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Journal articles on the topic 'Heat flux. Heat Flame spread'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

AGRAWAL, SANJAY, and INDREK S. WICHMAN. "Heat Flux Distributions in Wind-Aided Flame Spread." Combustion Science and Technology 81, no. 1-3 (1992): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209208951792.

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2

Long, Yang, and Indrek S. Wichman. "Theoretical and numerical analysis of a spreading opposed-flow diffusion flame." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465, no. 2110 (2009): 3209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0152.

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This article describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of flames spreading over solid-fuel surfaces by examining and comparing three models. The first model examines ignition and flame spread over a solid-fuel surface using a two-dimensional numerical simulation code. This model employs variable density, variable thermophysical properties and one-step global finite-rate chemistry. The second model, a macroscopic ‘field’ model, is solved in terms of the mixture fraction ( Z ) and total enthalpy ( H ) functions. Comparisons are made with numerical predictions for primitive quantities: t

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3

Aswin, C., S. Srichand Vishnu, D. Aravind Kumar, et al. "Studies on Ignition Delay and Flame Spread in High-Performance Solid Rocket Motors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.316.

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Accurate prediction of ignition delay and flame spread rate in solid propellant rocket motors is of great topical interest. In this paper using a standard k-ω turbulence model numerical studies have been carried out to examine the influence of solid rockets port geometry on ignition delay and the flame spread pattern. We observed that with the same inflow conditions and propellant properties heat flux histories and ignition time sequence are different for different port geometries. We conjectured from the numerical results that in solid rocket motors with highly loaded propellants, mass flux o

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4

Wang, Lu, Yi Xing Bi, Wei Wu, and Da Jun Xu. "Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of the Fire Characteristics Parameters of Methanol in Coal Chemical Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2745.

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A steel channel with the size of 30×2×1.2 m was made to simulate the full surface fire of 50000 m3methanol tank in coal-to-olefins industry. Some fire characteristic parameters of methanol were investigated, including flame spread rate, flame height, temperature distribution and radiation heat flux distribution. It is found that the flame spread rate of methanol is 1.98 m/s and the flame height could reach to 3.2 m. The temperature of methanol flame is first up and then down with the increase of height, while the highest temperature is 768oC. It is also found that the radiation heat flux of me

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5

Li, Kaiyuan, and Simo Hostikka. "Embedded flame heat flux method for simulation of quasi-steady state vertical flame spread." Fire Safety Journal 104 (March 2019): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.011.

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6

Ma, Xin, Ran Tu, Yan Li Zhao, Nan Wang, and Qi Yuan Xie. "Experimental Study on Downward Flame Spread of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with External Radiation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.194.

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Research on building insulation materials and their safety is an important topic in the field of building energy conservation. The objective of this paper is to analyze the coupling effects of the width and external radiation on the downward RPU foam flame spread characteristics. The most important flame characteristics including flame height, mass loss rate, flame spread rate were studied experimentally. The results suggest that with increasing external radiation levels, flame spread rate was larger. Under the condition of the external radiation heat flux exceeds a critical level, the RPU foa

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7

Morandini, Frédéric, and Xavier Silvani. "Experimental investigation of the physical mechanisms governing the spread of wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 5 (2010): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08113.

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One of the objectives of the present study is to gain a deeper understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms that control the spread of wildfires. Five experimental fires were conducted in the field across plots of living vegetation. This study focussed on characterising heat transfer ahead of the flame front. The temperature and heat flux were measured at the top of the vegetation as the fire spread. The results showed the existence of two different fire spread regimes that were either dominated by radiation or governed by mixed radiant–convective heat transfer. For plume‐dominated fires, the

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8

Rantuch, Peter, Tomáš Štefko, and Jozef Martinka. "Critical Heat Flux Determination of Electric Cable Insulation." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 42 (2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0001.

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Abstract Electric cables can contribute to the spread of fire through the insulating layer. This paper focuses on their properties characterizing the initiation of fire. Samples of ethylene-based cable insulation were tested using a cone calorimeter by exposing them to external heat flows of six different values (25 kW m−2 – 50 kW m−2). Time to initiate flame burning was observed. The critical heat flux (depending on the method of calculation was in the range 2.94 kW m−2 – 4.59 kW m−2) and the thermal response parameter (342 kW s−0.5 m−2) was calculated from the time of initiation and external

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9

Leventon, Isaac T., and Stanislav I. Stoliarov. "Evolution of flame to surface heat flux during upward flame spread on poly(methyl methacrylate)." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 2 (2013): 2523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.051.

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10

An, Wei Guang, Hua Hua Xiao, Jin Hua Sun, et al. "Experimental Study on Downward Flame Spread across XPS Surface." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.445.

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To study downward flame spread across XPS surface, a series of laboratory-scale experiments were conducted. Typical flame spread characteristics were obtained. The flame spread process comprises four stages. There are twice accelerations during flame spread. The influence of maximum flame height on flame spread rate is not significant. The predicted flame spread rate utilizing mass loss rate is lower than the measured value. Three stages: increasing stage, stable stage and decreasing stage are observed in both change of maximum flame height and flame area. The changing trend of mass loss rate

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11

Bhatnagar, Subodh Kumar, B. S. Varshney, B. Mohanty, and C. P. Agarwal. "Steady flame spread rate measurement at discrete levels of external radiant heat flux." Symposium (International) on Combustion 23, no. 1 (1991): 1693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80444-3.

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12

HIGUERA, F. J. "Liquid-fuel thermocapillary flow induced by a spreading flame." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 473 (December 10, 2002): 349–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002002471.

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An analysis is presented of the flow in a layer of liquid whose surface tension varies under the action of a moving surface heat flux distribution chosen to model the spread of a flame over the liquid. Subject to this heat flux, the surface temperature increases from the ambient temperature of the liquid, far upstream, to its vaporization temperature at a moving vaporization front, and stays constant at this value downstream of the vaporization front. The speed of the front is determined by a condition of regularity of the temperature. Three different regimes are found which correspond to the

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13

Ma, Xin, Ran Tu, Yanli Zhao, and Qiyuan Xie. "Study on downward flame spread behavior of flexible polyurethane board in external heat flux." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 28, no. 12 (2015): 1693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715569826.

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14

Gao, Yunji, Guoqing Zhu, Mengwei Yu, Feng Guo, Yu Xia, and Weiguang An. "Experimental study of welding region effects on upward flame spread over textile membranes." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (2018): 2041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518783368.

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Textile membranes are used widely as a main architectural material in membrane structure buildings. However, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the flame spread characteristics of textile membranes, especially in the case of upward flame spread. In this paper, the effects of welding region on upward flame spread were investigated experimentally using sample sheets of textile membranes 60 cm tall and 6 cm wide with and without welding region. The corresponding observations are as follows: the width of flame with welding region is narrower than that without welding region; flame

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15

Cohen, Jack D. "Relating flame radiation to home ignition using modeling and experimental crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-049.

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Wildlandurban fire destruction depends on homes igniting and thus requires an examination of the ignition requirements. A physicaltheoretical model, based on severe case conditions and ideal heat transfer characteristics, estimated wood wall ignition occurrence from flame radiation heating and piloted ignition requirements. Crown fire experiments provided an opportunity for assessing model reliability. The crown fire experiments were specifically instrumented with wood wall sections and heat flux sensors to investigate direct flame heating leading to home ignition during wildland fires. The

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16

Bhattacharjee, S., R. A. Altenkirch, S. L. Olson, and R. G. Sotos. "Heat Transfer to a Thin Solid Combustible in Flame Spreading at Microgravity." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 3 (1991): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910617.

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The heat transfer rate to a thin solid combustible from an attached diffusion flame, spreading across the surface of the combustible in a quiescent, microgravity environment, was determined from measurements made in the drop tower facility at NASA-Lewis Research Center. With first-order Arrhenius pyrolysis kinetics, the solid-phase mass and energy equations along with the measured spread rate and surface temperature profiles were used to calculate the net heat flux to the surface. Results of the measurements are compared to numerical solution of the complete set of coupled differential equatio

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17

Wang, Qingsong, Huahua Xiao, Wei Wan, Zhixian Cui, Hongya Zhu, and Jinhua Sun. "Flame Spread on Inclined Wood Surfaces: Influence of External Heat Flux and Ambient Oxygen Concentration." Combustion Science and Technology 190, no. 1 (2017): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2017.1376665.

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18

An, Weiguang, Kaiyang Hu, Tao Wang, Lujun Peng, Song Li, and Xiangming Hu. "Effects of Overlap Length on Flammability and Fire Hazard of Vertical Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Plate Array." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122826.

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Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plates are widely used in buildings or factories for natural lighting. Commonly PMMA plates are installed as a discrete array. However, PMMA plates are very susceptible to fire. Therefore, experimental study on flammability and fire hazard of vertical PMMA plate array with different overlap length (D) was conducted in this work. The average flame height (Hf) increases first and then decreases with an increase in the overlap length, and reaches the maximum when D = 40 mm. The discrete flame spread speed (Vf) also rises first and then drops with the increase of D,

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19

Nizhnyk, V. V., та A. S. Borysova. "Сurrent situation on determination of critical value of heat flow density". Geo-Technical mechanics, № 152 (2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2020.152.099.

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The physical process of energy transfer in the form of a certain amount of heat from a body with a higher temperature to a body with a lower temperature until the onset of thermodynamic equilibrium is a continuous process and is present in many areas of human activity. Determining the surface heat flux density makes it possible to measure and control the thermal processes of almost any object made of different materials, as well as substances in order to assess their condition. Based on a theoretical review, the article analyzes the current state to determine the critical value of the surface

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20

Kweon, Ohsang, and Hyun Kang. "An Experimental Study of Vertical Fire Spread through Openings in Compartments." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 3 (2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.3.81.

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In this study, a real scale fire experiment was conducted to analyze the characteristics of the flame that is ejected from an opening. The experiment was conducted by setting mattresses and wood cribs in compartments sized 2.4 (L) × 3.6 (W) × 2.4 (H) m and using heptane as an ignition source, and changes in external heat flux and temperature were measured during the experiment. In the experiment, openings of two sizes: small [2.2 (L) × 1.0 × 1.0 (H) m] and large [2.2 (L) × 2.0 × 2.0 (H) m], were used. The results showed that the maximum decrease of 40.7 kW/㎡ and 31.7 kW/㎡ was measured in small

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21

AGRAWAL, SANJAY. "Determination of Surface Heat Flux in the Burning Zone During Wind-Aided Flame Spread Using Burned PMMA Samples." Combustion Science and Technology 91, no. 1-3 (1993): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209308907640.

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22

Rodríguez y Silva, Francisco, Mercedes Guijarro, Javier Madrigal, et al. "Assessment of crown fire initiation and spread models in Mediterranean conifer forests by using data from field and laboratory experiments." Forest Systems 26, no. 2 (2017): e02S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-10652.

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Aims of study: To conduct the first full-scale crown fire experiment carried out in a Mediterranean conifer stand in Spain; to use different data sources to assess crown fire initiation and spread models, and to evaluate the role of convection in crown fire initiation.Area of study: The Sierra Morena mountains (Coordinates ETRS89 30N: X: 284793-285038; Y: 4218650-4218766), southern Spain, and the outdoor facilities of the Lourizán Forest Research Centre, northwestern Spain.Material and methods: The full-scale crown fire experiment was conducted in a young Pinus pinea stand. Field data were com

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23

Kukfisz, Bozena. "The degree of flammability for an artificial grass surface system." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500038.

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The paper presents a general overview of sport and floor lining products, such as artificial grass, which are used in residential premises and public utility buildings, as well as the hazards which ensue from the use of synthetic grass [1]. An outline was made of the requirements for the fire safety of civil engineering structures arising from their designation and usage type. The results were presented from studies conducted on four samples of synthetic grass with the main ingredients being polyethylene and polypropylene. An appraisal method was determined for flammable properties and flame s

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24

Aphale, Siddhant S., and Paul E. DesJardin. "Development of a non-intrusive radiative heat flux measurement for upward flame spread using DSLR camera based two-color pyrometry." Combustion and Flame 210 (December 2019): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.042.

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25

Barbalini, Marco, Mattia Bartoli, Alberto Tagliaferro, and Giulio Malucelli. "Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040811.

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Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mix

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26

Beshir, Mohamed, Karim Omar, Felipe Roman Centeno, Samuel Stevens, Lesley Gibson, and David Rush. "Experimental and Numerical Study for the Effect of Horizontal Openings on the External Plume and Potential Fire Spread in Informal Settlements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052380.

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According to recent UN reports, it is estimated that more than one billion people live in informal settlements globally, exposing them to a large potential fire risk. In previous research, it was found that the main fire spread mechanism between dwellings is the external flaming (plume) and radiative heat fluxes from the vertical openings at the dwelling of origin to the surroundings. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study was conducted to quantify the effect of adding horizontal roof openings to the design of informal settlement dwellings to reduce the fire spread risk by decreasi

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27

Zhang, J., T. J. Shields, and G. W. H. Silcock. "Fire Hazard Assessment of Polypropylene Wall Linings Subjected to Small Ignition Sources." Journal of Fire Sciences 14, no. 1 (1996): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419601400104.

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The fire hazards associated with polypropylene wall linings sub jected to small ignition sources, were evaluated using large scale experiments and cone calorimetry. A series of seven ignition sources with increasing sever ity as recommended in BS 5852 were used in the tests. The results obtained in dicate that ignition of the polypropylene linings is likely when exposed to igni tion sources 5 to 7 as defined in BS 5852. It was observed that the melting behaviour of the polypropylene wall linings significantly affected the burning behaviour. A pool fire, consisting of melted polymer, formed at

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28

Konno, Yusuke, Yoshinari Kobayashi, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, et al. "Opposed-Flow Flame Spread and Extinction in Electric Wires: The Effects of Gravity, External Radiant Heat Flux, and Wire Characteristics on Wire Flammability." Fire Technology 56, no. 1 (2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-019-00935-4.

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29

Tsapko, Yuriy, Vasyl Lomaha, Olga P. Bondarenko, and Maryna Sukhanevych. "Research of Mechanism of Fire Protection with Wood Lacquer." Materials Science Forum 1006 (August 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1006.32.

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The effect of the composition on the weight loss of wood protected by a coating based on inorganic and organic substances in the process of thermal exposure, which is a feature of the study of the flame retardant effectiveness of the composition, is investigated. The solution of this problem is carried out by specially developed methods. The influence of fire protection under the influence of high-temperature heat flux on the change in the process of loss of mass of fire-protected wood is determined and the mechanism of kinetics of action of the composition is characterized, which is character

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30

Lin, Shaorun, Peiyi Sun, and Xinyan Huang. "Can peat soil support a flaming wildfire?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 8 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19018.

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Smouldering wildfire in peatlands is one of the largest and longest-lasting fire phenomena on Earth, but whether peat can support a flaming fire like other surface fuels is still unclear. Our experiments demonstrate the successful piloted flaming ignition of peat soil with moisture up to 100 wt-% under external radiation, indicating that flames may rapidly spread on peatland before transitioning to a conventional smouldering peat fire. Compared with smouldering ignition, flaming ignition of peat is more difficult, requiring a higher minimum heat flux and tripling the ignition energy. The prope

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31

Thompson, Dan K., Dave Schroeder, Sophie L. Wilkinson, et al. "Recent Crown Thinning in a Boreal Black Spruce Forest Does Not Reduce Spread Rate nor Total Fuel Consumption: Results from an Experimental Crown Fire in Alberta, Canada." Fire 3, no. 3 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3030028.

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A 3.6 ha experimental fire was conducted in a black spruce peatland forest that had undergone thinning the year prior. After 50 m of spread in a natural stand at 35–60 m min−1, the crown fire (43,000 kW m−1 intensity using Byram’s method) encountered the 50% stem removal treatment; spread rates in the treatment were 50–60 m min−1. Fuel consumption in the control (2.75 kg m−2) was comparable to the treatment (2.35 kg m−2). Proxy measurements of fire intensity using in-stand heat flux sensors as well as photogrammetric flame heights had detected intensity reductions to 30–40% of the control. Cro

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32

Raposo, J. R., D. X. Viegas, X. Xie, et al. "Analysis of the physical processes associated with junction fires at laboratory and field scales." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 1 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16173.

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Junction fires, which involve the merging of two linear fire fronts intersecting at a small angle, are associated with very intense fire behaviour. The dynamic displacement of the intersection point of the two lines and the flow along the symmetry plane of the fire are analysed for symmetric boundary conditions. It is observed that the velocity of displacement of this point increases very rapidly owing to strong convective effects created by the fire that are similar to those of an eruptive fire. The change of fire geometry and of its associated flow gradually blocks the rate of spread increas

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33

Huang, Xinyan, and Guillermo Rein. "Downward spread of smouldering peat fire: the role of moisture, density and oxygen supply." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 11 (2017): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16198.

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Smouldering fires in peatland are different from the flames in wildland fires. Smouldering peat fire is slow, low-temperature and more persistent, releasing large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. In this work, we experimentally and computationally investigate the vertical downward spread of smouldering fire in a column of 30cm-tall moss peat under variable moisture content (MC) and bulk density. The measured downward spread rate decreases with depth and wet bulk density, and is ~1cmh−1 equivalent to a carbon emission flux of 200 tonnesday−1ha−1. We observe that downward spread increases a

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34

Nyderis, Albertas. "THE ESTIMATION PROBLEMS OF THE FIRE HAZARD FOR VERTICALLY ORIENTED BUILDING PRODUCTS/VERTIKALIAI ORIENTUOTŲ STATYBINIŲ GAMINIŲ GAISRINIO PAVOJINGUMO ĮVERTINIMO PROBLEMOS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 1 (1999): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531436.

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The Directive of new approach 89/106/EEC, which was prepared by Directorate General of the European Commission (DG III), defines the guidelines for development of fire protection in building construction. Six main directions for development of fire protection are defined in this Directive as well. Solid materials are most numerous among building products. Therefore a brief analysis of combustion process of these materials is presented in this article. F.Williams developed the theoretical principles of combustion. Phase transitions in the zone of combustion are analyzed in the theory. Formulas

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35

Parnell, Clare E., Julie E. H. Stevenson, James Threlfall, and Sarah J. Edwards. "Is magnetic topology important for heating the solar atmosphere?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2042 (2015): 20140264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0264.

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Magnetic fields permeate the entire solar atmosphere weaving an extremely complex pattern on both local and global scales. In order to understand the nature of this tangled web of magnetic fields, its magnetic skeleton, which forms the boundaries between topologically distinct flux domains, may be determined. The magnetic skeleton consists of null points, separatrix surfaces, spines and separators. The skeleton is often used to clearly visualize key elements of the magnetic configuration, but parts of the skeleton are also locations where currents and waves may collect and dissipate. In this r

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36

Hasemi, Y., Masashi Yoshida, Y. Yokobayashi, and Takao Wakamatsu. "Flame Heat Transfer And Concurrent Flame Spread In A Ceiling Fire." Fire Safety Science 5 (1997): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.5-379.

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37

Morel, Sławomir. "The influence of a radiated heat exchanger surface on heat transfer." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 3 (2015): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0028.

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Abstract The experiment leads to establish the influence of radiated surface development heat exchangers on the values of heat flux transferred with water flowing through the exchangers and placed in electric furnace chamber. The values of emissivity coefficients are given for the investigated metal and ceramic coatings. Analytical calculations have been made for the effect of the heating medium (flame) – uncoated wall and then heating medium (flame) – coated wall reciprocal emissivity coefficients. Analysis of the values of exchanged heat flux were also realized. Based on the measurement resu

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38

Najafi, Hamidreza, Keith A. Woodbury, James V. Beck, and Ned R. Keltner. "Real-time heat flux measurement using directional flame thermometer." Applied Thermal Engineering 86 (July 2015): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.053.

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39

Kats, G., and JB Greenberg. "Polydisperse spray flame ignition by a pulsed heat flux." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 13, no. 1-2 (2021): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568277211014105.

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A mathematical analysis of the ignition of a polydisperse spray/air mixture by an infinite surface heated in a pulsed manner is presented. In contrast to previous work in the literature, the entire history of the ignition process is accounted for starting from the flame-embryo progenitor stage, through the thermal runaway stage to the final flame propagation stage. For tractability at the current stage, the chemical kinetics is taken to be that of a single global reaction. The spray is modeled using the sectional approach and the influence of fuel spray characteristics on ignition is determine

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40

Kuang-chung, T., J. Turnbull, G. Will, and D. Drysdale. "Upward Flame Spread: Heat Transfer To The Unburned Surface." Fire Safety Science 7 (2003): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.7-117.

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41

YOKOBAYASHI, Yutaka, Yuji HASEMI, Masashi YOSHIDA, and Takao WAKAMATSU. "FLAME HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS AND CONCURRENT FLAME SPREAD IN A CEILING FIRE." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 519 (1999): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.1_5.

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42

Yedinak, Kara M., Jack D. Cohen, Jason M. Forthofer, and Mark A. Finney. "An examination of flame shape related to convection heat transfer in deep-fuel beds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07143.

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Fire spread through a fuel bed produces an observable curved combustion interface. This shape has been schematically represented largely without consideration for fire spread processes. The shape and dynamics of the flame profile within the fuel bed likely reflect the mechanisms of heat transfer necessary for the pre-heating and ignition of the fuel during fire spread. We developed a simple laminar flame model for examining convection heat transfer as a potentially significant fire spread process. The flame model produced a flame profile qualitatively comparable to experimental flames and simi

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Liu, Bing, Chang Fa Tao, and Xi Shi Wang. "The Optimization of Bimaterial Microcantilever Design for Radiant Heat Flux Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1816.

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This paper introduces a novel radiant heat flux measurement method based on bimaterial microcantilever. Focus on flame radiant heat flux measurement, the theoretical analysis and optimization of the bimaterial microcantilever, such as its shape, size and thickness ratio are carried out. So the dynamic response time and measurement range of flame radiant heat flux are discussed and determined.

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Zhang, Jia Qing, Bo Si Zhang, Ming Hao Fan, Liu Fang Wang, Xiang Jun Guo, and Deng Yang Yu. "Effects of External Heat Radiation on Combustion and Toxic Gas Release of Flame Retardant Cables." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2392.

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The effects of external heat radiation on combustion and toxic gas release characteristics of flame retardant cables, which were XLPE insulated, flame retardant PVC sheathed and steel armoured cables, were investigated. The combustion characteristics of the level A and the level C flame retardant cables were explored by the cone calorimeter. For the level C cables, heat release rate (HRR) and CO concentration in cable fires increased and the ignition time decreased with increase of the external radiation heat flux. For level A cables, the HRR and CO concentration showed two-stage variations wi

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Turekova, Ivana, Zuzana Turňová, Karol Balog, and Jozef Harangozó. "Study of Effect of Flame Retardants on Initiation Process of Lignocellulose Materials at Heat Flux Acting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.744.

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The present paper deals with the study of effects of heat flux on flammability of lignocellulose materials at application of flame retardants, which may restrict or retard the burning of mentioned materials. Significance of the impact of heat flux is important from the viewpoint of fire protection. The heat flux is namely one of the most critical factors causing ignition, the subsequent flame propagation, and last but not least it also affects the burning rate. The aim of this paper is to present the results achieved from experimental measurements of heat flux acting on the selected lignocellu

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Knight, I. K., and A. L. Sullivan. "A semi-transparent model of bushfire flames to predict radiant heat flux." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 2 (2004): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03047.

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The radiation emitted by a body is related through the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to the temperature of the emitting element. In the case of flame, the emitting elements are carbon particles. Existing models of bushfire flame radiation assume, however, that the flame radiates as a surface with an emissivity of 1 (i.e. a blackbody). This is only true when the flame is thick enough to provide a continuous wall of radiating carbon particles. In this paper we propose a semi-physical model of radiant heat flux from bushfire flame that calculates the emissivity of the flame front based on its geometr

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Tunc¸, M. M., and A. Karakas¸. "Three-Dimensional Formulation of the Radiant Heat Flux Variation on a Cylinder Engulfed in Flames." Journal of Heat Transfer 107, no. 4 (1985): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247526.

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A three-dimensional formulation is used to determine the incident radiant heat flux on a cylinder surface which is engulfed in flames. For an axisymmetric horizontal pool fire of a specified flame shape, effective flame radiation temperature and a gray flame absorption coefficient, this analysis computes the variation of the incident radiant heat flux along the length and around the circumference of the tank portrayed as a cylinder, engulfed in flames. The radiant flux density from the flame to the cylinder becomes maximum toward the center of the pool and decreases markedly toward the edges.

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Lee, Y., M. Delichatsios, and Gordon Silcock. "Heat Flux Distribution And Flame Shapes On The Inert Facade." Fire Safety Science 9 (2008): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.9-193.

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Liu, Bing, and Xishi Wang. "Flame radiant heat flux measurement based on bi-material cantilever." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (May 2014): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.12.015.

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Noori, A. R., and M. Rashidi. "CFD Study of Heat Transfer in a Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion Chamber." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 5 (2006): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712474.

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The objective of this study is the thermal investigation of a typical spark-ignition (SI) engine combustion chamber with particular focus in determination of the locations where the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are highest. This subject is an important key for some design purposes especially thermal loading of the piston and cylinder head. To this end, CFD simulation using the KIVA-3V CFD code on a PC platform for flow, combustion, and heat transfer in a typical SI engine has been performed. Some results including the temporal variation of the area-averaged heat flux and heat transf

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