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Gondre, Damien. "Numerical modeling and analysis of heat and mass transfers in an adsorption heat storage tank : Influences of material properties, operating conditions and system design on storage performances." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI022/document.
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Le développement de solutions de stockage de l'énergie est un défi majeur pour permettre la transition énergétique d'un mix énergétique fortement carboné vers une part plus importante des énergies renouvelables. La nécessité de stocker de l'énergie vient de la dissociation, spatiale et temporelle, entre la source et la demande d'énergie. Stocker de l'énergie répond à deux besoins principaux : disposer d'énergie à l'endroit et au moment où on en a besoin. La consommation de chaleur à basse température (pour le chauffage des logements et des bureaux) représente une part importante de la consommation totale d'énergie (environ 35 % en France en 2010). Le développement de solutions de stockage de chaleur est donc d'une grande importance, d'autant plus avec la montée en puissance des énergies renouvelables. Parmi les technologies de stockage envisageables, le stockage par adsorption semble être le meilleur compromis en termes de densité de stockage et de maintient des performances sur plusieurs cycles de charge-décharge. Cette thèse se focalise donc sur le stockage de chaleur par adsorption, et traite de l'amélioration des performances du stockage et de l'intégration du système au bâtiment. L'approche développée pour répondre à ces questions est numérique. L'influence des propriétés thermophysiques de l'adsorbant et du fluide sur la densité de puissance d'une part, mais aussi sur la densité de stockage et l'autonomie du système, est étudiée. L'analyse des résultats permet de sélectionner les propriétés des matériaux les plus influentes et de mieux comprendre les transferts de chaleur et de masse au sein du réacteur. L'influence des conditions opératoires est aussi mise en avant. Enfin, il est montré que la capacité de stockage est linéairement dépendante du volume de matériau, tandis que la puissance dépend de la surface de section et que l'autonomie dépend de la longueur du lit d'adsorbant. Par ailleurs, le rapport entre l'énergie absorbée (charge) et relâchée (décharge) est d'environ 70 %. Mais pendant la phase de charge, environ 60 % de la chaleur entrant dans le réacteur n'est pas absorbée et est directement relâchée à la sortie. La conversion globale entre l'énergie récupérable et l'énergie fournie n'est donc que de 25 %. Cela montre qu'un système de stockage de chaleur par adsorption ne peut pas être pensé comme un système autonome mais doit être intégré aux autres systèmes de chauffage du bâtiment et aux lois de commande qui les régissent. Utiliser la ressource solaire pour le préchauffage du réacteur est une idée intéressante car elle améliore l’efficacité de la charge et permet une réutilisation de la part récupérée en sortie pour le chauffage direct du bâtiment. La part stockée sous forme sensible peut être récupérée plusieurs heures plus tard. Le système est ainsi transformé en un stockage combiné sensible/adsorption, avec une solution pour du stockage à long terme et pour du stockage à court termeThe development of energy storage solutions is a key challenge to enable the energy transition from fossil resources to renewable energies. The need to store energy actually comes from a dissociation between energy sources and energy demand. Storing energy meets two principal expectations: have energy available where and when it is required. Low temperature heat, for dwellings and offices heating, represents a high share of overall energy consumption (i.e. about 35 %). The development of heat storage solutions is then of great importance for energy management, especially in the context of the growing part of renewable energies. Adsorption heat storage appears to be the best trade off among available storage technologies in terms of heat storage density and performances over several cycles. Then, this PhD thesis focuses on adsorption heat storage and addresses the enhancement of storage performances and system integration. The approach developed to address these issues is numerical. Then, a model of an adsorption heat storage tank is developed, and validated using experimental data. The influence of material thermophysical properties on output power but also on storage density and system autonomy is investigated. This analysis enables a selection of particularly influencing material properties and a better understanding of heat and mass transfers. The influence of operating conditions is also underlined. It shows the importance of inlet humidity on both storage capacity and outlet power and the great influence of discharge flowrate on outlet power. Finally, it is shown heat storage capacity depends on the storage tank volume, while outlet power depends on cross section area and system autonomy on bed length. Besides, the conversion efficiency from absorbed energy (charge) to released energy (discharge) is 70 %. But during the charging process, about 60 % of incoming heat is not absorbed by the material and directly released. The overall conversion efficiency from energy provided to energy released is as low as 25 %. This demonstrates that an adsorption heat storage system cannot be thought of as a self-standing component but must be integrated into the building systems and control strategy. A clever use of heat losses for heating applications (in winter) or inlet fluid preheating (in summer) enhances global performances. Using available solar heat for system preheating is an interesting option since a part is instantly retrieved at the outlet of the storage tank and can be used for direct heating. Another part is stored as sensible heat and can be retrieved a few hours later. At least, it has the advantage of turning the adsorption storage tank into a combined sensible-adsorption storage tank that offers short-term and long-term storage solutions. Then, it may differ avoidable discharges of the sorption potential and increase the overall autonomy (or coverage fraction), in addition to optimizing chances of partial system recharge
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Ben, Hassine Nidhal. "Etude numérique d'un écoulement forcé dans un canal horizontal dont la partie inférieure est constituée de boues assimilées à un matériau poreux." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0021/document.
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Le séchage des boues d'épuration est un problème environnemental actuel, qui n'est pas suffisamment décrit dans la littérature. Par conséquent, ce travail représente une étude numérique des transferts de chaleur et de masse lors du séchage solaire des boues d’épuration. Cette boue est assimilée à un milieu poreux et exposée à un écoulement laminaire de convection forcée à l'intérieur d'un canal horizontal. Les transferts dans le canal et le milieu poreux sont décrits respectivement par les équations classiques de la convection forcée et par le modèle de Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer. Une méthode implicite aux différences finies est utilisée pour discrétiser le système d'équations différentielles régissant les transferts. Les systèmes algébriques obtenus sont résolus en utilisant les algorithmes de Gauss, Thomas et Gauss-Seidel. Afin de déterminer la vitesse de séchage, nous associons à ces équations un modèle de cinétique de séchage. Ce modèle est basé sur le concept de la courbe caractéristique. Nous avons particulièrement étudié les effets des conditions climatiques et des conditions relatives à la boue sur les évolutions spatio-temporelles des nombres caractéristiques des transferts ainsi que sur la cinétique de séchage. Le travail est complété par des simulations en utilisant des données météorologiques réelles de la région de Tataouine au sud de la Tunisie. Ces données ont subi un traitement statistique à l’aide de la méthode de Liu et Jordan afin de déterminer la journée type de chaque mois. L’étude de rentabilité du séchoir a montré que la période estivale est la période optimale pour le séchageThe drying of sewage sludge is a current environmental problem, not sufficiently described in the literature. Hence, the aim of this work is a numerical study of heat and mass transfers during solar drying of residual sludge. This sludge is assimilated to a porous medium and exposed to a forced convection laminar flow within a horizontal channel. The transfers in the channel and the porous medium are respectively described by the classic equations of forced convection and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The implicit finite difference method is used to discretize the governing differential equation system. The algebraic systems obtained are solved using the Gauss, Thomas and Gauss-Seidel algorithms. To determine the drying rate, we associate a drying kinetics model. This model is based on the concept of the characteristic curve. We particularly studied the effects of climatic conditions (temperature, velocity and relative humidity of the ambient air as well as the solar radiation intensity) and the conditions relating to the sludge on the spatio-temporal evolutions of the transfers characteristic numbers as well as on drying kinetics. This work is completed by simulations using meteorological data from the Tataouine region in southern Tunisia. These data were statistically processed using the Liu and Jordan method to determine the typical day of each month. The rentability study of the dryer show that the summer period is the optimum period for drying
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Alzahrani, Faris. "3D modelling by computational fluid dynamics of local interactions of momentum, mass and heat transfers with catalyst deactivation in gas-solid catalytic reactors of low aspect ratios." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82666/.
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Packed beds of gas-solid systems are extensively used as reactors, separators, dryers, filters, heat exchangers and combustors. The design of packed beds requires a detailed knowledge of local dynamics of flow, composition and temperature. Unfortunately, investigations for the development of 3D modelling codes by computational fluid dynamics are still not sufficiently mature compared with those relying on 2D modelling or simplified pseudo-homogenous models. This project investigates non-uniform catalyst deactivation in packed bed reactors of low aspect ratios under steady-state and dynamic operations. Low aspect ratio packed beds were selected as they are known to generate non-uniform distribution of local flow. Detailed knowledge of flow dynamics in terms of local structure of the packed bed, pressure drops, interstitial flow, heat and mass rate distributions was examined. The discrete element method was used to generate various packing configurations and the results of profiles of porosity were in a good agreement with the semi-analytical models, especially, in the vicinity of the wall. Similar oscillation trends with damping profiles towards the centre of the packed beds were observed. Flow heterogeneity was assessed by tests of mass transfer dispersion through a Lagrangian approach. Interactions of fluid flow, mass and heat transfers, and local deactivation of alumina catalyst Al2O3 of CO oxidation were investigated under design and operating conditions. An increase in the activation energy of deactivation promoted the deactivation by accelerating the reaction rate and releasing additional thermal energy, which in turn accelerated the deactivation. The 3D modelling allowed observation of local catalyst deactivation at packing pore level which is typically not accessible by the 2D modelling or pseudo-homogeneous models. In addition, the deactivation was quite asymmetrical along axial and radial directions, leading to uneven rates of thermal expansion and contraction and causing local deactivation associated with temperature runaways.
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Busser, Thomas. "Etude des transferts hygrothermiques dans les matériaux à base de bois et leurs contributions à l'ambiance intérieure des bâtiments." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAA010/document.
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L’objectif général de la thèse est de progresser dans la compréhension du comportement multi-physique des bâtiments en bois et d’améliorer l’évaluation de leur performance énergétique associée au confort hygrothermique. Les professionnels du secteur, ainsi que des études scientifiques, montrent des écarts entre les calculs et les mesures de performance (consommations, confort) de ces bâtiments. Les raisons de ces écarts ne sont pas encore bien élucidées : l’impact de l’humidité et de la chaleur latente dans ces constructions sont souvent mis en avant comme explication probable, bien que cela reste encore du domaine de la recherche. Les travaux les plus récents montrent que les fondements se situent probablement au niveau du comportement hygrothermique des matériaux à la base de bois en régime instationnaire. Ce travail de thèse se focalisera principalement sur deux échelles d’études : échelle matériau et échelle bâtiment. L’un des axes de travail de la thèse portera sur la caractérisation expérimentale des propriétés hygroscopiques de matériaux à base de bois et sur leur modélisation. Le second axe de travail portera sur l’intégration à l’échelle bâtiment de ces matériaux : en modélisation, intégrer l’impact des propriétés spécifiques de ces matériaux dans les assemblages constituants les parois, puis dans les bilans complexes à l’échelle du bâtiment. Une étude expérimentale portera sur une pièce de vie avec une forte présence de bois dans l’enveloppe du bâtiment pour caractériser le confort hygrothermique, et quantifier l’apport de l’inertie hygrique de l’enveloppe sur la performance de l’ambiance en termes de confort. Le cas échéant, des mesures seront également réalisées à l’échelle « paroi » d’une part, sur des constructions réelles d’autre partThe general aim of the thesis is to advance the understanding of multi-physical behavior of wooden buildings and improving the assessment of their energy performance with comfort hygrothermal. Sector professionals and scientific studies show the differences between the calculations and performance measures (consumption, comfort) of these buildings. The reasons for these differences are not yet well understood: the impact of moisture and latent heat in these constructions are often put forward as a likely explanation, although this is still research. The most recent studies show that the foundations are likely to fall at the hygrothermal behavior of materials at the base of wooden unsteady. This work will focus primarily on two studies scales: scale and scale building material. One of the lines of work of the thesis will focus on the experimental characterization of hygroscopic properties of wood-based materials and their modeling. The second strand of work will focus on building wide integration of these materials in modeling, integrating the impact of specific properties of these materials in the walls constituent assemblies and in complex balance sheets at the building scale . An experimental study will focus on a living room with a large presence of wood in the building envelope to characterize the hygrothermal comfort, and quantify the contribution of Hygric inertia of the envelope on performance in terms of the atmosphere comfort. If necessary, measures will also be drawn to scale "wall" on one hand, on real structures on the other
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Soares, Cintia. "Avaliação experimental dos coeficientes de transferencia de massa e calor em uma coluna com pratos perfurados." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267657.
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Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Antonio Andre Chivanga BarrosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T23:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_Cintia_M.pdf: 6610044 bytes, checksum: 4b52b82aa749a3987b506a6240f74361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Devido à sua abrangência com os fenômenos de transferência de massa, calor e quantidade de movimento, capacidade e características operacionais, relações termodinâmicas e o amplo envolvimento com outros equipamentos industriais, o estudo dos processos de separação por destilação toma-se muito complexo, apesar de sua extensiva utilização nas indústrias químicas e petroquímicas. Por isto, trabalhos de grande relevância científica são ainda desenvolvidos para melhor entender os fenômenos relacionados e que permitem melhorar a sua operacionalidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação experimental de uma coluna de destilação com pratos perfurados, permitindo averiguar o comportamento das eficiências de Murphree, O'Connell e da correlação de Barros & Wolf, além da avaliação dos perfis dos coeficientes de transferência de massa e calor ao longo do equipamento. Os dados experimentais obtidos foram utilizados para a validação dos modelos de estágios de equilíbrio e de não equilíbrio e da correlação de eficiência desenvolvida por Barros & Wolf. Para a realização deste trabalho, uma coluna de destilação, em aço inoxidável, contendo 8 pratos perfurados com vertedor e um sistema para controle da potência foram projetados e construídos. A coluna contém 8 pontos para a coleta de amostras de líquido e termopares acoplados em cada prato para a leitura de temperatura. Para cada experimento foram variadas as composições do etanol na alimentação e a potência fomecida ao refervedor para avaliar a influência da carga térmica sobre o comportamento das frações molares e da temperatura em uma coluna operada a refluxo total. Nos ensaios, trabalhou-se com o sistema etanolágua por ser de fácil determinação analítica e por existirem dados de equilíbrio precisos e alguns valores de eficiência. Após o alcance do estado estacionário, determinado a partir de leituras periódicas de temperatura ao longo do equipamento, foram feitas coletas de amostras de líquido em cada estágio da coluna, as quais foram analisadas empregando a técnica de cromatografia à gás. Com os dados da temperatura, composição do etanol e da água em cada estágio e da potência fomecida ao refervedor, foram calculadas as eficiências de Murphree e de O'Connell. Com a utilização de programas computacionais envolvendo a modelagem de estágios de equilíbrio (com a correlação de Barros & Wolf) e de não equilíbrio, desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Processos de Separação da UNICAMP, foram realizadas simulações nas condições de operação dos experimentos, cujos dados obtidos foram utilizados para comparação com dados experimentais de forma a corroborar tais modelos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as modelagens de estágios de equil íbrio e de não equilíbrio reproduzem, com grande fidelidade, as condições reais do processo e representam o comportamento real dos coeficientes de transferência de massa e calor ao longo da coluna de destilação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se compatíveis com os dados da literatura
Abstract: Due to the relation with the mass, heat and momentum transfer phenomena, capacity and operational characteristics, thermodynamic properties and the wide relationship with other industrial equipment, the study of the separation processes by distillation becomes very complex, in spite of its extensive use in the chemical and petrochemical industries. For this reason, researches of great scientific relevance are still being developed for better understanding the related phenomena and for allowing the improvement of the operation. Thus, this work presents as objective the experimental study of a distillation column with sieve plates to evaluate the behaviour of the Murphree efficiency, Q'Connell and Barros & Wolf correlations and the mass and heat transfer coefficients along the equipment. The experimental data were obtained used for the validation of the equilibrium and nonequilibrium stage models and of the new efficiency correlation developed by Barros & Wolf. For these purposes, a stainless steel distillation column with eight sieve plates with down comer and a system for the power measuring were designed and built. The column contains eight spaced temperature/sample points. For each experiment, the ethanol feed composition and the heat duty were changed to evaluate the influence of the heat duty on the behaviour of the mole fractions and on the temperature profiles in the column operating at total reflux. After established the steady state, the liquid samples and the temperature were taken in each stage of the column, and the samples were analyzed using the gas chromatography technique. Using the temperature and ethanol and water compositions in each stage and the heat duty supplied to the reboiler, Murphree and Q'Connell efficiency were calculated. The programs involving the equilibrium stage model (with Barros & Wolf correlation) and the nonequilibrium stage model developed in the Laboratory of Separation Process Development (UNICAMP) were used in the simulations at the same conditions of the experiments. The data obtained with simulations were compared with experimental data to corroborate such models. The obtained results showed that the equilibrium stage model and the nonequilibrium stage model reproduce, with great fidelity, the real conditions of the process and they can be used to represent the real behaviour of the mass and heat transfer coefficients along the distillation column
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Gudmundsson, Yngvi. "Performance evaluation of wet-cooling tower fills with computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19908.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A wet-cooling tower fill performance evaluation model developed by Reuter is derived in Cartesian coordinates for a rectangular cooling tower and compared to cross- and counterflow Merkel, e-NTU and Poppe models. The models are compared by applying them to a range of experimental data measured in the cross- and counterflow wet-cooling tower test facility at Stellenbosch University. The Reuter model is found to effectively give the same results as the Poppe method for cross- and counterflow fill configuration as well as the Merkel and e-NTU method if the assumptions as made by Merkel are implemented. A second order upwind discretization method is applied to the Reuter model for increased accuracy and compared to solution methods generally used to solve cross- and counterflow Merkel and Poppe models. First order methods used to solve the Reuter model and crossflow Merkel and Poppe models are found to need cell sizes four times smaller than the second order method to obtain the same results. The Reuter model is successfully implemented in two- and three-dimensional ANSYS-Fluent® CFD models for under- and supersaturated air. Heat and mass transfer in the fill area is simulated with a user defined function that employs a second order upwind method. The two dimensional ANSYS-Fluent® model is verified by means of a programmed numerical model for crossflow, counterflow and cross-counterflow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Natkoeltoring model vir die evaluering van pakkings werkverrigting, wat deur Reuter ontwikkel is, word in Kartesiese koördinate afgelei vir ‘n reghoekige koeltoring en word vergelyk met kruis- en teenvloei Merkel, e-NTU en Poppe modelle. Die verskillende modelle word vergelyk deur hulle op ‘n reeks eksperimentele data toe te pas wat in die kruis- en teenvloei natkoeltoring toetsfasiliteit by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch gemeet is. Dit is bevind dat die Reuter model effektief dieselfde resultate gee as die Poppe model vir kruis- en teenvloei pakkingskonfigurasies sowel as die Merkel en e-NTU metode, indien dieselfde aannames wat deur Merkel gemaak is geїmplementeer word. ‘n Tweede orde “upwind” metode word op die Reuter model toegepas vir hoër akkuraatheid en word vergelyk met oplossingsmetodes wat gewoonlik gebruik word om kruis- en teenvloei Merkel en Poppe modelle op te los. Eerste orde metodes wat gebruik is om die Reuter model en kruisvloei Merkel en Poppe modelle op te los benodig rooster selle wat vier keer kleiner is as vir tweede orde metodes om dieselfde resultaat te verkry. Die Reuter model is suksesvol in twee- en driedimensionele ANSYS-Fluent® BVD (“CFD”) modelle geїmplementeer vir on- en oorversadigde lug. Warmte- en massaoordrag in die pakkingsgebied word gesimuleer mbv ‘n gebruiker gedefinieerde funksie (“user defined function”) wat van ‘n tweede orde numeriese metode gebruik maak. Die tweedimensionele ANSYS-Fluent® model word m.b.v. ‘n geprogrameerde numeriese model bevestig vir kruis-, teen- en kruis-teenvloei.
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Bouzarour, Amina. "Auto-échauffement d'un lit ventilé de matériaux carbonés : cas du bois torréfié Experimental study of torrefied wood fixed bed: Thermal analysis and source term identification." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0012.
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La torréfaction est l'un des procédés de prétraitement thermochimique de la biomasse lignocellulosique qui permet de faciliter le stockage et le transport du matériau, mais aussi d'augmenter la densité énergétique du produit. Néanmoins, le substrat torréfié étant plus réactif, il est plus sujet à des mécanismes exothermiques spontanés pouvant entraîner un auto-échauffement de la matière. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, cette problématique a été étudiée pour le cas du bois torréfié. En effet, il a été question de comprendre les phénomènes responsables de l'auto-échauffement d'un lit de biomasse ventilé par un gaz oxydant à basse température. Pour ce faire, des scenarii d'auto-échauffement de plaquettes de bois torréfié ont été créés sous une atmosphère oxydante. Des expérimentations ont été conduites à l'échelle pilote dans un réacteur à lit fixe de 12 L. Au cours de ces essais, nous avons démontré que l'auto-échauffement est intensifié lorsque le débit du gaz oxydant est faible et sous une fraction d'oxygène élevée. Par ailleurs, la chaleur produite au cours de l'auto-échauffement du lit de bois a été estimée sur la base d'un bilan de chaleur et des données thermiques. Des paramètres cinétiques apparents et une chaleur de réaction associés à l'auto-échauffement ont été déduits. D'autre part, dans le but d'appréhender les phénomènes exothermiques caractérisant l'auto-échauffement, des essais d'oxydation à basse température sont réalisés à petite échelle (en ATG/ATD). Des modèles cinétiques ont ensuite été mis en œuvre pour distinguer et quantifier les mécanismes repérés expérimentalement. Ces deux approches ont permis de mettre en avant trois principaux mécanismes intervenant lors de l'oxydation à basse température : l'adsorption chimique de l'oxygène sur le réactif, la décomposition des complexes oxygénés formés à l'adsorption et une réaction d'oxydation directe. Dans une approche plus orientée vers des problématiques à l'échelle industrielle de l'auto-échauffement, un modèle numérique couplant cinétique chimique et transferts de matière et de chaleur a été conçu, à l'échelle du lit de particules. Ce modèle a permis de prédire de façon raisonnable la thermique du lit de bois torréfié à fort débit de ventilation. Il a été ensuite extrapolé à l'échelle industrielle pour simuler le comportement thermique d'un silo de stockage subissant un auto-échauffementTorrefaction is one of the thermo-chemical pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass that facilitates both the storage and transport of the material and increases the energy value of the product. However, as the torrefied substrate is more reactive, it is more prone to spontaneous exothermic mechanisms that can lead to self-heating of the material. This issue is not well investigated in the case of torrefied wood since its industrial application is mainly in the test phase. For this reason, this topic is further studied throughout this thesis. Indeed, the aim was to understand the phenomena responsible for the self-heating of a bed of biomass ventilated with oxidizing gas at low temperature. To do this, self-heating scenarios of torrefied wood chips were created under an oxidizing atmosphere. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted in a 12 L fixed-bed reactor. During these tests, we demonstrated that self-heating is intensified when the oxidizing gas flow rate is low and under a high oxygen fraction. In addition, the heat produced during the self-heating of the wooden bed was estimated on the basis of a heat balance and thermal data. Then, the source term was correlated to the oxygen fraction and temperature in a simplified model. The apparent kinetic parameters and heat of reaction associated with self-heating were derived from this. On the other hand, in order to understand the exothermic phenomena characterizing self-heating, low temperature oxidation tests are carried out on a small scale (ATG/ATD). On the basis of these analyses, kinetic models were developed to distinguish and quantify the mechanisms identified experimentally. These two approaches have made it possible to highlight three main mechanisms involved in low-temperature oxidation: chemical adsorption of oxygen on the reagent, decomposition of the oxygen complexes formed during adsorption and a direct oxidation reaction. In a more problem-oriented approach to industrial-scale self-heating, a numerical model coupling chemical kinetics and mass and heat transfers was designed at the scale of the particle bed. This model provided a reasonable prediction of the thermal performance of the torrefied wood bed under high ventilation flow. It was then extrapolated to an industrial scale to simulate the thermal behaviour of a storage silo undergoing self-heating
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Mahdhaoui, Hamza. "Etude numérique des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans un canal contenant un matériau poreux de section carrée." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0037/document.
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Les caractéristiques des transferts de masse et de chaleur par convection forcée lors de l'évaporation du film liquide dans le canal en présence d'un cylindre carré poreux parcouru par un écoulement transversal sont étudiées numériquement. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est d'évaluer l'effet de l'introduction d'un cylindre carré poreux sur le transfert de chaleur et de masse. Plus précisément, cette étude examine l'influence de paramètres tels que l'humidité relative de l'air ambiant, la température de l'air à l'entrée, le flux de chaleur imposé, la position du cylindre, le taux de blocage et le nombre de Reynolds. Une comparaison entre les deux configurations, avec et sans cylindre carré poreux a été réalisée pour mettre en évidence l'effet de son ajout. Pour modéliser ce phénomène nous avons résolu l'équation classique de convection forcée et le modèle de Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer dans les milieux poreux. Nous avons trouvé que l'insertion d'un cylindre carré poreux dans le canal pourrait perturber l'écoulement et améliorer de manière significative les taux de transfert de masse et de chaleur au niveau des parois du canal. Les transferts de chaleur et de masse deviennent plus importants avec la diminution du nombre de Darcy et lorsque l'obstacle poreux est placé au milieu du canal. Par contre, l'augmentation de l’humidité relative de l’air ambiant et de la température d'entrée réduit le transfert de masse. A Da = 10-6, l'écoulement ne pénètre plus à travers le cylindre poreux, la structure de l'écoulement est similaire à celui d'un cylindre carré plein. Enfin, nous proposons des lois de corrélations qui permettent de prédire les valeurs des nombres de Sherwood et de Nusselt en fonction des nombres de Reynolds, de Biot et du taux de blocageThe characteristics of mass and heat transfers by forced convection during liquid film evaporation in the channel with a built in porous square cylinder in a cross flow are investigated numerically. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of introducing a porous square cylinder on the heat and mass transfer. Specifically, this study examines the influence of parameters such as the relative humidity of the ambient air, the air inlet temperature, the imposed heat flux, the variation of the cylinder position, blockage ratio and Reynolds number on the performance of the evaporation at the channel wall. A comparison between the two configurations, with and without, porous square cylinder has been performed to highlight the effect of its addition. To achieve this, we solved the classic equation of forced convection and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model in the porous media. We find that the insertion of a porous square cylinder in the channel could make the flow more disturbed and significantly improve mass and heat transfer rates at the channel walls. The heat and mass transfer enhancements is greater with a decrease of the Darcy number and for γ=1 when the porous obstacle is placed in the middle of the channel. It is also greater with a decrease of the temperature and relative humidity of the air at the inlet. At Da = 10-6, the flow does not penetrate through the porous cylinder, the flow pattern is similar to that of a solid square cylinder. Finally, we propose correlations that allow us to define the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers based on the Reynolds, Biot numbers and the blockage ratio
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Nadim, Pedram. "Irreversibility of combustion, heat and mass transfer." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13651.
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Combustion is by far the most commonly used technology for energy conversion. The analysis of entropy generation and exergy loss is normally used to optimize thermal energy technologies such as gas turbines. The loss of exergy in the combustor is the largest of all component losses in gas turbine systems. The exergy efficiency of gas turbine combustors is typically 20-30%. In recent years the focus on reduction of climate gas and pollutant emissions from combustion has been a driving factor for research on combustion efficiency. The emphasis on fuel economy and pollution reduction from combustion motivates a study of the exergy efficiency of a combustion process. A bulk exergy analysis of the combustor does not take into account the complexity of the combustion process. The spatial dimensions of the flame must be accounted for in order gain detailed information about the entropy generation. This motivates a study of the local entropy production in a flame and quantifying the mechanisms that reduce the exergetic efficiency. The entropy production in combustion is also believed to have an effect on the stability of the flame. As most combustors operate with turbulent flow the emphasis of this report is on turbulent combustion.The source of exergy destruction or irreversibility in combustion is generally attributed to four different mechanisms: chemical reaction, internal heat transfer, mass diffusion of species, and viscous dissipation. The irreversibilities from the first three sources have been computed for a turbulent hydrogen H2 jet diffusion flame using prescribed probability density functions and data from experiments. The contribution of each source of exergy destruction is locally quantifed in the flame. Two different modeling assumptions are made, one based on a fast chemistry assumption and the other based on curve fitted relations from experimental data. The second law efficiency of the flame was found to be 98.7% when assuming fast chemistry, and 76.0% when curve fits from experimental data where used.The contribution from viscous dissipation has in previous studies been found to be negligible, and in order to simplify the modeling of the turbulent flow its contribution to the total entropy production has not been studied in this report.
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Keyhani, Alireza. "Heat and mass transfer in layered seedbed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23997.pdf.
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Wee, H. K. "Heat and mass transfer in confined spaces." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5879.
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A novel experimental technique had been used to investigate the simultaneous transfer of heat and moisture in a simulated building cavity by natural convection. This technique employed two porous plastic plates as the two cavity walls and this arrangement allowed the imposition of a simultaneous moisture gradient on top of a temperature gradient and vice-versa. Both aiding and opposing-flow conditions were investigated for the vertical and horizontal cavity configuration. The aspect-ratio of the experimental cavity used was 7.0 and the fluid investigated was air.
The experimental results were correlated in the form of Nusselt and/or Sherwood number versus an appropriately defined Rayleigh number which depended on the type of gradient causing the flow. The Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were found to agree well with the theoretical values of this work obtained from numerical calculation using a finite-difference technique. The temperature, concentration, stream-function and velocity fields from the numerical calculation also augmented the experimental results.
As no previous results on the rate of moisture-transfer and s interaction with the rate of heat-transfer in an actual building cavity were available, the results of this work addresses this gap in the literature. Under the conditions investigated, which corresponded to the actual temperature and moisture gradients in a typical building cavity in New Zealand, the simultaneous temperature gradient had increased significantly the rate of moisture transfer while the presence of the simultaneous moisture gradient had not increased significantly the rate of heat transfer.
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Zhang, Guodong. "Heat and mass transfer in porous media." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392321.
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Reichrath, Sven. "Convective heat and mass transfer in glasshouses." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391213.
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Hublitz, Inka. "Heat and mass transfer of a low pressure Mars greenhouse simulation and experimental analysis /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013488.
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Verhaegen, Julien. "Modélisation multiphasique d'écoulements et de phénomènes de dispersion issus d'explosion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10028/document.
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Ce travail porte sur la modélisation de la formation et la dispersion d'un nuage de gouttes, par déconfinement d'un liquide: agression extérieure ou situation accidentelle. Le but est la construction d'un modèle apte à reproduire simultanément les conditions génératrices de la formation du nuage et l'évolution de ce nuage dans le temps (dispersion). La principale difficulté réside en la différence des modèles adaptés à la description d'écoulements caractérisant chaque étape du phénomène global : modèle d'écoulement multiphasique à phases compressibles (milieux continus) initialement, puis fragmentation et formation du nuage de gouttes dispersées dans une phase porteuse (modèle d'écoulements dilués). En l'absence de modèle analytique unique apte à décrire l'ensemble de ces processus, on propose une approche originale pour réaliser un couplage effectif entre ces deux modèles. La problématique de formation et de dispersion de liquide implique la prise en compte de plusieurs phénomènes physiques: fragmentation, transferts de chaleur et de masse ainsi que la traînée entre les phases. Ces différents phénomènes sont introduits dans le modèle global via des termes d'interactions présents dans les systèmes d'équations. La construction de ce modèle complet à permis la réalisation de calculs décrivant la formation et la dispersion d'un nuage de gouttes pouvant intervenir lors de situations accidentelles sur des sites industriels par exempleThis work focuses on modeling the formation and the dispersion of a cloud of droplets, induced by ejection of a liquid, resulting from an external aggression or an accidental situation. The goal is to build a model able to reproduce simultaneously the conditions which generate the cloud formation and the cloud evolution in time (dispersion). The main difficulty lies in the differences between the already existing models adapted to the description of flows which are able to characterize each stage of the global phenomenon: initially a multiphase flow model with compressible phases (Continuum), then the atomization and the formation of a cloud of droplets dispersed in a carrier phase (dilute flow model). We propose a new approach to achieve an effective coupling between these two models. The problem of the formation and the dispersion of the liquid requires to take into account several physical phenomena: atomization, heat and mass transfers and drag between phases. These phenomena are included in the global model through interaction terms involved in the systems of equations. The construction of this model has permited the realization of calculations describing the formation and dispersion of a cloud of droplets which may occur during, for axample, in accidental situations at industrial sites
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Tourreilles, Céline. "Qualification énergétique et sanitaire des systèmes d'épuration intégrés aux réseaux de ventilation." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS012/document.
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La qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des bâtiments basse consommation devient une problématique préoccupante dans le contexte actuel de règlementations thermiques de plus en plus exigeantes. Une des solutions envisagées pour concilier qualité de l’air intérieur et performance énergétique dans les bâtiments est l’intégration de systèmes d’épuration dans les réseaux de ventilation. Peu de retour d’expériences in situ permettent d’évaluer l’intérêt de ces systèmes pour répondre à la problématique. La solution envisagée dans ces travaux est l’évaluation par la simulation numérique. Ce choix a nécessité le développement d’un outil numérique capable de représenter de façon couplée les phénomènes thermiques, aérauliques et ceux liés à la qualité de l’air intérieur par une représentation multipolluant, à l’échelle d’un bâtiment ou d’une partie d’un bâtiment. Cet outil a été développé dans l’environnement Dymola sous le langage Modelica. Des expérimentations ont été menées dans ces travaux dans le but de compléter l’outil numérique par des lois empiriques caractérisant, d’une part les phénomènes de sorption des polluants gazeux par les matériaux de revêtement intérieur, d’autre part le comportement, à la fois énergétique et sanitaire, de six solutions d’épuration. Pour illustrer la capacité d’étude acquise grâce aux développements numériques et expérimentaux qui ont été réalisés dans le cadre des travaux de thèse, une zone de bureaux d’un bâtiment tertiaire a été simulée pour deux zones climatiques et pour deux types de pollution extérieure sur une année type complète. Les trois solutions d’épuration ayant montrées des performances tangibles lors de la phase expérimentale ont été simulées sous plusieurs conditions de fonctionnement puis comparées à deux cas de surventilation des locaux (sans épuration de l’air). Un indice global combinant performance sanitaire et énergétique a été ainsi défini dans le but de hiérarchiser les différentes stratégies simulées. Les résultats obtenus permettent de valider la méthodologie employée, notamment en montrant à la fois l’intérêt de contextualiser les solutions envisagées pour les évaluer, et l’importance de travailler, lors des expérimentations, à des conditions représentatives de la réalité des environnements intérieurs. Plusieurs voies d’amélioration de l’outil numérique développé sont également proposées en conclusion, ainsi que différents points de discussion qui méritent l’attention de travaux futurs dans le domaineIndoor air quality in low-energy buildings has become these recent years an important topic with the rigorous performance expectations in terms of envelope airtightness and energy consumption set by the RT2012 thermal building code. One possible solution to conciliate indoor air quality and energy performance is to integrate air-cleaning systems in the building ventilation system. Because of the lack of scientific results regarding the suitability of those systems to solve this problematic, an investigation using numerical simulation has been conducted in the present work. This choice led to the development of a numerical tool that resolves in a coupled way, the heat and mass transfers, considering a multi-pollutant representation at the scale of the building/rooms. This tool was developed in the Dymola environment, using the Modelica programming language. Several experiments were also performed in the present work to acquire complementary data about the sorption of gaseous pollutants by indoor covering materials and about the cleaning effectiveness and energy consumption of six air-cleaning systems. To illustrate the capabilities of the numerical tool, simulations have been performed for an office building zone. The building has been located in two climatic zones and submitted to two levels of outdoor pollution, for a whole year. Three of the tested solutions that have shown the best air-cleaning performances in the experimental phase have been simulated under various operating conditions. Two cases of higher amount of fresh air, i.e. without any air-cleaning system, have been also included to the study. One index has then been defined to compare the performance of the different solutions considering both the exposure reduction to eight pollutants and the induced energy consumption. The results obtained in the present study confirm the adequacy of the proposed methodology. In particular, the importance of evaluating the solutions in their real context and not simply relying on their intrinsic performances to judge their performances when applied to indoor environments has been demonstrated. Another important issue is the need to conduct experimental characterizations of sorption processes and air-cleaning system under environmental conditions representative of real indoor spaces, i.e. low pollutant concentration and adequate air temperature, humidity and velocity. Future developments needed to improve the capabilities of the numerical tool are presented in conclusion as well as some important issues that would need a careful attention for further works in the domain
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Souccar, Adham. "Heat transfer and mass transfer with heat generation in drops at high peclet number /." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1177603981.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2007.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 65-74.
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Souccar, Adham W. "Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer with Heat Generation in Drops at High Peclet Number." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1177603981.
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De, la Cruz Sanchez Carmen Mariella. "Utilisation de conduites de séchage oscillantes pour réduire les contraintes liées au retrait du bois." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0068/document.
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La maîtrise du procédé séchage, étape essentielle dans la transformation du bois, est devenue incontournable pour la filière bois. Cette thèse propose l'utilisation de conduites de séchage oscillantes pour réduire les contraintes de séchage liées au retrait par l'activation du fluage mécanosorptif. A ce jour, la meilleure façon d'appliquer les conduites oscillantes représente un défi pour la communauté scientifique. Dans ce travail, nous avons choisi comme matériel d'étude une essence feuillue fortement utilisée dans la filière et très susceptible aux déformations lors du séchage : le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica). L'effet des conduites oscillantes sur les contraintes de séchage est étudié par une approche expérimentale et par une approche théorique, articulées en trois parties : - Un premier volet expérimental sur un séchoir semi – industriel pour saisir l'effet global des conduites oscillantes à l'échelle d'une pile de planches. L'amélioration de la qualité du bois séché s'est avérée par : une meilleure homogénéité de la teneur en eau finale inter et intra-planche, la diminution des déformations globales et la diminution des contraintes résiduelles exprimées par le gap du « slicing test ». - Ensuite, nous avons développé un volet théorique sur la base de modélisations analytique et numérique pour étudier l'évolution des champs de teneur en eau et de contraintes mécaniques au sein d'une planche lorsque les conditions climatiques oscillent. Une formulation analytique simple, adaptée aux conduites oscillantes, est proposée pour les utilisateurs de séchoirs n'ayant pas accès à un outil numérique sophistiqué. L'approche numérique effectuée avec l'outil de simulation TransPore permet une étude plus réaliste du séchage oscillant. Ainsi, le module mécanique de TransPore a été utilisé pour dégager des configurations pertinentes de séchage permettant d'étudier l'effet des conduites oscillantes sur la relaxation des contraintes. - Enfin, un second volet expérimental a été réalisé sur un séchoir de laboratoire, à l'échelle d'une planche, pour tester les informations issues du volet théorique. Un dispositif de séchage dissymétrique (flying wood) et deux dispositifs de séchage sous charge (poutre cantilever et flexion trois points) ont été utilisés pour étudier l'effet des oscillations. Toutefois, ces essais ne permettent pas de montrer clairement l'effet des oscillations sur la relaxation des contraintes. La confrontation entre les résultats expérimentaux à l'échelle d'une planche et la simulation numérique a mis en évidence l'effet conséquent des oscillations parasites de faibles période et amplitude sur les résultats expérimentaux, provoquées par la régulation du séchoir. Des modifications du modèle de comportement mécanique différé ont été proposées en perspectives de ce travail afin de mieux saisir le comportement observé expérimentalementWood drying is an essential process in the wood industry. A perfect control of wood drying is nowadays very important for the wood industry. In this study, we propose the utilization of oscillating drying conditions to reduce the drying stresses induced by wood shrinkage by activating the mechanosorptive creep. The best way to apply this concept remains an open question in the scientific community. Beech wood (Fagus sylvatica), one of the most commonly used hardwood in France, was chosen for this study owing its elevated risk of drying defaults. The effect of oscillating conditions on drying stresses inside the boards was studied by both an experimental and a theoretical approach, structured in three parts: - A first experimental part realized with a semi – industrial kiln in order to study the global effect of oscillating conditions at the stack scale. Improvement of the quality of dried wood was showed by the best homogeneity of water content inside the board and among the boards and by the decrease of global deformations and residual stresses expressed by the gap measured by the slicing test. - The study was continued with a theoretical part based on analytical and numerical modeling to understand the development of internal heat and mass transfers inside the boards and the evolution of drying stresses during oscillating conditions. A simple analytical model adapted to the oscillating conditions was proposed, particularly for kiln users who don't have access to sophisticated numerical tools. The numerical approach used the simulation tool TransPore, able to simulate oscillating drying in more realistic conditions. Its mechanical module was used to set accurate drying schedules to study the effect of oscillating conditions on stresses relaxation. - Finally, a second experimental part was performed in a laboratory scale kiln, at the board scale, to test the information obtained theoretically. A non-symmetrical drying device (flying wood) and two different loaded drying devices (cantilever beam test and three points bending) were used to study the effect of oscillations. However, it is difficult to see the oscillating conditions effect on the stresses relaxation. The confrontation between experimental results at the board scale and the numerical simulation showed the significant effect produced on experimental results by parasite oscillations of small periods and intensities, originated by the kiln regulation. Further work should consider some modifications of the time dependent mechanical behavior model in order to capture the experimentally observed behavior
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Benmansour, Jaouad. "Contribution a l'etude des mecanismes de transferts radiatif, thermique et massique dans un systeme plan multiphases semi-transparent." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2281.
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Etude des transferts de chaleur et de masse couples dans un film ruisselant et son domaine environnant. Resolution de l'equation locale de conservation de la luminance monochromatique pour le rayonnement couple aux autres equations locales de transfert d'enthalpie et de matiere
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Chaze, William. "Transferts de chaleur et de masse lors de l’impact d’une goutte sur une paroi chaude en régime d’ébullition en film : application de diagnostics optiques et modélisation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0290/document.
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La compréhension des phénomènes se déroulant lors de l’impact d’une goutte sur une paroi chaude est essentielle à l’optimisation des systèmes de refroidissement par sprays. Lorsque la température de paroi est élevée, un film de vapeur se forme quasi-instantanément entre la goutte et la paroi chaude. Ce film modifie le comportement hydrodynamique des gouttes et réduit considérablement les échanges de chaleur et de masse par rapport à un impact mouillant. La modélisation de ces phénomènes est complexe en raison des nombreux couplages entre les transferts de chaleur et de masse et la dynamique d’impact de la goutte. Pour aborder ce sujet, des techniques de mesure optiques ont été développées spécifiquement. L’imagerie de fluorescence induite par plan laser à deux couleurs permet de caractériser la distribution de la température à l’intérieur des gouttes. Des images du champ de température, résolues à la fois spatialement et temporellement, sont rendues possible grâce à l’utilisation d’un nouveau couple de colorants fluorescents conservant une grande sensibilité à la température quand ils sont excités par un laser pulsé nanoseconde d’une énergie de plusieurs centaines de mJ. En parallèle, la thermographie infrarouge a été utilisée pour déterminer la température de la surface d’impact en saphir. Pour cela, cette dernière est recouverte d’une couche de quelques centaines de nanomètres de TiAlN, émissif dans l’IR alors que le saphir est transparent. Les images haute cadence sont analysées par un modèle d’inversion, prenant en compte la conduction thermique dans le saphir, afin d’estimer la densité de flux thermique au niveau de la surface d’impact. L’épaisseur du film de vapeur est également déduite de ces mesures sous l’hypothèse, justifiée a posteriori, d’une conduction thermique prépondérante dans le film de vapeur. Une étude de l’impact de gouttes d’eau est réalisée en faisant varier la vitesse d’impact et la température des gouttes avant impact, ainsi que la température de paroi. Dans la plupart des cas, la chaleur extraite à la paroi est comparable à celle transférée au liquide pour l’échauffer. Lorsque la température de paroi se rapproche et dépasse la température de Leidenfrost, les transferts de chaleur deviennent de plus en plus sensibles au nombre de Weber, et de moins en moins dépendant de la température de paroi. L’épaisseur du film de vapeur est affectée par des instabilités, dont les caractéristiques (longueur d’onde, amplitude) sont étudiées à partir des images IR. Finalement, un modèle 1D semi empirique est proposé pour décrire l’échauffement des gouttes et la croissance du film de vapeur. La pression exercée par la goutte sur le film de vapeur se dissipe très vite à l’impact, si bien que la croissance du film de vapeur est gouvernée par la conduction de la chaleur vers la goutte et non par la dynamique de l’impactThe understanding of phenomena occurring at the impact of a droplet onto a hot wall is crucial for the optimization of spray cooling systems. When the temperature of the wall is high, a vapor layer appears quasi-instantaneously between the droplet and le wall. This film of vapor modifies the hydrodynamic behavior of the droplet and highly reduce the heat and mass transfers in comparison with a wetting impact. Modelling these phenomena is complex because of the numerous coupling between the heat and mass transfers and the fluids dynamic. To get some insights into this phenomenon, optical diagnostic techniques have been developed. Two color planar laser induced fluorescence imaging allows characterizing the distribution of the temperature inside the droplet. Images of the temperature fields, resolved both spatially and temporally, are recorded thanks to the use of a couple of fluorescent dyes keeping a high temperature sensitivity even when they are excited by a nanosecond pulsed laser with and an energy of hundreds m J. In parallel, the infrared thermography is used to determine the temperature of the impinged surface made of sapphire. For that, this surface is coated with a thin film (about 300 nanometers) of TiAlN, highly emissive in the IR domain as opposed to the sapphire which is transparent in it. High frame rate image sequences are analyzed thanks to an analytical inversion model, taking into account the thermal conduction in the sapphire, in order to estimate the heat flux density at the impact surface. The thickness of the vapor layer was also deduced from this measurements thanks to the hypothesis of a dominant thermal conduction in the vapor layer. A study of water drop impact was performed with different impact speeds, wall temperatures and different drop injection temperatures. In most of the cases, the heat flux extracted from the wall in close to the flux transferred to the liquid phase of the droplet. When the wall temperature approaches or exceeds the Leidenfrost temperature, the transfers become more sensitive to the Weber number and less sensitive to the wall temperature. The vapor layer thickness is affected by instabilities whose caracteristics (wavelengths, amplitude) were investigated from the IR images. Eventually, a 1-Dsemi-empirical model is given for describing the heating of the liquid part of the droplet and the growth of vapor layer. The effect of the pressure exerted by the droplet onto the vapor film rapidly decreases during the impact process, so that the growth of the vapor film is only driven by the heat transferred by conduction to the droplet and not by dynamical parameters such as the impact velocity
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Kilic, Ilker. "Heat And Mass Transfer Problem And Some Applications." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614140/index.pdf.
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Numerical solutions of mathematical modelizations of heat and mass transfer in cubical and cylindrical reactors of solar adsorption refrigeration systems are studied. For the resolution
of the equations describing the coupling between heat and mass transfer, Bubnov-Galerkin method is used. An exact solution for time dependent heat transfer in cylindrical multilayered annulus is presented. Separation of variables method has been used to investigate the temperature behavior. An analytical double series relation is proposed as a solution for the temperature distribution, and Fourier coefficients in each layer are obtained by solving some
set of equations related to thermal boundary conditions at inside and outside of the cylinder.
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Lindblom, Jenny. "Condensation irrigation : simulations of heat and mass transfer." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of technology, 2006. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2006/08.
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Hussain, Arshad. "Heat and mass transfer in tubular inorganic membranes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://diglib.uni-magdeburg.de/Dissertationen/2006/arshussain.htm.
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Porter, Simon William. "Heat and mass transfer during structured cereal baking." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505758.
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The majority of modern cereal baking ovens are tunnel ovens with multiple zones, each of which is individually controlled. A baking profile is set by the oven operator, which describes the target temperatures and air velocities in each of the zones along the length of the oven. There may be up to ten zones in modern tunnel ovens; it is thus a complex procedure to generate an optimum profile. A computer numerical model was developed to model the baking process and to make predictions of the biscuit temperature, heat flux and moisture content through the bake.
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Galbraith, Graham H. "Heat and mass transfer within porous building materials." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21508.
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The thermal and structural performance of building elements can be significantly impaired by the presence of excess moisture. At present, designers have available only simplistic steady-state techniques to predict such effects, for example that presented by Glaser in 1959. These simple models recognise moisture transport in vapour form only and do not allow information on material moisture content to be obtained directly. They are also based on the assumption that the material transport properties are independent of the prevailing environmental conditions, whereas they are in fact complex functions of parameters such as relative humidity. This research has been carried out to develop a set of model equations which account for both liquid and vapour transfer through porous structures, and which enable material moisture content profiles to be produced. The equations generated in this work are transient and enable the effects of moisture and thermal capacity to be considered. An experimental investigation has also been carried out to produce a methodology which can be used to obtain the required material properties. These equations and material properties have been combined with realistic boundary conditions to produce a finite difference model which enables simple wall structures to be analysed in terms of temperature, vapour pressure, relative humidity, moisture content and moisture flow rate. The use of this FORTRAN 77 computer code is illustrated by application to traditional and timber-framed wall constructions. The results illustrate the applicability and flexibility of such an approach and confirm the importance of its further development in the future.
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Sabir, Hisham. "Heat and mass transfer processes in absorption systems." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1993. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/heat-and-mass-transfer-processes-in-absorption-systems(ab68d065-c159-4292-ad39-b7a820ac0054).html.
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Glockling, James L. D. "Heat and mass transfer in specific aerosol systems." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303937.
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Staton, JoAnna Christen II. "Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Desiccant Polymers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9785.
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Desiccant-enhanced air conditioning equipment has exhibited both the capability to improve humidity control and the potential to save energy costs by lowering the latent energy requirement of the supply air stream. The resulting increasing popularity of desiccant-enhanced air conditioning systems has sparked new interest in the search for a better, more efficient desiccant material. The ultimate goal of this research was to develop a material that, when applied to an existing air-to-air heat exchanger, would achieve the necessary heat and mass transfer in a single process, thus transforming a sensible heat exchanger into a total enthalpy exchanger.
This study focuses on the development and determination of appropriate polymeric desiccant materials for use in different heat and mass transfer applications. Various candidate materials were initially studied. It was decided that polyvinyl alcohol best met the pre-determined selection criteria. After the focus material was chosen, numerical models representing two heat and mass transfer applications were created. One-dimensional numerical models were developed for the performance studies of a rotary wheel total enthalpy exchanger. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed for the performance studies of a fixed plate total enthalpy exchanger as well. Material characterization tests were performed to collect material property information required by the numerical models.
Sensible, latent, and total efficiencies gathered from both the rotary wheel total enthalpy exchanger and the fixed plate total enthalpy exchanger models indicate potential uses for some candidate polyvinyl alcohol materials.Master of Science
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Shao, Ming. "Modelling simultaneous heat and mass transfer in wood." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42073.
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The fundamental and quantitative study of heat and mass transfer processes in wood plays an important role for understanding many important production processes, such as wood drying and hot-pressing. It will help us improve the existing products and production techniques and develop new manufacturing technology. The most difficult aspect of the study is the complicated interactions of heat and mass transfer mechanisms. Extensive characterization of these physical processes using a strictly experimental approach is extremely difficult because of the excessively large number of variables that must be considered. However, mathematical modeling and numerical techniques serve as a powerful tool to help us understand the complicated physical processes.
The goal of this research is to model the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in wood. The specific objectives of this research are:
1) develop a computer simulation program, implementing an existing one-dimensional mathematical drying model, using a finite difference approach, to numerically evaluate the mathematical model.
2) study sensitivity of the heat and mass transfer model to determine the effects of wood physical properties and environmental conditions on the drying processes.Master of Science
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Okorafor, Agbai Azubuike. "A study of heat and mass transfer in a double-diffusive system /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until May 13, 2009, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26048.
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Oh, Sung Hyuk. "Experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent flow and heat (mass) transfer in a two-pass trapezoidal channel with turbulence promoters." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3198.
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Darolles, Danielle. "Couplages transferts de chaleur et de masse a la surface de materiaux poreux utilises en genie civil lors de sechages en ecoulements turbulents." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30080.
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Equations du transfert de chaleur dans le milieu poreux, et definition du coefficient d'echange de masse, avec sa relation au coefficient d'echange de chaleur. Dispositif experimental de sechage et caracteristiques mesurees de l'ecoulement. Experiences realisees de sechage et coefficients calcules d'echange de masse a la surface des echantillons, avec comparaison aux resultats obtenus par un modele de simulation monodimensionnel
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Song, Yang. "Solids transportation, heat and mass transfer in rotary dryers." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26346.
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In this thesis, the mechanisms of solids transportation, heat and mass transfer within rotary dryers were first examined.
Some experimental data obtained in pilot-scale and industrial rotary dryers were used to investigate the influences of moisture content of solids and gas temperature on solids transportation, typically on solids mean residence time distribution, and on heat and mass transfer to estimate the volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients.
One pilot-scale rotary dryer with direct contact between the gas and the solids with co-current flow has been designed, constructed and tested in our laboratory. It mainly consists of four parts: an electric fan, an electric heater, a solids feeding system and a rotary cylinder. Numerous experiments were performed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of solids transportation in this pilot-scale rotary dryer. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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McClelland, Elizabeth A. "Heat and mass transfer in an axisymmetric sudden expansion." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16462.
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Tzevelecos, Wassilis. "Contribution to Heat and Mass Transfer for Space Experiments." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/269864/6/contratWT.pdf.
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This manuscript has been realized in the frame of SELENE experiment research activities. SELENE is the ac-ronym of Self-rewetting fluids for ENErgy management and consists of a space project aiming to investigate heat and mass transfer phenomena in mono-groove configuration with self-rewetting fluids (SRFs). Self-rewetting fluids are mixture showing an anomalous trend of surface tension with temperature, an inversion of the surface tension slope after certain temperature. As consequence, when the minimum in surface ten-sion is crossed, surface tension gradient at the meniscus interface pulls the liquid towards the warmest region, preventing hot spots. This mechanism is completely spontaneous and has an interesting potential when applied to heat transfer applications as heat pipes (HPs). In HPs heat is removed by the liquid at the warmest region (the evaporator) and transported at the coldest zone (the condenser) by phase change; here, heat is removed by the pipe and dissipated outside through a radiator. To operate correctly, liquid is supplied to the evaporator by capillarity and the liquid vapour is allowed to flow back to condenser from a dedicated pipe region where liquid is not allowed. Vapour condensation releases at the condenser the heat to be dissipated. When SRFs are replacing working fluid in HP applications and temperatures are higher than the characteristic minimum in surface tension, capillary force is assisted by inverse Marangoni flow at the vapour-liquid interface.Since heat pipe performances are related to liquid supplied at the evaporator, in order to compare SRFs and not SRFs working fluids, it is needed to split the contribution of Marangoni and capillary force in the liquid flow. Marangoni effect is related to surface tension gradient that, in a mixture as SRF, is dependent on temperature and local composition at the liquid interface. For all these reasons, SELENE is designed to be the link between scientific research on HPs and heat transfer applications using SRFs. SELENE consists of a mono-groove with trapezoidal section that can be considered as a “clump” of an Inner Grooved Heat Pipe (IGHP) and, in order to split capillary and Marangoni contribution, it is integrated dedicated tools providing the required data in terms of concentration and liquid meniscus shape. Experimental data are used to build a simplified thermo-soluto-fluido dynamic model describing the thermo-mechanic mechanisms between the liquid bulk and the vapour flow. In the manuscript here presented it has been carried on a technology development of the required diag-nostics for the SELENE space project. The diagnostics have been designed to work in microgravity condi-tions even if they are tested on ground. As concentration diagnostic, in the text are proposed several tech-niques and more interest is spent on the adaptation of I-VED (In vivo Embolic Detection) technology meas-uring fluid AC impedance to retrieve composition information; the technology is not yet mature to be inte-grated in SELENE but it presents interesting features to be investigated in microgravity conditions. As me-niscus reconstruction technique it is proposed a new and innovative technology developed in the frame of the presented thesis and it consists of a non-intrusive optical technique aiming to retrieve liquid meniscus shape (and so curvature) from a single visualization window mounted at the top of the SELENE breadboard.An analytical approach aiming to retrieve a simplified mathematical model of the transfer mechanisms is also provided in the text. The analytical analysis clearly shows the relations between the experimental measured data and the velocity profiles in the liquid and vapour regions. In addition, since in SELENE exper-iment the heat conduction across the groove itself is not negligible, in the text it is provided a semi-empirical thermal model based on the Multi Lumped Model (MLM) theory and able to retrieve local heat exchanged information along the pipe length. The model is used to compare experiments with different working fluids at different operational regimes.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Pembery, J. G. A. "Mass transfer modelling of heat transfer in partially blocked nuclear fuel bundles." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354029.
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Gilbert, Gregory P. "Flow through a model fin and tube heat exchanger and its influence on mass and heat transfer /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensg464.pdf.
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Furfaro, Damien. "Simulation numérique d'écoulements multiphasiques, problèmes à interfaces et changement de phase." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4751/document.
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Ce travail porte sur la simulation numérique des écoulements multiphasiques compressibles en déséquilibre de vitesses. Un solveur de Riemann diphasique de type HLLC, à la fois robuste, simple et précis est développé et validé à partir de solutions exactes et de données expérimentales. Cette méthode numérique est étendue au cas 3D non-structuré. Par ailleurs, la construction d’une technique numérique pour la répartition de l’énergie d’une onde de choc dans les différentes phases constituant le milieu est établie et permet le respect des conditions de choc multiphasiques. L’extension multiphasique du solveur de Riemann de type HLLC est réalisée, permettant ainsi la simulation d’une plus large gamme d’applications. Enfin, un modèle de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un brouillard de gouttes ou nuage de bulles, en présence d’effets couplés de diffusion thermique et massiques, est proposé et dévoile des résultats intéressantsThis work deals with the numerical simulation of compressible multiphase flows in velocity disequilibrium. A HLLC-type two-phase Riemann solver is developed and validated against exact solutions and experimental data. This solver is robust, simple, accurate and entropy preserving. The numerical method is then implemented in 3D unstructured meshes. Furthermore, a numerical technique consisting in enforcing the correct energy partition at a discrete level in agreement with the multiphase shock relations is built. The multiphase extension of the HLLC-type Riemann solver is realized and allows the simulation of a wide range of applications. Finally, a droplet heat and mass transfer model with large range of validity is derived. It is valid in any situation: evaporation, flashing and condensation. It accounts for coupled heat and mass diffusion in the gas phase, thermodynamics of the multi-component gas mixture and heat diffusion inside the liquid droplet, enabling in this way consideration of both droplets heating and cooling phenomena
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Obame, Mve Herbert. "Compréhension des écoulements et optimisation des transferts de chaleur et de masse au sein d’une structure capillaire." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0052/document.
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La climatisation automobile est un enjeu majeur pour les constructeurs automobiles dans la mesure où elle occasionne un rejet de 10 g de CO2 par km, une surconsommation énergétique de près de 5 % et sera pris en compte dans le bilan MEVG à l'horizon 2020. Dans cette perspective, le constructeur automobile PSA Peugeot Citroën a développé un nouveau procédé : la climatisation par absorption de vapeur d'eau par une solution saline de bromure de lithium, qui marque la rupture avec le système classique à compression de vapeur. Le travail mené dans ce manuscrit s'est focalisé au niveau de l'organe principal du système, l'évaporateur/absorbeur où les deux fluides s'écoulent et sont confinés chacun entre deux grilles tissées par des effets capillaires. Les transferts de masse et de chaleur qui s'y produisent, ont lieu à l'interface liquide/vapeur formée par des ménisques de forme complexe qui constituent la surface de d'échange. L'objectif est d'intensifier les transferts de masse et de chaleur qui diffuse à travers l'interface. Un banc expérimental permettant la description tridimensionnelle de la forme des ménisques au moyen de la microscopie confocale a été développé. Le modèle « volume of fluid » a été utilisé pour la reconstruction numérique de l'interface liquide/ vapeur. La comparaison entre les données expérimentales et les simulations numériques a montré un bon accord. Ces simulations montrent que l'écoulement est influencé par la grille avec la création de zones mortes et des mouvements de vorticité. Une optimisation numérique a été menée avec comme fonction objectif le flux qui diffuse à travers l'interface. Celle-ci a permis de définir des paramètres optimales de la grille permettant d’atteindre un flux de chaleur de près de 2,5 fois supérieur à celui du cas de référence. Cette optimisation a permis l'identification d'une zone préférentielle dans laquelle les transferts de chaleur sont maxima. Le travail a aussi abordé l'influence de la forme des fils et de la forme des ménisques, montrant qu'il est préférable d’adopter des matériaux à caractère hydrophobe avec des fils à section circulaireAbstract The automotive air conditioning is a major challenge for the automotive manufacturers insofar it causes a release of 10 g/CO2/km, engenders an extrafuel consumption of 5 % and will be taken into account in the balance sheet in 2020 MEVG. In this perspective, the automotives constructor PSA Peugeot Citroën has developed a new process, absorption air conditioning of water vapor by lithium bromide solution, which marks a break with the classic vapor-compression system. This manuscript is focused at the main body of the system, an innovative evaporator/absorber where both fluids are flowing down and confined between two finely meshed plastic wire screens and maintained between them by capillary effects. The heat and mass transfers in this system occur at the liquid/vapour interface formed by complex menisci that represent the surface of transfer. An experimental test bench allowing the description of three-dimensional shape of menisci using confocal microscopy has been carried. The volume of fluid model has been used for the numerical reconstruction of the liquid/vapour interface. The comparison between numerical and experimental data has shown a good agreement. Numerical simulations have shown that the flow is influenced by the geometry that promotes the creation of stagnant layer solution and vorticity zones. A numerical optimization has been carried with as objective function the heat rate that di uses through the interface. This one has allowed to get out the optimal parameters allowing to have an heat rate of more than 2.5 times higher compared to the reference case. This optimization has highlighted a preferential zone in which heat transfers are maximum. The work has also dealt with the e ect of the shape of the wires and the effect of the shape of menisci on the transfer, showing that it is preferable to work with hydrophobic materials and with cylindrical wires
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Stemmelen, Didier. "Ébullition en milieu poreux capillaire : modélisation et expérimentation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1991_STEMMELEN_D.pdf.
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Cette étude est consacrée à la description de l'ébullition dans une couche poreuse horizontale initialement saturée par un fluide (eau). La face inferieure imperméable est chauffée à flux constant tandis que la face supérieure est refroidie à température constante et reste saturée par le fluide à pression atmosphérique. On examine d'abord les solutions en régime permanent de ce problème. L’influence de la conduction en zone diphasique, celle des pertes latérales de chaleur et celle de la prise en compte de gaz incondensable (air) contenu dans le milieu sont successivement analysées. On aborde ensuite l'aspect transitoire du phénomène dans le cas ou il n'existe pas de zone saturée de vapeur. Une modélisation numérique utilisant une discrétisation spatiale évolutive est développée. On mène parallèlement à la théorie une étude expérimentale en s'intéressant aux évolutions du champ de température et du champ d'humidité dans le milieu poreux. La mesure de la teneur en eau est réalisée par gammamétrie. On met finalement en évidence, expérimentalement, une instabilité périodique pour des flux de chaleur élevés. Les conditions nécessaires à l'apparition d'un tel phénomène sont examinées théoriquement
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Pekdemir, Turgay. "Convective mass transfer from stationary and rotating cylinders in a jet flow." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260621.
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Goulet, Remi. "Development and analysis of an innovative evaporator/absorber for automotive absorption-based air conditioning systems : investigation on the simultaneous heat and mass transfer." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0099.
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La climatisation par absorption est un système de production de froid tritherme énergétiquement intéressant. La compression mécanique intervenant au sein des systèmes classiques à compression de vapeur (premier poste de consommation énergétique) est remplacée par une compression dite thermochimique nécessitant un apport de chaleur important. Dans le cas d'une application automobile il est possible de faire fonctionner le système grâce aux pertes thermiques du moteur. La climatisation par absorption est à l'étude au sein du service R&D du fabricant d'automobiles PSA Peugeot Citroën depuis une décennie. L'innovation majeure de PSA concerne l’évaporateur/absorbeur : un nouveau système basé sur le confinement du réfrigérant et de la solution absorbante à l'intérieur de structures capillaires a été breveté. Ce nouveau système a pour but d'éviter le mélange intempestif des fluides. L'analyse expérimentale de cet évaporateur/absorbeur a montré que la puissance frigorifique est limitée par le phénomène d'absorption. Il a été prouvé que l'effet frigorifique produit par le système est égal à un tiers de l'effet maximal qui pourrait théoriquement être réalisé. Un modèle simple de la zone d'absorption est proposé, il fournit une ligne directrice pour améliorer la conception du composant. Une revue de la littérature a montré que les modèles d'absorption sont basés sur des hypothèses dont la fiabilité n'est pas évidente. Aussi, la plupart des auteurs considèrent que les propriétés thermophysiques sont constantes. Cette hypothèse a été étudiée dans le cas simple de l'absorption statique. La modélisation des transferts simultanés de chaleur et de masse au sein de la solution absorbante nécessite de prendre en compte l'augmentation de volume de cette dernière. Les équations régissant les transferts ont été résolues par la méthode des volumes finis, sur un maillage dynamique. Deux procédures pour la déformation du maillage ont été mises en oeuvre et comparées. Les résultats numériques ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur un banc développé dans le cadre de ce travail et aux données expérimentales issues de la littérature. Enfin, l'impact des gaz incondensables sur le taux d'absorption a été étudié numériquement et expérimentalement, dans le cas de l'absorption statique. Cette étude a permis de confirmer les phénomènes à l'origine de la diminution du taux d'absorption. Cependant, l'effet de la gravité sur l'impact des gaz incondensables n'a pas pu être clarifié avec certitudeAutomotive air conditioning systems are based on the vapour compression cycle that requires mechanical energy for its operation. This mechanical energy is provided by the engine, which engenders year-averaged fuel extra consumptions, and thereby extra pollutant emissions, of the order of 5 %. Absorption cooling technology is of interest as this system could be driven by the engine waste heat.The absorption air conditioning technology has been under the scope of the R&D services of the french manufacturer PSA Peugeot Citroën for a decade. PSA's major innovation concerns the evaporator/absorber: a new system based on the confinement inside capillary structures of refrigerant and absorbent falling films has been patented. This new layout aims at avoiding unwanted mixing of the fluids. Experimental analysis of this original component has shown that the refrigerating effect is limited by the absorption phenomenon. It was proved that the refrigerating effect produced by the system is equal to one third of the maximal effect that could be achieved. A simple model of the absorption part has been proposed. It provides a guideline to improve the design of the component. A literature review has revealed that the absorption models are based on assumptions whose reliability is not obvious. Especially, most of the authors assume that the thermophysical properties are constant. The impact of this assumption has been clarified in the simple case of pool absorption. Modeling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer that takes place in the liquid absorbent requires to account for the increase of the liquid volume. This was achieved by means of a finite-volume treatment of the governing equations over a dynamic grid. Two procedures for the grid deformation have been implemented and compared. The numerical results have been compared to experimental results obtained on a bench developed on purpose and to experimental data from the literature. Finally, the impact of the non-absorbable gases on the absorption rate has been investigated numerically and experimentally, in the pool absorption case. This study enabled to confirm the phenomena at the origin of the decrease of the absorption rate. However, we could not clarify with certainty the importance of gravity-driven flows in the vapour phase, in the presence of non-absorbable gases
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Jia, Dening. "Heat and mass transfer in pulsed fluidized bed of biomass." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61087.
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Biomass is a promising energy source that has been considered in a variety of thermal conversion processes where fluidized beds with their exceptional heat and mass transfer rates, are often considered as potential candidates. However, the fluidization of biomass is held back by its cohesive nature. This work has demonstrated that pulsed gas flow in fluidized bed is highly effective in overcoming channeling, partial and complete defluidization, without the need for inert bed particles. Both heat transfer and mass transfer were investigated in a pulsed fluidized bed with 0.15 m by 0.10 m rectangular cross-section area, and a fluidized bed with a tapered bottom to improve reactor performance. Biomass used in this work included Douglas fir, pine and switchgrass. Batch drying test was selected as an indirect indicator of gas–solid contact, heat and mass transfer.
Mass transfer was evaluated through batch drying tests, where better gas–solid contact and mass transfer was assessed through the water removal efficiency. An optimum operating condition was identified after analyzing the intricate relationship between pulsation frequency, gas flow rate and the hydrodynamics. A two-phase drying model that linked single-particle mass transfer to macroscopic hydrodynamics in fluidized bed was implemented to verify the effect of flow rate, temperature and biomass properties on drying and mass transfer. Good agreement was observed between the modelled effective diffusivity and experimental results.
Bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficients of all three biomass species in two reactor geometries were measured at various operating conditions. The heat transfer coefficient was influenced greatly by the intensity and frequency of gas pulsation, where both particle convection and gas convection existed. A new heat transfer model was proposed to address the influence of gas pulsation. Modelling results showed good agreement with experimental data.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Parra, Saldivar Maria Luisa. "Heat and mass transfer behaviours of building materials and structures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4019.
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Heat storage as a means to respond to the requirements for improved energy
efficiency motivated this study. The objective was to evaluate the impact of thermal
energy storage systems in dwellings under Mexican climatic conditions. In the first part
of this work thermal behaviors of adobe traditional architecture is discussed; in the
second part a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is
proposed and assessed.
The high thermal mass structural elements of adobe traditional architecture have been
charactefted as heat wave modulators. Nevertheless, the moisture content in these
structures also plays a significant role as a means for heat storage and potentially
enhancing thermal lag. The objective of this part of the study was to assess the scope
of existing coupled heat and mass transport models regarding water contained latent
heat storage on porous structures.
The significant contribution of latent heat storage recognized in adobe structures, led to
the study of a solar-thermal storage system using (PCMs).
The objective of this part of the study was twofold: 1) Enhance the existing
computational models on the Stephan problem by considering the effect of regional
variations (weather conditions imposed) on the boundary conditions. 2) Evaluate the
impact of the solar-thermal system proposed when applied in dwellings in view of
regional variations under Mexican weather conditions.
Solar-thermal storage systems independent of the structure offer the possibility to be
applied to existing buildings as well as new constructions. The proposal is a storage
element that constitutes internal blinds in windows. The computational model of the
Stephan problem was solved with the enthalpy method. Simulations were run under
different sets of climatic conditions. For the first time the main factors for promoting
system's optimisation, when gathered in a single comparison study, provided a more
general insight on system's performance. Experimental work was also carried out
regarding the charging of the heat storage unit by heat gains other than direct
radiation, and the storage unit's performance as insulator. A large-scale solar simulator
was constructed.
Statistical analysis of experimental results showed interesting findings including: The
important role that internal heat gains play on the charging of the latent heat storage
unit proposed. A larger effect on the discharging ratio was found with lower air
temperatures than with faster air flow rates. The faster discharging rate tests also
released slightly more energy. PCM volume was found to be the most critical factor on
system performance. The importance of providing the means to discharge the total
quantity of heat stored was pointed out. For the cooling mode, elements to enhance
discharging might be required. For system control, thermal insulation was found to be
an effective measure when the discharging is required to occur over a longer period.
The multiple PCM unit was found to be more efficient during the charging process
(storing more energy) than units containing a single PCM. Nevertheless the single PCM
unit performed better for cooling than the multiple PCM unit. The question was raised as
to what extent PCM thermal conductivity actually influences system's performance.
The thermal storage system proposed in this study reduced the heating system energy
consumption requirements for an experimental room by 28.6%.
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Kadylak, David Erwin. "Effectiveness method for heat and mass transfer in membrane humidifiers." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7092.
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A thermodynamic model for use in predicting heat and water transfer across a membrane in a membrane humidifier was created that could take into account fuel cell operating conditions. Experiments were conducted to obtain the necessary information to make the model complete, and also to validate its use over a range of temperatures and flow rates.
The latent effectiveness and latent number of transfer units (ε-NTU) method for mass transfer in membrane humidity exchangers was applied to PEMFC membrane humidifiers to comprise the heat and mass transfer thermodynamic model. Two limitations that cause deviations in the theoretical outlet conditions previously reported were discovered: 1. using a constant enthalpy of vaporization derived from the reference temperature in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation; and, 2. simplifying the relationship between relative humidity and absolute humidity as linear. In the model presented here, these limitations are alleviated by using an effective mass transfer coefficient Ueff. The model was created in Mathcad and the constitutive equations are solved iteratively to find the flux of water through the membrane.
The new procedure was applied to three types of membrane and compared to the curves of εL and NTUL found using Zhang and Niu’s method, which is normally applied to energy recovery ventilators (ERVs). For a 70°C isothermal case, a deviation in latent effectiveness predictions was observed of 29% for Type-I membranes, 23% for linear-type membranes, and 46% for Type-III membranes, as compared to the latent effectiveness values obtained with the ERV method.
Experiments were conducted on a commercially available fuel cell humidifier to determine which parameters could be removed from a full-factorial experimental matrix. It was discovered that pressure had a lower effect on water transport than temperature over the practical operating range of fuel cell systems, so pressure effects were neglected throughout the study. The focus of the study was then on the effect of overall temperature. Furthermore, it was determined that water recovery ratio is the best performance metric because it takes into account the water supplied to the humidifier.
Two different membranes were characterized to incorporate into the thermodynamic model. The first, used as a baseline, was a porous polymer membrane with a hydrophilic additive. The second membrane was a competing novel ionic membrane. Both membranes showed similar behavior, with low water uptake profiles at relative humidities less than 80%, and a steep increase in water uptake after 80% relative humidity. The porous membrane exhibited greater maximum sorption than the ionic membrane.
Experiments were conducted with samples of the porous and ionic membrane in a single cell humidifier at isothermal conditions at temperatures of 25°C, 50°C, and 75°C. The ionic membrane showed greater water transfer over the range of laminar flows investigated. The ionic membrane’s water recovery was almost unaffected by flow rate; whereas the porous membrane displayed a decrease in water recovery as flow rate increased. Finally, the model was correlated with the experimental data by obtaining a corresponding diffusion coefficient for each membrane over the range of temperatures tested.
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Francis, Nicholas Donald. "Heat and mass transfer in a semi-porous textile composite." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17085.
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Roberts, David Nigel. "Heat and mass transfer studies in sodium-argon filled enclosures." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245136.
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ARAÚJO, PAULO MURILLO DE SOUZA. "HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN LIQUID FILM AND AIR STREAM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1986. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20587@1.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as transferências de momentum, calor e massa num canal bidimensional inclinado, onde escoam um filme líquido descendente e uma corrente turbulenta de ar de sentido oposto, ou de mesmo sentido oposto, ou de mesmo sentido. O filme líquido, suposto laminar, consiste numa solução fraca, ou degenerada, de trietileno glicol em água. A placa inferior do canal é mantida aquecida numa temperatura uniforme, de modo a facilitar a remoção de água do líquido para a fase gasosa. A corrente de ar deve ser turbulenta, para garantir taxas convenientes da massa de água transferida. Considera-se, não obstante, a possibilidade do ar também escoar liminarmente. A placa superior do canal, ou cobertura é adiabática e ambas as placas são impermeáveis à transferência de água. A parte hidrodinamica do problema é resolvida separadamente. Atribui-se maior importância à determinação dos perfis de temperatura e concentração de águas nas duas fases.
Pretende-se que a aparelhagem acima descrita opere como um regenerador da substância líquida higroscópica, tendo este sido previamente usado num secador de ar, em aplicação de fim industrial ou agrícola. A tarefa proposta pelo problema é a simulação das condições operativas do trocador de massa. Como resultado desta simulação, tenciona-se predizer os valores dos coeficientes de transferências de calor e massa, variando amplamente as taxas de escoamento, tanto da fase gasosa, quanto da líquida.
Na verdade, diversos pesquisadores têm revelado, nos últimos anos, um grande interesse no estudo de regeneradores do tipo aqui analisado. Toda vez que se tem disponibilidade de energia a temperaturas moderadas e baixo custo, como energia solar ou calor de rejeito industrial, parece indicado regenerar desta forma o desumidificante líquido nas instalações de condicionamento de ar por resfriamento evaporativo.
Estabelecidas as equações diferenciais parciais do problema e as condições de contorno pertinentes, elas são resolvidas através de algoritmos obtidos por diferenças finitas, dentro do enfoque de volumes de controle. O procedimento numérico é interativo, usando-se o computador digital na obtenção da solução. Verifica-se que os resultados se mantêm dentro da analogia entre transferência de calor e massa, conforme era esperado. A partir dos resultados, podem-se estabelecer algumas correlações para os principais parâmetros do problema.
Propõe-se, por fim, uma metodologia para o projeto do equipamento. Para isto, não é necessário fazer uso direto do método numérico, pois existem algumas poucas equações analíticas, simples, que podem ser facilmente manipuladas num microcomputador ou, até mesmo, numa calculadora eletrônica. Estas equações são deduzidas a partir da aplicação da teoria de penetração ao problema. As correlações dos resultados numéricos são, entretanto, essenciais ao bom emprego da teoria penetração.The combined momentum, heat and mass transfer is analysed in a two domensional inclined channnel for a countercurrent, or co-current turbulent air strem flowing past a liquid falling film. The film flow, supposed to be laminar, consists of a weak, or co-current tubulent air stream flowing past a liquid falling film. The film flow, supposed to be laminar, consists of a weak, or degenerate, solution of triethylene glycol and water. The film flow, supposed to be laminar, consists of a weak, or degenerate, solution of triethylene glycol and water. The lower plate of the channel is maintained at a constant, relatively high from the liquid to the gas phase. The stream of air is usually turbulent, thus assuring convenient rates of tranferred mass of water. Nevertheless, the possibility of laminar flow in the gas is not avoided. The second plate of the channel is considered as adiabatic and both plates are impervious to water. The hydrodynamic part of the problem is solved separately, and the determination of temperature and concentration of water profiles in the two phases is of major importance. The apparatus above described is intended to be a regenerator of the hygroscopic liquid, previously used in an air dryer, for industrial or agricultural purposes. The tash suggested by the problem is then to simulate the conditions, under which this mass exchanger will operate. Following the simulation, heat and mass transfer coefficientes can be predicted for a large range of flow rates of both gas an liquid phases. In fact, in recent years several investigators have manifested an increasing interest in developing studies of such equipment. In situations where a source of energy at low temperature is freely available, and this is the case of solar energy or industrial rejects, the employment of liquid dehumidifier regenerators is particularly attractive for evaporative cooling air conditioning systems. The partial differential equations of the problem, accompanied by suitable boundary conditions, are solved by a finite difference scheme, based on the volume of control approach. There are iterative procedures involved and solutions is reached in a mainframe computer. The results seem to be in accordance with the expected analoggy between heat and mass transfer. Some correlations are presented for the principal parameters of the problem. Lastly, a methodology is proposed for the design of the equipment. In spite of the complexity of the problem, it is possible to provide the user with a few simple analytic equations, which can be solved in any micro-computer or even in a pocket calculation. Theses equations arise from the employment of the penetration theorym briefly discussed and compared with numerical results. Indubitably, the use of this theory must be in compliance with the previously obtained numerical correlations.
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Mattingly, Brett T. (Brett Thomas). "Containment analysis incorporating boundary layer heat and mass transfer techniques." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84749.
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