), nel sistema secondario, per il quale l’acqua in pressione è stata selezionata come refrigerante. Le attività del Ph.D. si focalizzeranno sul progetto del reattore MYRRHA, con particolare riferimento al PHX. L’incidente di rottura di un tubo dello scambiatore stesso (PHXTR), con le conseguenze sugli altri componenti del reattore, sarà analizzato in una configurazione realistica del reattore tramite specifici modelli di calcolo ed attività sperimentali dedicate. Le analisi teoriche sulle conseguenze del rilascio di una miscela bifase di acqua-vapore nel vessel primario devono essere eseguite in condizioni rappresentative del reattore MYRRHA: questo comporta una fedele modellazione, in termini geometrici e di processo, dello scambiatore e degli altri componenti, al fine di essere in grado di simulare l’evoluzione dell’incidente nel modo migliore possibile. L’impatto sui componenti situati all’interno del vessel ed i carichi meccanici generati dall’incidente di rottura del tubo devono essere valutati in base alle reali condizioni d’impianto, così come l’incremento di pressione nel vessel e la conseguente apertura del disco di rottura. Numerose campagne sperimentali finalizzate all’analisi della rottura di un tubo dello scambiatore primario sono previste nell’ambito del progetto Europeo FP7-MAXSIMA. Tali esperimenti sono stati concepiti per simulare le condizioni operative del reattore MYRRHA nel migliore dei modi, allo scopo di validare i modelli di calcolo. Tali simulazioni numeriche saranno poi utilizzate per estendere le capacità predittive degli esperimenti. Lo scopo finale del Ph.D. consiste dunque nella finalizzazione del progetto dello scambiatore di calore del reattore MYRRHA, rivolgendo particolare attenzione allo studio dell’incidente di rottura di un tubo. La programmazione di specifici strumenti di calcolo è prevista al fine di essere in grado di simulare tutte le fasi dell’incidente e le potenziali implicazioni per la sicurezza dell’impianto.
Among the different nuclear plant concepts proposed in the frame of Generation IV, the pool-type reactors cooled by Heavy Liquid Metal represent one of the most promising options. One of the most important challenges, form the point of view of design and safety, consists in optimizing an efficient and compact design. Such requirements often imply the adoption of a lower number of cooling loops in comparison with similar reactor concepts. The intermediate loop can be eliminated by adopting a secondary fluid entering in a heat exchanger (or steam generator) located in the primary vessel. Pressurized water represents a common choice as secondary cooling fluid. One of the most safety-relevant events for this reactor concept is indeed represented by the accidental water ingress in the primary vessel, which can trigger a series of consequences potentially jeopardizing the reactor safety functions. The study of this transient implies the analysis of multiphase flow, characterized by several phenomena on different time and spatial scales. The MYRRHA reactor is a pool-type Material Testing Accelerator Driven System (ADS), cooled by Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) with the ability to operate also as a critical reactor. Pressurized water is adopted as secondary coolant, removing the power generated in the primary system through the Primary Heat Exchangers (PHX). The Ph. D. activities should focus on the MYRRHA reactor design and the impact of a PHX Tube Rupture (PHXTR) event on its components: all the analyses foreseen and the experimental campaigns in support of calculations should be aimed at studying the transient in MYRRHA relevant configuration. The theoretical analysis on the consequences following the moisture release into the primary vessel must be performed in MYRRHA-like conditions, assuming the correct dimensions for the PHX and all the related systems and components in order to be able to predict in the best way the PHXTR accident evolution. The impact on the reactor internals and the mechanical loads determined by the pressure wave and potential steam explosion should be evaluated according to the real MYRRHA configuration, as well as the pressure build-up in the reactor cover gas and the consequent reactor cover rupture disk break. The experimental campaign foreseen for MYRRHA PHXTR event, mainly in the framework of EU FP7-MAXSIMA project, have been run in a set of conditions that closely resembles the MYRRHA environment. The purpose is to validate the theoretical models and the numerical simulations towards the experiments in order to obtain suitable calculation tools allowing correct predictions. The final purpose of the Ph.D. activities consists then in fully covering the evolution of the PHXTR accident in the MYRRHA reactor by the use of suitable and validated computational tools, taking thus into account all the evolution phases and predicting the potential implications caused by the event.

Determination du gradient d'endommagement de deux refractaires siderurgiques (magnesie-chrome) par un traitement thermique. Etude des contraintes a la rupture, des modules d'elasticite et des energies de rupture sur des echantillons de petite taille. Influence de l'inhomogeneite (agregats de magnesie) sur le comportement a la fissuration des eprouvettes

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do trabalho é analisar os mecanismos que se destacaram na fratura sob diferentes condições de tratamento. As condições estudadas foram: Sinterizada (sem tratamento posterior a sinterização), Temperada e Revenida, Boretada, Normalizada, Temperada e Revenida com superfície jateada e Boretada + Revestimento de nitreto de titânio (TiN). Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de resistência à ruptura transversal (TRS) em aços rápidos (HSS) AISI M2 produzidos por metalurgia do pó (MP) e com diferentes condições de tratamentos térmicos aplicadas. As amostras foram produzidas com o pó do aço rápido AISI M2 atomizado à água, compactado uniaxialmente em matriz flutuante de duplo efeito e sinterizadas em forno à vácuo. Foram feitas 15 amostras por condição de forma a obter um controle estatístico da variação da porosidade das amostras. Ensaios TRS foram realizados levando os corpos de prova ao rompimento de forma abrupta, sem características de deformação plástica, o que caracterizou as fraturas como frágil. Em uma análise levando em conta a TRS, a dureza e a porosidade, evidenciou-se que a TRS e a dureza não são diretamente proporcionais, porém a TRS é sensível a porosidade, sendo que para variações de 3% na porosidade a TRS pode variar em até 20%. Observando as fractografias, notou-se que as amostras Boretadas, possuem mecanismos de preenchimento de poros através do crescimento da camada de boretos, o que é um fator positivo em relação a TRS. Outro mecanismo observado nas amostras boretadas, é o fato de ocorrer 2 modos de fratura na camada de boretos, o modo I, modo de abertura normal de trinca, e o modo II, modo deslizante de cisalhamento. Esse fato pode ser explicado pela diferença entre os módulos de Elasticidade entre as fases FeB e Fe2B da camada boretada, alterando o comportamento da curva de tensão-deformação, causando uma grande concentração de tensão na região e favorecendo a ocorrência deste efeito. Porosidades do tipo interligadas foram observadas na matriz de todas as condições analisadas.

Cette etude concerne les micromecanismes de deformation et de rupture d'un acier inoxydable austenoferritique moule de type z 3 cnd 22-10 m (33% de ferrite). Il a ete etudie dans deux etats de vieillissement: 8000 h a 350c et 1000 h a 400c que nous avons compares a l'etat de reception. Lors de ces vieillissements thermiques, la ferrite est le siege de transformations microstructurales qui la fragilisent. Les deux traitements thermiques conduisent a des etats de fragilisation a peu pres equivalents. Nous avons d'abord degage les principales caracteristiques microstructurales: les deux phases sont percolees et liees par des relations d'orientation de type kurdjumov-sachs. Nous avons ensuite caracterise les proprietes mecaniques de l'alliage des differents etats a la temperature ambiante et a 320c. Au niveau plasticite, nous avons identifie le role de l'interphase (par des essais bauschinger et en microscopie electronique en transmission in situ). Elle est particulierement solide et permet le transfert de charge de l'austenite vers la ferrite meme quand celle-ci est clivee. De plus, elle n'est pas un obstacle a la transmission du glissement qui est en fait controlee par la resistance au glissement dans la ferrite. Quand les systemes de glissement actives dans l'austenite sont communs a ceux de la ferrite, le glissement se transmet de l'austenite vers la ferrite en traversant l'interphase. Dans le cas contraire, du glissement devie se produit dans l'austenite. A chaud, le glissement devie se produit dans l'austenite bien avant que les dislocations n'aient atteint l'interphase. En rupture, le dommage apparait par germination dans la ferrite de fissures qui se propagent ensuite en contournant l'austenite. L'extension de la fissure est controlee par l'etirement des ligaments d'austenite. Quand les fissures se rejoignent, le materiau rompt par dechirement de l'austenite ductile. Un modele simple prenant en compte l'etirement de l'austenite permet de predire correctement la ductilite de l'acier

Study of liquid film dynamics is of significant importance to the understanding and control of various industrial processes that involve spray cooling (condensation), heating (boiling), coating, cleaning and lubrication. For instance, the critical heat flux (CHF) of boiling heat transfer is one of the key parameters ensuring the efficiency and safety of nuclear power plants under both operational and accident conditions, which occurs as the liquid layers (microlayer and macrolayer) near the heater wall lose their integrity. However, an experimental quantification of thin liquid film dynamics is not straightforward, since the measurement at micro-scale is a challenge, and further complicated by the chaotic nature of boiling process. The object of present study is to develop experimental methods for the diagnosis of liquid film dynamics, and to obtain data for the film instability under various conditions. A dedicated test facility was designed and constructed where micro conductive probes and confocal optical sensors were used to measure the thickness and dynamic characteristics of a thin liquid film on various heater surfaces, while a high speed camera was used to get visual observation. Extensive tests were performed to calibrate and verify the two thickness measuring systems. The micro conductive measuring system was proven to have a high reliability and repeatability with maximum system error less than 5µm, while the optical measuring system is capable of recording the film dynamics with spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. The simultaneous measurement on the same liquid film shows that the two techniques are in a good agreement with respect to accuracy, but the optical sensors have a much higher acquisition rate up to 30 kHz, which are more suitable for rapid process. The confocal optical sensors were therefore employed to measure the dynamic thickness of liquid films (ethanol, hexane and water) evaporating on various horizontal heater surfaces (aluminum, copper, silicon, stainless steel and titanium) to investigate the influences of heat flux, the surface and liquid properties on the film instability and the critical thickness. The critical thickness of water film evaporating on various surfaces was measured in the range of 60-150 mm, increasing with the increased contact angle or increased heat flux (evaporating rate) and also with the decreased thermal conductivity of the heater material. The data suggest the conjugate heat transfer nature of the evaporating liquid film dynamics at higher heat fluxes of interest to boiling and burnout. In the case of hexane on the aged titanium surface with contact angle of ~3o, the liquid film is found resilient to rupture, with film oscillations at relatively large amplitude ensuing as the averaged film thickness decreases below 15 µm. To interpret our experimental findings on liquid film evolution and its critical thickness at rupture, a theoretical analysis is also performed to analyze the dynamics of liquid films evaporating on heater surfaces. While the influences of liquid properties, heat flux, and thermal conductivity of heater surface are captured by the simulation of the lubrication theory, influence of the wettability is considered via a minimum free energy criterion. The thinning processes of the liquid films are generally captured by the simulation of the lubrication theory. For the case with ideally uniform heat flux over the heater surface, the instability of the liquid film occurs at the thickness level of tens micro meters, while for the case of non-uniform heating, the critical thicknesses for the film rupture are closer to  the experimental data but still underestimated by the lubrication theory simulation. By introducing the minimum free energy criterion to considering the influence of surface wettability, the obtained critical thicknesses have a good agreement with the experimental ones for both titanium and copper surfaces, with a maximum deviation less than ±10%. The simulations also explain why the critical thickness on a copper surface is thinner than that on a titanium surface. It is because the good thermal conductivity of copper surface leads to uniform temperature distribution on the heat surface, which is responsible for the resilience of the liquid film to rupture. A silicon wafer with an artificial cavity fabricated by Micro Electronic Mechanical System (MEMS) technology was used as a heater to investigate the dynamics of a single bubble in both a thick and thin liquid layer under low heat flux (<60 kW/m2). The maximum departure diameter of an isolated bubble in a thick liquid film was measured to be 3.2 mm which is well predicted by the Fritz equation. However, in a thin liquid layer with its thickness less than the bubble departure diameter, the bubble was stuck on the heater surface with a dry spot beneath. A threshold thickness of the liquid film which enables the dry spot rewettable was obtained, and its value linearly increases with increasing heat flux. In addition, another test section was designed to achieve a constant liquid film flow on a titanium nano-heater surface which helps to successfully carry boiling in the liquid film from low heat flux until CHF. Again, the confocal optical sensor was employed to measure the dynamics of the liquid film on the heater surface under varied heat flux conditions.  A statistical analysis of the measured thickness signals that emerge in a certain period indicates three distinct liquid film thickness ranges: 0~50 µm as microlayer, 50~500 µm as macrolayer, 500~2500 µm as bulk layer. With increasing heat flux, the bulk layer disappears, and then the macrolayer gradually decreases to ~105 µm, beyond which instability of the liquid film may lose its integrity and CHF occurs. In addition, the high-speed camera was applied to directly visualize and record the bubbles dynamics and liquid film evolution. Dry spots were observed under some bubbles occasionally from 313 kW/m2 until CHF with the maximum occupation fraction within 5%.  A dry spot was rewetted either by liquid receding after the rupture of a bubble or by the liquid spreading from bubbles’ growth in the vicinity. This implies that the bubbles’ behavior (growth and rupture) and their interactions in particular are of paramount importance to the integrity of liquid film under nucleate boiling regime.
QC 20111205
VR-2005-5729, MSWI

Thin liquid layers have been proposed for heat extraction and protection of the solid surfaces of divertors in magnetic fusion reactors. A number of conceptual designs for plasma-facing components (PFC) use stationary and flowing liquid layers as a renewable first wall for reactor chambers to remove heat and shield solid surfaces from damaging radiation while maintaining acceptable plasma purity levels. Such liquid-protected PFC have the potential to make fusion more commercially attractive by increasing reactor lifetimes and decreasing failure rates. The results of this research will help identify the parameter ranges for successful operation of such protection schemes. This thesis investigates the thermocapillary behavior of axisymmetric horizontal liquid layers with initial heights from 0.27 to 3.0 mm. A negative radial temperature gradient is imposed at the bottom of the liquid layer. Experimental, numerical and asymptotic analyses were carried out for thin layers where buoyancy forces are negligible. A novel asymptotic solution for this axisymmetric geometry was derived from the previous two-dimensional long-wave analysis by Sen et al. (1982). A numerical simulation using the level contour reconstruction method was used to follow the evolution of the liquid-gas interface above an axisymmetric non-isothermal solid surface. Experimental validation of the theoretical and numerical studies was performed using silicone oils of various viscosities (μ = 0.48 × 10-2 9.6 × 10-2 N s/m2). Two measurement techniques, a needle contact method and laser-confocal displacement method, were employed to obtain height profiles for applied temperature differences up to 65°C. Finally, reflectance shadowgraphy was used to visualize free-surface deformation and classify flow regimes in thick layers, where the assumptions of negligible buoyancy and axisymmetric flow are no longer valid. The results of this investigation will allow designers to determine operating windows for successful implementation of liquid-protected PFC.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur les relations microstructure - comportement à rupture d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques 316L élaborés par deux procédés de fabrication additive. Dans cette optique, plusieurs microstructures ont été élaborées par le procédé de fusion laser sur lit de poudre (Laser Powder Bed Fusion - LPBF) et le procédé arc-fil (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing - WAAM). Différents traitements thermiques ont ensuite été appliqués aux échantillons consolidés, dans le but de faire évoluer leurs microstructures de manière contrôlée (détensionnement, homogénéisation, recristallisation). Une attention particulière a été portée aux cinétiques de recristallisation de ces aciers, très différentes de celles observées dans les aciers 316L conventionnels. Enfin, les matériaux ont été testés en résilience et/ou en ténacité.Dans le cas de l'acier 316L élaboré par procédé LPBF, l'étude comparative des mécanismes de déformation et de rupture a permis de déterminer l'influence des éléments de microstructure sur le comportement en résilience et en ténacité. Parmi ces éléments, les oxydes nanométriques présents dans ces matériaux en sortie de fabrication semblent avoir une influence significative sur les mécanismes de rupture, cette dernière intervenant par décohésion des interfaces oxyde / matrice. Après recristallisation, le mûrissement de ces oxydes aux joints des nouveaux grains recristallisés mène à une baisse significative de la résistance à l'amorçage et à la propagation de fissure. Des corrélations entre résilience et ténacité ont été établies. L'évolution de la résilience à basse température (jusqu'à - 193 °C) de différentes microstructures ont été comparées à celles d'aciers 316L forgés ou élaborés par compaction isostatique à chaud. Ces évolutions apparaissant similaires, il est conclu que les éléments de microstructure particuliers à l'acier 316L LPBF n'apparaissent pas avoir d'influence significative sur la sensibilité de sa résilience envers la température.Concernant l'acier 316L élaboré par procédé WAAM, un plan d'expérience plus restreint, établi sur la base des résultats obtenus après LPBF, a permis de déterminer l'influence des éléments de microstructure sur le comportement à rupture. Des mécanismes de rupture similaires à ceux des aciers 316L LPBF de l'étude ont été observés : rupture par décohésion des interfaces oxydes (ici de tailles submicrométriques) / matrice. A l'inverse, les traitements de recristallisation s'avèrent bénéfiques sur la résilience de cet acier, ceux-ci n'induisant pas la localisation des oxydes aux joints de grains. Enfin, la ferrite δ présente dans la microstructure de l'acier 316L WAAM brut de fabrication induit une rupture fragile du matériau à - 193 °C
This thesis investigates the relationships between the microstructure and fracture behavior of austenitic 316L stainless steels produced by two additive manufacturing processes. To this end, several microstructures were manufactured using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) processes. Various heat treatments were then applied to the consolidated samples, with the aim of developing their microstructures in a controlled manner (stress relieving, homogenization, recrystallization). A particular attention was paid to the recrystallization kinetics of these steels, which are very different from those observed in conventional 316L steels. Finally, the materials were tested for impact and/or fracture toughness.In the case of 316L steel produced using the LPBF process, a comparative study of deformation and fracture mechanisms enabled to determine the influence of microstructural features on the impact and fracture toughness behavior. Among these features, the nanometric oxides present in these materials at the end of the manufacturing process appeared to have a significant influence on fracture mechanisms, the latter occurring through decohesion at the oxide/matrix interfaces. After recrystallization, ripening of these oxides at recrystallized grain boundaries led to a significant drop in resistance to crack initiation and propagation. Correlations between impact toughness and fracture toughness have been established. The low-temperature impact toughness values (down to - 193°C) of various microstructures were compared with those of 316L steels either wrought or produced by hot isostatic pressing. As these trends appeared similar, it was concluded that the microstructural features specific to LPBF 316L steel did not have any significant influence on the sensitivity of its impact toughness to temperature.Regarding the WAAM-manufactured 316L steel, a more limited experimental campaign, based on the results obtained after LPBF, was used to determine the influence of microstructural features on the fracture behavior. Fracture mechanisms similar to those of LPBF 316L were observed: failure occurred by decohesion of the oxide (in this case submicrometer-sized) / matrix interfaces. Conversely, recrystallization treatments were beneficial to the impact toughness of this steel, as they did not induce the localization of oxides at grain boundaries. Lastly, the δ-ferrite present in the microstructure of as-built WAAM 316L induced brittle fracture of the material at - 193°C

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un cadre pluridisciplinaire alliant protocole expérimental, instrumentation dans des conditions de mesures in vivo, détection de ruptures associées à des changements d'états physiologiques et identification et prétraitement d'artefacts de mesures chez des coureurs de marathons. Nous avons considéré l'analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et l'analyse de l'activité électrodermale (AED) pendant une course et lors des phases qui la précèdent et la suivent. La détection de ruptures de moyenne et de tendance est effectuée par la méthode Filtered Derivative with p-Value (FDpV) tout au long de cette thèse. La méthode FDpV est basée sur une analyse dynamique faisant appel à un modèle stationnaire par morceaux. Elle a permis en particulier d'introduire un indice de régulation cardiaque pour les coureurs. Un suivi des changements des états d'éveil et de motivation à travers l'AED par la détection de ruptures de la tendance pendant la course d'un semi-marathonien est également proposée. Ceci a permis de définir des signatures de début et de fin de course. Une attention particulière a été apportée à la composante tonique de l'AED reflétant le niveau d'activation affectif. Nous avons comparé trois méthodes d'extraction du niveau tonique en tenant compte des artefacts potentiels présents. Ce travail concerne des études de cas; il peut être étendu à une cohorte et englober plus de paramètres physiologiques (VO2, EEG,...). Ainsi, une classification des états d'éveil et de motivation peut être envisagée et représente des éléments significatifs de caractérisation des données physiologiques in vivo pour l'optimisation des performances sportives
This thesis was carried out in a multidisciplinary approach that combines experimental protocol, instrumentation, in vivo measurements, physiological change detection instants and identification and preprocessing of measurement artefacts for marathon runners. We considered the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) and the electrodermal activity (EDA) recorded during a semi-marathon including pre and post competition periods. A study of the HRV and EDA change detection was carried based on the mean and the trend using the Filtered Derivative with pValue method (FDpV) throughout this thesis. This segmentation method is based on a dynamical approach using a piece-wise stationary model. As a result, itallowed to introduce an index of cardiac regulation for semi-marathon runners. Physiological state changes tracking of affective dimension i.e. "stress" and motivation via the EDA by change detection on its tonic component which reflects the EDA general trend throughout a semi-marathon was also proposed. This enabled us to characterize start and finish phases of a race which are key elements in any competition. A special attention was given to the tonic component of the EDA reflecting the overall level of affective activation. We compared three methods of tonic level extraction by taking into account the present potential artefacts. Thiswork focused on case studies; It can be generalized over a cohort and include more physiological parameters such that VO2 or EEG. Hence, a classification of stress states may also be considered and represent other significant features for characterizing in vivo physiological data for sport performance optimization

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un cadre pluridisciplinaire alliant protocole expérimental, instrumentation dans des conditions de mesures in vivo, détection de ruptures associées à des changements d'états physiologiques et identification et prétraitement d'artefacts de mesures chez des coureurs de marathons. Nous avons considéré l'analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et l'analyse de l'activité électrodermale (AED) pendant une course et lors des phases qui la précèdent et la suivent. La détection de ruptures de moyenne et de tendance est effectuée par la méthode Filtered Derivative with p-Value (FDpV) tout au long de cette thèse. La méthode FDpV est basée sur une analyse dynamique faisant appel à un modèle stationnaire par morceaux. Elle a permis en particulier d'introduire un indice de régulation cardiaque pour les coureurs. Un suivi des changements des états d'éveil et de motivation à travers l'AED par la détection de ruptures de la tendance pendant la course d'un semi-marathonien est également proposée. Ceci a permis de définir des signatures de début et de fin de course. Une attention particulière a été apportée à la composante tonique de l'AED reflétant le niveau d'activation affectif. Nous avons comparé trois méthodes d'extraction du niveau tonique en tenant compte des artefacts potentiels présents. Ce travail concerne des études de cas; il peut être étendu à une cohorte et englober plus de paramètres physiologiques (VO2, EEG,...). Ainsi, une classification des états d'éveil et de motivation peut être envisagée et représente des éléments significatifs de caractérisation des données physiologiques in vivo pour l'optimisation des performances sportives
This thesis was carried out in a multidisciplinary approach that combines experimental protocol, instrumentation, in vivo measurements, physiological change detection instants and identification and preprocessing of measurement artefacts for marathon runners. We considered the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) and the electrodermal activity (EDA) recorded during a semi-marathon including pre and post competition periods. A study of the HRV and EDA change detection was carried based on the mean and the trend using the Filtered Derivative with pValue method (FDpV) throughout this thesis. This segmentation method is based on a dynamical approach using a piece-wise stationary model. As a result, itallowed to introduce an index of cardiac regulation for semi-marathon runners. Physiological state changes tracking of affective dimension i.e. "stress" and motivation via the EDA by change detection on its tonic component which reflects the EDA general trend throughout a semi-marathon was also proposed. This enabled us to characterize start and finish phases of a race which are key elements in any competition. A special attention was given to the tonic component of the EDA reflecting the overall level of affective activation. We compared three methods of tonic level extraction by taking into account the present potential artefacts. Thiswork focused on case studies; It can be generalized over a cohort and include more physiological parameters such that VO2 or EEG. Hence, a classification of stress states may also be considered and represent other significant features for characterizing in vivo physiological data for sport performance optimization

L'objectif majeur de la présente thèse de doctorat est la validation structurelle d’une connexion hybride plancher-voile pour la reprise de l'action sismique dans les bâtiments en béton armé à voiles. Le manque de références normatives et scientifiques pour la caractérisation de ce type de système, nous a conduits à concevoir un protocole de caractérisation original basé principalement sur une analyse expérimentale à grande échelle du comportement de la liaison plancher-voile. Tout d'abord, nous présentons quelles ont été les problématiques et les exigences qui ont amené à l'innovation du rupteur de ponts thermiques SLABE, connexion hybride pour la jonction plancher-voile. Nous analysons ensuite les protocoles de caractérisation cyclique pour les systèmes structurels similaires ("coupling beams" ou "shearheads"). Sur base de cette réflexion, nous proposons un programme expérimental composé de trois séries d'essais: deux campagnes à grande échelle visant à restituer au mieux les configurations courantes de chargement dans un bâtiment (sollicitations horizontales et verticales), et une campagne d'essais d'ancrage. Ces essais sont capables de caractériser le comportement de la liaison dans les trois directions de l’espace. Les résultats de chaque campagne d'essais sont présentés dans le détail. Ils montrent notamment que la connexion étudiée, sous chargement cyclique, se comporte de façon quasi-élastique et stable pour les niveaux de charge correspondant aux sollicitations sismiques en France métropolitaine. De plus, ces essais ont souligné la grande réserve de ductilité du système, permettant une redistribution des efforts et contribuant ainsi à une meilleure robustesse du système, indispensable pour une sollicitation sismique présentant, par nature, un fort degré d’incertitude. Enfin, nous évaluons l'impact de la connexion plancher-voile sur le comportement structurel des bâtiments au travers d’une analyse structurelle sur des ouvrages de référence. Nous analysons la réponse modale et la redistribution des efforts entre les voiles de contreventement. Cette évaluation nous permet de définir une démarche de dimensionnement pour les ouvrages béton armé munis de ces éléments et de proposer des outils de calcul adaptés à l’ingénieur. L’exhaustivité de la démarche de validation présentée en fait une référence, déjà reconnue par les instances décernant les agréments techniques français, et qui pourrait être proposée comme protocole standard pour la validation des systèmes de rupteurs de ponts thermiques ou de liaison plancher-voile, au niveau européen
The main objective of the PhD thesis is the structural evaluation of a hybrid structural connection at the slab-to-wall junction in concrete shear wall buildings under seismic action. The lack of normative and scientific literature for the characterization of this kind of systems leads us to devise an original protocol for the characterization which is mainly built on a large-scale experimental analysis of behaviour of the slab-towall connection. First, we explain the reasons that led us to design an innovative thermal break system, the SLABE, which is thermally insulated hybrid connection for the slab-to-wall junction. Then we analyse the existing protocols for the cyclic characterization of similar structural systems ("coupling beams" or "shearheads"). Based on the outcome of this investigation, we propose an experimental program composed with three test series: two large-scale campaigns where the actual loading conditions in a building are reproduced (horizontal and vertical shear forces) and an axial test campaign. The test results provided the required information to correctly characterize the behaviour of the hybrid connection in the three directions in space. The results of the experimental campaigns are presented in detail. In particular, they show that the connection, under cyclic loads, exhibits a quasi-elastic and stable behaviour at usual seismic load levels, in France. In addition, these tests highlight the large reserve of ductility of the system that guarantees the robustness of the system. This is essential for seismic actions which have by nature a high degree of uncertainty. The impact of the slab-to-wall connexion on the structural behaviour of buildings is evaluated through a structural analysis on representative structures. We particularly analyse the modal response and the force redistribution between the internal and external shear walls. Based on the outcome of this study, we suggest a seismic design method for reinforced concrete structures equipped with these structural elements. Along with that, we propose a computational tool for engineers. The completeness of the presented validation approach makes it a benchmark, already recognized by the French authorities granting technical approvals. It could be proposed as a standard protocol for the validation of other thermal break systems or hybrid slab-to-wall connections, at European level

Cette these examine l'influence de differents parametres sur la recristallisation dans l'alliage d'aluminium 7010, et les consequences sur la tenacite. La premiere partie de l'etude s'interesse a certains parametres susceptibles d'avoir un effet sur la recristallisation. Deux types de parametres sont examines : les conditions de laminage a chaud (vitesse, temperature, conditions de refroidissement) et de mise en solution (vitesse de chauffe) d'une part, et les particules de seconde phase (dispersoides al#3zr, phase s) d'autre part. Des essais de compression plane a chaud en laboratoire sont utilises pour simuler, de facon controlee, le laminage a chaud industriel. La microstructure apres deformation et apres mise en solution est caracterisee par differentes techniques : analyse d'image, ebsd, met, diffraction x. L'effet preponderant sur la fraction recristallisee des parametres temperature et vitesse de deformation est ainsi mis en evidence. Par ailleurs, differents etats de precipitation des dispersoides al#3zr sont obtenus en modifiant la teneur en zirconium et la vitesse de chauffe lors de l'homogeneisation. L'influence de la taille et de la fraction volumique des dispersoides sur la recristallisation est caracterisee. Le concept de volume recristallisable est introduit dans le cadre d'un modele analytique reposant sur la competition entre la pression motrice moyenne et la pression de zener locale ; il permet d'interpreter qualitativement et, dans une certaine mesure, quantitativement, les resultats experimentaux. Dans une seconde partie, on etudie l'influence de la fraction recristallisee et de la vitesse de trempe apres mise en solution sur la tenacite dans les orientations s-l, l-t et l-s. L'effet de ces deux parametres varie fortement en fonction de l'orientation. Une etude fractographique detaillee permet de mettre en evidence les relations entre la microstructure et les mecanismes de rupture impliques, et de proposer une interpretation qualitative des resultats experimentaux.

Ce travail montre l'impact des défauts et de la microstructure sur la limite de fatigue de l’AlSi10Mg de fabrication additive (FA). Les échantillons d’étude sont fabriqués suivant trois orientations (0 °, 45 ° et 90 °) ; les surfaces d’étude sont usinées ou brutes de fabrication. Les éprouvettes sont étudiées avec ou sans traitement thermique T6. Avant toute chose, le matériau est d’abord caractérisé en lien avec les paramètres du procédé à l’aide de plusieurs moyens (microscopie, microtomographie). Du point de la fatigue, les courbes S-N sont établies avant et après T6, principalement à R = -1 en sollicitation uniaxiale. Pour toutes les éprouvettes d’étude, l’analyse des faciès montre que ce sont toujours les défauts qui sont à l’origine de la rupture par fatigue. Ainsi, un critère est appliqué pour définir ces défauts critiques (type, taille morphologie et position) et la limite de fatigue est systématiquement analysée via les diagrammes de Kitagawa. Le rôle de la direction de construction sur la tenue en fatigue est étudié, avant et après traitement thermique T6, tant pour les surfaces usinées que brutes de fabrication. À cet effet, un scénario basé sur la taille caractéristique des grains est proposé pour expliquer les effets d’orientation post-T6. La contribution de la structure de précipitation est également étudiée ; ainsi que le rôle des défauts (type, taille, morphologie et position) sur la limite de fatigue à différents états microstructuraux : avant et après T6. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes d’endommagement par fatigue en surface, la méthode des répliques est déployée sur une éprouvette polie. Dans ce cadre, une loi de propagation des fissures naturelles, c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont dues à un défaut hérité du procédé, est identifiée. Elle permet de séparer les phases d’amorçage et de propagation, alimentant ainsi les discussions sur les phénomènes d’amorçage en présence de défauts. Par ailleurs, quelques critères de fatigue sont également discutés et l’approche Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) est adaptée au matériau d’étude en tenant compte de la taille des grains cristallographiques. Pour les sections utiles brutes de fabrication, le rôle du mode de suppression des supports fabrication sur l’amorçage des fissures de fatigue est étudié ; la définition de la notion de taille de défauts en présence de la rugosité, à l’échelle de l’ondulation de surface, est abordée. Sachant que l’amorçage peut avoir lieu sur une ondulation de surface ou sur un défaut isolé (porosité ou défaut de fusion), une méthode expérimentale est proposée pour analyser la compétition entre ces facteurs. Dans un contexte de développement industriel, l’influence sur la limite de fatigue des paramètres de procédé relatifs au laser (vitesse de balayage, puissance et distance de hachure), au lit de poudre (composition chimique, taille des particules, épaisseur du lit) est étudiée, en vue d’alimenter les discussions vers l’optimisation du procédé du point de vue de la tenue en fatigue
This work shows the impact of defects and microstructure on the fatigue limit of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM). Samples are produced according to three orientations with respect to the construction plate (0 °, 45 ° and 90 °); the studied surfaces are machined or left as-built (AB) in the gauge section. The specimens are studied with or without T6 heat treatment. The study surfaces are machined or as built. Some specimens are subjected to T6 heat treatment. Before any others study, the material is characterized in connection with the process parameters through several techniques (microscopes and 3D X-ray microtomography). Regarding the fatigue, the S-N curves are established before and after T6, mainly at R = -1 under uniaxial loading. For all the fatigue test specimens, fracture surfaces analysis shows that it is always a defect that cause fatigue failure. Thus, a criterion is applied to define these critical defects (type, size morphology and position) and the fatigue limit is analyzed through the Kitagawa type diagrams. The role of the building direction on the fatigue strength is studied, before and after T6 heat treatment, for both machined and as-built surfaces. For this purpose, a sketch based on the characteristic grain size is proposed to explain post-T6 orientation effects. The contribution of the precipitation structure is also studied; as well as the role of defects (type, size, morphology and position) on the fatigue limit at different microstructural states: before and after T6. In order to understand the surface fatigue damage mechanisms, the replica method is used on a polished specimen. In this context, a propagation law of natural cracks, that is to say due to a defect inherited from the process, is identified. It makes it possible to separate the initiation and propagation phases, thus feeding the discussions on the phenomena of priming in the presence of defects. In addition, some fatigue criteria are also discussed and the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) approach is adapted to the studied material, by taking into account the size of the crystallographic grains. In the specific case of specimens with as-built useful sections, the role of the process of suppression of the building supports on the initiation of fatigue cracks is studied; the definition of the concept of defect size in the presence of roughness, at the scale of the surface undulation, is discussed. Knowing that initiation can occurs on a surface undulation or on an isolated defect (porosity or lack-of-fusion), an experimental method is proposed to analyze the competition between these factors. In a context of industrial development, the influence on the fatigue limit of the process parameters, related to the laser (scanning speed, power and hatching distance), or powder bed (chemical composition, particle size, bed thickness) is studied, in order to feed the discussions towards the process optimization regarding the fatigue strength

L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une méthodologie simple pour évaluer l'intégrité et la durée de vie d'échangeurs thermiques soudés. Une approche à deux échelles est proposée. Une description macroscopique avec la prise en compte de la structure de l'échangeur est menée pour permettre des calculs thermoélastiques par éléments finis. La réponse mécanique de l'échangeur pour deschargements thermiques, cycliques, simples est évaluée. Notamment, les zones de concentration decontraintes sont repérées. A partir cette étude, une étude micromécanique du comportement dumatériau composant l'échangeur est menée. Le matériau considéré est un acier 316L. Soncomportement élastoplastique est identifié avec un écrouissage isotrope et cinématique. La tenuemécanique pour des chargements en fatigue oligocyclique est évaluée à l'aide d'un dispositif deflexion 4 points alternée et un critère de Manson-Coffin est identifié. Ce critère est utilisé pour évaluerle nombre de cycle admissible par l'échangeur pour une amplitude de chargement donnée. Pour cela,la déformation plastique attendue dans l'échangeur est évaluée à partir d'une équivalence en énergieaux endroits où la contrainte se concentre. Les prédictions du modèle ont été comparées de manièresatisfaisante avec les résultats expérimentaux menés sur un échangeur test, pour la réponsethermoélastique que pour l'évaluation du nombre de cycles à rupture.

La plupart des échangeurs thermiques automobiles sont fabriqués à partir de tôles d’aluminium brasées dont l’épaisseur a été constamment réduite au cours des dernières années à cause de contraintes économiques et environnementales. Dans le même temps, les contraintes subies par les échangeurs thermiques ont également augmenté ce qui a accrue le risque de défaillance par fatigue mécanique, en particulier au niveau des tubes. Dans cette étude, une caractérisation détaillée des mécanismes d’endommagement cyclique à l’œuvre dans les radiateurs de refroidissements automobiles a été effectuée dans le but d’améliorer leur fiabilité. La matière standard utilisée pour la fabrication des échangeurs, utilisée comme référence dans ce travail, consiste en une plaque très fine (plus petit que 0,27mm d’épaisseur) composée de trois alliages d’aluminium co-laminés (4045/3916/4045). Afin d’évaluer l’effet de la structure de ce « sandwich » sur les mécanismes d’endommagement, des matières composées d’une unique couche (3916) ainsi que de 4 couches (4045/3003/3916/4045) ont également été produites. Toutes ces matières, ont été brasées dans le but d’obtenir un état de surface et des propriétés mécaniques représentatives d’un échangeur thermique de série. Des essais de fatigue à amplitude de contrainte constante ont été réalisés à température ambiante, -30°C et 120°C pour i) caractériser l’effet de la structure du sandwich sur la résistance cyclique des différentes matières étudiées et ii) l’effet de la température sur les mécanismes d’endommagement en fatigue. Les phases d’amorçage et de propagation des fissures ont pu être étudiées par la mise en place de techniques de suivi 2D et 3D. Ces techniques, couplées à une caractérisation précise de la microstructure des matières, ont permis de clarifier les mécanismes d’endommagement conduisant à la rupture par fatigue de ces fines plaques et, notamment, de pointer le rôle clé du placage résiduel (issu de la fusion du 4045) sur les mécanismes d’endommagement
Nowadays, most of the automotive heat exchangers are made of brazed aluminium sheets. Due to economic and environmental issues, the thickness of heat exchanger components have been reduced. Concomitantly, the stress undergone by the heat exchanger increased which raised the risk of fatigue failure, and particularly on tube for radiators. In this work, a detailed characterization of the cyclic damage mechanisms in car heat exchangers has been carried out. The standard material used to make radiator is a very thin (plu petit que 0.27mm) aluminium sheet composed by 3 layers (4045 /3916/ 4045). To assess the effect of the structure of this “sandwich” on the damage mechanisms, materials composed of a single layer (3916) and composed of 4 layers (4045/3003/3916/4045) have also been studied. All materials have been brazed in similar industrial conditions in order to obtain representative metallurgical and surface conditions. Fatigue tests at constant stress amplitude have been performed at room temperature, -30°C and 120°C to i) characterize the sandwich structure effect on the cyclic resistance of the studied materials and ii) to study the effect of temperature on the fatigue damage mechanism.Crack initiation and propagation have been observed by 2D and 3D monitoring techniques. These techniques, in addition to a detailed microstructure characterization of the materials, allowed to clarify the damage mechanisms leading to fracture in fatigue of these thin sheets and, in particular, to point out the key role of the residual clad (left by the 4XXX melting) on the damage mechanisms

Etude experimentale sur les alliages al-li soumis a des essais de traction et de compression pour des vitesses de deformation comprises entre 10**(-4) et 310**(3) s**(-1) et de 10**(-3) a 210**(3) s**(-1) respectivement. Auparavant ces alliages ont ete traites thermiquement. Analyse de la sensibilite a la vitesse de deformation. Influence du mecanisme d'activation thermique sur le processus de deformation. Determination du mode de rupture. Analyse des facies de rupture pour les echantillons deformes en traction et de la formation des cellules de dislocation dans ceux deformes en compression. Simulation numerique du processus de penetration a grande vitesse d'une cible mince par un projectile circulaire en utilisant un modele de fluide elasto-plastique. Comparaison avec des resultats experimentaux

Die nicht-invasive Analyse der fetalen Herzratenvariabilität mittels abdominaler Elektrokardiographie stellt eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung des fetalen Zustandes dar. Die Herzratenvariabilität gilt hier als ein sensitives Maß der autonomen Regulation. Bereits mit Beginn der zweiten Schwangerschaftshälfte ist es möglich, über das mütterliche Abdomen ein fetales Elektrokardiogramm abzuleiten und einer Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse zuzuführen. Das Untersuchungskollektiv dieser Arbeit umfasste Frauen mit frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung als Modell einer pathologischen Alteration des fetalen Zustandes sowie Frauen mit normalen Schwangerschaften zwischen der 20. und 28. Schwangerschaftswoche. Die technische Umsetzung und Analyse der fetalen Herzratenvariabilität erfolgte in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Biomedizinische Technik der TU Dresden. Insgesamt wurden 25 Datensätze der Auswertung zugeführt. Eine Reifung des autonomen Nervensystems des Feten mit ansteigendem Gestationsalter konnte mittels der Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse gezeigt werden. Zur Risikostratifizierung der Feten bei frühem vorzeitigem Blasensprung konnten bei der Betrachtung der Herzratenvariabilitätsparameter keine signifikanten Unterschiede zum Normalkollektiv erhoben werden. Die Analyse der Parameter erfolgte hierbei unabhängig von den fetalen Verhaltenszuständen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die nicht-invasive Analyse der Herzratenvariabilitätsanalyse methodisch und technisch in der Lage ist, den Fetalzustand und dessen Alterationen zu erfassen.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
102
The research engaged in the T91 steel which topic is “ The Influence of Microstructures on The Stress Rupture Properties of Simulated Heat-Affected Zones for T91 Weldment”. The first section of the research is using infrared ray to heat the T91 steel rapidly at varied temperatures(820°C,860°C,900°C and 940°C.) to simulate the heat-affected zone(HAZ) of actual weldment , then proceeded post-weld heat treatment(PWHT) at 750°C and aging at 720°C to analyse the variation of microstructure and hardness . The second part is taking some of the simulated weldments to carry out the long term(1000h) stress rupture test at 615°C and applied stress of 80MPa to evaluate the effect of microstructures on stress rupture properties . The results of HAZ simulated test for T91 weldment showed that the microstructures and hardness of HAZ didn’t change obviously after tempering at 820°C , and some M23C6 carbides which precipated on grain boundaries became coarser after aging . Heating at 860°C which is beyond the Ac1 temperature of T91 that made the substrate become softer lightly than before , and it observed that the newly subgrains grown in the substrate after PWHT , besides the above , the carbides might grow larger and spheroidized during aging treatment , but aging couldn’t induce subgain grew fastly . In the other way , tempering at 900 °C might cause the T91 steel have partially hardened situation , while some M23C6 carbides had been coarser and the substrate got soften after PWHT . By the way , aging treatment could increase the precipates in the substrate that cause the hardness ascended lightly . Tempering at 940°C which is higher than the Ac3 temperature of T91 that had make the steel been completely hardened , and situation after PWHT is almost the same as tempering at 900°C ,such as some M23C6 carbides which precipated on grain boundaries spheroidized and coarsened , the substrate softened etc.. ,while the hardness raised just a little higher after aging treatment . The results of the stress rupture test showed that recrystalization happened and some grains were shape-changed due to high temperature and stress loaded environment in this long term test . The secondary cracks mainly grew along prior austenite grain boundaries which were observed in lateral sides of stress ruptured specimens , and the ruptured specimen which tempered at 860°C for several seconds then proceeded PWHT and aging showed the weakest stress-rupture properties . In addition to the above, the ruptured surface just observed dimple structures because of over-loaded stress during this test .