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Journal articles on the topic 'Heat pumps; CHP; Domestic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

de Santoli, Livio, Gianluigi Lo Basso, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Giuseppe Piras, and Giulia Spiridigliozzi. "Dynamic Simulation Model of Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump Application for Boosting Low Temperature Distribution Networks in Dwellings." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030484.

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This research investigates the role of new hybrid energy system applications for developing a new plant refurbishment strategy to deploy small scale smart energy systems. This work deals with a dynamic simulation of trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pump application for boosting low temperature distribution networks to share heat for dwellings. Heat pumps provide high temperature heat to use the traditional emission systems. The new plant layout consists of an air source heat pump, four trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pumps (CO2-HPs), photovoltaic arrays, and a combined heat and power (CHP) for both domestic hot water production and electricity to partially drive the heat pumps. Furthermore, electric storage devices adoption has been evaluated. That layout has been compared to the traditional one based on separated generation systems using several energy performance indicators. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the primary energy saving, primary fossil energy consumptions, renewable energy fraction and renewable heat, with changes in building power to heat ratios, has been carried out. Obtained results highlighted that using the hybrid system with storage device it is possible to get a saving of 50% approximately. Consequently, CO2-HPs and hybrid systems adoption could be a viable option to achieve Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) qualification.

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2

Marcic, Simon, Rebeka Kovacic-Lukman, and Peter Virtic. "Hybrid system solar collectors - heat pumps for domestic water heating." Thermal Science 23, no. 6 Part A (2019): 3675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180314187m.

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This paper deals with the use of solar energy, heat pumps, and solar system-heat pump combinations for domestic water heating. The testing of solar tiles, flat plate collectors as an autonomous system, as well as flat plate collector-heat pump and solar tile-heat pump combinations, are presented. Black-coloured water absorbs solar radiation flows through solar tiles made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate (CH2C(CH3)COOCH3). At the same time, solar tiles are used as a roof covering and as a solar radiation collector. Hot water from solar tiles or a flat plate collector is directed to the heat pump, which increases the temperature of water entering the boiler heating coil. The heat of water heated in solar tiles or in flat plate collectors serves as a source of energy for the heat pump. Since the goal was realistically evaluate the efficiency of solar tiles in comparison with the flat plate collector, extensive measurements of both systems under identical condition were carried out. The experiments were carried out in rainy, cloudy, and clear weather.

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3

Zheng, Peijun, Peng Liu, and Yeqi Zhang. "Economic Assessment and Control Strategy of Combined Heat and Power Employed in Centralized Domestic Hot Water Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104326.

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With the increasing application of CHP and an industry transition to distributed energy, it is necessary to make a comprehensive economic analysis and comparison of the entire lifetime of CHP from the net present value (NPV), payback period, and cost-saving ratio (CSR). Five systems, including micro-CHP, gas boiler (GB), air-source heat pump (ASHP), domestic gas-fired heater and domestic electric hot water-heater, are simulated. First, this paper takes annual heat use efficiency (AHUE) into account to compare the economy of each domestic hot water (DHW) system. The results show that a domestic gas-fired heater system is the most economical option in the AHUE of 31.28%. The economic influence of CHP and gas-fired heater under different AHUE are then analyzed. The results show that the DHW system based on CHP is the best when the AHUE is more than 55.35%. Finally, three different operation strategies of CHP are considered in this paper. From the perspective of annual energy cost and payback, the internal combustion-based CHP with thermal energy system (TES) is superior to the other two strategies being studied. Considering the optimal economic benefits, the CSR of the three different operation strategies is 41.3%, 69.69% and 69.77%, respectively.

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4

Porteiro, J., J. L. Mı́guez, S. Murillo, and L. M. López. "Feasibility of a new domestic CHP trigeneration with heat pump: II. Availability analysis." Applied Thermal Engineering 24, no. 10 (July 2004): 1421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.01.007.

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5

Few, P. C., M. A. Smith, and J. W. Twidell. "Modelling of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant incorporating a heat pump for domestic use." Energy 22, no. 7 (July 1997): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(96)00171-5.

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6

Mı́guez, J. L., S. Murillo, J. Porteiro, and L. M. López. "Feasibility of a new domestic CHP trigeneration with heat pump: I. Design and development." Applied Thermal Engineering 24, no. 10 (July 2004): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.01.008.

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7

Kolasiński, Piotr. "Domestic Organic Rankine Cycle-Based Cogeneration Systems as a Way to Reduce Dust Emissions in Municipal Heating." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 3983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153983.

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Environmental issues are nowadays of great importance. In particular air and water quality should be kept at as high levels as possible. Energy conversion systems and devices which are applied for converting the chemical energy contained in different fuels into heat, electricity and cold in the industry and housing are sources of different gases and solid particle emissions. Medical data show PM2.5 dust in particular is highly dangerous for human health. Therefore, limiting the number of low-quality fuel combustion processes is a key issue of modern energy policy. Statistical data show that domestic heating systems account for a large share of the total emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 dust. For example in Poland in 2017, the share of households in the total annual emissions of PM2.5 dust was equal to ca. 35.8%, while the share of PM2.5 emission in industry (i.e., power generating plants, industrial power plants and technologies) was equal to only 23.6%. A possible way of solving this problem is by the successful replacement of old domestic furnaces by combined heat and power (CHP) or multigeneration boilers which can be used for heating the rooms and sanitary water and generating electricity and cold. Such systems can possibly contribute in the future to significant reductions of dust emissions and air pollution in urban and rural areas by limiting the number of low-quality fuel combustion processes. This article presents design considerations and experimental results related to a domestic micro-CHP unit which is based on organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology. The main aim of the design works and experiments was therefore the analysis of the possibility of integrating the ORC system with a standard domestic central heating gas-fired boiler. The specially designed micro-ORC system was implemented in the laboratory and experiments were performed using this test stand. The main design aims of the test-stand were: low operating pressure, small working fluid flow, low price and compact dimensions. To meet these aims, volumetric machines were chosen as the expander and working fluid pump. The experimental results were positive and show that it is possible to integrate an ORC system with a standard domestic central heating gas boiler. For different heat source temperatures, the obtained expander power ranged from 109 W to 241 W and the thermodynamic cycle efficiency ranged from 4.3% to 8.8%. These positive research results were achieved partly thanks to the positive features of the different system subassemblies.

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8

Koç, Yıldız, Hüseyin Yağlı, and Ali Koç. "Exergy Analysis and Performance Improvement of a Subcritical/Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Recovery in a Biogas Fuelled Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Engine Through the Use of Regeneration." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040575.

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In the present study, a subcritical and supercritical regenerative organic Rankine cycle (rORC) was designed. The designed rORCs assist a combined heat and power (CHP) engine, the fuel of which is biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of domestic wastes in Belgium. R245fa was selected as the working fluid for both the subcritical and supercritical rORC. During the parametric optimisation, the net power production, mass flow rate, exchanged heat in the regenerator, total pump power consumption, thermal and exergetic efficiencies of rORC were calculated for varying turbine inlet temperatures and pressures. After parametric optimisation of the rORC, the results were compared with the results of the previous study, in which only a simple ORC is analysed and parametrically optimised. Moreover, the effect of the regenerator was revealed by examining all results together. Finally, the exergetic analysis of the best performing subcritical and supercritical rORC was performed. Furthermore, the results of the present and previous studies were considered together and it is clearly seen that the subcritical rORC shows the best performance. Consequently, by using the subcritical rORC, the disadvantages of the using simple ORC (low performance) and supercritical cycle (safety, investment) can be eliminated and system performance can be improved.

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9

Vittorini, Diego, Alessio Antonini, Roberto Cipollone, and Roberto Carapellucci. "Multi-Variable Control and Optimization Strategy for Domestic Solar-ORC Combined Heat and Power Generation System." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019708014.

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The feasibility of a solar-ORC system for domestic combined heat and power generation (CHP) is deeply affected by both the time-varying ambient conditions (e.g. solar irradiance, temperature, wind speed) and the thermal and electrical load profiles variability of the final application. The definition of a proper control strategy is proven to be a major design-challenge for successful operation of solar-ORC systems, with the main goal of assuring that the thermal power demand for space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production and the electricity needs are simultaneously satisfied. The rising demand for energy-autonomous systems also calls for the inclusion of a storage system within the base-layout, that could assure the electricity demand is properly matched after sunset or in very-low irradiance conditions, such as cloudy days. A comprehensive model accounts for the dynamic of the plant-integrated unit, featuring an ORC-based plant that bottoms a flat plate solar thermal collector: a parametric study is presented, and an off-design analysis is performed to properly assess the energy performance of the system. The heat availability to the ORC heat exchanger is evaluated, based on solar availability, thermal losses in the pipes and plant requirements, in terms of operating temperature and pressures and organic fluid mass flowrate. R245fa is selected as working fluid in the ORC-section. Sliding vanes machines expander and pump – are considered as rotary equipment. Flat plate heat exchangers complete the base layout, the analysis accounts for. Due to the need for DHW production, a storage unit for hot water is present, upstream the recovery branch: dependently on the ability the fluid at the collector outlet has to meet the ORC requirements for proper operation (about 110°C), the ORC evaporator is fed and the recovery section enabled. Both continuous and unsteady operation underwent an in-depth analysis, as well as the benefits associated with different discharge times for the storage unit. A dedicated control strategy is defined, dependently on whether the electrical output or the thermal one need to be maximized, and accounts for either a flash or a progressive tank discharge. A virtual platform allowed the setting-up of a pilot plant, for direct performance assessment, in presence of different amounts of tank discharges per day and different lower temperatures at the storage tank.

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10

Jenkins, Norman. "CHP and heat pumps." Energy Policy 17, no. 3 (June 1989): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(89)90061-x.

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11

Blarke, Morten, and Henrik Lund. "Large-scale heat pumps in sustainable energy systems: System and project perspectives." Thermal Science 11, no. 3 (2007): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0703143b.

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This paper shows that in support of its ability to improve the overall economic cost-effectiveness and flexibility of the Danish energy system, the financially feasible integration of large-scale heat pumps (HP) with existing combined heat and power (CHP) plants, is critically sensitive to the operational mode of the HP vis-?-vis the operational coefficient of performance, mainly given by the temperature level of the heat source. When using ground source for low-temperature heat source, heat production costs increases by about 10%, while partial use of condensed flue gasses for low-temperature heat source results in an 8% cost reduction. Furthermore, the analysis shows that when a large-scale HP is integrated with an existing CHP plant, the projected spot market situation in The Nordic Power Exchange (Nord Pool) towards 2025, which reflects a growing share of wind power and heat-supply constrained power generation electricity, further reduces the operational hours of the CHP unit over time, while increasing the operational hours of the HP unit. In result, an HP unit at half the heat production capacity as the CHP unit in combination with a heat-only boiler represents as a possibly financially feasible alternative to CHP operation, rather than a supplement to CHP unit operation. While such revised operational strategy would have impacts on policies to promote co-generation, these results indicate that the integration of large-scale HP may jeopardize efforts to promote co-generation. Policy instruments should be designed to promote the integration of HP with lower than half of the heating capacity of the CHP unit. Also it is found, that CHP-HP plant designs should allow for the utilization of heat recovered from the CHP unit?s flue gasses for both concurrent (CHP unit and HP unit) and independent operation (HP unit only). For independent operation, the recovered heat is required to be stored. .

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12

Staffell, Iain, Dan Brett, Nigel Brandon, and Adam Hawkes. "A review of domestic heat pumps." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 11 (2012): 9291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22653g.

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13

Zwierzchowski, Ryszard, and Marcin Wołowicz. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of Sensible Thermal Energy Storage—Hot Water Tank for a Large CHP Plant in Poland." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184842.

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The paper contains a simplified energy and exergy analysis of pumps and pipelines system integrated with Thermal Energy Storage (TES). The analysis was performed for a combined heat and power plant (CHP) supplying heat to the District Heating System (DHS). The energy and exergy efficiency for the Block Part of the Siekierki CHP Plant in Warsaw was estimated. CHP Plant Siekierki is the largest CHP plant in Poland and the second largest in Europe. The energy and exergy analysis was executed for the three different values of ambient temperature. It is according to operation of the plant in different seasons: winter season (the lowest ambient temperature Tex = −20 °C, i.e., design point conditions), the intermediate season (average ambient temperature Tex = 1 °C), and summer (average ambient temperature Tex = 15 °C). The presented results of the analysis make it possible to identify the places of the greatest exergy destruction in the pumps and pipelines system with TES, and thus give the opportunity to take necessary improvement actions. Detailed results of the energy-exergy analysis show that both the energy consumption and the rate of exergy destruction in relation to the operation of the pumps and pipelines system of the CHP plant with TES for the tank charging and discharging processes are low.

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14

Al Essa, Mohammed. "Demand Response Design of Domestic Heat Pumps." Designs 2, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs2010001.

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15

Underwood, C. P. "Fuzzy multivariable control of domestic heat pumps." Applied Thermal Engineering 90 (November 2015): 957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.068.

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16

Rybiński, Witold, and Jarosław Mikielewicz. "Optimization of idealized ORC in domestic combined heat and power generation." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0020.

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Abstract Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is used, amongst the others, in geothermal facilities, in waste heat recovery or in domestic combined heat and power (CHP) generation. The paper presents optimization of an idealized ORC equivalent of the Carnot cycle with non-zero temperature difference in heat exchangers and with energy dissipation caused by the viscous fluid flow. In this analysis the amount of heat outgoing from the ORC is given. Such a case corresponds to the application of an ORC in domestic CHP. This assumption is different from the most of ORC models where the incoming amount of heat is given.

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17

Anikina, Irina, and Vyacheslav Suslov. "Influence of heat pumps inclusion in deaeration scheme of heating network make-up water on the operating modes of the TPP." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 15004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824515004.

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The idea of using a heat pump in the heating cycle seems quite attractive at first glance, but requires careful analysis of the effect of the heat pump on the operation mode of the thermal power plant. In this work we analyze the influence of the heat pumps inclusion in deaeration schemes of heating network make-up water on the operating modes of the CHP. All calculations were made for the real scheme of the de-aeration plant DSV-800 of the power unit with a T-100 turbine. The calculations were carried out for three schemes of heat pumps of different capacities. The calculations took into the account various uses of the heat received from the heat pumps.

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18

Wang, Jianxiao, Haiwang Zhong, Chin-Woo Tan, Xiao Chen, Ram Rajagopal, Qing Xia, and Chongqing Kang. "Economic Benefits of Integrating Solar-Powered Heat Pumps Into a CHP System." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 1702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2018.2810137.

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19

Muhssin, Mazin T., Liana M. Cipcigan, Nick Jenkins, Shane Slater, Meng Cheng, and Zeyad A. Obaid. "Dynamic Frequency Response From Controlled Domestic Heat Pumps." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 5 (September 2018): 4948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2789205.

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20

Underwood, C. P., M. Royapoor, and B. Sturm. "Parametric modelling of domestic air-source heat pumps." Energy and Buildings 139 (March 2017): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.026.

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21

Kicinski, J., and G. Zywica. "Prototype of the domestic CHP ORC energy system." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2016-0047.

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Abstract The Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery (IMP PAN) in Gdansk pursues its own research in fields such as technologies that use renewable energy sources efficiently, including in particular the small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This article discusses the design concepts for the prototype of small CHP ORC (organic Rankine cycle) energy system, developed under the research project. The source of heat is a boiler designed for biomass combustion. Electricity was generated using specially designed oil-free vapour micro-turbine. The turbo-generator has compact structure and hermetical casing thanks to the use of gas bearings lubricated by working medium. All energy system components are controlled and continuously monitored by a coherent automation and control system. The article also discusses selected experimental results conducted under laboratory conditions. Thermal-flow tests were presented that allow for an assessment of the operation of energy system components. Additionally, energy performance results of the turbo-generator were given including power obtained at various cycle parameters. The achieved results have shown that the developed energy system operated in accordance with design solutions. Electricity derived from the energy system prototype was around 2 kW, with boiler’s thermal power of 25 kW. The research has also confirmed that this system can be used in a domestic environment.

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22

Anand, Gopalakrishnan, Donald C. Erickson, and Ellen Makar. "Subfreezing Absorption Refrigeration for Industrial CHP." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 04 (December 2018): 1850033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500335.

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The design and operation of an advanced absorption refrigeration unit (Thermochiller) as part of an industrial combined heat and power (CHP) system is presented. The unit is installed at a vegetable processing plant in Santa Maria, California. The overall integrated system includes the engine package with waste heat recovery, Thermochiller, cooling tower, and chilling load interface. The unique feature of the system is that both the exhaust and jacket heat are used to supply subfreezing refrigeration. To achieve the low refrigeration temperatures of interest to industrial applications, all components of this integrated system needed careful consideration and optimization. The CHP system has a low emission natural gas-fired 633[Formula: see text]kW reciprocating engine cogeneration package. Both the exhaust heat and jacket heat are recovered and delivered via a hot glycol loop with 105[Formula: see text]C supply temperature and 80[Formula: see text]C return. The 125 ton ammonia absorption chiller (TC125) chills propylene glycol to [Formula: see text]C and has a coefficient of performance of 0.63. TC125 has peak electric demand of 10[Formula: see text]kW for pumps and 8[Formula: see text]kW for the cooling tower fan. The CHP system, including TC125, operates 20[Formula: see text]h per day, six days per week. All operations of TC125 are completely automatic and autonomous, including startups and shutdowns. Industrial refrigeration is typically a 24/7 load and highly energy-intensive. By converting all the engine waste heat to subfreezing refrigeration, Thermochiller brings added value to cogeneration or CHP projects.

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23

Thomson, M., and D. Infield. "Modelling the impact of micro-combined heat and power generators on electricity distribution networks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 222, no. 7 (October 24, 2008): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe574.

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This paper investigates potential technical effects that a high take up of domestic micro-CHP could have on an electricity distribution system. This study is based on a combination of house-by-house energy use modelling and network power-flow analysis. A variety of micro-CHP technologies are represented, including Stirling engines, internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. These have different heat-to-power ratios and thus different impacts on the electricity system. The results and discussion focus on voltage rise, which is considered to be the primary constraint on allowable penetration.

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24

De Souza, Ronelly, Melchiorre Casisi, Diego Micheli, and Mauro Reini. "A Review of Small–Medium Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technologies and Their Role within the 100% Renewable Energy Systems Scenario." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175338.

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The energy transition towards a scenario with 100% renewable energy sources (RES) for the energy system is starting to unfold its effects and is increasingly accepted. In such a scenario, a predominant role will be played by large photovoltaic and wind power plants. At the same time, the electrification of energy consumption is expected to develop further, with the ever-increasing diffusion of electric transport, heat pumps, and power-to-gas technologies. The not completely predictable nature of the RES is their well-known drawback, and it will require the use of energy storage technologies, in particular large-scale power-to-chemical conversion and chemical-to-power re-conversion, in view of the energy transition. Nonetheless, there is a lack in the literature regarding an analysis of the potential role of small–medium CCHP technologies in such a scenario. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to address what could be the role of the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and/or Combined Cooling Heat and Power (CCHP) technologies fed by waste heat within the mentioned scenario. First, in this paper, a review of small–medium scale CHP technologies is performed, which may be fed by low temperature waste heat sources. Then, a review of the 100% RE scenario studied by researchers from the Lappeenranta University of Technology (through the so-called “LUT model”) is conducted to identify potential low temperature waste heat sources that could feed small–medium CHP technologies. Second, some possible interactions between those mentioned waste heat sources and the reviewed CHP technologies are presented through the crossing data collected from both sides. The results demonstrate that the most suitable waste heat sources for the selected CHP technologies are those related to gas turbines (heat recovery steam generator), steam turbines, and internal combustion engines. A preliminary economic analysis was also performed, which showed that the potential annual savings per unit of installed kW of the considered CHP technologies could reach EUR 255.00 and EUR 207.00 when related to power and heat production, respectively. Finally, the perspectives about the carbon footprint of the CHP/CCHP integration within the 100% renewable energy scenario were discussed.

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Tretyakova, Polina. "The effectiveness of heat pumps as part of CCGT-190/220 Tyumen CHP-1." MATEC Web of Conferences 106 (2017): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710606017.

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26

Sit, Mihail, and Anatoliy Juravliov. "Hybrid Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump for the Multifamily Residential Buildings in the Heat Supply System Based on CHP." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 3(51) (August 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2021.3-51.08.

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The work is devoted to centralized heat supply systems based on CHP plants and the use with them heat pumps (HP) on carbon dioxide as refrigerant. Heat pumps are used in heat supply systems for buildings and use the heat of the outside air and, at the same time, the heat of the return network water (WWR) as a source of low-grade heat (LHP). The aim of the study is to develop a structural diagram of such a heat pump, where the outside air is heated by a heat exchanger installed in the return water line of the heating system, to develop a hydraulic circuit of a heat pump taking into account the law of regulation of the building heating system, to develop an algorithm for controlling the operating modes of the so-called balancing heat exchanger installed after gas cooler and internal heat exchanger of the heat pump. The most significant results were the hydraulic circuit of the heat pump, the aerodynamic circuit of the air supply path to the heat pump evaporator, the balancing heat exchanger control system, taking into account the requirement to ensure the operation of the control valve in a single-phase flow. The significance of the results obtained consisted in obtaining the dependences between the CO temperature graph and the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump, which ensured the operation of the control valve of the heat pump in a single-phase environment.

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Ganji, A. R. "Environmental and Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Residential Gas and Heat Pump Heating." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906431.

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Energy efficiency and source air pollutant emission factors of gas heaters, gas engine heat pumps, and electric heat pumps for domestic heating have been evaluated and compared. The analysis shows that with the present state of technology, gas engine heat pumps have the highest energy efficiency followed by electric heat pumps and then gas heaters. Electric heat pumps produce more than twice as much NOx, and comparable CO2 and CO per unit of useful heating energy compared to natural gas heaters. CO production per unit of useful heating energy from gas engine heat pumps without any emission control is substantially higher than electric heat pumps and natural gas heaters. NOx production per unit of useful heating energy from natural gas engine heat pumps (using lean burn technology) without any emission control is about the same as effective NOx production from electric heat pumps. Gas engine heat pumps produce about one-half CO2 compared to electric heat pumps.

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28

Hewitt, N. J. "Heat pumps and demand side response – decarbonisation of domestic heating." International Journal of Ambient Energy 35, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2014.916070.

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29

Sweetnam, Trevor, Michael Fell, Eleni Oikonomou, and Tadj Oreszczyn. "Domestic demand-side response with heat pumps: controls and tariffs." Building Research & Information 47, no. 4 (March 8, 2018): 344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2018.1442775.

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30

Swing Gustafsson, Moa, Jonn Myhren, and Erik Dotzauer. "Life Cycle Cost of Heat Supply to Areas with Detached Houses—A Comparison of District Heating and Heat Pumps from an Energy System Perspective." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123266.

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There are different views on whether district heating (DH) or heat pumps (HPs) is or are the best heating solution in order to reach a 100% renewable energy system. This article investigates the economic perspective, by calculating and comparing the energy system life cycle cost (LCC) for the two solutions in areas with detached houses. The LCC is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation, where all input data is varied according to predefined probability distributions. In addition to the parameter variations, 16 different scenarios are evaluated regarding the main fuel for the DH, the percentage of combined heat and power (CHP), the DH temperature level, and the type of electrical backup power. Although HP is the case with the lowest LCC for most of the scenarios, there are alternatives for each scenario in which either HP or DH has the lowest LCC. In alternative scenarios with additional electricity transmission costs, and a marginal cost perspective regarding the CHP investment, DH has the lowest LCC overall, taking into account all scenarios. The study concludes that the decision based on energy system economy on whether DH should expand into areas with detached houses must take local conditions into consideration.

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31

Lai, LanXin, Toshio Imai, Motohiro Umezu, Mamoru Ishii, and Hironao Ogura. "Possibility of Calcium Oxide from Natural Limestone Including Impurities for Chemical Heat Pump." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040803.

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Improving energy recycle is an important way to save energy resources and preserve the global environment. Chemical heat pump (CHP) is a technology for saving energy, which utilizes chemical reactions to store thermal energy such as waste heat and solar heat, then release it to provide heat for heating/cooling/refrigeration. For a practical CHP, it is necessary to find cheaper and more stable supply materials. In order to evaluate the possibility of calcium oxide from natural Ofunato natural limestone including impurities, we compare Ofunato limestone with Kawara natural limestone and Garou natural limestone from Japan. These calcium oxides worked as a reactant for CaO/H2O/Ca(OH)2 CHP by repeated hydration/dehydration reaction cycle experiments in a thermogravimetric analyzer. As a result, Ofunato CaO exhibits a high hydration reaction rate after decarbonization at 1223 K for 5 h. The reactivity increased by the repeated hydration reaction although the first hydration rate was low. Furthermore, the sintering of impurities in Ofunato limestone occur easier than that in Kawara limestone with lower impurities. The impurities adhered to the surface of the CaO particle to make specific surface area of CaO particle smaller, which could inhibit hydration reaction of CaO particle. Even if Ofunato limestone contains some impurities, it can be utilized as a raw material for chemical heat pumps.

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32

Sun, Fangtian, Lin Fu, Jian Sun, and Shigang Zhang. "A new waste heat district heating system with combined heat and power (CHP) based on ejector heat exchangers and absorption heat pumps." Energy 69 (May 2014): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.044.

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33

Li, Ximei, Jianmin Gao, Yaning Zhang, Yu Zhang, Qian Du, Shaohua Wu, and Yukun Qin. "Energy, Exergy and Economic Analyses of a Combined Heating and Power System with Turbine-Driving Fans and Pumps in Northeast China." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040878.

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The combined heating and power (CHP) system with turbine-driving fans and pumps is more efficient and economical in meeting heat demand in cold areas, however, there are no detailed studies that investigate its thermodynamic performance, improvement possibilities and economy. In this paper, the energy, exergy and economic analysis of a CHP system with turbine-driving fans and pumps operated in Northeast China were conducted to provide insights into improvement options. It is revealed that the boiler is the main source of exergy destruction, followed by the steam-water heat exchangers (SWHE), temperature and pressure reducer (TPR), turbines, and deaerator. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are 89.72% and 10.07%, while the boiler’s are 84.89% and 30.04%. The thermodynamic performance of the boiler and turbines are compared with other studies, and the inefficiencies of major components are analyzed and some advice for further improvement is given. As the reference state changes, the main conclusions stay the same. The turbine-driving mode saves an electricity cost of 16,654.08 yuan on 15 December 2018. The effect of electricity price and on-grid price on the saved daily electricity cost is investigated and it proves that the turbine-driving mode is more economical in China.

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34

DUŻYŃSKI, Adam. "Commercial operation of the biogas cogeneration set with the JMS 316 GS-B.LC GE JENBACHER type engine." Combustion Engines 152, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117013.

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The paper discusses three years commercial operation to date of the Biogas Cogeneration Set driven with the JMS 316 GS-B.LC GE JENBACHER type engine, which has been operating in the WARTA S.A. Sewage Treatment Plant of Czestochowa since the end of December 2008. The analysis covered the CHP Sets operation and shutdown times, number of start-ups and availability, electric energy and heat generation, and average hourly electric and thermal load; the Sewage Treatment Plants electric energy and heat balance and the degree of coverage of its electric energy and heat demand by its own production; the unit biogas consumption by the CHP Set; the service work carried out on, and failures of the CHP Set; and the economic effects gained from the operation of the Set. The study is a continuation of the authors previous publications [3, 6, 7, 8] and, jointly with them, constitutes a unique compendium of knowledge for future operators of CHP biogas sets in the form of a collection of actual operational data for one of the most representative biogas cogeneration sets operated in domestic sewage plants in terms of electric power (approx. 0.8 MW).

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35

Niemierka, Elżbieta, and Piotr Jadwiszczak. "Potential of individual heat pumps for renewable energy storage in Smart Grid." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000057.

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Ever-increasing power market and environmental policy enforce growth of renewable power sources. Renewables inflexibility and dependency on weather condition causes periodically imbalance in power system due to the green power overproduction. With the increase of renewable sources, the balancing problems in power system will be increasingly significance issue. It is proposed to use individual heat pumps as a next tool for energy system adjustment support. Power system adjustment will be carried out by active demand side management by intended domestic hot water tanks overheating. The smart grid individual heat pumps setpoints will be switched at community or even country scale. The strategy allows shaving the overproduction peaks through short-term increase of electricity consumption in remote controlled heat pumps and to lowering power demand during green power deficits using the thermal energy stored in overheated domestic hot water. The dynamic mathematical simulations were made to define the operation and limitation of active control strategy of heat pumps integrated into smart grid. The results allow testing and assessing the potential of individual heat pumps as a next tool for balancing the power system with large scale of renewable power.

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36

Mikielewicz, Jarosław, and Dariusz Mikielewicz. "Thermal-hydraulic issues of flow boiling and condensation in organic Rankine cycle heat exchangers." Archives of Thermodynamics 33, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-012-0002-3.

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Thermal-hydraulic issues of flow boiling and condensation in organic Rankine cycle heat exchangers In the paper presented are the issues related to the design and operation of micro heat exchangers, where phase changes can occur, applicable to the domestic micro combined heat and power (CHP) unit. Analysed is the stability of the two-phase flow in such unit. A simple hydraulic model presented in the paper enables for the stability analysis of the system and analysis of disturbance propagation caused by a jump change of the flow rate. Equations of the system dynamics as well as properties of the working fluid are strongly non-linear. A proposed model can be applicable in designing the system of flow control in micro heat exchangers operating in the considered CHP unit.

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Conrad, Jochen, and Simon Greif. "Modelling Load Profiles of Heat Pumps." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 25, 2019): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040766.

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Approximately one quarter of energy-related emissions in Germany are caused by the domestic sector. At 81%, the largest share of these emissions is due to heat supply. Many measures are available to reduce these emissions. One of these measures, which is considered to play an important role in many studies, is the replacement of fossil-fired boilers with electric heat pumps. In order to be able to analyse the impact of high penetrations of heat pumps on the energy system, the coefficient of performance (COP) must be modelled with high temporal resolution. In this study, a methodology is presented on how to calculate high-resolution COPs and the electrical load of heat pumps based on thermal load curves and temperature time series. The COP is determined by the reciprocal Carnot factor. Since heat pumps are often designed bivalently due to the cost structure, the methodology described can also be used for evaluating the combination of immersion heater and heat pump (here for the air/water heat pump). As a result the theoretical hourly COPs determined are calibrated with annual performance factors from field tests. The modelled COPs show clear differences. Currently, mostly air source heat pumps are installed in Germany. If this trend continues, the maximum electrical load of the heat supply will increase more than would be the case with higher shares of ground source heat pumps.

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38

Hewitt, Neil J. "Heat pumps – challenges for new build and retrofit in domestic applications." International Journal of Ambient Energy 32, no. 4 (December 2011): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2011.639231.

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39

Hewitt, Neil J., Ming Jun Huang, Mark Anderson, and Matthew Quinn. "Advanced air source heat pumps for UK and European domestic buildings." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 17-18 (December 2011): 3713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.02.005.

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40

Genkinger, Andreas, Ralf Dott, and Thomas Afjei. "Combining Heat Pumps with Solar Energy for Domestic Hot Water Production." Energy Procedia 30 (2012): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.013.

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41

Jenkins, D. P., R. Tucker, and R. Rawlings. "Modelling the carbon-saving performance of domestic ground-source heat pumps." Energy and Buildings 41, no. 6 (June 2009): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.12.002.

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42

Caird, Sally, Robin Roy, and Stephen Potter. "Domestic heat pumps in the UK: user behaviour, satisfaction and performance." Energy Efficiency 5, no. 3 (February 2, 2012): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-012-9146-x.

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43

Zhang, H. S., H. B. Zhao, and Z. L. Li. "Performance analysis of the coal-fired power plant with combined heat and power (CHP) based on absorption heat pumps." Journal of the Energy Institute 89, no. 1 (February 2016): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2015.01.009.

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44

Gülteki̇n, Nurbay, Teoman Ayhan, and Kami̇l Kaygusuz. "Heat storage chemical materials which can be used for domestic heating by heat pumps." Energy Conversion and Management 32, no. 4 (January 1991): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(91)90049-o.

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45

Yusupova, A. O., M. V. Kozhevnikova, Yu N. Belenkov, and E. V. Privalova. "Co-morbid pathology: coronary heart disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 95, no. 4 (June 6, 2017): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-4-291-301.

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The article presents data of domestic and foreign authors illustrating current views of mechanisms underlying development, pathogenesis, and difficulties of differential diagnostics of coronary heart disease (CHD) concurrent with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). High prevalence of both conditions and their common risk factors are responsible for frequent occurrence of co-morbidity. The available data suggest positive effect of treatment with proton pump inhibitors (decreased frequency of myocardial ischemia and heart arrhythmia). Co-morbidity of CHD and GERD requires long-term treatment and the use of safe medications having no adverse effects on the course of CHD.

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46

Kim, Dahye, Kyung-Tae Kim, and Young-Kwon Park. "A Comparative Study on the Reduction Effect in Greenhouse Gas Emissions between the Combined Heat and Power Plant and Boiler." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125144.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between the combined heat and power (CHP) plant and boiler, which became the main energy-generating facilities of “anaerobic digestion” (AD) biogas produced in Korea, and analyze the GHG emissions in a life cycle. Full-scale data from two Korean “wastewater treatment plants” (WWTPs), which operated boilers and CHP plants fueled by biogas, were used in order to estimate the reduction potential of GHG emissions based on a “life cycle assessment” (LCA) approach. The GHG emissions of biogas energy facilities were divided into pre-manufacturing stages, production stages, pretreatment stages, and combustion stages, and the GHG emissions by stages were calculated by dividing them into Scope1, Scope2, and Scope3. Based on the calculated reduction intensity, a comparison of GHG reduction effects was made by assuming a scenario in which the amount of biogas produced at domestic sewage treatment plants used for boiler heating is replaced by a CHP plant. Four different scenarios for utilizing biogas are considered based on the GHG emission potential of each utilization plant. The biggest reduction was in the scenario of using all of the biogas in CHP plants and heating the anaerobic digester through district heating. GHG emissions in a life cycle were slightly higher in boilers than in CHP plants because GHG emissions generated by pre-treatment facilities were smaller than other emissions, and lower Scope2 emissions in CHP plants were due to their own use of electricity produced. It was confirmed that the CHP plant using biogas is superior to the boiler in terms of GHG reduction in a life cycle.

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Luzhkovoy, Dmitriy S., Olga Yu Romashova, Aleksandr A. Tubolev, Yuriy V. Kobenko, and Elena S. Riabova. "The effectiveness of absorption heat pumps application for the increase of economic efficiency of CHP operation." MATEC Web of Conferences 92 (December 21, 2016): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179201054.

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48

Klemeš, Jiří, and Sauro Pierucci. "Emission reduction by process intensification, integration, P-Graphs, micro CHP, heat pumps and advanced case studies." Applied Thermal Engineering 28, no. 16 (November 2008): 2005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.06.010.

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49

Cheng, Yonggao, Yanqing Wu, and Siran Bai. "A Smart Community Waste Heat Recovery System Based on Air Source-Sewage Source Compound Heat Pump." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39 (April 30, 2021): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390220.

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Compared with the traditional hot water production methods, heat pump systems have the unique advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, and eco-friendly, so they have a very good promotion and application prospect. The sewage source heat pump systems can recover the waste heat of high-temperature sewage produced in residential communities, for this reason, this study integrated the proven air source heat pump technology with the sewage source heat pump technology and conducted a research on the smart community waste heat recovery system based on the air-source/sewage-source Compound Heat Pump system (CHP system). In the paper, the design steps and equipment selection flow of the proposed system were given, the waste heat utilization rate of the proposed system was calculated, and the obtained experimental results verified the energy-saving effect of the proposed system, which had provided a reference for the application of the compound heat pumps in other occasions.

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Kachalouski, Yauheni, and Matuška Tomáš. "Performance of heat pump system for water heating in European climate." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018203006.

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A performance of air-to-water and brine-to-water heat pump for domestic hot water preparation was analyzed in different climates of Europe. Air-source heat pumps are widely used energy source for domestic applications with low operation costs. Their system SPF was found at level of 3.0 for domestic hot water preparation for medium latitudes in Europe. Investigations on the ground-source heat pump performance show their average SPF are close to air-source technology.

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