Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heat flux map

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Heat flux map'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Heat flux map"

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Kandlikar, S. G. "Development of a Flow Boiling Map for Subcooled and Saturated Flow Boiling of Different Fluids Inside Circular Tubes." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 1 (1991): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910524.

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The thermal behavior of a flow boiling system is represented by a flow boiling map to illustrate visually the relationships among various system parameters. An earlier flow boiling map by Collier (1981) does not include the effect of mass flux and is specific to water at low pressures. For other fluids, significant departures from the parametric trends displayed in Collier’s map have been reported in the literature (e.g., Kandlikar, 1988b). In the present paper, a new flow boiling map is developed to depict the relationships among the heat transfer coefficient, quality, heat flux, and mass flu
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Bennett, William B., Jingfeng Wang, and Rafael L. Bras. "Estimation of Global Ground Heat Flux." Journal of Hydrometeorology 9, no. 4 (2008): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm940.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the use of a previously published algorithm for estimating ground heat flux (GHF) at the global scale. The method is based on an analytical solution of the diffusion equation for heat transfer in a soil layer and has been shown to be effective at the point scale. The algorithm has several advantageous properties: 1) it only needs a single-level input of surface (skin) temperature, 2) the time-mean GHF can be derived directly from time-mean skin temperature, 3) it has reduced sensitivity to the variability in soil thermal properties and moisture, 4) it does not
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Greve, Ralf. "Relation of measured basal temperatures and the spatial distribution of the geothermal heat flux for the Greenland ice sheet." Annals of Glaciology 42 (2005): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781812510.

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AbstractThe thermomechanical, three-dimensional ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS is applied to the Greenland ice sheet. Simulations over two glacial–interglacial cycles are carried out, driven by a climatic forcing interpolated between present conditions and Last Glacial Maximum anomalies. Based on the global heat-flow representation by Pollack and others (1993), we attempt to constrain the spatial pattern of the geothermal heat flux by comparing simulation results to direct measurements of basal temperatures at the GRIP, NorthGRIP, Camp Century and Dye 3 ice-core locations. The obtained heat-flux ma
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Chang, J. Y., S. M. You, and A. Haji-Sheikh. "Film Boiling Incipience at the Departure From Natural Convection on Flat, Smooth Surfaces." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 2 (1998): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824264.

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The present research is an experimental study of pool boiling nucleation behavior using flat, smooth surfaces immersed in saturated highly wetting liquids, FC-72 and FC-87. A flush-mounted, copper surface of 10 mm × 10 mm is used as a heat transfer surface, simulating a microelectronic chip surface. At the nucleation incipient points of higher wall superheats with steady increase of heat flux, vapor film blankets the smooth surface and remains on the surface. To predict this film boiling incipience phenomenon from the smooth surface, an incipience map is developed over the boiling curve. When
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Punjabi, Alkes, Arun Verma, and Allen Boozer. "The simple map for a single-null divertor tokamak." Journal of Plasma Physics 56, no. 3 (1996): 569–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800019474.

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We present the simple map for a single-null divertor tokamak. The simple map is an area-preserving map based on the idea that magnetic field lines are a single-degree- of-freedom time-dependent Hamiltonian system, and that the basic features of such systems near the X-point are generic. We obtain the properties of this map and the resulting footprints of field lines on the divertor plate. These include the width of the stochastic layer, the edge safety factor, the area of the footprint and the amount of magnetic flux diverted. We give the safety factor profile, the average and median values of
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Kapoor, Surya Prakash, and Aastha Kapoor. "Amalgamation of Terrestrial Heat Flux Map and Sedimentary Basins Map will Reduce the Risk of Exploration of Hydrocarbons." Universal Journal of Geoscience 4, no. 1 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujg.2016.040101.

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Lee, Ji-Hee, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Developing Heat Flux Evaluation and Fire Risk Map for Forest Fires in Yangdong Villages." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 14, no. 5 (2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2014.14.5.19.

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Overduin, P. P., T. Schneider von Deimling, F. Miesner, et al. "Submarine Permafrost Map in the Arctic Modeled Using 1‐D Transient Heat Flux (SuPerMAP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 6 (2019): 3490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014675.

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Kattan, N., J. R. Thome, and D. Favrat. "Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes: Part 1—Development of a Diabatic Two-Phase Flow Pattern Map." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 1 (1998): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830037.

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An improved two-phase flow pattern map is proposed for evaporation in horizontal tubes. The new map was developed based on flow pattern data for five different refrigerants covering a wide range of mass velocities and vapor qualities. The new map is valid for both adiabatic and diabatic (evaporating) flows and accurately identifies about 96 percent of the 702 data points. In addition, the new flow pattern map includes the prediction of the onset of dryout at the top of the tube during evaporation inside horizontal tubes as a function of heat flux and flow parameters.
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Kwon, You Jin, Dong Kun Lee, and You Ha Kwon. "Is Sensible Heat Flux Useful for the Assessment of Thermal Vulnerability in Seoul (Korea)?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030963.

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Climate change has led to increases in global temperatures, raising concerns regarding the threat of lethal heat waves and deterioration of the thermal environment. In the present study, we adopted two methods for spatial modelling of the thermal environment based on sensible heat and temperature. A vulnerability map reflecting daytime temperature was derived to plot thermal vulnerability based on sensible heat and climate change exposure factors. The correlation (0.73) between spatial distribution of sensible heat vulnerability and mortality rate was significantly greater than that (0.30) bet
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heat flux map"

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Caro, Gregory P. "Direct numerical simulations of diffusive staircases in the Arctic." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Mar/09Mar%5FCaro.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Radko, Timour. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Double-diffusion, diffusive convection, heat flux, thermohaline staircase, Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-41). Also available in print.
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Jacobi, Christoph, and Daniel Mewes. "Heat flux classification of CMIP5 model results using self-organizing maps." Universität Leipzig, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74181.

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We used the self-organizing maps (SOMs) method on eight models that participated in the Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) and two different greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration experiments. The SOMs were created from the winter 500 hPa horizontal temperature flux for each model. The clustering by the SOM revealed that in addition to the three flux pathways found in reanalyses (Pacific, Atlantic and Siberian/continental pathway), superpositions of these occur for the free running climate models, which develop their dynamic more freely than the reanalyses. It was found that t
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Wright, Mark T. "Flame spread on composite materials for use in high speed craft." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-110599-160802/.

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Choi, Keum-Ran. "3D thermal mapping of cone calorimeter specimen and development of a heat flux mapping procedure utilizing an infrared camera." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-020205-215634/.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)-- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: temperature measurement; heat flux maps; Cone Calorimeter; three-dimensional heat conduction; fire growth models; retainer frame; ceramic fiberboard; edge effect; one-dimensional heat conduction; heat flux mapping procedure; infrared camera; specimen preparation; edge frame; one-dimensional heat conduction model; thermal properties. Includes bibliographical references (p.202-204).
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Li, Chung Mu, and 李俊穆. "A Discussion on School Microclimate Estimation Model with Heat Flux Accumulation Map - Urban Area of Kaohsiung as an Example." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37959542909997110641.

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碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>建築與環境設計研究所<br>100<br>With the transformation of the domestic economic forms, leisure activities have flourished and people’s requirements for the quality of leisure environment have also improved. The campus is a common open green space in the rapid changing city currently which is often selected by city dwellers. In the past, impervious pavement design was often used in campuses of Taiwan, causing heat to be trapped in the pavement in Taiwan which enjoys a sunny climate throughout the year, thus resulting in an urban heat island. For campus planning and design, the effects and
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Books on the topic "Heat flux map"

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van der Hoeven, Frank, and Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. TU Delft Open, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.1.

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Heat waves will occur in Rotterdam with greater frequency in the future. Those affected most will be the elderly – a group that is growing in size. In the light of the Paris heat wave of August 2003 and the one in Rotterdam in July 2006, mortality rates among the elderly in particular are likely to rise in the summer. METHOD The aim of the Hotterdam research project was to gain a better understanding of urban heat. The heat was measured and the surface energy balance modelled from that perspective. Social and physical features of the city we identified in detail with the help of satellite imag
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Greyser, Naomi. Between Intimacy and Distance, a “Neutral Territory”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460983.003.0004.

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This chapter examines masculine individualism’s push–pull relationship with sympathy, beginning in The Scarlet Letter’s Custom-House. There, Hawthorne’s narrator sympathetically presses Hester Prynne’s dusty, scarlet A against his heart, feeling a burning tingle as he places himself in her position. Sections read touch and untouchability in The Scarlet Letter, exploring what encouraged male readers to overcome what Henry Thoreau referred to as masculinity’s “gulf of feeling” to experience sentimental connection. Writing through alienation and writer’s block, Hawthorne’s tingling connection wit
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Book chapters on the topic "Heat flux map"

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Kumar, Asheesh, and Partha Ghoshdastidar. "Three-Dimensional Computer Simulation of Heat Flux-Controlled Pool Boiling of Water-Based Nanofluids by the Coupled Map Lattice Method." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_25.

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Gutschick, Vincent P., and Keirith A. Snyder. "Water and Energy Balances within the Jornada Basin." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0012.

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This chapter describes general characteristics and components of the energy and water balances in arid regions, with specific examples from the Jornada Basin. Various research efforts to characterize the energy and water balances and resultant carbon dioxide fluxes in the Jornada Basin are detailed. We provide a brief overview of how plant physiology interacts with energy and water balances in this region, and characterize general abiotic conditions and some physiological traits of plants in this arid region. The surface of a landscape may be considered as a layer with some amount of vegetation. More general descriptions divide the vegetation, like the soil, into layers, but the concern here is energy balance at the interface with the atmosphere. The net energy balance of the land surface is determined by inputs (radiant energy), outputs (reflection [i.e., albedo], emission of longwave radiation, convective heat transfer to the atmosphere [i.e., sensible heat flux], evapotranspiration of water [i.e., latent heat flux], and conduction of heat into soil), and changes in heat storage. The balance of these terms is adjusted as the surface temperature comes into steady state or nearly so. Increased solar input will drive surface temperatures higher until longwave emission and other losses come into a new balance. The net energy input, as inputs minus outputs, may be stated formally as an energy-balance equation . . . Rate of heat storage = S = Q+sw + Q+TIR − Q+TIR _ Q_E Q_H − Q_S, (8-1) . . . where the superscript + indicates an input, and − indicates an output or loss, and all terms are expressed as flux density in units of W/m2. Q+SW is the energy added to the surface layer by solar radiation from above. Q+TIR is the thermal infrared radiation emitted by gases in the atmosphere, principally water vapor and CO2, whereas Q_TIR is the thermal infrared radiation emitted from components of the Earth’s surface and lost back to the atmosphere. Q_E is the latent heat flux from the heat of vaporization of water vapors resulting from soil evaporation (E) and plant transpiration, generally measured as the composite evapotranspiration flux (ET).
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Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan. "Sensors and Techniques for Observing the Boundary Layer." In Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.003.0009.

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Sensors used for boundary layer measurements fall into two broad categories: in situ sensors that can be mounted on the ground, on masts, towers, tethered balloons, free balloons, or aircraft; and remote sensors, ground-based or aircraft-mounted, that infer atmospheric properties through their effects on acoustic, microwave, and optical signals propagating through the air. In situ sensors are the traditional instruments of choice for surface and lower boundary layer studies, being the only ones capable of the accuracy and resolution needed for quantitative work. A major portion of this chapter will therefore be devoted to discussions of their characteristics. Remote sensors have the advantage of increased range and spatial scanning capability, but the constraints on minimum range and spatial resolution limit their usefulness for surface layer measurements. Used in combination, however, the two types of sensors provide a more complete description of the flow field being studied than either of the two can provide separately. New remote sensors with shorter minimum ranges and finer range resolutions are now becoming available for boundary layer applications. A brief discussion of such devices is also included in this chapter. The variables of greatest interest to boundary layer meteorologists are wind speed, temperature, humidity, and the fluxes of momentum, heat, mass, and radiant energy. Given suitable fast-response measurements of wind velocity and scalar fluctuations, we can calculate the eddy fluxes directly from the products of their fluctuating components as explained in Chapter 1. If only the gradients of their means are available, however, then over a flat homogeneous surface the fluxes may be inferred from the Monin-Obukhov relationships of Chapters 1 and 3. Practical methods for doing that are described in many texts; see, for example, Monteith (1975, 1976). (Those simple relationships do not hold, as we know, under advective conditions, in plant canopies, and over hills.) There are also sensors in use that measure surface and near-surface fluxes directly, such as the drag plate (surface stress), the lysimeter (latent heat flux), flux plates (soil heat flux), and radiometers (radiant heat flux). We will discuss these and a few other types as well because of their application to studies of plant canopies.
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Rubin, Yoram. "Moments of the Flow Variables,Part I :The Flow Equation and the Hydraulic Head." In Applied Stochastic Hydrogeology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138047.003.0009.

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The parameters and boundary conditions which control the flow processes vary greatly over short distances and over time, and it is inevitable that flow variables such as the hydraulic head and the fluid’s velocity are spatially variable. It is reasonable to model them as SRFs, not only because of the spatial variability, but also due to our inability to model them in detail with only the limited number of measurements usually available. This chapter presents the basic principles and a few methods for modeling flow variables as SRFs, while showing how these moments reflect the physics of the flow and how to use them in applications. The starting point in our derivations will be the moments that characterize the medium variability, such as σ2γ and I γ, and our goal is to develop the SRF models of flow variables such as the head and the velocity in terms of the media parameters and boundary conditions. To drive this point home, let us consider Darcy’s law for isotropic hydraulic conductivity: where qi is the specific flux in the ith direction, K is the isotropic hydraulic conductivity, and H is the hydraulic head. For a spatially variable K, the flux qi is also spatially variable (with the exception of the one-dimensional flow case). An SRF model for K can be used to construct an SRF for qi through (4.1), with the aid of the flow equation. SRFs can be characterized through their low-order statistical moments, but preferably through their pdfs. For example, the hydraulic head will be defined by its expected value (H) and its variance σ2 H = ((H - ( H ) ) 2 ) , but also through its pdf fH(h) where fH(h) dh is the probability of having H in the vicinity dh of h. SRFs may or may not be stationary depending on the nature of the hydrogeological variables such as K and on the boundary conditions. For example, the head is always nonstationary, except when there is no flow.
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Lebron-Anders, Robyn. "How Science and Spirituality Can Lead the Way to Global Healing." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7480-5.ch002.

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The purpose of this chapter is to discuss all the different groups of people who have been disenfranchised due to the CoV-19 pandemic. In addition to breaking down each group with details of how and why they are in this category, there are also comparative references to the long-term effects of these situations and how these issues may play out in future generations. The problems of today will most likely have far reaching effects on not only the way humanity relates to one another, but how it may affect the evolution of humankind. It is crucial that we work on ways to help heal this situation by reaching out directly to the mental and emotional energy that each of us possesses. The understanding of the CoV-19 situation is still in flux, and the answers to all the questions remain unavailable. The conflicting information is increasing the stress, fear, and anxiety of the world. There is scientific proof that negative emotions affect humans physically and mentally. Humanity must come up with a way to reach people within their isolation and teach them to cope with this uncertainty.
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Goody, R. M., and Y. L. Yung. "Introduction." In Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195051346.003.0003.

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Earth, like the other inner planets, receives virtually all of its energy from space in the form of solar electromagnetic radiation. Its total heat content does not vary significantly with time, indicating a close overall balance between absorbed solar radiation and the diffuse stream of low-temperature, thermal radiation emitted by the planet. The transformation of the incident solar radiation into scattered and thermal radiation, and the thermodynamic consequences for the earth’s gaseous envelope, are the subjects of this book. The scope must be narrowed, however, because in its broadest interpretation our title could include atmospheric photochemistry and many other topics usually treated in books dealing with the upper atmosphere. By restricting attention to the thermodynamic aspects, this problem of selection usually resolves itself. For example, the absorption of energy accompanying photodissociation or photoionization will be considered if the energy involved is comparable to that of other sources or sinks, but not otherwise. Similarly, the oxygen airglow has some thermodynamic consequences in the upper atmosphere, but the important topic of the airglow will be mentioned only in this limited context. The irradiance at mean solar distance—the solar constant—is slightly less than 1400 Wm-2, giving an average flux of solar energy per unit area of the earth’s surface equal to 350 W m-2 (the factor 4 is the ratio of surface area to cross section for a sphere). Of this energy, approximately 31% is scattered back into space, 43% is absorbed at the earth's surface, and 26% is absorbed by the atmosphere. The ratio of outward to inward flux of solar radiation is known as the albedo. We may speak of the albedo of the entire earth or of individual surfaces with reference either to monochromatic radiation or to a weighted average whole is about 0.31, and an average of 224 Wm-2 is available for heating, directly and indirectly, the earth and its atmosphere. The redistribution of this absorbed solar energy by dynamic and radiative processes and its ultimate return to space as low-temperature planetary or terrestrial radiation are the most important topics of this book.
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Hearne, Siobhán. "Introduction." In Policing Prostitution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837916.003.0001.

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This chapter maps prostitution onto the shifting social, political, and economic landscape of modernizing Russia. It outlines the system for the regulation of prostitution in the Russian Empire and pays attention to the significant expansion of the system during late nineteenth-century industrialization and urbanization. The chronological setting of the study is analysed as a period of flux, in which social identities, cultural practices, and traditional gender roles were destabilized. Amid this fluctuation, the imperial authorities attempted to tighten their grip over the Empire’s vast lower class population, using emerging technologies (such as photography, fingerprinting, and statistical analysis) to ‘know’ and monitor those at the social margins. Women who sold sex were certainly one key focus of this attention, as local police forces attempted to compile accurate records of their names, ages, addresses, social classes, and ethnicities. Thereafter, the chapter explores how the Russian imperial state attempted to enforce a paternalistic relationship between those in authority and their subjects. Official approaches to the Empire’s lower classes combined strict discipline with custodial care and supervision. This paternalism was at the heart of the state regulation of prostitution, under which officialdom monitored the bodies and behaviour of registered prostitutes, and to a certain extent, their clients and managers.
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Compton, Michael T., and Beth Broussard. "What are the Symptoms of Psychosis?" In The First Episode of Psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372496.003.0010.

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Before learning about the symptoms of psychosis, it is important to understand what doctors mean by the words symptoms, signs, syndromes, and diagnosis. In this chapter, we explain these four words and then describe the various symptoms of early psychosis. Nearly any illness, whether it affects the body or the brain, causes symptoms. A symptom is an obvious change from one’s normal health that happens when an illness or disease occurs. For example, symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain, pressure in the chest, pain running down the left arm, problems breathing, nausea, and sweating. Symptoms of the fl u may include fever, chills, cough, sore throat, and nausea. Symptoms often are the reason you go to a doctor or other health-care provider. The doctor then examines the patient to look for signs. Signs are like symptoms, but a doctor sees them through an interview, exam, or test, while symptoms are experienced by the patient. The patient may not even know that he or she has signs of an illness. For example, during a routine check-up, the doctor may discover that the patient has high blood pressure or high cholesterol. These signs could mean that the patient has heart disease or is at risk for a heart attack. Most medical diseases and mental illnesses cause both symptoms that patients experience and signs that doctors observe. A combination of both symptoms and signs is a syndrome. A heart attack is an example of a medical syndrome. Another example, diabetes, has symptoms such as being thirsty and frequent urination, and signs such as high levels of glucose, or sugar, in the blood. Some other medical syndromes are an ear infection, the flu, arthritis, and stroke. There also are many types of mental illness syndromes, such as depression, panic attacks, psychosis, and dementia. This book focuses on the syndrome of psychosis. It especially focuses on the first time psychosis appears, usually between the ages of 16 and 30 years. The word diagnosis (plural, diagnoses) refers to the specific medical word(s) given to an illness or syndrome by health-care providers. Examples of medical diagnoses include “diabetes mellitus” (diabetes), “acute myocardial infarction” (heart attack), and “cerebrovascular accident” (stroke).
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Rubin, Yoram. "Moments of the Flow Variables, Part II : The Effective Conductivity." In Applied Stochastic Hydrogeology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138047.003.0010.

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Many applications require primary information such as average fluxes as a prelude to more complex calculations. In water balance calculations one may be interested only in the average fluxes. For both cases the concept of effective conductivity is useful. The effective hydraulic conductivity is defined by where the angled brackets denote the expected value operator. The local flux fluctuation is defined by the difference qi(x) — (qi(x)). Its statistical properties as well as those of the velocity will be investigated in chapter 6. To qualify as an effective property in the strict physical sense, Kef must be a function of the aquifer’s material properties and not be influenced by flow conditions such as the head gradient and boundary conditions (Landauer, 1978). Our goal in this chapter is to explore the concept of the effective conductivity Kef and to relate it to the medium’s properties under as general conditions as possible. Additionally, we shall explore the conditions where this concept is irrelevant and applicable, the important issue being that Kef is defined in an ensemble sense, but for applications we need spatial averages. Several methods for deriving Kef will be described below. The general approach for defining Kef includes the following steps. First, H is defined as an SRF and is expressed with the aid of the flow equation in terms of the hydro-geological SRFs (conductivity, mostly) and the boundary conditions. The H SRF is then substituted in Darcy’s law and an expression in the form equivalent to (5.1) is sought. If and only if the coefficient in front of the mean head gradient is not a function of the flow conditions will it qualify as Kef. The derivation of the effective conductivity employs the flow equation. In steady-state incompressible flow, for example, Laplace’s equation is employed. Solutions derived under Laplace’s equation are applicable, under appropriate conditions, for other physical phenomena governed by the same mathematical model. For example, the electrical field in steady state is also described by Laplace’s equation.
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Kraus, Eric B., and Joost A. Businger. "Radiation." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066180.003.0007.

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The earth receives virtually all of its energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is absorbed, reflected, and scattered by the earth’s surface, the ocean, and the atmosphere. The absorbed radiation is transformed into heat and other forms of energy, and eventually it is returned to space as low-temperature terrestrial radiation. It is clear that radiation is of fundamental importance to atmosphere-ocean interaction. There exists an adequate body of literature on the subject from an introductory treatment by Fleagle and Businger (1980) to specialized monographs by Kondratjev (1969), Liou (1980), and Goody and Yung (1989). Here it will suffice to introduce the basic concepts and focus on the applications to the air-sea interface. Radiation in the atmosphere and ocean comes from all directions simultaneously. The radiation energy per unit time coming from a specific direction and passing through a unit area perpendicular to that direction is called the radiance, I. The irradiance, Fi, or radiant flux density, is the radiant energy that passes through a unit horizontal area per unit time coming from all directions above it. Therefore where θ is the zenith angle and dω is an infinitesimal solid angle. The cos θ reflects the projection of the horizontal unit area into the direction from where I comes. The limits 0 and 2π of the integral reflect the hemisphere of directions above the unit area. When the radiance is independent of direction it is called isotropic. Equation may then be integrated to yield The irradiance from below the unit area is also called exitance and is denoted by Fe. The net irradiance, Fn, is defined by For isotropic radiance, the net irradiance Fn = 0. The fluxes are positive when upward and negative when downward. The interactions between radiation and matter may take various forms. They include refraction, reflection, scattering, diffraction, absorption, and emission. All these interactions are described by the theory of electromagnetic waves (e.g., Panofsky and Phillips, 1962). The full theory will not be developed here, but a number of basic and useful relations will be introduced to describe the characteristics of the interactions mentioned previously.
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Conference papers on the topic "Heat flux map"

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Funabiki, Ayako, Taisei Yabuki, and Masahito Oguma. "Optimum Heating Pattern of a Ground Source Heat Reference Map." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49117.

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A ground source heat reference map (GSHRM) shows the minimum necessary thermal performance of the ground heat exchanger (GHE) of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. Thermal performance depends on thermal properties of the ground, the ground temperature profile, heat advection by groundwater flow, and the GHE operating pattern. This study modeled optimum heating and cooling modes for a GSHRM. First, continuous and intermittent operation modes were compared, and a standard operation time was defined. In a standard household GSHP system, the quantity of heat transferred from the ground depen
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Pasch, James, Michael Popp, and Samim Anghaie. "Flow Regime Analysis of Forced Flow Boiling Hydrogen Subjected to High Heat Flux." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72453.

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This paper presents an analysis of forced flow two-phase hydrogen heat transfer data for the purpose of interpreting the various flow regimes of inverted annular flow. Hydrogen heat transfer data available from an early 1960s NASA experimental investigation were used for the analysis. The data was evaluated in light of a heat transfer characteristics map and related flow pattern map which were established by more recent work on inverted flow film boiling of freon R113. It was shown that the hydrogen data exhibit the same three flow patterns as found in the R113 data. This may allow the use of
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Pierrel, F., and M. Newborough. "Heat Flux Maps for Ovens: Concept of Baking Comfort Zones." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41891.

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Achieving rapid baking in industrial tunnel ovens, while maintaining adequate product quality is a significant challenge. The application of excessive heat fluxes to a low-diffusivity heterogeneous food product can easily yield a product of poor quality (color, texture, flavour). It is desirable to optimize the application of heat on a transient basis during the baking process in order to minimize bake times and achieve an acceptable set of product responses (e.g. color, height, crust hardness, crumb moisture, weight loss). The magnitudes of the convective, radiative, condensing/evaporating an
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Wan, Zhimin, Yoon Jo Kim, and Yogendra K. Joshi. "Compact Modeling of 3D Stacked Die Inter-Tier Microfluidic Cooling Under Non-Uniform Heat Flux." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88890.

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Three-dimensional (3D) stacking is an emerging trend for future high performance microsystems. The stacking of chips increases the power density significantly, with associated thermal concerns. For interior tiers in a 3D stack, the surface area for the heat removal is further reduced. Also, realistic power maps on active tiers produce highly non-uniform patterns, with maximum heat fluxes 5–10 times the average values. Conventional air-cooled heat sinks cannot meet these thermal requirements. In this paper, a compact thermal model of a multi-layer chip stack subjected to the realistic power map
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Glazer, B., H. K. Moon, L. Zhang, and C. Camci. "Application of a Heat Flux/Calorimeter-Based Method to Assess the Effect of Turbulence on Turbine Airfoil Heat Transfer." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-095.

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The accurate prediction of turbine airfoil metal temperatures remains one of the critical issues in the development of high efficiency engines. Free-stream and wake-generated turbulence plays a major role in the external heat transfer of the cooled airfoils. Turbulence simulation experimental methodology has been employed to provide external heat load similarity between the engine and the elevated temperature cascade rig conditions. The methodology is based on simulation of turbulence intensity to produce equal mainstream heat transfer effects at the stagnation region of the airfoil in both en
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Megahed, Ayman, Ibrahim Hassan, and Kristina Cook. "Experimental Investigation of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of FC-72 in Cross-Linked Microchannel Heat Sinks Using Thermochromatic Liquid Crystals." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18010.

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The present study investigates the effect of cross-links on flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in rectangular microchannel heat sinks, using FC-72 as the working fluid. The silicon test section consists of 45 cross-linked microchannels, measuring 16 mm in length, with a hydraulic diameter of 248 μm. The parameters investigated include mass flux, heat flux, and exit quality, ranging from 99–275 kg/m2s, 7.2–88.8 kW/m2, and 0.01–0.71, respectively. Thermochromatic liquid crystals have been used in the present study as full-field surface temperature sensors to map the temperature distribut
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Wan, Zhimin, and Yogendra Joshi. "Transient Compact Modeling of 3D Stacked Die Inter-Tier Microfluidic Cooling Under Non-Uniform Heat Flux." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73080.

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Three-dimensional (3D) chip stacking is a promising approach for high performance microsystems. Such vertical integration could increase the clock frequency and reduce the signal delay. During operation, the input signal and the resulting input power change with time. Realistic power maps on active chip tiers produce highly non-uniform heat flux patterns with hotspots, which change with time. In this paper, a transient compact model of a multi-layer chip stack subjected to time dependent power map was developed. Inter-tier single phase microfluidic cooling with a pin fin array was used to enha
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Koizumi, Yasuo, Hiroyasu Ohtake, and Tomonari Yamada. "Flow Behavior and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Thin-Rectangular Mini-Channels." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66928.

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Boiling heat transfer of thin-rectangular channels of the width of 10 mm has been examined. The height of the flow channel was in a range from 0.6 mm to 0.4 mm. Experimental fluid was water. Bubbly flow, slug flow, semi annular flow and annular flow were observed. The flow pattern transition agreed well with the Baker flow pattern map for the usual sized flow path. The critical heat flux was lower than the value of the usual sized flow channel. The Koizumi and Ueda method predicted well the trend of the critical heat flux of the present experiments. At the critical heat flux condition, the hea
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Liang, Xin-Gang, and Mao-Hua Han. "Comparison of Heat Conduction and Radiation of Nano-Size Gaps." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1123.

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Gas gaps are common structures in many sensors and MEMS. It is usually regarded that heat conduction plays a dominant role when the gap size reduces and thermal radiation between surfaces is negligible. This work compares the heat dissipated by heat conduction with that by thermal radiation under different temperatures and on various scale levels. It is found that the heat flux by thermal radiation can exceed that by heat conduction. Furthermore, a regime map is plotted to recognize the relative importance of heat conduction and thermal radiation at different gap size and temperature. The impa
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Tam, L. M., A. J. Ghajar, H. K. Tam, and S. C. Tam. "Development of a Flow Regime Map for a Horizontal Pipe With the Multi-Classification Support Vector Machines." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56094.

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For horizontal circular pipes under uniform wall heat flux boundary condition and three different inlet configurations (re-entrant, square-edged, bell-mouth), Ghajar and Tam (1995) developed flow regime maps for the determination of the boundary between single-phase forced and mixed convection using experimental data of Ghajar and Tam (1994). Based on the ratio of the local peripheral heat transfer coefficient at the top and the bottom, the heat transfer data was classified as either forced or mixed convection among the different flow regimes. The forced-mixed convection boundary was then obta
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