Journal articles: 'Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)'

1

Walter, Heimo, and Wladimir Linzer. "Flow Stability of Heat Recovery Steam Generators." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 4 (March 1, 2004): 840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2179469.

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This paper presents the results of theoretical flow stability analyses of two different types of natural circulation heat recovery steam generators (HRSG)—a two-drum steam generator—and a HRSG with a horizontal tube bank. The investigation shows the influence of the boiler geometry on the flow stability of the steam generators. For the two-drum boiler, the steady-state instability, namely, a reversed flow, is analyzed. Initial results of the investigation for the HRSG with a horizontal tube bank are also presented. In this case, the dynamic flow instability of density wave oscillations is analyzed.

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Kaviri, Ganjeh, M. N. Mohd Jafar, and M. L. Tholudin. "Modeling and Optimization of Heat Recovery Heat Exchanger." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2448.

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The Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are attractive in power generation field due to their higher thermal efficiency than individual steam or gas turbine cycles. Therefore thermo optimal design of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in CCPPs is an important subject due to the increasing the fuel prices and decreasing the fossil fuel resources. In this paper the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with typical geometry and number of pressure levels used at CCPPs in Iran is modeled. Then the optimal design of HRSG operating parameters was performed by defining an objective function and applying Generic algorithm optimization method. The total cost per unit of produced steam exergy was defined as the objective function. The objective function included capital or investment cost, operational cost, and the corresponding cost of the exergy destruction was minimized while satisfying a group of constraints.

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Feng, Hong Cui, Wei Zhong, Yan Ling Wu, and Shui Guang Tong. "The Effects of Parameters on HRSG Thermodynamic Performance." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.383.

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Changes of inlet temperature, mass flow rate and composition of flue gas, or of water/steam pressure and temperature in heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), all will modify the amount of waste heat recovered from flue gas; this brings forward a desire for the optimization of the design of HRSG. For single pressure HRSGs with given structures and specified values of inlet temperature, mass flow rate and composition of flue gas, the steam mass flow rate and gas outlet temperature of the HRSG are analyzed as functions of several parameters. This analysis is based on the laws of thermodynamics, incorporated into the energy balance equations for the heat exchangers. Those parameters are superheated steam pressure and temperature, feedwater temperature and pinch point temperature difference. It was shown that the gas outlet temperature could be lowered by selecting appropriate water/steam parameters and pinch point temperature difference. While operating with the suggested parameters, the HRSG can generate more high-quality steam, a fact of great significance for waste heat recovery from wider ranges of sources for better energy conservation.

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Ahn, J., Y. S. Lee, and J. J. Kim. "STEAM DRUM DESIGN FOR A HRSG BASED ON CFD." Journal of computational fluids engineering 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.6112/kscfe.2011.16.1.067.

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Hegde, N., I. Han, T. W. Lee, and R. P. Roy. "Flow and Heat Transfer in Heat Recovery Steam Generators." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 3 (March 24, 2007): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2751505.

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Computational simulations of flow and heat transfer in heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) of vertical- and horizontal-tube designs are reported. The main objective of the work was to obtain simple modifications of their internal configuration that render the flow of combustion gas more spatially uniform. The computational method was validated by comparing some of the simulation results for a scaled-down laboratory model with experimental measurements in the same. Simulations were then carried out for two plant HRSGs—without and with the proposed modifications. The results show significantly more uniform combustion gas flow in the modified configurations. Heat transfer calculations were performed for one superheater section of the vertical-tube HRSG to determine the effect of the configuration modification on heat transfer from the combustion gas to the steam flowing in the superheater tubes.

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Sharma, Meeta, and Onkar Singh. "Parametric Evaluation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)." Heat Transfer-Asian Research 43, no. 8 (December 13, 2013): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.21106.

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Langston, Lee S. "Cogeneration: Gas Turbine Multitasking." Mechanical Engineering 134, no. 08 (August 1, 2012): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-aug-4.

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This article describes the functioning of the gas turbine cogeneration power plant at the University of Connecticut (UConn) in Storrs. This 25-MW power plant serves the 18,000 students’ campus. It has been in operation since 2006 and is expected to save the University $180M in energy costs over its 40-year design life. The heart of the UConn cogeneration plant consists of three 7-MW Solar Taurus gas turbines burning natural gas, with fuel oil as a backup. These drive water-cooled generators to produce up to 20–24 MW of electrical power distributed throughout the campus. Gas turbine exhaust heat is used to generate up to 200,000 pounds per hour of steam in heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs). The HRSGs provide high-pressure steam to power a 4.6-MW steam turbine generator set for more electrical power and low-pressure steam for campus heating. The waste heat from the steam turbine contained in low-pressure turbine exhaust steam is combined with the HRSG low-pressure steam output for campus heating.

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Beasley, O. W., E. C. Hutchins, P. R. Predick, and J. M. Vavrek. "Induced Draft Fan Innovation for Heat Recovery Steam Generators." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906834.

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A first of its kind, induced draft (ID) heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) have been in service at a cogeneration facility since 1991. A preliminary engineering study considered a forced draft (FD) fan to supply combustion air to the HRSG duct burners (when the combustion turbine (CT) is out of service) as a traditional design; however, the study indicated that the FD fan may require the HRSG duct burner to be shut off following a CT trip and re-ignited after the FD fan was in service. Although the induced draft HRSG design cost more than the FD fan design, the induced draft design has improved the cogeneration facility’s steam generation reliability by enabling the HRSG to remain in service following a CT trip. This paper briefly summarizes the preliminary engineering study that supported the decision to select the ID fan design. The paper also discusses the control system that operates the fresh-air louvers, duct burners, HRSG, and ID fan during a CT trip. Startup and operating experiences are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the design. Lessons learned are also summarized for input into future induced draft HRSG designs.

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Mu, Lin, and Hong Chao Yin. "Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Deposits on Heat Transfer Process in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.1301.

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Flue gas entrains a large number of ash particles which are composed of alkali substances into the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The deposition of particles on the tube surface of heat transfer can reduce the heat transfer efficiency significantly. In the present work, an Eulerian- Lagrangian model based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is implemented to simulation flue gas turbulent flow, heat transfer and the particle transport in the HRSG. Several User-Defined Functions (UDFs) are developed to predict the particle deposition/ rebounding as well as the influence of physical properties and microstructure of deposits on the heat transfer process. The results show that only after one day deposition, the total heat transfer rate reduces 27.68% compared with the case no deposition. Furthermore, the total heat transfer rate reduces to only 238.74kW after 30 days of continuous operation without any slag removal manipulation. Both numerical simulation and field measurement identify that the deposits play an important role in the heat transfer in the HRSG. Especially, when the deposits can’t be removed designedly according to the actual operating conditions, the HRSG experiences a noticeable decline in heat transfer efficiency due to continuous fouling and slagging on the tube surface.

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G. Zewge, Mesfin, T. A. Lemma, A. A. Ibrahim, and D. Sujan. "Modeling and Simulation of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator Using Partially Known Design Point Data." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.596.

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In a cogeneration or combined heat and power plant, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) helps achieve overall thermal efficiency as high as 80%. The purpose of this study is to model and simulate the HRSG given partial design point data. The pinch and approach temperatures are optimized within generally accepted range. In order to satisfy the energy conservation equation, tuning parameters are used for the overall heat transfer coefficients corresponding to the evaporator and economizer. For the off-design simulation, the values of pinch and approach temperatures are adjusted until the modeling error is within a set limit. The effect of mass flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient is accounted for & by employing empirical relations. A 12 Ton/hr natural circulation HRSG was considered as a case study. The validation test on inlet temperatures of the exhaust gas and feed water to the economizer demonstrated relative percentage errors of 0.4246% and 1.8776%, respectively. The model can be used for fault detection and diagnostic system design, performance optimization, and environmental load assessment.

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Vannoni, Alberto, Alessandro Sorce, Sven Bosser, and Torsten Buddenberg. "Heat recovery from Combined Cycle Power Plants for Heat Pumps." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911301011.

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Fossil fuel power plants, as combined cycle plants (CCGT), will increasingly have to shift their role from providing base-load power to providing fluctuating back-up power to control and stabilize the grid, but they also have to be able to run at the highest possible efficiency. Combined Heat and Power generation could be a smart solution to overcome the flexibility required to a modern power plant, this work investigates different layout possibilities allowing to increase the overall efficiency through the heat recover from the hot flue gasses after the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of a CCGT. The flue gas (FG) cooling aims to recover not only the sensible heat but also the latent heat by condensing the water content. One possible solution couples a heat pump to the flue gas condenser in order to increase the temperature at which the recovered heat is supplied, moreover the evaluated layout has to comply with the requirement of a minimum temperature before entering the stack.

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Lee, Boo-Youn. "Stress Analysis and Evaluation of Steam Separator of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 17, no. 4 (August 30, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2018.17.4.023.

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Gbonee, Barikuura, Barinyima Nkoi, and John Sodiki. "Performance Evaluation of a Combined Heat and Power Plant in the Niger Delta of Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.4.1055.

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This research presents the performance assessment of a combined heat and power plant operating in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The main focus is to evaluate the performance parameters of the gas turbine unit and the waste heat recovery generator section of the combined-heat-and-power plant. Data were gathered from the manufacturer’s manual, field and panel operator’s log sheets and the human machine interface (HMI) monitoring screen. The standard thermodynamic equations were used to determine the appropriate parameters of the various components of the gas turbine power plant as well as that of the heat exchangers of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The outcome of all analysis indicated that for every 10C rise in ambient temperature of the compressor air intake there is an average of 0.146MW drop in the gas turbine power output, a fall of about 0.176% in the thermal efficiency of the plant, a decrease of about 2.46% in the combined-cycle thermal efficiency and an increase of about 0.0323 Kg/Kwh in specific fuel consumption of the plant. In evaluating the performance of the Waste Heat Boiler (WHB), the principle of heat balance above pinch was applied to a single steam pressure HRSG exhaust gas/steam temperature profile versus exhaust heat flow. Hence, the evaporative capacity (steam flow) of the HRSG was computed from the total heat transfer in the super-heaters and evaporator tubes using heat balance above pinch. The analysis revealed that the equivalent evaporation, evaporative capacity (steam flow) and the HRSG thermal efficiency depends on the heat exchanger’s heat load and its effective maintenance.

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Wang, Zhen, and Liqiang Duan. "Thermoeconomic Optimization of Steam Pressure of Heat Recovery Steam Generator in Combined Cycle Gas Turbine under Different Operation Strategies." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164991.

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The optimization of the steam parameters of the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) of Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) has become one of the important means to reduce the power generation cost of combined cycle units. Based on the structural theory of thermoeconomics, a thermoeconomic optimization model for a triple pressure reheat HRSG is established. Taking the minimization of the power generation cost of the combined cycle system as the optimization objective, an optimization algorithm based on three factors and six levels of orthogonal experimental samples to determine the optimal solution for the high, intermediate and low pressure steam pressures under different gas turbine (GT) operation strategies. The variation law and influencing factors of the system power generation cost with the steam pressure level under all operation strategies are analyzed. The research results show that the system power generation cost decreases as the GT load rate increases, T4 plays a dominant role in the selection of the optimal pressure level for high pressure (HP) steam and, in order to obtain the optimum power generation cost, the IGV T3-650-F mode should be adopted to keep the T4 at a high level under different GT load rates.

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Zariatin, D. L., I. G. E. Lesmana, R. C. Hartantrie, and Aditya Nugroho. "PERANCANGAN HRSG (HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR) SEBAGAI PEMANAS REFRIGRANT R-134a PADA SIKLUS ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE." Dinamika : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 12, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/djitm.v12i1.12894.

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Udara buang proses pirolisis masih menyimpan energi panas yang cukup tinggi dengan temperatur mencapai 800°C sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media untuk merubah fase Refrigerant R-134a dari fase cair menjadi gas. Refrigerant R-134a yang sudah berubah menjadi gas digunakan untuk memutar turbin sebagai penggerak generator sehingga dapat menghasilkan aliran listrik dalam siklus Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Refrigrant R-134a tidak menyerap panas dari proses pirolisis secara langsung. Panas dari pirolisis diserap melalui siklus thermal oil kemudian digunakan untuk mengubah fasa R-134a pada Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Desain HRSG pada penelitian ini adalah tipe sistem Heat Exchanger shell and tube. Dimana thermal oil yang memiliki suhu panas mengalir dalam shell dan refrigerant R-134a yang memiliki suhu dingin mengalir dalam Tube. Pertukaran panas terjadi ketika Refrigerant R-134a masuk ke dalam tube dan thermal oil masuk ke dalam shell. Dalam perancangan HRSG ini digunakan tiga variasi tekanan yaitu 8 bars, 10 bar, dan 12 bar. Data suhu, tekanan, diameter tube, dan mass flow rate di-input pada software HTRI Xchanger suite kemudian diproses oleh software tersebut sehingga menghasilkan output berupa laju perpindahan panas. Nilai laju perpindahan panas berturut turut sebesar turut 2,084 kJ/s, 2,622 kJ/s, dan 3,02kJ/s. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan hasil yang paling optimal berada pada tekanan 12 bar dengan nilai laju perpindahan panas sebesar 3,02 kJ/s Kata kunci: shell and tube HRSG, HTRI Xchanger suite, Organic Rankine Cycle

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Yohana, Eflita, and Rahmat Julyansyah. "ANALISIS TOTAL EFISIENSI HRSG (HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR) PADA COMBINE CYCLE POWER PLANT (CCPP) 120 MW PT. KRAKATAU DAYA LISTRIK." ROTASI 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.18.2.28-31.

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Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) adalah suatu komponen kesatuan antara turbin gas dan turbin uap pada sistem combine cycle power plant. HRSG berfungsi sebagai alat yang memanfaatkan energi panas gas buang dari gas turbin untuk memanaskan air pada tube - tube yang berada di dalam HRSG, sehingga air berubah menjadi uap panas lanjut untuk memutar turbin uap [1]. Analisa dilakukan pada HRSG Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas dan Uap melalui perhitungan total efisiensi berdasarkan temperatur, tekanan, dan laju massa yang masuk dan keluar HRSG. Selain itu analisa ini untuk membandingkan total efisiensi HRSG pada saat commisioning process dengan bulan Januari 2016. Data temperatur, tekanan, dan laju massa yang diperoleh telah tercatat melalui layanan system operasi interface. Dari hasil perhitungan nantinya akan diketahui nilai total efisiensi HRSG commisioning sebesar 93,31% dengan nilai efisiensi high pressure sebesar 69,62% dan nilai efisiensi low pressure sebesar 23,69%, dibandingkan dengan nilai total efisiensi HRSG pada bulan Januari 2016 sebesar 79,88% dengan nilai efisiensi high pressure sebesar 66,47% dan nilai efisiensi low pressure sebesar 13,41%. Terjadi penurunan nilai efisiensi saat commisioning dengan bulan Januari 2016 yaitu sebesar 13,43%.

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Kotowicz, Janusz, and Marcin Job. "Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a gas turbine combined cycle plant with oxy-combustion." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0039.

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Abstract This paper presents a gas turbine combined cycle plant with oxy-combustion and carbon dioxide capture. A gas turbine part of the unit with the operating parameters is presented. The methodology and results of optimization by the means of a genetic algorithm for the steam parts in three variants of the plant are shown. The variants of the plant differ by the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) construction: the singlepressure HRSG (1P), the double-pressure HRSG with reheating (2PR), and the triple-pressure HRSG with reheating (3PR). For obtained results in all variants an economic evaluation was performed. The break-even prices of electricity were determined and the sensitivity analysis to the most significant economic factors were performed.

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Kotowicz, Janusz, and Marcin Job. "Thermodynamic analysis of the advanced zero emission power plant." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0006.

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Abstract The paper presents the structure and parameters of advanced zero emission power plant (AZEP). This concept is based on the replacement of the combustion chamber in a gas turbine by the membrane reactor. The reactor has three basic functions: (i) oxygen separation from the air through the membrane, (ii) combustion of the fuel, and (iii) heat transfer to heat the oxygen-depleted air. In the discussed unit hot depleted air is expanded in a turbine and further feeds a bottoming steam cycle (BSC) through the main heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Flue gas leaving the membrane reactor feeds the second HRSG. The flue gas consist mainly of CO2 and water vapor, thus, CO2 separation involves only the flue gas drying. Results of the thermodynamic analysis of described power plant are presented.

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Ehyaei, M. A. "Estimation of condensate mass flow rate during purging time in heat recovery steam generator of combined cycle power plant." Thermal Science 18, no. 4 (2014): 1389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci111031102e.

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In this paper the transient modeling of HRSG (Heat recovery steam generator) in purging time was considered. In purging time, compressed air from the gas turbine was used to purge a combustible gas from HRSG. During this time; steam condensate was formed in the superheater stage which should be drained completely to avoid some problems such as deformation of superheaters. Because of this reason, estimation of drain formation is essential to avoid this problem. In this paper an energy model was provided and this model was solved by MATLsoftware. Average model error is about 5%. Results show that, during purge time, steam temperature was decreased from 502 (?C) (Superheater 2), 392 (?C) (Superheater1) and 266 (?C) (Evaporators 1&2) to 130 (?C), 130 (?C) and 220 (?C), respectively and also steam pressure was decreased from 52 (bar) to 23(bar) during purge time. At end of purge time, condensate formation was about 220 (l) when inlet gas temperature was equal to 100 (?C) and purge gas mass flow rate was equal to 386.86 (kg/s).

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Zeinodini, Mohammadreza, and Mehdi Aliehyaei. "Energy, exergy, and economic analysis of a new triple-cycle power generation configuration and selection of the optimal working fluid." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 5 (2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019021.

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The present study investigated energy, exergy and economic analyses on a new triple-cycle power generation configuration. In this configuration, the energy of the exhaust gas and the wasted energy in the condenser of the steam cycle is recovered in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and the evaporator of organic Rankine cycle (ORC), respectively. A computer code was written in MATLAB to analyze the triple-cycle configuration. Validation through this program showed that the highest errors were 5.6 and 7.1%, which occurred in gas and steam cycles, respectively. The results revealed that the highest generated entropy was associated with the combustion chamber and the evaporator in the steam cycle. The first and second laws of thermodynamics efficiencies were improved by roughly 270 and 8%, respectively, through adding each of the steam and organic Rankine cycles. The entropy generated by the cycle increased by roughly 400 and 4% by adding the steam and organic Rankine cycles, respectively. The price of the produced electricity was also reduced by roughly 60 and 70%, respectively, for these two cycles.

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Lee, B. E., S. B. Kwon, and C. S. Lee. "On the Effect of Swirl Flow of Gas Turbine Exhaust Gas in an Inlet Duct of Heat Recovery Steam Generator." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 3 (June 19, 2002): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1473156.

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Computational and experimental studies are performed to investigate the effect of swirl flow of gas turbine exhaust gas (GTEG) in an inlet duct of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). A supplemental-fired HRSG is chosen as the model studied because the uniformity of the GTEG at the inlet plane of the duct burner is essential in such applications. Both velocity and oxygen distributions are investigated at the inlet plane of the duct burner installed in the middle of the HRSG transition duct. Two important parameters, the swirl angle of GTEG and the momentum ratio of additional air to GTEG, are chosen for the investigation of mixing between the two streams. It has been found that a flow correction device (FCD) is essential to provide a uniform gas flow distribution at the inlet plane of the duct burner.

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Lezsovits, Ferenc, Sándor Könczöl, and Krisztián Sztankó. "CO emission reduction of a HRSG duct burner." Thermal Science 14, no. 3 (2010): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1003845l.

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A heat-recovery steam generator was erected after a gas-turbine with a duct burner into the district heat centre. After commissioning, the CO emissions were found to be above the acceptable level specified in the initial contract. The Department of Energy Engineering of the BME was asked for their expert contribution in solving the problem of reducing these CO emissions. This team investigated the factors that cause incomplete combustion: the flue-gas outlet of the gas-turbine has significant swirl and rotation, the diffuser in between the gas-turbine and heat-recovery steam generator is too short and has a large cone angle, the velocity of flue-gas entering the duct burner is greater than expected, and the outlet direction of the flammable mixture from the injector of the duct burner was not optimal. After reducing the flow swirl of flue-gas and modifying the nozzle of the duct burner as suggested by the Department of Energy Engineering of the BME, CO emissions have been reduced to an acceptable level. The method involves the application of CFD modeling and studying images of the flames which proved to be very informative.

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Alus, Muammer, and Milan Petrovic. "Optimization of the triple-pressure combined cycle power plant." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120517137a.

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The aim of this work was to develop a new system for optimization of parameters for combined cycle power plants (CCGTs) with triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimizations were carried out. The objective of the thermodynamic optimization is to enhance the efficiency of the CCGTs and to maximize the power production in the steam cycle (steam turbine gross power). Improvement of the efficiency of the CCGT plants is achieved through optimization of the operating parameters: temperature difference between the gas and steam (pinch point P.P.) and the steam pressure in the HRSG. The objective of the thermoeconomic optimization is to minimize the production costs per unit of the generated electricity. Defining the optimal P.P. was the first step in the optimization procedure. Then, through the developed optimization process, other optimal operating parameters (steam pressure and condenser pressure) were identified. The developed system was demonstrated for the case of a 282 MW CCGT power plant with a typical design for commercial combined cycle power plants. The optimized combined cycle was compared with the regular CCGT plant.

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Danov, Stan N., and Ashwanti K. Gupta. "Modeling the Performance Characteristics of Diesel Engine Based Combined-Cycle Power Plants—Part I: Mathematical Model." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1635396.

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In this two-part series publication, a mathematical model of the energy conversion process in a diesel engine based combined-cycle power plant has been developed. The examined configuration consists of a turbocharged diesel engine (the topping cycle), a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and a steam turbine plant (the bottoming cycle). The mathematical model describes the processes that occur simultaneously in the diesel engine cylinders, turbocharger, air filter, air inlet pipes, exhaust pipes, HRSG, steam turbine, and the associated auxiliary equipment. The model includes nonlinear differential equations for modeling the energy conversion in the diesel engine cylinders, fuel combustion, gas exchange process, energy balance in the turbocharger, inlet pipes and exhaust system, heat balance in the HRSG, and steam turbine cycle. The fifth-order Kuta-Merson method has been applied for numerical solution of these simultaneous equations via an iterative computing procedure. The model is then used to provide an analysis of performance characteristics of the combined-cycle power plant for steady-state operation. The effect of change in the major operating variables (mutual operation of diesel engine, HRSG, and steam turbine) has been analyzed over a range of operating conditions, including the engine load and speed. The model validation and the applications of the model are presented in Part II (Results and Applications) of this two-part series publication.

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Adumene, Sidum, and Barinaadaa Thaddeus Lebele-Alawa. "Performance Optimization of Dual Pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in the Tropical Rainforest." Engineering 07, no. 06 (2015): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2015.76031.

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Hariyanto, Beny, and Romy Romy. "Maintenance Schedule Optimization for Turnaround Hot Gas Path Inspection of Gas Turbine in North Duri Cogeneration Plant Using Impact Method." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 64, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v64i1.159.

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North Duri Cogeneration Plant (NDC) is once of Chevron asset in IndoAsia Business Unit. The NDC location is in Duri, Province of Riau, Indonesia. The NDC has 3 units gas turbine and each unit has been combined with Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). An unit gas turbine NDC is produce electricity of 100 MW, and 1 unit of HRSG NDC that is produce steam of 360,000 BCWEPD (Barrel Cool Water Equivalent per Day). Hot gas path inspection (HGPI) is maintenance activities gas turbine, which routine scheduled in NDC every 3 years per unit. Maintenance schedule for turnaround HGPI gas turbine at NDC should be optimizing. By optimized of HGPI maintenance schedule can be maximized work plan, which is comply of 4 Key Performance Indicators there are Safety, Quality, Schedule and Cost through Initiative for Managing PA Cesetter Turnarounds (IMPACT). The result of optimal electricity production was increased by 13,174 MWh and the steam generated from units in NDC of mass total steam of 126,661 Mlbm and 371,827 BSPD.

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Erans, María, Dawid Hanak, Jordi Mir, Edward Anthony, and Vasilije Manovic. "Process modelling and techno-economic analysis of natural gas combined cycle integrated with calcium looping." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151001209e.

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Calcium looping (CaL) is promising for large-scale CO2 capture in the power generation and industrial sectors due to the cheap sorbent used and the relatively low energy penalties achieved with this process. Because of the high operating temperatures the heat utilisation is a major advantage of the process, since a significant amount of power can be generated from it. However, this increases its complexity and capital costs. Therefore, not only the energy efficiency performance is important for these cycles, but also the capital costs must be taken into account, i.e. techno-economic analyses are required in order to determine which parameters and configurations are optimal to enhance technology viability in different integration scenarios. In this study the integration scenarios of CaL cycles and natural gas combined cycles (NGCC) are explored. The process models of the NGCC and CaL capture plant are developed to explore the most promising scenarios for NGCC-CaL integration with regards to efficiency penalties. Two scenarios are analysed in detail, and show that the system with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) before and after the capture plant exhibited better performance of 49.1% efficiency compared with that of 45.7% when only one HRSG is located after the capture plant. However, the techno-economic analyses showed that the more energy efficient case, with two HRSGs, implies relatively higher cost of electricity (COE), 44.1?/MWh, when compared to that of the reference plant system (33.1?/MWh). The predicted cost of CO2 avoided for the case with two HRSGS is 29.3 ?/ton CO2.

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Rice, I. G. "Split Stream Boilers for High-Temperature/High-Pressure Topping Steam Turbine Combined Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815586.

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Research and development work on high-temperature and high-pressure (up to 1500°F TIT and 4500 psia) topping steam turbines and associated steam generators for steam power plants as well as combined cycle plants is being carried forward by DOE, EPRI, and independent companies. Aeroderivative gas turbines and heavy-duty gas turbines both will require exhaust gas supplementary firing to achieve high throttle temperatures. This paper presents an analysis and examples of a split stream boiler arrangement for high-temperature and high-pressure topping steam turbine combined cycles. A portion of the gas turbine exhaust flow is run in parallel with a conventional heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). This side stream is supplementary fired opposed to the current practice of full exhaust flow firing. Chemical fuel gas recuperation can be incorporated in the side stream as an option. A significant combined cycle efficiency gain of 2 to 4 percentage points can be realized using this split stream approach. Calculations and graphs show how the DOE goal of 60 percent combined cycle efficiency burning natural gas fuel can be exceeded. The boiler concept is equally applicable to the integrated coal gas fuel combined cycle (IGCC).

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Mu, Lin, and Hong Chao Yin. "Numerical Research of Deposits Formation and Influence on the Heat Transfer Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.573.

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Ash deposition on the heat transfer tubes in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) can pose a significant influence on the operating efficiency and operational safety. In this paper a numerical deposition model was developed to predict particle deposition/rebounding in the thermal boundary layer as well as the influence of physical properties of deposits on the heat transfer process. In addition, deposition rate, deposits distribution and variations of deposits with the running time were also predicted by numerical simulation method. Compared with the other 4 sub areas, a strong deposition tendency along the running time occurred in the HR3. The predictive results from the ash deposition model showed that the HRSG had a significant increase in average furnace temperature and outlet temperature, and a decline in overall heat transfer efficiency as the deposits initiated, grew and maturated. In general, the predicted results is in good agreement with the field measurements.

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Kim, Tae-Kwon, Boo-Yoon Lee, and Ji-Soo Ha. "A Numerical Analysis of Flow Characteristics in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator with the Change of Inlet Flow Conditions." Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas 15, no. 3 (June 30, 2011): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2011.15.3.053.

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31

Sancho-Bastos, Francisco, and Horacio Perez-Blanco. "Cogeneration System Simulation and Control to Meet Simultaneous Power, Heating, and Cooling Demands." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1789993.

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Gas turbines are projected to meet increasing power demand throughout the world. Cogeneration plants hold the promise of increased efficiency at acceptable cost. In a general case, a cogen plant could be able to meet power, heating and cooling demands. Yet those demands are normally uncoupled. Control and storage strategies need to be explored to ensure that each independent demand will be met continuously. A dynamic model of a mid-capacity system is developed, including gas and steam turbines, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) and an absorption-cooling machine. Controllers are designed using linear quadratic regulators (LQR) to control two turbines and a HRSG with some novelty. It is found that the power required could be generated exclusively with exhaust gases, without a duct burner in the high-pressure HRSG. The strategy calls for fuel and steam flow rate modulation for each turbine. The stability of the controlled system and its performance are studied and simulations for different demand cases are performed.

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32

Gonçalves, L. P., and F. R. P. Arrieta. "AN EXERGY COST ANALYSIS OF A COGENERATION PLANT." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2010): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v9i1-2.61927.

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The exergy analysis, including the calculation of the unit exergetic cost of all flows of the cogeneration plant, was the main purpose of the thermoeconomic analysis of the STAG (STeam And Gas) combined cycle CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plant. The combined cycle cogeneration plant is composed of a GE10 gas turbine (11250 kW) coupled with a HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) and a condensing extraction steam turbine. The GateCycleTM Software was used for the modeling and simulation of the combined cycle CHP plant thermal scheme, and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of each flow (Mass Flow, Pressure, Temperature, Enthalpy). The entropy values for water and steam were obtained from the Steam Tab software while the entropy and exergy of the exhaust gases were calculated as instructed by. For the calculation of the unit exergetic cost was used the neguentropy and Structural Theory of Thermoeconomic. The GateCycleTM calculations results were exported to an Excel sheet to carry out the exergy analysis and the unit exergetic cost calculations with the thermoeconomic model that was created for matrix inversion solution. Several simulations were performed varying separately five important parameters: the Steam turbine exhaust pressure, the evaporator pinch point temperature, the steam turbine inlet temperature, Rankine cycle operating pressure and the stack gas temperature to determine their impact in the recovery cycle heat exchangers transfer area, power generation and unit exergetic cost.

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Zwebek, A., and P. Pilidis. "Degradation Effects on Combined Cycle Power Plant Performance—Part II: Steam Turbine Cycle Component Degradation Effects." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1519272.

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This is the second paper exploring the effects of the degradation of different components on combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant performance. This paper investigates the effects of degraded steam path components of steam turbine (bottoming) cycle have on CCGT power plant performance. Areas looked at were, steam turbine fouling, steam turbine erosion, heat recovery steam generator degradation (scaling and/or ashes deposition), and condenser degradation. The effect of gas turbine back-pressure on plant performance due to HRSG degradation is also discussed. A general simulation FORTRAN code was developed for the purpose of this study. This program can calculate the CCGT plant design point performance, off-design plant performance, and plant deterioration performance. The results obtained are presented in a graphical form and discussed.

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Han, Long, and Guang Yi Deng. "Influences of Clean Syngas Preheating Temperature on IGCC Power Plant Performances." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.823.

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400 MW IGCC power plants were modeled by using commercial software GT PRO. The high pressure unsaturated water extracted from heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) was used to heat clean syngas to various temperatures. The influences of clean syngas preheating temperature on plant performances were investigated. Results showed that net power output and coal consumption both reduced with the increase of syngas preheating temperature, and coal consumption reduced to a larger extent. Moreover, when syngas preheating temperature increased, the net electric efficiency increased and the net heat rate decreased gradually. It was concluded that preheating clean syngas in a reasonable way was beneficial to improve the performances of IGCC power plant.

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Brander, J. A., and D. L. Chase. "Repowering Application Considerations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906637.

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As utilities plan for load growth in the 1990s, they are faced with the difficulty of choosing the most economic generation while subject to a number of challenging constraints. These constraints include environmental regulations, particularly the new Clean Air Act, risk aversion, fuel availability and costs, etc. One of the options open to many utilities with existing steam units is repowering, which involves the installation of gas turbine(s) and heat recovery steam generator(s) (HRSG) to convert the steam plant to combined-cycle operation. This paper takes an overall look at the application considerations involved in the use of this generating option, beginning with a summary of the size ranges of existing steam turbines that can be repowered using the GE gas turbine product line. Other topics covered include performance estimates for repowered cycles, current emissions capabilities of GE gas turbines, approximate space requirements and repowering economics.

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36

Sun, Dan Dan, Cheng Yang, and Fei Zeng. "Study on Gas Turbine-Based CCHP System with Multi-Objective Evaluation Index." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1366.

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Currently, there are many evaluation indexes for gas turbine-based combined cooling, heating and power （CCHP）. In this paper, a multi-objective evaluation index (MEI) model was suggested and weight coefficients were considered in the model. The CCHP system evaluated in this study was composed of gas turbine + heat recovery steam generator (HRSG ) + LiBr absorption chiller. The gas turbine-based CCHP system was evaluated and the component capacity was optimized with the proposed MEI. The study provides a reference for the allocation and operation of gas turbine-based CCHP.

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37

Danov, Stan N., and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Modeling the Performance Characteristics of Diesel Engine Based Combined-Cycle Power Plants—Part II: Results and Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1635397.

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In this two-part series publication a mathematical model of the energy conversion process in a diesel engine based combined-cycle power plant has been developed and verified. The examined configuration consists of a turbocharged diesel engine (the topping cycle), a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and a steam turbine plant (the bottoming cycle). The model is then used to provide an analysis of performance characteristics of the combined-cycle power plant for steady-state operation. Numerous practical performance parameters of interest have been generated, such as the mean indicated pressure, specific fuel consumption, hourly fuel consumption, brake horsepower of diesel engine, mass flow rate, pressure, and temperature of gases and air, respectively, through the gas turbine and compressor (in the frame of a turbocharger), temperature of flue gases at boiler inlet and outlet, mass flow rate of exhaust gases through the convection coils, and mass flow rate, temperature, pressure, and enthalpy of superheated steam. The performance maps have been derived. The effect of change in the major operating variables (mutual operation of diesel engine, HRSG, and steam turbine) has been analyzed over a range of operating conditions, including the engine load and speed. The model is used as a desktop design tool for accurate predictions of cycle performance, as well as insight into design trends.

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38

Nadir, Mahmoud, and Adel Ghenaiet. "Thermodynamic optimization of several (heat recovery steam generator) HRSG configurations for a range of exhaust gas temperatures." Energy 86 (June 2015): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.023.

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39

Manassaldi, Juan I., Sergio F. Mussati, and Nicolás J. Scenna. "Optimal synthesis and design of Heat Recovery Steam Generation (HRSG) via mathematical programming." Energy 36, no. 1 (January 2011): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.10.017.

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40

Jungbauer, D. E., J. F. Unruh, S. Rose, and P. J. Pantermuehl. "Sound Power and Pressure Level Measurements in the Inlet and Outlet of an HRSG Duct." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814089.

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The ever-increasing size of cogeneration facilities has mandated the need for noise abatement in the design stage. Many noise projection models are available to the industry for predicting noise levels in and adjacent to new installations. However, the models all require accurate source noise information if valid noise predictions are to be expected. As a consequence of designing one of the world’s largest cogeneration installations involving eight Model W-701 turbine units and their Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs), it became apparent that the attention between the exhaust of the turbine and the outlet of the HRSGs was not well known. Not having this information posed potentially expensive noise abatement modifications during the design and construction phases. In order to verify the adequacy of scaling studies from a W-501 turbine and HRSG to the W-701 system, a comprehensive field test of an existing W-501 installation was conducted. This paper describes the design of an acoustic intensity and sound pressure probe to operate inside the high-temperature ductwork, the access engineering required, data acquisition, and final results concerning noise attenuation across the HRSG.

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41

Hessler, George F. "Certifying noise emissions from heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) in complex power plant environments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, no. 5 (November 2000): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4743232.

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42

Reveillere, Adrien, Martin Longeon, and Iacopo Rossi. "Dynamic simulation of a combined cycle for power plant flexibility enhancement." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911301005.

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System simulation is used in many fields to help design, control or troubleshoot various industrial systems. Within the PUMP-HEAT H2020 project, it is applied to a combined cycles power plant, with innovative layouts that include heat pumps and thermal storage to un-tap combined cycle potential flexibility through low-CAPEX balance of plant innovations. Simcenter Amesim software is used to create dynamic models of all subsystems and their interactions and validate them from real life data for various purpose. Simple models of the Gas Turbine (GT), the Steam loop, the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), the Heat Pump and the Thermal Energy storage with Phase Change material are created for Pre-Design and concept validation and then scaled to more precise design. Control software and hardware is validated by interfacing them with detailed models of the virtual plant by Model in the Loop (MiL), Software in the Loop (SiL) and Hardware in the Loop (HiL) technologies. Unforeseen steady state and transient behaviours of the powerplant can be virtually captured, analysed, understood and solved. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the associated methodologies applied in the PUMP-HEAT H2020 project and their respective results.

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Ahmed, Ahmed Shams El-din, Mostafa A. Elhosseini, and Hesham Arafat Ali. "Modelling and practical studying of heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) drum dynamics and approach point effect on control valves." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2018): 3187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.06.004.

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Santosa, Aa, and Iwan Nugraha. "ANALISIS KEBOCORAN BELOKAN PIPA EVAPORATOR PADA HRSG AKIBAT BEBAN TERMAL." INFOMATEK 20, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/infomatek.v20i2.1210.

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HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR yang digunakan pada system Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas uap di suatu pembangkit listrik mengalami masalah yang sama setelah beroprasi dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Pipa-pipa LP evaporator selalu mengalami kebocoran di lokasi yang sama dan kejadiannya selalu berulang-ulang walaupun sudah dilakukan perbaikan pada lokasi kebocoran tersebut. Pipa-pipa tersebut berfungsi untuk menyerap panas dari gas panas untuk memproduksi uap yang kemudian disalurkan ke system turbin uap. Lama kelamaan pipa-pipa tersebut mengalami penumpukan kotoran sehingga menutupi bagian permukaannya yang mengakibatkan laju perpindahan panas tidak optimal kotoran yang menempel pada pipa tersebut cenderung lebih banyak di sisi sebelah barat dari HRSG dibandingkan dengan sebelah timur, keadaan tersebut hampir terjadi di semua unit HRSG di perusahaan pembangkit yang ditinjau. Analisa aliran dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi laju alirangas panas di dalam HRSG. HRSG dimodelkan dalam bentuk gambar SolidWork dengan skala 1:1 kemudian disimulasikan menggunakan Software Computational fluid dynamic (CFD). Dari hasil analisis CFD terjadi ketidakseragaman aliran gas panas pada HRSG antara sisi sebelah timur dan sebelah barat, aliran sebelah timur cenderung lebih cepat dibanding sebelah barat sehingga terjadi penumpukan kotoran pada bagian sebelah barat. Hasil pengukuran juga menunjukan adanya ketidakseragaman kecepatan aliran antara sisi sebelah barat dan sisi sebelah timur. Hasil sebanding antara proses pengukuran dan simulasi menunjukan kecepatan hasil analisis yang baik. Rekomendasi yang lainnya supaya menjaga fleksibilitas pipa-pipa header untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya ekspansi termal yang bisa mengakibatkan kebocoran pada pipa tersebut.

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Liu, Zhitan, Yugang Li, Kai Wang, Weiwei Shao, Bo Wang, and Chen Sun. "Mechanism Research and Countermeasure Analysis of Yellow Plume during the Gas Turbine Start-Up Period." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020251.

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The problem of yellow plume exists in most heavy-duty gas turbine units under start-up and low load conditions. How to suppress the yellow plume is a difficult problem in gas turbine power plants. It is judged that yellow plume is caused by the high NO2 concentration in flue gas. From the point of view of mechanism research, this study analyzed the causes of yellow plume by numerical simulation combined with experimental research; obtained influence factors of the conversion of NO into NO2; analyzed the degree of influence of these factors on the formation of yellow plume; verified the results through on-site measurement of a 6FA gas turbine unit; and finally proposed the countermeasures to suppress yellow plume from the gas turbine side and the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) side.

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46

Nag, P. K., and S. De. "Study of thermodynamic performance of an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 212, no. 2 (March 1, 1998): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650981536619.

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Computational analysis is performed to investigate the effects of the pressure ratio of the gas cycle (Rp) and the temperature ratio across the combustion chamber (RT) on the thermodynamic performance of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with single pressure power generation for both the gas and steam cycles. The gases are assumed to be real ones that follow the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. The overall efficiency of the cycle (η) is found to be maximum at an optimum pressure ratio of the gas cycle for a given temperature ratio. The second law analysis indicates that maximum exergy is destroyed in the process of gasification and is not at all affected by the temperature ratio, while the effect of the pressure ratio on it is also not very significant. The exergy loss in the combustor is found to decrease with an increase in either of the ratios. For the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), it increases with a higher temperature ratio and decreases with a higher pressure ratio. The total exergy loss of the cycle is found to decrease with either of these two ratios while the other is held constant.

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Zebian, Hussam, and Alexander Mitsos. "A split concept for HRSG (heat recovery steam generators) with simultaneous area reduction and performance improvement." Energy 71 (July 2014): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.087.

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Feng, Hongcui, Wei Zhong, Yanling Wu, and Shuiguang Tong. "Thermodynamic performance analysis and algorithm model of multi-pressure heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) based on heat exchangers layout." Energy Conversion and Management 81 (May 2014): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.060.

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Li, Jinbo, Kunyu Wang, and Lin Cheng. "Experiment and optimization of a new kind once-through heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) based on analysis of exergy and economy." Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (June 2017): 402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.025.

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Husaini, Nurdin Ali, Teuku Edisah Putra, Faleri Armia, and Akhyar. "Study on Fracture Failures of the Super Heater Water Pipe Boiler." Defect and Diffusion Forum 402 (July 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.402.20.

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The purpose of this study was to analyse the failure of the super heater pipe of the Heat Recovery Steam Boiler Generator (HRSG), which had broken. Investigations are carried out in several stages. First of all, the microstructure of the pipe was observed using an Optic Olympus GX71 Microscope and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to observe the fracture surface to find the initial crack. Thereafter, chemical composition testing, to determine the type of material used in the super heater pipe. The presence of deformation by creep was due to overheating seen on the super heater pipes. Moreover, It was due to operating at elevated temperatures and pressures with long operating times. This condition caused the thickness of the pipe to thin so that it would break due to crack propagation which penetrated the wall of the pipe until breaking as the material was no longer able to withstand the steam pressure inside the pipe. Obviously that this condition indicates that the crack propagation occurred until final failure.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)'

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