Academic literature on the topic 'Heat insultion'

The cost of building insulation materials in construction phase has a significant impact on its energy costs in operational phase, so that it plays a meaningful role to make the total cost of insulation material low in both phases. From the point of the selection to thickness of outer heat insulation materials, this paper, making full use of energy simulation software, is keen to study on the thickness of heat insulation materials based on optimal cost principle in perspective of whole life cycle, in case of an artitecture in a some shopping mall. With the aid of eQUEST energy smulation software, this paper tries to simulate the cost of cooling and heating technology, besides it simulates different thick insultion materials, which takes advantage of mathematical models to acquire the relationship between energy consumption and thermal insulation. At last, it can be summarised the best thickness of heat insulation materials with low cost, and it can also provide some proposed improvements for the original design through comparision.

E-44 epoxy resin was used as matrix，and silicon nitride，boron nitride，alumina and silicon carbide were used as heat-conducting insulating fillers. By selecting the amounts and types of the insulting fillers, the heat conductive properties of E-44 could be adjusted. In addition, by choosing the curing agent and accelerator the viscosity of E-44 could also be readily controlled. The relation among the adhesive viscosity，heat conductive property and prescription was studied. When the amounts of silicon nitride, alumina and boron nitride were 25%, 25%, 10% (based on the mass of epoxy resin matrix), respectively, the thermal conductivity of this system was 2.66 W/mK.

The hydrophobic aerogel heating-insulating composite ceramic was fabricated in the way of constant pressure. The properties of the ceramic were attributed through FT-IR and energy spectrum. The microstructure and phase transformation of the insulation composites ceramic was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that after compositing with aerogel the coefficient of heat conductivity of the heat-insulating ceramic decreases forty-sixty percent and the compressive strength increases a hundred percent. There is little change to the tensile-strength. The holes of the ceramic are full of aero gel particles whose grain size is ten-twenty μm and the distribution of pore size is ten-seventy nm. After heating at 400°C for 12 minutes by quartz lamp on the surface of the ceramic which the thick of it is 8mm, the temperature of the other side increases 10°C .When the thick of the ceramic is 16mm, the temperature of the other side remains unchanged. The ceramic has excellent heating-insulting property.

This paper performed a detailed study on the fundamental properties and thermal conductivity of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) self-insulation block, and the mechanical properties and heat transfer resistance of the AAC self-insulation block masonry. Different kinds of joints and the plastering surface were used to build the masonry specimens. The distinctive feature of the blocks and mortars is the lower thermal conductivity with expected strength. Compared to those with larger thickness of insulation mortar joints, the masonry with thin-layer mortar joints had better compressive performance and lower shear strength. The compressive strength of masonry was related with the block and mortar strengths, the shear strength of masonry along mortar joints was related with the mortar strength. The stress–strain relationship of masonry in compression could be predicted by the similar expression of conventional block masonry. The tested heat transfer coefficient of AAC self-insulation block masonry with thickness of 250 mm without plastering surfaces was (0.558 ± 0.003) W/(m2·K). With the plastering surfaces, the heat transfer coefficient reduced by 4.4% to 8.9%. Good agreements in values of heat transfer coefficient existed by using the test, theoretical computation and ANSYS (ANSYS Inc. Canonsburg, PA, USA) analytical methods. Based on the extensibility analyses, the heat transfer coefficients of AAC self-insultation block masonry with different thickness are proposed. The best thickness is proposed for the outer walls of residential buildings in different cold zone to meet the design requirement of energy conservation.

The village chief election is a form of village autonomy in the political aspect which aims to choose a prospecting leader od the village. It is a form of democracy in the village level. This is because the society is directly involved in it. The problem which arise regarding the Village Chief Election in Indonesia is the deviation of campaign activities which is against the regulation. Some deviations found by the researcher include incitement from the supporters to the society. This incitement is done by insulting other prospecting village head or negative campaign which may disturb the village head election system. Based on the Constitution No. 6 year 2014 Article 36 paragraph 3, “Prospecting Village Chiefs may undergo campaign based on the condition of the village society and the provisions of the constitutional regulations”. Yet, the reality is sometimes not according to the regulations

On December 29, 1170, in the late afternoon (and thus after the main meal of the day but shortly before vespers), four knights entered Canterbury Cathedral. Impelled, as far as history knows, by the angry words of King Henry II, “will no one rid me of this turbulent priest,” they had come to confront Archbishop Thomas Becket and win King Henry's favor by forcing the long-simmering dispute between Becket and his king to some final resolution. When the Archbishop refused their conflicting demands and reacted with scorn to their insults, the knights withdrew, only to arm themselves and follow Becket into the cathedral. As the traditional account has it:[t]he bell for vespers began to sound, and the archbishop, with his cross borne in front of him, made his way in as usual into the cathedral. Hardly had he reached the ascent to the choir than the noise of armed men and the shout of the knights announced that the pursuers were at hand. “Where is the archbishop, where is the traitor?” resounded through the hollow aisles, mingling strangely with the recitation of the psalms in the choir. Becket, hearing this, turned back a few steps, and calmly awaited their approach in the corner of the northern transept before the little altar of S[t .] Benedict. “Here,” he cried, “is the archbishop—no traitor, but a priest of God.” Awed by his demeanor, and perhaps by the sanctity of the place, no one dared strike. A parley began. They sought to lash their failing courage into action by words. A hasty and insulting epithet gave Fitz Urse the opportunity he wanted. A blow aimed at the archbishop's head only knocked his skull-cap to the ground, but it was enough to loose the bandogs of hell. A stroke from Tracy cut off the tonsured back of [Becket's] skull, another from Brito brought him to his knees.

Donatas Inčiūra1, Rimantas Benetis1,2, Šarūnas Kinduris1,31 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Širdies, krūtinės ir kraujagyslių chirurgijos klinika,Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas2 Kardiologijos institutas, Sukilėlių g. 17, LT-50009 Kaunas3 Kauno medicinos universiteto Biomedicininių tyrimų institutas,Eivenių g. 4, LT-50009 KaunasEl paštas: inciura@takas.lt Įvadas / tikslas Nustatyti vienmomenčių vainikinių jungčių suformavimo ir miego arterijų endarterektomijų operacijų įtaką bendriems pooperaciniams rezultatams, ligonių išgyvenamumui ir vėlyvam insultui lyginant su izoliuotomis miokardo revaskulizacijos operacijomis. Ligoniai ir metodai KMUK Širdies, krūtinės ir kraujagyslių klinikoje per pastaruosius penkerius metus atliktos 49 vienmomentės miokardo revaskulizacijos ir miego arterijų endarterektomijų operacijos. Rezultatai Palyginti su izoliuotų miokardo revaskulizacijos operacijų grupe, kompleksinės miego arterijų pažeidimo grupės ligoniai buvo vyresni (atitinkamai 69,9 m. (6,54) ir 65,46 m. (9,60), p < 0,01), daugiau jų sirgo cukriniu diabetu (16 (32,7%) ir 14 (16,7%), p < 0,05) ir periferinių kraujagyslių ateroskleroze (16 (32,7%) ir 8 (9,5%), p < 0,01). Vienmomenčių operacijų trukmė (254,39 (76,21) min. ir 217,50 min. (65,66), p < 0,01) ir kompleksiškai operuotų ligonių hospitalizacijos laikas (34,98 paros (14,78) ir 26,79 paros (15,37), p < 0,01) buvo ilgesni. Nors kompleksiškai operuotiems ligoniams nustatyti reikšmingi operacinės rizikos veiksniai, kompleksinės miego arterijų pažeidimo grupės ligonių pooperacinių komplikacijų dažnis ir mirštamumas reikšmingai nesiskyrė nuo kontrolinės miokardo revaskulizacijos operacijų grupės. Vienmomentiškai operuotų ligonių išgyvenamumo ir vėlyvo insulto tikimybė nesiskiria nuo izoliuotų miokardo revaskulizacijos operacijų stebėjimo laikotarpiu iki 62 mėnesių. Išvados Kompleksinės išeminės širdies ligos ir kaklo kraujagyslių vienmomentės operacijos rezultatai nesiskiria nuo izoliuotos miokardo revaskulizacijos operacijų rezultatų, todėl atlikti jas vienmomentiškai yra saugu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: išeminė širdies liga, miego arterijų pažeidimas, kompleksinės operacijos Early and late clinical outcomes of simultaneous coronary and carotid artery operations Donatas Inčiūra1, Rimantas Benetis1,2, Šarūnas Kinduris1,31 Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania2 Institute of Cardiology, Sukilėlių str. 17, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania3 Institute for Biomedical Research, Eivenių str. 4, LT-50009 Kaunas, LithuaniaE-mail: inciura@takas.lt Background / objective The optimal management of patients with significant carotid and coronary artery disease remains controversial. The aim of the study was to compare the early and late clinical outcomes of simultaneous coronary and carotid artery operations versus isolated coronary artery bypass grafting operations. Patients and methods From 2000 through 2005, 45 patients underwent simultaneous carotid endarterectomy following coronary artery bypass grafting. Results Patients that underwent simultaneous operations were older (69.9 y. (6.54) vs. 65.46 y. (9.60), p < 0.01), had more diabetes mellitus (16 (32.7%) vs. 14 (16.7%.), p < 0.05) and peripheral artery disease (16 (32.7%) vs. 8 (9.5%), p < 0.01). Duration of combined operations (254.39 (76.21) min vs. 217.50 min (65.66), p < 0.01) and hospitalization (34.98 days (14.78) vs. 26.79 days (15.37), p < 0.01) was longer in the simultaneous group. The frequency of postoperative complications and mortality in the carotid artery group did not reliably differ as compared with the control group. In the combined carotid artery group, the survival and late stroke probability did not differ as compared with the control isolated coronary artery bypass grafting group in the follow-up period (62 months). Conclusions Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting operations resulted in a low perioperative mortality and morbidity rates in high-risk patients and are safe to be performed on patients with concomitant carotid artery disease. Key words: ischemic heart disease, carotid artery stenosis, simultaneous operation

One can never really say all that is in one's heart about a person who has passed on, in a given limited time. But from my experience, such endearing memories come in patches, when you’re alone, when you hear a particular strain of music or when you visit a certain place-- glimpses of memories. And so this afternoon, I stand here before you in behalf of the ENT department, the department that Dr. Ariston Gella Bautista spearheaded and formed in 1982. The department has trained and since then graduated 30 or so doctors who benefited from his strict but fatherly training until the day he fell ill. Now these same doctors after having examined their frontals and hearts have these to say of Dr. Ariston, all their experiences, funny, naughty and professional as a fitting tribute to Dr. Bautista, the doctor, the mentor, the man, our MMC father. Boss, Papang, Tito, as he was fondly called by us, was a reserved person-- very professional in his interaction and relationship with patients and doctors. He was gentlemanly and good-looking. If ladies fell for his charms, it was not his fault, but he was totally Rañing's man. In the '60s when he was with UERM, he was “crush ng Bayan,” I was told, “pinag-fantasyahan si doc Titong naming mga nurses nuon dahil malumanay siya magsalita" by one of them. He had an engaging wit. When a young patient asked him what AGB meant, he told the boy with a glint in his eyes, AGB is Ariston Good Boy, We learned the proper etiquette of patient care from him. He treated every ear and nostril that he examined and cleaned like they were eggshells, so gently lest they break. We never heard him make a comment on how icky or how big and dirty these crevices were. We as Ariston's angels emulated this. And proud to say we learned it from him. But it was also in the out-patient clinic that we discovered the naughty side of AGB, Ariston d’ Good Boy. Residents had to do preceptorials with him. The females of course were his angels, but the male residents were otherwise. They were the “promotors ng mga kalokohan,” adding color to Boss Papang's daily clinic routine and I believe adding more years to his life, they were his wellspring, his fountain of youth. About maybe 5-or-so years ago (he must have been 87 then), these residents who are now board-certified ENTs were once caught by AGB in the clinic watching a video of an actress caught in a compromising situation: "Ano yan?" “Eh boss si ano, andito sa iPad.” “Patingin, pero bantay ka sa pinto” (saying to one of the boys), “at baka dumating si Rañing.” So as these naughty doctors watched, “Eh biglang boss, boss, si ma’am padating.” Naku, they immediately closed the iPad at si doctor, sat in front of his TV, looking like an angel when ma’am Rañing entered. (Sorry, no more secrets, our lips are sealed.) I had a patient 2 days ago who requested me to add his memory of Dr. Bautista. He was an old patient of AGB and when he consulted around 1994 for a sore throat, he was told his tonsils were surgically removed, perfectly. He was then asked who did the surgery. Sagot nya "doc pinagawa ko Ito sa UE nung 1964, e talagang magaling yung doctor, kayo po doc ang nag-opera sa akin." “Ah, ganun ba?” And he smiled. His patients were loyal to him, following him all the way to MMC. As a surgeon, he was composed, quiet, unfazed in the OR. His surgical skills were beyond reproach. He taught us everything that we should know, step by step. We watched and we learned. Those of us who were lucky enough to have scrubbed for him learned surgery the Papang’s way. “Turo ni Papang yan" we always say when we do surgeries. He motivated us to do our very best in our patient care. He was the best, and in turn we will try our very best to train the future MMC ENT the Papang’s way, kasi kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga. Lalayo pa ba kami? As for us, the most precious gift that Boss Papang left us, his ENT children, is this: he treated us as his very own, and made us one family. He taught us how to iron out all our differences, to love each other unconditionally, to accept each other's fault, swallow the bitter pill. And so, if you notice the camaraderie we often have, it's because we are a family. And personally, what have I learned in the 32 years with him? Humility. By his example, I learned the meaning of humility, for despite his being unequalled in the field, he was never boastful, never heard him ridicule or insult those who are lesser than him in ability and intelligence-- rather he taught them how to do it the right way, helped them correct surgical errors without any insulting words. Never heard him talk maliciously about a person behind his back. He knew how to count his blessings. It's September and in a few months it will be December. It will be our first Christmas celebration as a department without Boss Papang. Though feeling orphaned, we will always remember him, for he lives in each one of us, in our hearts and our minds, in our work, in our skills and lessons learned. Who and what we are now, we owe to dear Boss Papang Ariston Good Boy. Thank you.

The Young Grundtvig and NorwayBy Gustav AlbeckThis article is a revised and extended version of the lecture given by Professor Albeck on April 30th 1984 at the annual general meeting of the Grundtvig Society in Oslo. It describes Grundtvig’s close relationship to a number of Norwegian friends he made during his residence at the Walkendorf hostel in Copenhagen in the years 1808-11; this circle of friends lasted and widened to include other Norwegians in his later life.Grundtvig was 67 before he set foot on Norwegian soil, but from his early youth he had familiarised himself with the Norwegian landscape and history through Norwegian literature. His feeling of kinship with the spirit and history of Norway was for a time stronger than his consciousness of being Danish. In his youth Norway and the Norwegians played a major role in opinion-making in Denmark, and in this respect Grundtvig was no different from his contemporary Danes. But the idea of Norway’s future continued to concern him long after his youth was over. The lecture, however, confines itself to the way certain Norwegians regarded Grundtvig between 1808 and 1811.When Grundtvig returned to Copenhagen from Langeland in 1808 he had no friends in the capital. But at the Walkendorf hostel he met first and foremost Svend B. Hersleb, a Norwegian theologian, to whom he addressed a jocular poem in the same year, revealing that Grundtvig now felt himself young again and among young people following his unrequited passion for Constance Leth. Otherwise we have only a few witnesses to this first period of happiness, with Grundtvig gaining a foothold on the Danish parnassus through his first Norse Mythology and Scenes from Heroic Life in the North.The fullest accounts of Grundtvig’s relationship to the Norwegians in the period following his nervous breakdown and religious breakthrough in 1810 come from the journals of the Norwegian-Danish dean and poet, Frederik Schmidt, made during various trips to Denmark. These journals were published in extenso between 1966 and 1985 in three volumes, the last of which includes a commentary by the editors and a postscript by Gustav Albeck. Many of the valuable notes about Grundtvig are repeated in the lecture. Frederik Schmidt was the son of a Norwegian bishop; he became a rural dean and later a member of the first National Assembly at Eids voll in 1814. He was a Norwegian patriot but loyal to the Danes and in fact returned to Denmark in 1820. His descriptions of Grundtvig’s conversations with Niels Treschow, the Norwegian-born Professor of Philosophy at Copenhagen University, give an authentic and concentrated picture of Grundtvig’s reflections on his conversion to a strict Lutheran faith, which for a time threatened to hinder his development as a secular writer. Schmidt found their way of presenting their differing views “very interesting and human”, and Grundtvig’s Christian faith “warm, intense and sincere”. “In the animated features of his dark eyes and pale face there is something passionate yet also gentle”. When Schmidt himself talked to Grundtvig about a current paper which stated that in early Christianity there was a fusion between Greek thought and oriental feeling, Grundtvig exclaimed, “Yet another Christianity without Christ!” A draft of a reply to one of Schmidt’s articles shows that at that point, April 1811, Grundtvig did not believe in the working of “the living word” in its secular meaning. The draft was not printed and Grundtvig does not appear to have discussed it with Schmidt. There is a very precise description of Grundtvig’s appearance: “There is... something confused in his eyes; he sometimes closes them after a tiring conversation, as if he wants to pull his thoughts together again.” Schmidt in no way agrees with Grundtvig’s point of view, which he partly puts down to “disappointed hopes, humbled pride and the persecution... he has been subjected to...” But he does find another important explanation in Grundtvig’s “need for reassuring knowledge” and his conviction “that the misery of the age can only be helped by true religious feeling”.There are also descriptions of Grundtvig in a more jovial mood, for example together with Professor George Sverdrup, where Grundtvig repeated some rather unflattering accounts of the playwright Holberg’s behaviour towards a couple of professors who were colleagues. The same evening he and Schmidt set about attacking Napoleon while Treschow and Sverdrup defended him. Schmidt considered Grundtvig’s little book, New Year’s Eve, “devout to the point of pietist sentiment”, but thought the error lay rather in Grundtvig’s head than his heart. Lovely is the Clear Blue Night (Dejlig er den himmel blaa), published in April 1811 was even read aloud by Schmidt to a woman poet; but he criticised The Anholt-Campaign.After 1814 Schmidt adopted a somewhat cooler tone towards Grundtvig’s books. He was unable to go along with Grundtvig’s talk of a united Denmark- Norway as his fatherland. He criticised the poems Grundtvig published in his periodical, Danevirke, including even The Easter Lily for its “vulgar language”, which Grundtvig appeared to confuse with a true “language of power”. It is impossible to prove any close relationship between Schmidt and Grundtvig, but he was an attentive observer when they met in Copenhagen in 1811.With the opening of the Royal Frederik University in Christiania in 1813 Grundtvig became separated from his Norwegian friends, as Hersleb, Treschow and Sverdrup were all appointed to the new Norwegian university. They were keen for Grundtvig to join them as Professor of History. Sverdrup in particular was captivated by his personality, and in a letter dated April 21st 1812 he informed Grundtvig that he was among the candidates for the post proposed by the commission to the King. But Grundtvig himself hesitated; he felt “calm and quietly happy” in Udby “as minister for simple Christians”. To his friend, the Norwegian-born Poul Dons, he wrote, “... something in me draws me up there, something keeps me down here.” The fact that he never got the job was in many ways his own fault. His World Chronicle (1812) could not but offend scholars of a rationalist approach, in particular the prediction at the end of the book about the new university’s effect. It is linked to Grundtvig’s interpretation (1810) of the letters to the seven churches in Revelation, which are seen as a prediction of the seven great churches in the historical advance of Christianity.“It was an idea,” says Albeck, “which in spite of its obvious irrationality never left Grundtvig, and as late as 1860 it found poetic form in the great poem, The Pleiades of Christendom (Christenhedens Syvstjerne).” Grundtvig “was in no doubt that the sixth church was the Nordic, and that it would grow out of the Norwegian university, the new Wittenberg.” In 1810 Grundtvig felt himself “chosen to be the forerunner of a new reformer, a new Johan Huss before a new Luther.” From a scholarly point of view there is no reason to reproach the Danish selection panel for the negative judgment they reached regarding Grundtvig’s qualifications as a historian. His name was not even mentioned in the appointments for the new professorships. He had caused quite a stir not long before by writing a birthday poem for the King in which he directly expressed his wish that the new university might become a Wittenberg. The poem took the form of a series of accusations against Norway and the Norwegians, and in particular against Nicolai Wergeland, who in a prize-winning essay on the Norwegian university entitled Mnemosyne had stuck a few needles into Denmark and the Danes. Grundtvig accused the Norwegians of ingratitude to Denmark and unchristian pride. Even his good friend Hersleb reacted to such an attack.From the diaries of the Norwegian, Claus Pavels, we know how the Norwegian poet, Jonas Rein, wrote and told Grundtvig that “a greater meekness towards people with a different opinion would be more fitting for a teacher of Christianity.” Grundtvig replied that he had had to speak the truth loud and clear in a degenerate age. The Bishop of Bergen, Nordal Brun, also considered Grundtvig’s views as expressed to the King “misplaced and insulting”. He was particularly hurt that Norway “should have to thank Denmark for its Christianity and protestantism”. When Grundtvig printed the poem in Little Songs (Kv.dlinger) in 1815, Nicolai Wergeland was moved to write Denmark’s Political Crimes against the Kingdom of Norway, published in 1816.For Grundtvig’s Norwegian friends it was a matter of regret that he did not come to Norway, not least for Stener Stenersen, who in 1814 became a lecturer and in 1818 a professor of theology at the Norwegian university. His correspondence with Grundtvig from 1813 is now regarded as a valuable source for Grundtvig’s view of Christianity at that time. In his diary entry for August 27th 1813 Pavels notes that Stenersen had proposed that the Society for the Wellbeing of Norway should use all its influence to get Grundtvig to Norway. In his proposition Stenersen asked who possessed such unity and purity of thought as to be able to understand fully the importance of scholarship; he himself had only one candidate - Grundtvig. From a contemporary standpoint he had won his way to the Christian faith. But the rationalist Pavels, the source of our information, was far from convinced that “no man in the whole of Norway” possessed these abilities in equal measure to Grundtvig”. He therefore had misgivings about “requesting him as Norway’s last and only deliverer”.When Grundtvig heard of Stenersen’s proposition he sought an audience with the King on September 8th at which he clearly expressed his desire to become Professor of History at the Norwegian University. Two Danish professors, Børge Thorlacius and Laurids Engelsto. found it strange, however, that Treschow, Sverdrup and Hersleb could “deify Grundtvig”. And his great wish was never fulfilled. Nonetheless he did not give up. On November 15th he saw that the post of curate was being advertised at Aggers church near Christiania and applied for the job. From his book Roskilde Rhymes (published on February 1st 1814) it is clear that he believed that it was there that his great work was to be accomplished. But in those very days Frederik VI was signing the peace of Kiel which would separate Norway from Denmark, and Grundtvig from his wish.In the preface to Danevirke (dated May 1817) he realised that he had deserved the scorn of the Norwegians, for he had expected too much of them. But he never forgot his Norwegian friends. He named one of his sons after Svend Hersleb, and another son married Stenersen’s daughter. When he himself visited Norway in 1851 he was welcomed like a prince.

Background: Interscalene block is the most commonly used nerve block for shoulder surgery, and superior trunk block has been investigated as a phrenic-sparing alternative. This randomized controlled trial compared ultrasound-guided interscalene block and superior trunk block as anesthesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Objectives: Our aims were to determine the superiority of anesthesia quality and compare the risk of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis between these 2 blocks. Study Design: A randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital. Methods: Forty-eight patients undergoing elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery under an ultrasound guided brachial plexus block were randomized to receive either an interscalene block (ISB group, n = 24) or a superior trunk block (STB group, n = 24) for surgery. Ten milliliters of 2% lidocaine and 10 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine were used as local anesthesia in both brachial plexus block groups (total 20 mL). In the ISB group, the local anesthesia was injected between the C5–C6 root and at the upper part of C5 with equally divided doses. In the STB group, the local anesthesia was injected into the anterior and posterior parts of the superior trunk with equally divided doses. Sensory blockade of each trocar’s insulting site (supraclavicular, axillary, and suprascapular nerve areas) and motor blockade of the axillary nerve (shoulder abduction) and the suprascapular nerve (shoulder external rotation) were assessed by a blinded observer at 5-minute intervals for 30 minutes after the block. Anesthesia quality was assessed using 3 grades (excellent/insufficient/failure). The blinded investigator also assessed the grade of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (normal/partial/complete) by comparing pre- and postoperative chest radiographs. Primary outcome variables were anesthesia grade and rate of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Secondary outcome variables were performance time and anesthesia onset time. Results: The anesthetic grade was significantly different between the 2 groups (22/2/0 in the ISB group vs. 16/3/5 in the STB group, P = 0.046). Both groups displayed equivalent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (12/6/6 in the ISB group vs. 7/14/3 in the STB group, P = 0.063). No intergroup differences were found in terms of performance time and anesthesia onset time. Limitations: Our sensory and motor function test was not applied to the subscapular nerve, which serves internal rotation of the humeral head so may be difficult to evaluate in patients with rotator cuff tears. We assessed the diaphragmatic movement by chest radiographs instead of by ultrasound. Conclusions: The superior trunk block provided lower quality of surgical anesthesia than the interscalene block and did not effectively decrease the risk of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis during arthroscopic shoulder surgery for rotator cuff syndrome. Key words: Brachial plexus block, hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, interscalene block, superior trunk block, ultrasound

The thesis is focused on structural design of unconventional experimental combustion air preheater into drawing documentation needed for production and realization. Strength and expansion control of exposed elements of construction is also included in the thesis. The final design is obtained by gradual specification of pre-designed and strength and expansion controlled elements of construction. The work also includes discussion of structural properties of the final design.

The focus of my master’s thesis is a preparation of refractory insulating material made by foaming method. In the theoretic part are described properties of refractory materials especially thermal properties, classification of refractory materials and description of insulating refractory materials production. The experimental part of thesis focus firstly on problem solving during production process of material, characterization of materials with instrumentals method (SEM, XRD and TG-DTA-EGA) and examination of heat transfer in constructed equipment.

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar a expressão do miRNA-423-5p, em diferentes sítios, em modelo experimental de remodelamento cardíaco após insulto isquêmico em ratos. Os animais foram randomizados em grupos SHAM (cirurgia sem oclusão da artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda) ou IAM (cirurgia com ligadura da artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda) e acompanhados por 1, 7, 28 e 90 dias. Após o tempo de seguimento, os animais foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma e eutanasiados. Foi retirado sangue do plexo retroorbital, sangue venoso e arterial e coletado tecido do músculo gastrocnêmio e do ventrículo esquerdo separando as áreas remota (REM), infartada (INF) e peri-infartada (PERI). A partir da homogeneização dos tecidos, foi realizada a extração de miRNA e sua expressão quantificada pelo método de PCR em tempo real. Também foi mensurado os níveis plasmáticos do peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP). Os dados foram analisados pela teste de ANOVA de uma e duas vias e correlações através do programa estatístico SPSS 21.0. Quanto a caracterização do modelo utilizado, podemos verificar que a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo dos ratos IAM foram menores que os do grupo SHAM e os percentuais de área acinética foram iguais em todos os grupos IAM, como esperado. Também observamos que o miRNA-423-5p é expresso no coração, nos diferentes segmentos analisados, apresentando variação significativa nos tempos avaliados, correlacionado-se positivamente com o tamanho do infarto e negativamente com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Diante deste cenário, nossos achados solidificam o conceito de que a expressão do miRNA-423-p se altera ao longo do tempo após insulto isquêmico e pode ter papel relevante no remodelamento cardíaco de origem isquêmica.
The objective of this project was to evaluate the expression of miRNA-423-5p in an experimental model of cardiac remodeling after ischemic injury in rats. Animals were randomized to SHAM group (surgery without occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery) or acute myocardial infaction (AMI) group (surgery with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery) and followed for 1, 7, 28 and 90 days. After the follow-up period, the animals were submitted to echocardiography and euthanized. Blood from the retroorbital plexus, venous and arterial blood was collected; and gastrocnemius and left ventricle tissue was collected, separating the remote (REM), infarcted (INF) and peri-infarcted (PERI) areas. From the homogenization of tissues, miRNA was extracted and its expression quantified by real-time PCR. Plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were also measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA and coefficient correlations were calculated using the statistical package SPSS 21.0. Regarding the experimental model, we could verify that the left ventricular ejection fraction of the AMI rats were reduced compared to the SHAM group and the percentages of akinetic area were the same in all AMI groups, as expected. We also observed that miRNA-423-5p is expressed in the heart in the different segments analyzed, showing significant variation in the different periodos that were evaluated, is positively correlated with infarct size and negatively with left ventricular ejection fraction. In this scenario, our findings solidify the concept that miRNA-423-p expression changes over time after an ischemic insult and may play a relevant role in the cardiac remodeling of ischemic origin.

Les panneaux d'isolation sous vide (PIV) sont constitués d'un matériau de coeur nanoporeux en dépression, et d'une enveloppe barrière aux gaz atmosphériques. Leur conductivité thermique initiale est de l'ordre de 5 mW/(m.K), cinq à huit fois inférieure à celle des isolants conventionnels. Au regard des isolants classiques, le questionnement le plus important concerne le couple performance / durabilité. La réponse passe par la compréhension et la modélisation des transferts thermiques et massiques dans les PIV. De nombreuses études expérimentales et numériques ont conduit à un modèle semi-empirique pour la conductivité thermique apparente d'un PIV, prenant en compte les différents modes de transfert dans le panneau. Ce modèle met en lumière le principal mécanisme de vieillissement : du fait de la perméation gazeuse à travers l'enveloppe, pression et humidité dans le panneau remontent au cours du temps, ce qui engendre une augmentation de la conductivité thermique. L'étude des transferts massiques à travers l'enveloppe est particulièrement délicate. Premièrement, la modélisation de la perméabilité des enveloppes utilisées (membranes multicouches de films polymères métallisés) repose sur la prise en compte des micro-défauts dans les couches métallisées, qui gouvernent le débit total de perméation. Deuxièmement, les valeurs des perméabilités à mesurer sont trop basses pour beaucoup de techniques conventionnelles. Troisièmement, une analyse de la littérature montre une lacune de taille en ce qui concerne la prise en compte de l'influence conjointe de la température et de l'humidité relative dans le modèle classique de perméation gazeuse. En se basant sur des données expérimentales existantes, le rôle de l'humidité relative sur les propriétés barrières des enveloppes des PIV est mis en lumière. L'existence d'un couplage entre les flux des différents gaz est posé comme hypothèse de départ à la mise en place d'un nouveau modèle de perméation gazeuse, prenant en compte pression partielle et pression totale, et donc la concentration molaire de chaque gaz dans le mélange. Les prédictions de ce modèle sont comparées à celles issues du modèle classique de perméation gazeuse, et les différences de comportement entre les deux modèles sont mises en avant. Deux séries de mesure de perméance sont ensuite mises en place, par vieillissement de PIV en enceintes climatiques et par mesure directe de perméance sur échantillons de membrane (méthode manométrique). Ces mesures sont menées à température et humidité relative fixées (T = 48 °C, φ = 65 % HR), mais avec une pression totale variant de 80 mbar à 1 bar. Cette campagne de mesure exploratoire ne montre pas d'influence notable de la pression totale sur la perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau. Ces résultats permettent de dresser les premières conclusions sur le rôle respectif de la pression partielle et de la pression totale, et de proposer une suite à la démarche expérimentale initiée dans cette étude.

Abstract A micromachined thermal flow sensor is presented demonstrating sensing liquid flow rates as low as 2 microliters per minute capable of being used for biomedical applications. These flow sensors rely on the varying electrical resistance of sensors generated by forced convection at different flow rates. The sensor array presented was constructed using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques including micro-molding, wet etching and dry etching utilizing biocompatible materials. A numerical model was built using COMSOL multi-physics in order to predict and optimize the electrical, thermal and fluid behavior of the sensor, which was verified with experimental data. The construction allowed for multiple thermal flow sensing operational modes. Here, constant current hot film and constant current calorimetric were simulated and tested. A variety of flow sensor geometries were compared to investigate maximum heat transfer to the sensors, thermal insultation, size, sensitivity and range capabilities. The sensor design is such that it is capable of detecting different flow direction and various flow ranges for different fluids. In addition to the performance capabilities outlined, the sensor is relatively inexpensive and should have a long lifetime due to the lack of moving parts.