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Horkeby, Kristofer. "Simulation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator in a Combined Cycle Power Plant." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-75836.
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This thesis covers the modelling of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in a Combined Cycle Power Plant(CCPP). This kind of power plant has become more and more utilized because of its high efficiency and low emissions. The HRSG plays a central role in the generation of steam using the exhaust heat from the gas turbine. The purpose of the thesis was to develop efficient dynamic models for the physical components in the HRSG using the modelling and simulation software Dymola. The models are then to be used for simulations of a complete CCPP.The main application is to use the complete model to introduce various disturbances and study their consequences inthe different components in the CCPP by analyzing the simulation results. The thesis is a part of an ongoingdevelopment process for the dynamic simulation capabilities offered by the Solution department at SIT AB. First, there is a theoretical explanation of the CCPP components and control system included in the scope of this thesis. Then the development method is described and the top-down approach that was used is explained. The structure and equations used are reported for each of the developed models and a functional description is given. Inorder to ensure that the HRSG model would function in a complete CCPP model, adaptations were made and tuning was performed on the existing surrounding component models in the CCPP. Static verifications of the models are performed by comparison to Siemens in-house software for static calculations. Dynamic verification was partially done, but work remains to guarantee the validity in a wide operating range. As a result of this thesis efficient models for the drum boiler and its control system have been developed. An operational model of a complete CCPP has been built. This was done integrating the developed models during the work with this thesis together with adaptations of already developed models. Steady state for the CCPP model is achieved during simulation and various disturbances can then be introduced and studied. Simulation time for a typical test case is longer than the time limit that has been set, mainly because of the gas turbine model. When using linear functions to approximate the gas turbine start-up curves instead, the simulation finishes within the set simulation time limit of 5 minutes for a typical test case.
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Vytla, Veera Venkata Sunil Kumar. "CFD Modeling of Heat Recovery Steam Generator and its Components Using Fluent." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/336.
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Combined Cycle power plants have recently become a serious alternative for standard coal- and oil-fired power plants because of their high thermal efficiency, environmentally friendly operation, and short time to construct. The combined cycle plant is an integration of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, combining many of the advantages of both thermodynamic cycles using a single fuel. By recovering the heat energy in the gas turbine exhaust and using it to generate steam, the combined cycle leverages the conversion of the fuel energy at a very high efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator forms the backbone of combined cycle plants, providing the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The design of HRSG has historically largely been completed using thermodynamic principles related to the steam path, without much regard to the gas-side of the system. An effort has been made using resources at both UK and Vogt Power International to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the gas-side flow path of the HRSG as an integral tool in the design process. This thesis focuses on how CFD analysis can be used to assess the impact of the gas-side flow on the HRSG performance and identify design modifications to improve the performance. An effort is also made to explore the software capabilities to make the simulation an efficient and accurate.
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PINTO, RAPHAEL GUIMARAES DUARTE. "SIMULATION OF HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR OPERATING IN A COMBINED CYCLE PLANT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20769@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA evolução das turbinas a gás industriais resultou em um processo de combustão mais eficiente que permitiu a elevação da temperatura dos gases na exaustão dessa máquina. Assim, caldeiras de recuperação de calor cada vez mais complexas foram desenvolvidas com o intuito de aproveitar ao máximo o potencial energético na exaustão das turbinas. Dessa forma, modelos computacionais capazes de prever as condições de operação do equipamento se mostraram necessários de maneira a analisar o comportamento da máquina em diferentes situações, visando à máxima eficiência do processo. Esta dissertação descreve um modelo computacional capaz de simular o funcionamento fora do ponto de projeto, em regime permanente, de uma caldeira de recuperação de calor operando em uma usina de ciclo combinado, enfatizando sua utilização em sistemas de diagnóstico. As rotinas foram desenvolvidas em FORTRAN e os trocadores de calor presentes na HRSG foram modelados individualmente e calibrados através de um sistema de otimização utilizando algoritmos genéticos, responsável por minimizar o desvio do modelo. O programa desenvolvido foi validado contra dados de operação de uma usina real e mostrou resultados satisfatórios, que confirmam a robustez e fidelidade do modelo de simulação.
The heavy duty gas turbines evolution and, consequently, a more efficient combustion process, allowed the temperature rising of the machines’ exhaust gases. Thus, more complex heat recovery steam generators were developed in order to maximize the use of that energy potential. Therefore, computational models capable to predict the operational conditions of the equipment may be needed in order to analyze the machine’s behavior for different situations, in a way to maximize the process efficiency. This thesis describes a computational model able to simulate the off-design behavior of a heat recovery steam generator operation in a combined cycle plant, emphasizing its utilization in diagnostics systems. The routines were developed using FORTRAN, each heat exchanger inside the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) was designed individually and the calibration was done by a genetic algorithm responsible for minimizing the model’s deviations. The developed program was validated against operational data from a real plant and showed satisfactory results, confirming the robustness and fidelity of this simulation model.
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Kysel, Stanislav. "Energetický paroplynový zdroj na bázi spalování hutnických plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229801.
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The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.
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Kysel, Stanislav. "Energetický paroplynový zdroj na bázi spalování hutnických plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230245.
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The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.
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Kadáková, Nina. "Návrh paroplynového zdroje elektřiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417426.
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A combined cycle is one of the thermal cycles used in thermal power plants. It consists of a combination of a gas and a steam turbine, where the waste heat from the gas turbine is used for steam generation in the heat recovery steam generator. The aim of the diploma thesis was the conceptual design of a combined cycle electricity source and the balance calculation of the cycle. The calculation is based on the thermodynamic properties of the substances and the basic knowledge of the Brayton and Rankin-Clausius cycle. The result is the amount and parameters of air, flue gases, and steam/water in individual places and the technological scheme of the source, in which these parameters are listed.
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Wipplinger, Karl Paul Martin. "Utilising a high pressure, cross flow, stainless steel fintube heat exchanger for direct steam generation from recovered waste heat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50217.
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Thesis (MScEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Around the world the implementation of heat recovery systems is playing an increasingly important role in the engineering inqustry. The recovered energy is utilised in the plants and saves companies millions in expenses per year. Not only is this seen on the grand scale of industry, but also in everyday life, where for instance turbochargers are used to boost the performance of automobiles by utilising the wasted energy expelled along with exhaust gasses. The aim of this project is to investigate a small scale waste heat recovery system, and to determine the optimum method by which to convert the recovered energy into electrical energy, which can be used as a secondary energy source. The research contained in this thesis, centres on the main components and theory needed for the construction of a small scale waste heat recovery system. Also included, is a theoretical analysis concerning the design and construction of the system, utilising researched theory and a simulation program of the recovery system. The simulation is control volume-based and generates property data on the fluid and exhaust gas throughout the heat exchanger. The final design included a finite element stress analysis of certain parts of the system to ensure safe testing at high pressures and temperatures. The final design resulted in a high pressure, cross flow, stainless steel fintube heat exchanger that, by using a continuous combustion unit as energy source and water as the working fluid, reached efficiencies of up to 74% in direct steam generation testing. The tube-side of the heat exchanger was designed to withstand pressures of up to 2MPa (20bar), which is imperative for the implementation of the next phase, where a turbocharger will be connected to the heat exchanger. The completion of this part of the project has paved the way for further development and implementation of the heat recovery system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die herwinning van energie begin 'n toenemend belangrike rol in die ingenieurs industrie speel. Die herwonne energie word in fabrieke ben ut en spaar maatskappye milj oene aan uitgawes per jaar. Hierdie beginsel word nie net in die grootskaalse nywerhede toegepas nie, maar ook in die allerdaagse lewe, soos byvoorbeeld in voertuie waar turbo-aanjaers gebruik word om die energie-uitset van enjins te verhoog deur bloot gebruik te maak van die verlore energie wat saam met die uitlaatgasse in die atmosfeer gepomp word. Die doel van hierdie projek is om 'n kleinskaalse energieherwinningstelsel te ondersoek en die mees effektiewe metode te vind om die herwinde energie na elektriese energie om te skakel wat as 'n sekondere energiebron gebruik kan word. Die navorsing bevat in die tesis, kyk na al die hoofkomponente en teoretiese kennis wat nodig is vir die konstruksie van 'n kleinskaalse hitteherwinningstelsel. Ook ingesluit is 'n teoretiese analise ten opsigte van die ontwerp en konstruksie van die sisteem. Dit behels die gebruik van nagevorsde teorie saam met 'n simulasie program van die herwinnings stelsel. Die simulasie program is op kontrole volumes gebasseet en genereer uitlaatgas- en water eienskappe soos dit deur die hitteruiler vloei. Die finale ontwerp bevat 'n eindige element spannmgs analise van sekere kritiese komponente in die stelsel om die veilige gebruik van die sisteem by hoe drukke en temperature te verseker. Die finale ontwerp was 'n hoedruk, kruisvloei, vlekvrye staal finbuis hitteruiler. Deur 'n konstante verbrandingseenheid as energiebron te gebruik saam met water as werksvloeier, het die hitteruiler effektiwiteite van tot 74% in direkte stoomgenerasie-toetse bereik. Die hitteruiler is ontwerp om hoe drukke van tot 2MPa (20bar) te hanteer wat baie belangrik is vir die implementasie van die volgende fase van die projek waar 'n turbo-aanjaer aan die stelsel gekoppel sal. Die suksesvolle voltooiing van hierdie fase van die projek het die weg gebaan vir die verdere ontwikkeling en implimentasie van die energieherwinningsstelsel.
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Weerasiri, Udayani Priyadarshana. "A waste heat recovery steam power generation system for ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157832.
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In this study, the heat recovery from exhaust gas at the ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd (APE) in Sri Lanka was conceptually proposed and evaluated. APE has an installed capacity of 100 MW comprising 14 units of 7.5MW medium speed diesel engines fired with heavy fuel oil. There is only a minimum recovery of waste heat in the plant at the moment, only for fuel preheating, whereas waste heat recovery (WHR) boilers of 750kWth are equipped on eight engines. The larger portion of the waste heat is dumped into the environment without being used in any reasonable way. The objective of this work was to design a HRSG system for the remaining six engines to recover maximum possible heat from the exhaust gas and select a suitable steam turbine according to the heat demand capacity of the proposed HRSG, for generating additional power and thus converting the APE plant into a sort of a combined cycle. At the initial stage of the investigation, the amount of recoverable waste heat was estimated by evaluating the known parameters of the engines at fully loaded condition. The maximum theoretical waste heat recovery potential from the exhaust gas stream of one engine was calculated as 9807.87 MJ/h, equivalent to a heat rate of 2724.4 kW. The modelling and optimization of the proposed HRSG was done using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, considering technical and practical limitations such as pinch point temperature difference, approach point temperature difference, terminal temperature difference and sulphur dew point in the stack. A commercially available steam turbine with a power output of 3.579 MW was selected as the optimum steam turbine for the desired conditions, utilising 12884.4 MJ/h of recovered waste energy amounting to 21.89% of the total available energy in the flue gas.
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Kolarčík, Vojtěch. "Dvoutlaký horizintální kotel na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu;131kg/s spalin, 558° C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231073.
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This master‘s thesis describes thermal calculation and design of proportions of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for given input parameters of flue gas and output parameters of steam. Part of the thesis is design proportions of boiler drums, irrigation and transfer pipes. On the end of the thesis is counting draught losses and design drawning of steam generator.
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Petrů, Lukáš. "Návrh dvoutlakého kotle na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu, 150 kg/s spalin, 600 °C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231222.
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This master´s thesis deals with two pressure heat recovery steam generator behind gas turbine. From the entered parameters steam and gas were designed heating surfaces, specifically their size and configuration. The overall design is then proposed in the drawing.
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Šmejkal, Petr. "Dvoutlaký horizontální kotel na odpadní teplo za plynovou turbinu,137,4kg/s spalin,569° C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231045.
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This thesis deals with thermal calculation and design of proportions and layout of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator according to given output parameters of steam and input parameters of flue gas. Furthermore, the proportions of boiler drums and irrigation and transfer pipes are designed and draught losses are calculated.
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Rezaie, Navaie Ali [Verfasser], George [Akademischer Betreuer] Tsatsaronis, George [Gutachter] Tsatsaronis, and Udo [Gutachter] Hellwig. "Thermal design and optimization of heat recovery steam generators and waste heat boilers / Ali Rezaie Navaie ; Gutachter: George Tsatsaronis, Udo Hellwig ; Betreuer: George Tsatsaronis." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156187052/34.
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Hamza, Hamza Ali Adel. "Selection and justification the parameters of diesel power plant with heat recovery system." Thesis, NTU "KhPI", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31664.
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Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.05.03 – engines and power plants. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the choice and substantiation of parameters of a diesel power plant with heat recovery system of recycling the secondary heat from diesel engine using the Rankin cycle, which uses the heat of exhaust gases and cooling water systems. As a result of the analysis of the features of a promising power plant with a Hyundai 25/33 engine for the production of electric power at a plant in Iraq, a technological scheme of a comprehensive system for recycling diesel fuel from an electric power station with the additional generation of electricity, heat for heating heavy fuel, condensing technical water from exhaust gases. As a working fluid in the Rankin cycle, it is advisable to use the hot water from the engine cooling system. Using the developed mathematical model of the distillation circuit of the diesel power plant, the design-experimental study of the influence of the ambient temperature on the indicators of the efficiency of heat recovery was performed. When the ambient temperature changes from 0 ° C to 40 ° C, the amount of electric energy generated by the Rankin cycle for the Hyundai H25 / 33 engine increases to 10%. With a single cogeneration unit with a Hyundai H25 / 33 engine and a recycling complex developed, it is possible to get up to 2300 kg of water vapor condensate per day, which is very valuable in Iraq. Based on the results of the study, two variants of the technological scheme (projects A and B) were developed for the modernization of Hyundai diesel power plants. The feasibility study for the NPV method has shown that after the full recovery equipment is put into operation, the maximum achievable profit will be about 1 406 219 $ /year.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена вибору і обґрунтуванню параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації вторинної теплоти дизеля з використанням циклу Ренкіна, що використовує теплоту відпрацьованих газів та системи охолодження. В результаті аналізу особливостей перспективної енергетичної установки з двигуном Hyundai 25/33 для виробництва електричної енергії на заводі в Іраку розроблена технологічна схема комплексної системи утилізації вторинної теплоти дизель-електричної станції з додатковим отриманням електроенергії, теплоти для підігріву важкого палива, конденсації технічної води з відпрацьованих газів двигуна. Для утилізації вторинної теплоти двигуна Hyundai H25/33 запропоновано утилізаційний контур установки, який працює за органічним циклом Ренкіна (ОЦР). В якості робочого тіла в циклі Ренкіна доцільно використовувати воду системи охолодження двигуна. З використанням розробленої математичної моделі утилізаційного контуру дизель-електростанції виконане розрахунково-експериментальне дослідження впливу температури навколишнього середовища на показники ефективності утилізаційного контуру. При зміні температури навколишнього середовища від 0 ° С до 40 ° С кількість електроенергії, виробленої за циклом Ренкіна для двигуна Hyundai H25/33 збільшується до 10%. При роботі однієї когенераційної установки з двигуном Hyundai H25/33 та розробленим утилізаційним комплексом можна отримати на добу до 2300 кг конденсату водяної пари, що є дуже цінною в Іраку. На основі результатів дослідження було розроблено два варіанта технологічної схеми (проекти "А" та "Б") модернізації дизельних електростанцій компанії Hyundai Heavy Industries. Виконана техніко-економічна оцінка проектів за метод NPV показала, що після того, як обладнання утилізаційного контуру в повному обсязі буде введено у експлуатацію, максимально досяжний прибуток складе близько 1 406 219 дол. США/рік.
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Sobotka, Tomáš. "Modernizace a ekologizace teplárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230033.
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The target of this diploma thesis is design of cogeneration unit with following requirements: • Installation of new unit instead of the old and used up one. • Electric energy supply within Supportive service – fast starts • Greening (replacement of coal with natural gas) At the beginning I deal with the current state of old unit. In the next part there is the design of new technological unit, which consists of design of boilers, gas engines, steam turbines. Final phase of the thesis includes economical analysis focused on setting of financial return.
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Maar, Tomáš. "Dvoutlaký horizintální kotel na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu;121,3kg/s spalin, 456 C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230062.
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This thesis deals with a heat recovery steam generator for gas turbine. According to the given parameters of the flue and steam, thermal balance boiler was design and configuration of the heating surfaces. Furthermore, the parameters calculated in the thermal balance of the individual heat transfer surfaces designed and drawn in the drawing.
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Veselý, Petr. "Návrh turbíny do kombinovaného cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320116.
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The topic of thesis is condensing turbine in gas-steam cycle, which can be divided into four basic parts. A history of gas-steam cycle is described in the beginning. Second part is all about calculation of heat recovery steam generator. Penultimate section deals with calculations of steam turbine parameters and reaction blading type. Last part contains electric power and steam turbine efficiency.
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Pauliny, Jan. "Navrh dvoutlakého horizontálního kotle na odpadní teplo (HRSG) za plynovou turbínou na zemní plyn." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254218.
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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem dvojtlakého horizontálního kotle využívající teplo spalin za spalovací turbínou na zemní plyn. Zahrnuje návrh a výpočet jednotlivých výměníků, jejich základní uspořádání s ohledem na požadované parametry výstupní páry a dané vstupní a výstupní parametry spalin. Dále tato práce zahrnuje výpočet a konstrukční návrh parních bubnů, zavodňovacích trubek a převáděcích potrubí. Tato práce je zakončena výpočtem a prověřením tlakových ztrát mezi vstupem a výstupem kotle. Důležitou součástí této práce je přiložena výkresová dokumentace.
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Krčálová, Petra. "Parní generátor." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254227.
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Master thesis on topic steam generator deal with about improving the efficiency due to the use of combined cycle while producing electrical energy. The first part includes the possibility of using combustion engines in the energy sector and describes their advantages and disadvantages in the production of electricity. Further described is the use of the concept of a combustion engine in a combined cycle, and improving the efficiency of electricity through the use of waste heat boilers and steam turbines. The second part is design of the steam generator, which is connected behind the chosen combustion engine with power exceeding 10 MW. Whether this concept is profitable and competitive is in mentioned in the last chapter dealing with the return entry investment. In this chapter is compared several variants use and a demonstration of the impact of fuel prices on the profitability of this concept.
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Dlouhá, Kristýna. "Návrh HRSG kotle." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401508.
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This master’s thesis deals with the design of a heat recovery steam generator. The introductory part of the thesis is dedicated to waste heat boilers, their division and their utilization in combined cycles gas turbine. In the following chapter, an analysis of the existing combined heat and power plant operation is performed. In the next part of the thesis, the conceptual layout of the new source is designed. Subsequently, the thermal calculation of the boiler is carried out as well as the design of individual heat exchanging surfaces. The sixth chapter deals with the strength calculation of the boiler and the outer piping, chambers and drum are designed here. At the end of the thesis there are described off-design states of the new combined cycle gas turbine.
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Хамза, Хамза Алі Адел. "Вибір та обґрунтування параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації теплоти." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31934.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена вибору і обґрунтуванню параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації вторинної теплоти дизеля з використанням циклу Ренкіна, що використовує теплоту відпрацьованих газів та системи охолодження. В результаті аналізу особливостей перспективної енергетичної установки з двигуном Hyundai 25/33 для виробництва електричної енергії на заводі в Іраку розроблена технологічна схема комплексної системи утилізації вторинної теплоти дизель-електричної станції з додатковим отриманням електроенергії, теплоти для підігріву важкого палива, конденсації технічної води з відпрацьованих газів двигуна. Для утилізації вторинної теплоти двигуна Hyundai H25/33 запропоновано утилізаційний контур установки, який працює за органічним циклом Ренкіна (ОЦР). В якості робочого тіла в циклі Ренкіна доцільно використовувати воду системи охолодження двигуна. З використанням розробленої математичної моделі утилізаційного контуру дизель-електростанції виконане розрахунково-експериментальне дослідження впливу температури навколишнього середовища на показники ефективності утилізаційного контуру. При зміні температури навколишнього середовища від 0 ° С до 40 ° С кількість електроенергії, виробленої за циклом Ренкіна для двигуна Hyundai H25/33 збільшується до 10%. При роботі однієї когенераційної установки з двигуном Hyundai H25/33 та розробленим утилізаційним комплексом можна отримати на добу до 2300 кг конденсату водяної пари, що є дуже цінною в Іраку. На основі результатів дослідження було розроблено два варіанта технологічної схеми (проекти "А" та "Б") модернізації дизельних електростанцій компанії Hyundai Heavy Industries. Виконана техніко-економічна оцінка проектів за метод NPV показала, що після того, як обладнання утилізаційного контуру в повному обсязі буде введено у експлуатацію, максимально досяжний прибуток складе близько 1 406 219 дол. США/рік.Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.05.03 – engines and power plants. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the choice and substantiation of parameters of a diesel power plant with heat recovery system of recycling the secondary heat from diesel engine using the Rankin cycle, which uses the heat of exhaust gases and cooling water systems. As a result of the analysis of the features of a promising power plant with a Hyundai 25/33 engine for the production of electric power at a plant in Iraq, a technological scheme of a comprehensive system for recycling diesel fuel from an electric power station with the additional generation of electricity, heat for heating heavy fuel, condensing technical water from exhaust gases. As a working fluid in the Rankin cycle, it is advisable to use the hot water from the engine cooling system. Using the developed mathematical model of the distillation circuit of the diesel power plant, the design-experimental study of the influence of the ambient temperature on the indicators of the efficiency of heat recovery was performed. When the ambient temperature changes from 0 ° C to 40 ° C, the amount of electric energy generated by the Rankin cycle for the Hyundai H25 / 33 engine increases to 10%. With a single cogeneration unit with a Hyundai H25 / 33 engine and a recycling complex developed, it is possible to get up to 2300 kg of water vapor condensate per day, which is very valuable in Iraq. Based on the results of the study, two variants of the technological scheme (projects A and B) were developed for the modernization of Hyundai diesel power plants. The feasibility study for the NPV method has shown that after the full recovery equipment is put into operation, the maximum achievable profit will be about 1 406 219 $ /year.
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Хамза, Хамза Алі Адел. "Вибір та обґрунтування параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації теплоти." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31663.
Full textAbstract:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена вибору і обґрунтуванню параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації вторинної теплоти дизеля з використанням циклу Ренкіна, що використовує теплоту відпрацьованих газів та системи охолодження. В результаті аналізу особливостей перспективної енергетичної установки з двигуном Hyundai 25/33 для виробництва електричної енергії на заводі в Іраку розроблена технологічна схема комплексної системи утилізації вторинної теплоти дизель-електричної станції з додатковим отриманням електроенергії, теплоти для підігріву важкого палива, конденсації технічної води з відпрацьованих газів двигуна. Для утилізації вторинної теплоти двигуна Hyundai H25/33 запропоновано утилізаційний контур установки, який працює за органічним циклом Ренкіна (ОЦР). В якості робочого тіла в циклі Ренкіна доцільно використовувати воду системи охолодження двигуна. З використанням розробленої математичної моделі утилізаційного контуру дизель-електростанції виконане розрахунково-експериментальне дослідження впливу температури навколишнього середовища на показники ефективності утилізаційного контуру. При зміні температури навколишнього середовища від 0 ° С до 40 ° С кількість електроенергії, виробленої за циклом Ренкіна для двигуна Hyundai H25/33 збільшується до 10%. При роботі однієї когенераційної установки з двигуном Hyundai H25/33 та розробленим утилізаційним комплексом можна отримати на добу до 2300 кг конденсату водяної пари, що є дуже цінною в Іраку. На основі результатів дослідження було розроблено два варіанта технологічної схеми (проекти "А" та "Б") модернізації дизельних електростанцій компанії Hyundai Heavy Industries. Виконана техніко-економічна оцінка проектів за метод NPV показала, що після того, як обладнання утилізаційного контуру в повному обсязі буде введено у експлуатацію, максимально досяжний прибуток складе близько 1 406 219 дол. США/рік.Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.05.03 – engines and power plants. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the choice and substantiation of parameters of a diesel power plant with heat recovery system of recycling the secondary heat from diesel engine using the Rankin cycle, which uses the heat of exhaust gases and cooling water systems. As a result of the analysis of the features of a promising power plant with a Hyundai 25/33 engine for the production of electric power at a plant in Iraq, a technological scheme of a comprehensive system for recycling diesel fuel from an electric power station with the additional generation of electricity, heat for heating heavy fuel, condensing technical water from exhaust gases. As a working fluid in the Rankin cycle, it is advisable to use the hot water from the engine cooling system. Using the developed mathematical model of the distillation circuit of the diesel power plant, the design-experimental study of the influence of the ambient temperature on the indicators of the efficiency of heat recovery was performed. When the ambient temperature changes from 0 ° C to 40 ° C, the amount of electric energy generated by the Rankin cycle for the Hyundai H25 / 33 engine increases to 10%. With a single cogeneration unit with a Hyundai H25 / 33 engine and a recycling complex developed, it is possible to get up to 2300 kg of water vapor condensate per day, which is very valuable in Iraq. Based on the results of the study, two variants of the technological scheme (projects A and B) were developed for the modernization of Hyundai diesel power plants. The feasibility study for the NPV method has shown that after the full recovery equipment is put into operation, the maximum achievable profit will be about 1 406 219 $ /year.
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Silva, Júnior Cesar Augusto Arezo [UNESP]. "Concepção e análise técnico-econômica da recuperação de calor em sistemas de despoeiramento de aciarias elétricas para geração de vapor superaquecido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148018.
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As usinas siderúrgicas caracterizam-se, sob o ponto de vista energético, pela grande intensidade de energia empregada em processos de redução do minério de ferro, fusão das matérias-primas e refino do aço líquido obtido. Quanto aos processos utilizados para a produção de aço, destacam-se o emprego de duas rotas tecnológicas: usinas integradas e semi-integradas (mini-mills). As usinas integradas possibilitam a redução do minério de ferro até ferro-gusa e, a partir deste, a obtenção do aço. As mini-mills caracterizam-se pelo emprego de sucatas metálicas, ferro-gusa ou ferro esponja como matérias-primas e pela obtenção, como produtos, de diferentes tipos de aço. Na operação de refino do aço líquido produzido comumente é necessário o emprego de desgaseificadores a vácuo para remoção de contaminantes e, consequentemente, atendimento às especificações do produto acabado. Com isso, as mini-mills demandam potência elétrica para os processos de fusão do aço e vapor superaquecido para obtenção de vácuo nos ejetores do processo de desgaseificação. Para atendimento a legislações ambientais, sistemas de despoeiramento devem ser aplicados às aciarias, disponibilizando grandes vazões de gases quentes provenientes do forno elétrico. A operação do sistema de despoeiramento indica expressivo potencial para recuperação de calor em processos siderúrgicos. Na presente dissertação propõe-se a coleta e análise de dados de operação do sistema de despoeiramento de um forno elétrico a arco de uma mini-mill brasileira, visando concepção e análise técnica-econômica de uma central de cogeração associada à recuperação de calor destes gases do sistema de despoeiramento
The steel industry can be characterized by its high demand of energy in the process of reduction and production of pig iron and steel. For the production of steel the following routes can be highlighted: integrated plants and mini-mills. Integrated plants are used for production steel from iron ore, allowing the reduction of iron ore until pig iron, and pig iron to steel. Mini-mills are used for production of steel through metallic scraps and pig iron. In a mini-mill, the transformation of metallic scraps and pig iron to steel is reached in melting shop areas. The melting shop areas adopt vacuum degassers as a commonly equipment to remove contaminants of liquid steel and consequently reach requirements of finished products. As a consequence, in a melting shop, electricity is applied in electric arc furnaces and overheated steam is applied in vacuum degassers. According to environmental restrictions these melting shops are integrated with dust collectors. The dust collected in electric arc furnaces has great amount of energy and can express a high potential to heat recovering systems. The present dissertation has purpose in collect and analyzes data from an electric arc furnace with a dust collector in a Brazilian mini-mill for developing a thermal-economic analysis of a cogeneration plant integrated in this mini-mill.
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Maršík, Jaroslav. "Dvoutlaký horizontální kotel na odpadní teplo (HRSG)." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232157.
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The Master’s thesis dealing with design of heat recovery steam generator with two pressure levels is split into nine sections. The first section describes the design and the layout of HRSG. The second part deals with heat calculation. The third section deals with design of flue-gas duct. The fourth part describes designs of individual heating surfaces, including steam superheaters, vaporizers and economizer. Next section shows the real temperature diagram and choice of the materials. The seventh section describes the calculation of outer pipelines and the eighth part deals with the drums design. The last section deals with the calculation of draft loss of steam generator.
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Ptáček, Ondřej. "Návrh dvoutlakého vertikálního kotle na odpadní teplo za plynovou turbínou na zemní plyn." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319246.
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This diploma thesis deals with proposal of a two-lane vertical boiler using the waste heat after gas turbine. In the first part the heat calculation has been done followed by the arrangement of particular heat exchange surfaces and the drawing of real saw diagram. There are also dimensions of drums, inlet and outlet pipes and transfer pipelines drafted. Furthermore, I have listed the materials that are used for casing the boiler and pipelines. Finally, the boiler loss is calculated and the boiler hydraulic calculation is performed. The supplement contains a boiler drawing.
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Med, Lukáš. "Návrh dvoutlakého horizontálního kotle na odpadní teplo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241924.
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This master's thesis deals with thermal calculation and design of proportions of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which is placed behind a combustion turbine, for given parameters of exhaust gases and requested parameters of steam. In the first chapters is described the design, layout of HRSG and the thermal calculation. The next parts deal with the design of flue-gas duct and each individual heating surface. Next section shows computations of dimensions of drums, flooding pipes, transferring pipes and all other outer pipes. The chosen materials are described in one of the last chapters and the last chapter deals with calculation of draft loss of steam generator.
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Uhle, Jennifer Lee. "Boiling heat transfer characteristics of steam generator U-tube fouling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17499.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-111).
The boiling heat transfer characteristics of steam generator u-tube fouling deposits were identified by developing a boiling heat transfer model and determining its accuracy through the comparison of calculated and experimental results. Magnetite deposits were fabricated in the laboratory and were characterized using a variety of techniques. Heat transfer measurements were then taken, so that the effect of deposit parameters, including pore size distribution, porosity, permeability and thickness, as well as the effect of mass flux, heat flux and steam quality were investigated. The model predictions were consistent with the experimental results, differing by an average of ±17.5%. Over the range of parameters studied, pore size distribution dominated the deposit heat transfer. It was found that some fabricated deposits improved the heat transfer of the u-tubes, whereas others hindered it. The data were consistent with that of fouled u-tubes pulled from CANDU steam generators. The conditions of the heat transfer measurements and the fabricated deposits were similar to those of US and Canadian steam generators. Therefore, the conclusions drawn in this study are presumed to apply to the steam generators used in the Canadian and US industries.
by Jennifer L. Uhle.
Ph.D.
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Engelke, Kylan Wynn. "Novel thermoelectric generator for stationary power waste heat recovery." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/engelke/EngelkeK0510.pdf.
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Internal combustion engines produce much excess heat that is vented to the atmosphere through the exhaust fluid. Use of solid-state thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion technology is a promising technique to recapture some of the energy lost. The TE effect, discovered in 1821 by Thomas Seebeck, is essentially the solid-state conversion of a temperature gradient into an electric potential. The scope of this work was the design, testing and evaluation of a novel and robust TE generator that is amendable to use in a vast array of convective thermal processes. Seebeck testing of TE elements was combined with thermal/hydraulic and thermoelectric modeling to develop the design of a working prototype system. A proof-of-concept small-scale prototype (SSP) TE generator was built to evaluate concepts intended for the construction of a fully-functional field demonstration prototype (FDP). The SSP was used to evaluate electrical contact integrity, thermal characteristics, various TE materials and the feasibility of using compression-based TE contacts. The SSP featured 9 P/N TE pairs and has thus far produced a maximum open-circuit voltage of 380mV and a maximum electrical power of 1.47W. Knowledge gained from the SSP construction and testing was utilized in the design and fabrication of the FDP. A liquid-cooled Honda ES6500 6.0kW genset was procured to provide a test-bed for the FDP. The primary goal was to power the electric radiator fan with the heat energy contained in its exhaust, thus decreasing the genset's fuel consumption rate. The FDP contained 256 P/N pairs and thus far has produced an open-circuit voltage of 5.5VDC and a maximum power of 8.49W. Replacing the stock muffler reduced fuel consumption by 11.6% whereas removing the fan load reduced it an additional 1.64%. Through the recovery and conversion of wasted thermal energy, the genset's fuel consumption rate was successfully lowered, therefore validating the benefits of secondary TE power systems. The radiator fan of the Honda ES6500 consumes approximately 1% of the overall power output of the genset. Radiator fans in larger gensets can draw as much as 12-16% of their peak output. By recuperating waste heat, substantially higher fuel savings could be achieved.
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Slíva, Karel. "Návrh dvoutlakého horizontálního kotle na odpadní teplo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254297.
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The focus of this thesis is a proposal of a horizontal dual-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The introductory part includes thermal calculation, as well as a design of the layout and a design of the heat transfer surfaces and the layout of the boiler. Individual chapters are broken down according to the outline of the proposal for the arrangement of the heating surfaces, according to the parameters of the flue gas and steam. The master thesis contains a scheme of a real heat transfer temperature diagram and it also includes the calculation of connecting and downcomer pipes and drums. The final part describes the calculation of the boiler draft loss. The main idea of the thesis is accompanied by the technical documentation of the drawing of the boiler.
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Ababatin, Yasser. "RECOVERY OF EXHAUST WASTE HEAT FOR A HYBRID CAR USING STEAM TURBINE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1653.
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A number of car engines operate with an efficiency rate of approximately 22% to 25% [1]. The remainder of the energy these engines generate is wasted through heat escape out of the exhaust pipe. There is now an increasing desire to reuse this heat energy, which would improve the overall efficiency of car engines by reducing their consumption of fuel. Another benefit is that such reuse would minimize harmful greenhouse gases that are emitted into the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to examine how the wasted heat energy can be reused and/or recovered by use of a heat recovery system that would store this energy in a hybrid car battery. Green turbines will be analyzed as a possible solution to recycle the lost energy in a way that will also improve the overall automotive energy efficiency.
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Tuya, Rodríguez Jorge Carlos. "Tratamiento químico para un HRSG (Heat Recovering Steam Generator) de una planta de ciclo combinado." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2007. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2007/morales_cf/html/index-frames.html.
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Esta tesis fue preparada en base a antecedentes y experiencias en el tratamiento de los sistemas de Caleteras Recuperadores de Calor y Generadoras de Vapor (HRSG.) Esta tesis se realiza para seleccionar un nuevo programa de tratamiento o una ayuda comparativa. Sin embargo, puede ser utilizada también como un recurso práctico para evaluar un programa existente de tratamiento de un HRSG, Asimismo, no sugiere que se realice algún cambio en dicho programa si es que tiene un proceder histórico de buenos resultados. Algunos juicios pueden tener lugar en la selección de un programa de tratamiento. XH.1 B objetivo de esta tesis es proveer un entendimiento de la selección más apropiada y del régimen de tratamiento químico interno aplicado al sistema de HRSG con domos dentro de la etapa de ciclo simple y ciclo combinado de una Planta de Ciclo Combinado con uso exclusivo de vapor para generar energía eléctrica. Este estudio no abarca el uso de HRSG para sistemas de cogeneración ni proveer una discusión profunda de las teorías químicas detrás de cada uno de los programas de tratamientos, solo profundiza el tratamiento químico todo volátil. XlI.2. Sumarlo; En el Capítulo t índica el objetivo de los tratamientos químicos internos. En el Capítulo lI nos da una pequeña reseña histórica de tos HRSG y de la característica de agua que requieren, así como ta filosofía dada por un instituto que desarropa estudios para su tratamiento, En el Capítulo III, se indican los objetivos para la selección de un programa de tratamiento químico para un HRSG, selección del En el Capítulo IV se da una guía para seleccionar el programa de tratamiento en función de los requerimientos de los fabricantes de turbinas de vapor, también se indican los tipos de tratamientos existentes con una pequeña definición. En el Capítulo V se da a conocer la clave pata una estrategia de selección de un programa de tratamiento químico para un HRSG para una Planta de Ciclo Combinado que emplea el vapor solo para En el Capitulo VI, se indican los criterios para los puntos de muestreo en un HRSG para obtener valores óptimos y En el Capítulo Vil, se indican los valores de los parámetros individuales monitoreados en las plantas de ciclo combinado y sus valores Mtest los efectos que estos parámetros pueden producir en la turbina a vapor. En el Capitulo VIH, se trata del tratamiento Todo Volátil (AVT)E los químicos empleados, los parámetros a ser monitoreados en este tratamiento, y los limites de los parámetros individuales que se deben tener en una operación normal. En el Capítulo IX, se presentan las conclusiones de esta tests En el Capitulo X, se presentan las recomendaciones En el Capítulo XI, se presenta la bibliografía. En El Capítulo XH, se presenta un glosario de términos empleados en las plantas de ciclo combinado En el Anexo, se trata del monitoreo de la corrosión en plantas de generación de vapor En los últimos dos capítulos se trata sobre uno de los tratamiento preferidos cuando se emplea agua de alta pureza para el agua de reposición de los HRSG y sobre las ultimas tendencias en la eliminación de la hidracina como el principal secuestrante de oxígeno.
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BONO, ANDREA. "Criticità nelle esigenze e nelle offerte energetiche: il ruolo rilevante della progettazione e della gestione ottimizzata delle macchine a fluido e dei sistemi per la conversione di energia. Aspetti applicativi nella piccola fornitura di energia e nella propulsione navale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1046981.
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The present work deals with environmental sustainability and specific engineering solutions able to cope with such a global issue. Attention is focused on renewable energy and innovative fuels as effective strategies in contributing valuable techniques in order to face the need of mitigating environmental problems concerning climate change and global warming.
The research study is targeted on optimized design and management of fluid machinery, and extensively on optimized energy conversion systems, conceptualized in accordance with current standards and regulations, governing the reference sector. The analysis investigates small energy supply from renewables (wind power) and innovative marine propulsion (alternative fuels and unconventional propulsion systems). Regulations and technical design are constantly focused for the study.
The work proposes case solutions for energy design and management actions dealing with the theme of environmental sustainability: engineering analyses (design, technical-economical evaluation, performance results) for hybrid wind powered plants empowering SWRO (Sea Water Reverse Osmosis) desalination processes; engineering analyses (design, technical evaluation, performance results) for wind turbine rotors operating in sites characterized by a small wind resource; engineering analyses (design, technical evaluation, performance results) for marine ship propulsion empowered by LNG as an alternative sustainable fuel and by gas turbines as prime movers coupled to combined cycles as an innovative propulsion system (COGES configuration).
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Roupec, Petr. "Analýza přestupu tepla v parogenerátorech bloků VVER 440." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229288.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the heat transfer in steam generator of blocks in the nuclear power plant VVER 440. The steam generator represents the border between the primary and the secondary circuit. The heat is carried from a warm water from reactor to a cold water. The steam arises after the heat transfer and drives the steam turbine. An important quantity which represents the heat transfer is a heat transfer factor. This thesis is divided into theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part is mentioned a principle of the steam generator and the theoretical calculation of the heat transfer factor, which comes first of all from the character of the streaming in the steam generator. The practical part brings a comparison of the heat transfer factor calculated from data measured after the start of the third block of EDU in 1986, with the heat transfer factor which comes from the measurement after the power-increase for 105 % of nominal power of the same block in 2009. Further is shown the prediction of the heat transfer factor for next power-increase and the following service is shown too.
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Rosa, Olívia Carolina da. "Designing a thermoelectric energy generator for waste heat recovery in heavy-duty diesel engines." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/182599.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2017.Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T03:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 348531.pdf: 4713684 bytes, checksum: 34bc24fd45de049c399b6872963cdfdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
A quantidade de energia térmica rejeitada nos gases de exaustão durante a operação de um motor diesel é aproximadamente 30 % da energia fornecida a partir do combustível. Uma alternativa para recuperar essa energia é a utilização de um gerador termoelétrico, o qual pode ser usado como energia para os sistemas auxiliares ou como energia suplementar, no caso de veículos elétricos híbridos. Este estudo tem como objetivo conceber um gerador termoelétrico e um trocador de calor acoplado à exaustão de um motor diesel, limitados por critérios de mínima eficiência térmica e máxima perda de carga no tubo de escape. O motor, o trocador de calor, e o gerador termoelétrico foram simulados em regimes permanente e transiente, usando um modelo zero dimensional para o motor e um modelo de uma dimensão para o trocador de calor/ gerador termoelétrico com propriedades em função da temperatura. O modelo de regime permanente e propriedades constantes foi usado para otimização através de duas estratégias, uma buscando a máxima potência e outra a máxima eficiência de conversão. A configuração otimizada consiste de um trocador de calor de 9 tubos, com diâmetro de 0,022 m e comprimento 0,414 m, operando com o fluido de arrefecimento do motor como fluido frio, utilizando silício-germânio como material das células termoelétricas. Quando em regime transiente, a configuração para máxima potência com 562 células termoelétricas por tubo atingiu um pico de 3500 W no início da operação e potência média de 811 W durante o transiente periódico, com eficiência termoelétrica igual a 4.27 % . A configuração para máxima eficiência de conversão contou com 150 células termoelétricas por tubo e foi capaz de gerar 1100 W no início de operação e obter potência média igual a 550 W durante o transiente periódico, com eficiência termoelétrica igual a 10.4 % . O modelo em regime transiente e com propriedades variáveis revelou o potencial de obter maior potência durante transientes curtos. Quando comparados com as realizações atuais, os resultados indicam a viabilidade do projeto para veículos de tamanho médio e pesados.
Abstract : The amount of heat energy wasted in the exhaust gas flow during operation of a diesel engine is grossly 30 % of the input energy from the fuel. An alternative to recover the heat lost through the exhaust in diesel engines is the use of thermoelectric generators, which could be used as source of power to propel auxiliary systems or as a supplement power source in case of hybrid electric vehicles. This study aims at developing and optimizing a thermoelectric generator and a heat exchanger adapted to the exhaust system, close-coupled to a diesel engine, restricted by criteria of minimum overall efficiency and maximum exhaust back-pressure. The engine, heat exchanger, and thermoelectric generator were evaluated in the steady-state and transient regime using a zero dimensional model for the engine and a one-dimensional model for the heat exchanger/thermoelectric generator with temperature dependent properties. The steady-state, constant property model was used for the optimization using two strategies, one aiming at maximum power and the other at maximum efficiency. The optimized configuration consisted of a heat exchanger with 9 tubes, with diameter of 0.022 m and length of 0.414 m, operating with engine coolant as cold fluid, using silicon germanium thermoelectric junctions. When simulated in transient regime, the configuration for maximum power with 562 thermoelectric junctions per tube was able to generate peak power at start-up of 3500 W, average power at periodic steady-state of 811 W, with 4.27 % thermoelectric efficiency. The configuration for maximum conversion efficiency had 150 thermoelectric junctions per tube, achieved peak power of 1100 W at start-up, average power at periodic steady-state of 550 W, and 10.4 % thermoelectric efficiency. The transient, variable properties simulation revealed the potential for higher power during short transients. When compared to current realizations, the results indicate the feasibility of the design for medium size and heavy-duty vehicles.
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Lan, Song. "The role of thermoelectric generator in the efficient operation of vehicles." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36309.
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In the face of the internationally tightened requirements and regulations for CO2 emissions from the transportation sector, waste heat recovery using a thermoelectric generator (TEG) has become the most significant research interest. A vehicular TEG, converting otherwise wasted thermal energy from engines to electricity directly for use in the vehicle systems, is a promising approach for vehicle original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to reduce fuel consumption and lower CO2 emissions. This thesis aims to explore the main challenges to be faced in the commercialization of TEGs. Based on a review of the literature, four research gaps have been identified, which are respectively: * Translating the material improvements into TEG Performance, * Transient behaviors of vehicular TEGs under driving cycles, * Fuel saving percentage and cost-benefit estimation of TEG, * Bidirectional characteristic of TEM and bifunctional vehicular TEG. To directly address these research gaps, a quasi-static TEM model, a dynamic TEG model, a semi-empirical vehicular TEG model, and a dual-model TEM model have been respectively developed and validated through experiments on both TEM test rigs and TEG engine test benches. These developed models are used as tools to investigate the performance of TEG, parameters sensitivity, and integration effects. Model-based TEG control, TEG cost benefit ratio and feasibility of a bifunctional TEG are also explored based on the developed models. The simulation results show that TEG power generation is highly sensitive to the heat transfer coefficient of hot side heat exchanger and thermal contact resistance. The TEG installation position is identified as the most important integration effect. It has been found by the simulation result that the fuel saving with TEG installed upstream of the three-way catalyst (TWC) is 50% higher than the fuel saving with TEG installed downstream of the TWC. The fuel saving percentage for a skutterudite vehicular TEG, which can generate around 400-600W in constant speed 120km/h, is 0.5-3.6% depending on the integration position in the exhaust line. A 3-minute faster warm-up effect of engine oil can be obtained when the bifunctional TEG works in engine warm-up mode with electrical current applied.
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Pandit, Jaideep. "Numerical and Experimental Design of High Performance Heat Exchanger System for A Thermoelectric Power Generator for Implementation in Automobile Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Recovery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47919.
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The effects of greenhouse gases have seen a significant rise in recent years due to the use of fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel. Conversion of the energy stored in these fossil fuels to mechanical work is an extremely inefficient process which results in a high amount of energy rejected in the form of waste heat. Thermoelectric materials are able to harness this waste heat energy and convert it to electrical power.
Thermoelectric devices work on the principle of the Seebeck effect, which states that if two junctions of dissimilar materials are at different temperatures, an electrical potential is developed across them. Even though these devices have small efficiencies, they are still an extremely effective way of converting low grade waste heat to usable electrical power. These devices have the added advantage of having no moving parts (solid state) which contributes to a long life of the device without needing much maintenance. The performance of thermoelectric generators is dependent on a non-dimensional figure of merit, ZT. Extensive research, both past and ongoing, is focused on improving the thermoelectric generator's (TEG's) performance by improving this figure of merit, ZT, by way of controlling the material properties. This research is usually incremental and the high performance materials developed can be cost prohibitive.
The focus of this study has been to improve the performance of thermoelectric generator by way of improving the heat transfer from the exhaust gases to the TEG and also the heat transfer from TEG to the coolant. Apart from the figure of merit ZT, the performance of the TEG is also a function of the temperature difference across it, By improving the heat transfer between the TEG and the working fluid, a higher temperature gradient can be achieved across it, resulting in higher heat flux and improved efficiency from the system. This area has been largely neglected as a source of improvement in past research and has immense potential to be a low cost performance enhancer in such systems. Improvements made through this avenue, also have the advantage of being applicable regardless of the material in the system. Thus these high performance heat exchangers can be coupled with high performance materials to supplement the gains made by improved figure of merits.
The heat exchanger designs developed and studied in this work have taken into account several considerations, like pressure drop, varying engine speeds, location of the system along the fuel path, system stability etc. A comprehensive treatment is presented here which includes 3D conjugate heat transfer modeling with RANS based turbulence models on such a system. Various heat transfer enhancement features are implemented in the system and studied numerically as well as experimentally. The entire system is also studied experimentally in a scaled down setup which provided data for validation of numerical studies. With the help of measured and calculated data like temperature, ZT etc, predictions are also presented about key metrics of system performance.Ph. D.
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Jain, Akshay. "Feasibility of using Waste Heat as a power source to operate Microbial Electrolysis Cells towards Resource Recovery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97977.
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Wastewater treatment has developed as a mature technology over time. However, conventional wastewater treatment is a very energy-intensive process. Bioelectrochemical system (BES) is an emerging technology that can treat wastewater and also recover resources such as energy in the form of electricity/hydrogen gas and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a type of BES that, in the presence of an additional voltage, can treat wastewater and generate hydrogen gas. This is a promising approach for wastewater treatment and value-added product generation, though it may not be sustainable in the long run, as it relies on fossil fuels to provide that additional energy. Thus, it is important to explore alternative renewable resources that can provide energy to power MEC. Waste heat is one such resource that has not been researched extensively, particularly at the low-temperature spectrum. This was utilized as a renewable resource by converting waste heat to electricity using a device called thermoelectric generator (TEG). TEG converted simulated waste heat from an anaerobic digester to power an MEC. The feasibility of TEG to act as a power source for an MEC was investigated and its performance compared to the external power source. Various cold sources were analyzed to characterize TEG performance. To explore this integrated TEG-MEC system further, a hydraulic connection was added between the two systems. Wastewater was used as a cold source for TEG and it was recirculated to the anode of the MEC. This system showed improved performance with both systems mutually benefitting each other. The operational parameters were analyzed for the optimization of the system. The integrated system could generate hydrogen at a rate of 0.36 ± 0.05 m3 m-3 d-1 for synthetic domestic wastewater treatment. For the practical application, it is necessary to estimate the cost and narrow the focus on the functions of the system. Techno-economic analysis was performed for MEC with cost estimation and net present value model to understand the economic viability of the technology. The application niche of the BES was described and directions for addressing the challenges towards a full-scale operation were discussed. The present system provides a sustainable method for wastewater treatment and resource recovery which can play an important role in human health, social and economic development and a strong ecosystem.Doctor of Philosophy
An average person produces about 50-75 gallons of wastewater every day. In addition to the households, wastewater is generated from industries and agricultural practices. As the population increases, the quantity of wastewater production will inevitably increase. To keep our rivers and oceans clean and safe, it is essential to treat the wastewater before it is discharged to the water bodies. However, the conventional wastewater treatment is a very energy (and thus cost) intensive process. For low-income and developing parts of the world, it is difficult to adapt the technology everywhere in its present form. Furthermore, as the energy is provided mostly by fossil fuels, their limited reserves and harmful environmental effects make it critical to find alternative methods that can treat the wastewater at a much lower energy input. For a circular and sustainable economy, it is important to realize wastewater as a resource which can provide us energy, nutrients, and water, rather than discard it as a waste. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) is an emerging technology that can simultaneously treat wastewater and recover resources in the form of electricity/hydrogen gas, and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a type of BES that is used to treat wastewater and generate hydrogen gas. An additional voltage is supplied to the MEC for producing hydrogen. In the long run, this may not be sustainable as it relies on fossil fuels to provide that additional energy. Thus, it is important to explore alternative renewable resources that can provide energy to power MEC. Waste heat is a byproduct of many industrial processes and widely available. This was utilized as a renewable resource by converting waste heat to electricity using a device called thermoelectric generator (TEG). TEG converted simulated waste heat from an anaerobic digester to power an MEC. The mutual benefit for MEC and TEG was also explored by connecting the system electrically and hydraulically. Cost-estimation of the system was performed to understand the economic viability and functions of the system were developed. The present system provides a sustainable method for wastewater treatment and resource recovery which can play an important role in human health, social and economic development and a strong ecosystem.
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Kaláb, Ctibor. "Modul parního generátoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229195.
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The thesis deals with a project of a steam generator heated with liquid sodium. The first section describes some types of steam generators at nuclear power plants which have been projected or put into use. The next part presents a draft concept of the steam generator, solved by this work. The implementation of the steam generator module has been selected from several options, based on the thermal, hydraulic and stress calculations and on the chosen criteria. The conclusion of this thesis deals with the evaluation of the final solution in terms of nuclear safety and technical solutions, and compares this solution to similar projects following various criteria.
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Espinosa, Nicolas. "Contribution to the study of waste heat recovery systems on commercial truck diesel engines." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL064N.
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L'augmentation du prix du pétrole ainsi qu'une possible future réglementation des émissions de CO2 encourage les fabricants de véhicules industriels à trouver de nouvelles solutions pour améliorer encore la performance de la chaine cinématique. Dans ce cadre, deux solutions de récupérations d'énergie prometteuses sont très souvent rapportées dans la littérature: le système de récupération d'énergie par cycle de Rankine et le générateur thermoélectrique. Après un rappel des conditions limites du fonctionnement d'un camion long routier, cette thèse démontre tout d’abord la modélisation 0-D et 1-D (logiciels commerciaux utilisés) de ces deux systèmes de récupération d’énergie. Pour le générateur thermoélectrique, des études paramétriques (hauteur de jambe thermoélectrique, prix, puissance électrique produite) sont effectuées se basant principalement sur l'utilisation de deux matériaux prometteurs. Une conception du système Rankine est présentée et modélisée avec le solveur 1-D. Des validations partielles sont réalisées sur les composants (turbine). Ce modèle a ensuite permis d'étudier les transitoires du système ainsi que la charge en réfrigérant et un système de contrôle possible. Cette étude montre que le générateur thermoélectrique n’est pas encore mature pour son utilisation dans un camion long routier. Le système Rankine doit quant à lui être testé sur un camion prototype pour pouvoir véritablement estimer son potentiel finalFuel price increase as well as future fuel consumption regulations lead truck manufacturers to further enhance the current powertrain. In such a context, two waste heat recovery technologies appear as promising: the Rankine system as well as the thermoelectric generator. After a reminding of truck boundary conditions, this thesis work defines 0-D and 1-D modeling (commercial tool used) for both systems.For the thermoelectric generator , parametric 1-D studies are done on the integration/design (number of thermoelements, price, electrical power) of a thermoelecric generator upstream the existing engine exhaust gas recirculation cooler. Main studies are done with thermoelectric materials but other materials are also considered. A Rankine system design is presented and modeled under a 1-D solver. Preliminary validations are presented. Transient aspects are evaluated to better understand the behavior of the system and its bottlenecks. The amount of refrigerant in the circuit and the control schematic are also addressed.From these studies, it appears that the thermoelectric generator technology is not yet mature for a long haul truck due to the low performance of thermoelectric materials. The Rankine system technology should handle a complete truck prototype testing to estimate its potential
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Bátěk, David. "Parní generátor reaktoru ESFR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230440.
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This master thesis deals steam generator for ESFR (European Sodium Fast Reactor), which is heated by liquid sodium. In the beginning chapters, there are theoretic information about ESFR's parameters and its' comparison with ohter types of heat exchangers in nuclear reactors with the same principal (sodium as a coolant). Then designing part follows, which contents of introduction of calculations, option of material and conception of heater. Computational part on its own includes thermal, hydraulic and stress calculations and comparison with aspects in nuclear safety and security.
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Veselý, Jakub. "Účinnost odvodu tepla parního generátoru JE Dukovany při nízkých hladinách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318685.
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The goal of this thesis is to simulate the course of events during Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant blackout and to determine the optimal process of cooling down the cold branches of the primary circuit loops to secure the maximum amount of the primary fuel needed for the residual heat outlet so that the operating staff has as much time as possible for renewing the electric power supply. The first part of the thesis describes nuclear power plants built in the Czech Republic and in the world as well as reactor blocks whose construction is being considered. The detailed description of Dukovany’s steam generator is shared in chapter three. Following chapter summarizes blackouts that occurred at power plants around the world, events that might have led to blackouts in the Czech Republic, and it also describes current approach to blackout problematics at Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant. Chapters six and seven contain the core of the thesis. That includes detailed description of a mathematical model explaining the behaviour of a reactor block during blackout as well as the analysis of the results found.
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Jahanbakhsh, David. "Implementation of DC-DC converter with maximum power point tracking control for thermoelectric generator applications." Thesis, KTH, Elektrisk energiomvandling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-109705.
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A heavy duty vehicle looses approximately 30-40 % of the energy in the fuel as waste heat through the exhaust system. Recovering this waste heat would make the vehicle meet the legislative and market demands of emissions and fuel consumption easier. This recovery is possible by transforming the waste heat to electric power using a thermoelectric generator. However, the thermoelectric generator electric characteristics makes direct usage of it unprotable, thus an electric power conditioner is necessary. First a study of dierent DC-DC converters is presented, based on that the most suitable converter for thermoelectric application is determined. In order to maximize the harvested power, maximum power point tracking algorithms have been studied and analyzed. After the investigation, the single ended primary inductor converter was simulated and implemented with a perturb and observe algorithm, and the incremental conductance algorithm. The converter was tested with a 20 W thermoelectric generator, and evaluated.The results show that the incremental conductance is more robust and stable compared to the perturb and observe algorithm. Further on, the incremental conductance also has a higher average eciency during real implementation.
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Pekárek, Michal. "Návrh elektricky otápěného parního vyvíječe." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443183.
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This master’s thesis is focused on the design of electric steam generator for superheated steam. Using heating cartridge is the easiest way how to make a saturated or superheated steam. This device is part of gasification reactor, which is used for experimental purposes. The thesis includes schematic involvement of technology. Technology contains evaporator and superheater. The evaporator is calculated as pool boiling. The superheater is design for steam flowing through heating cartridge bundle. At the end of the thesis are made projection drawings, which are based on the calculations.
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Číž, Ondřej. "Parní turbina." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228803.
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The aim of thesis entitled steam turbine is a condensing steam turbine with steam extraction, in twin-shaft implementation for municipal waste-incineration plant. The first part of the work is focused on the design used and the selected concept turbine. The second part is engaged in thermodynamic calculation of backpressure and condensing part. The end is devoted to technical – economic comparison with other possible conceptual variants.
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Dupuy, Thibaut. "Modélisation des transferts thermiques dans les dépôts d'encrassement des générateurs de vapeur." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDM0007.
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La majorité des produits de corrosion transportés par le circuit secondaire se déposent sur la paroi externe des tubes des Générateurs de Vapeur (GV) pour former des dépôts d’encrassement. Sur le parc nucléaire EDF, le suivi de l’évolution de l’encrassement repose, en partie, sur l’évolution de la pression de vapeur dans le dôme du GV. L’effet de l’encrassement sur cet indicateur reste encore difficile à prédire. Sur le long terme, le suivi de cette mesure a mis en évidence des évolutions généralement à la baisse, mais avec des cinétiques variables selon les tranches nucléaires. Par ailleurs, différents événements de la vie d’une tranche (les arrêts en cours de cycle ou les nettoyages chimiques par exemple) engendrent des évolutions encore mal maîtrisées de la pression dôme. L’ensemble de ces éléments rend difficile une prédiction de l’évolution de la pression dôme sur le long, voire le moyen terme. Or celle-ci est essentielle à l’exploitant pour mieux maîtriser le pilotage des marges en pression, et ajuster, si besoin, la stratégie de maintenance du GV. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de disposer d’une méthodologie globale multi-échelle prédisant l’évolution de cette pression vapeur au cours du temps. La méthodologie repose sur quatre modèles complémentaires : (1) un logiciel de thermohydraulique tri-dimensionnel qui modélise l’écoulement diphasique dans le GV; (2) son module de dépôt de matière qui modélise la croissance des dépôts; (3) un modèle de caractérisation qui modélise la microstructure poreuse des dépôts; et (4) un modèle thermique monodimensionnel qui modélise les transferts thermiques dans ces dépôts. Le modèle de caractérisation, basé sur une approche fractale statistique innovante, reproduit avec précision la distribution statistique des pores, la conductivité thermique et la perméabilité des dépôts. A partir de ces paramètres, le modèle de transfert thermique modélise la conduction thermique et les mécanismes d’ébullition dans la structure poreuse des dépôts. Les caractéristiques les plus influentes des dépôts sur ces mécanismes sont évidemment l’épaisseur mais également son profil de porosité. Les estimations du modèle thermique sont en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux disponibles, et en diffèrent par une erreur moyenne en valeur absolue de 12%. La méthodologie globale simule l’évolution des dépôts et leur morphologie au cours des années d’exploitation du GV, ainsi que leur impact sur la pression dôme. Les prédictions sont proches des observations réalisées sur des GV en exploitation : après une phase d’amélioration ou de stagnation de la pression dôme durant les premières années, celle-ci tend à diminuer au cours de la croissance du dépôt. Par une approche simplifiée, la méthodologie peut également tenir compte des effets des nettoyages chimiques et des arrêts de tranche. Si les premiers résultats sont encourageants, des travaux sont encore à mener pour démontrer le caractère prédictif de la méthodologie. Les limites de la méthodologie sont détaillées et des perspectives sont proposéesMost corrosion products carried by the feed water in the steam generators (SG) of nuclear power plants ultimately settle down on the surface of the tubes and become fouling deposits. These fouling deposits affect the performance of the SGs. It is therefore imperative to understand and to predict their behavior. At EDF, the fouling of SGs is monitored by measuring the drum steam pressure. This strategy enables EDF operators to control the pressure margins and to plan the maintenance and the cleaning of the SGs during outages. However, the complex and intertwined phenomena that lead to the fouling of the SGs make it difficult to predict the evolution of the drum steam pressure. The present thesis remedies this situation by proposing an overarching computational methodology that simulates the time-varying fouling deposits and ultimately predicts the evolution of the steam pressure at the secondary side of the steam generators. The methodology rests on four complementary models of different space and time scales: (1) a three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic model that mimics the thermal-hydraulics behaviour of the entire SG; (2) a three-dimensional deposition model that simulates the time-varying fouling deposits on the SG-tubes; (3) a multi-layer statistical-fractal model that depicts the porous microstructure of the fouling deposits; and (4) a one-dimensional thermal-hydraulic model that exemplifies the thermal effect of fouling deposits. The statistical-fractal model captures and predicts the pore-size distribution, the thermal conductivity and the permeability of the fouling deposits. The thermal-hydraulic model simulates the thermal conduction and the boiling phenomena of the deposits porous structure. The overall computational strategy is thoroughly validated and shows good agreement with experimental data. It is found that the most influential parameters obviously are the deposit thicknesses but also their porosity profiles. The methodology is also employed to simulate the deposit morphology over several years of SG operation and to examine the effect of the steam pressure. The simulations reveal that the fouling deposits tend to increase the drum steam pressure during the first few years of operation. Afterwards, the drum steam pressure diminishes as the fouling deposits grow. The effect of chemical cleanings and reactor shutdowns on the drum steam pressure is also examined. The limits of the methodology are discussed and future improvements are proposed
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Drewes, Carl. "Effektförlustutredning : Effektförlustutredning av en mindre sodapanna tillhörande ett medelstort massabruk, en fallstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32419.
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The industrial sector in Sweden stands for 38 percent of the total energy use. Within these 38 percent the pulp and paper industry stand for about half of the energy use. Due to the extent of the energy use it is important that we do what we can to keep the energy usage as low as possible within our industries. In this bachelor thesis a case study is performed regarding a problem with a recovery boiler which belong to one of Stora Ensos pulp mills in a small town called Skutskär in Sweden. The problem with the recovery boiler is that it does not reach the temperature of the outgoing steam for which the soda boiler was designed, which causes the efficiency to suffer. The problem with the recovery boiler is not sustainable either in terms of energy use or economy. Recovery boiler 6 (RB6) as it is called is one of two recovery boilers belonging to the pulp mill. Both boilers are designed to produce high pressure steam at 56 bar and 450°C. The high-pressure steam produced goes through a back-pressure turbine where the pressure is lowered to the working pressure of the remaining factory while electricity is produced. Steam at a lower temperature results in lower enthalpy, which in turn will affect the electricity generation in the back-pressure turbine. The purpose of the study is to quantify the loss in electricity generation caused by the lack of steam temperature of RB6. As well as investigating the causes of the lack of heat transfer where the goal is to locate the problem area. A literature study was conducted regarding the efficiency of the recovery boiler, where much emphases was placed on the function of the superheater and the soot system. The superheater accounts for about 30 percent of all heat transfer in a recovery boiler and is directly crucial for reaching the final temperature of the steam. In the literature study, among other things, the design and fouling of superheater is studied to see that if affects the heater transfer. Further, the soot system effect on the heat transfer is also studied and it shows that the soot system has a greatly influence of the final heat transfer. The method used to conduct the study is primarily data analysis. The pulp mills internal analysis program WinMops is used in combined with Excel to analyze operational data. First, the magnitude of the problem was investigated by calculating the effect of RB6’s lack of steam temperature on the total enthalpy of the steam reaching the turbine. Calculations were made for electricity generation in normal cases and under the influence of RB6, where the difference was considered as lost electricity generation. Once the size of the problem was determined, the investigation of causes of heat transfer began, with the superheater coming into focus. The results of the case study show that RB6’s lack of steam temperature causes a loss of electricity production equivalent to 7 million SEK in a normal year and a year with a low electricity price, this amount to 3 million SEK. Whit regard to the second investigation, it is very likely that the superheater causes the temperature drop. However, the study shows that the superheater has no smaller heat transfer surface in relation to the other recovery boiler and that the heat transfer rate is also not deviant. The superheater shows a hint of fouling at the same time as the flow of soot steam is slightly lower on RB6, unlike the mill’s other recovery boiler. An interesting phenomenon that emerges in the study is that the tertiary air flow tends to have a greater effect on RB6 outgoing steam flow than expected.Industrisektorn står för omkring 38 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Av de 38 procenten står pappers- och massaindustrin för omkring hälften av all energianvändning. Eftersom industrin är en omfattande del gällande energianvändningen är det viktigt att åtgärder utförs för att hålla energianvändningen så låg som möjligt. I detta examensarbete utförs en fallstudie gällande ett problem med en sodapanna som tillhör Stora Ensos massabruk i Skutskär. Problematiken med sodapannan är att den inte når upp i den temperaturen på utgående ångan som sodapannan designades för vilket gör att verkningsgraden blir lidande. Problemet med sodapannan är inte hållbart både sett till energianvändning eller ekonomi. Sodapanna 6 (SP6) som den kallas är en av två sodapannor som tillhör massabruket. Båda sodapannorna är designade för att producera högtrycksånga vid 56 bar och 450°C. Högtrycksångan som produceras går via en mottrycksturbin där trycket sänks till arbetstrycken för resterande fabriken samtidigt som el produceras. Ånga vid lägre temperatur medför lägre entalpi vilket i sin tur kommer att påverka elproduktionen i motrycksturbin. Syftet med studien är att kvantifiera förlusten i elproduktion som den bristande ångtemperaturen av SP6 orsakar. Utöver det är syftet även att utreda orsaker till den bristande värmeöverföringen där målet är att lokalisera problemområdet. En litteraturstudie utfördes gällande effektivitet kring sodapannan varvid mycket tyngd lades på överhettarens samt sotningens funktion. Överhettaren står för omkring 30 procent av all värmeöverföring i en sodapanna och är direkt avgörande för att nå sluttemperaturen på ångan. I litteraturstudien studeras bland annat utformning och försmutsning av överhettaren för att se hur det påverkar värmeöverföringen. Vidare studeras sotningens påverkan på värmeöverföringen och även den påverkar i stor grad den slutgiltiga värmeöverföringen. Metoden som används för att genomföra studien är framförallt dataanalys. Massabrukets interna analyseringsprogram WinMops används tillsammans med Excel för att kunna analysera driftdata. Först utreddes storleken på problemet med hjälp av att beräkna hur stor påverkan SP6 bristande ångtemperatur har på den totala entalpin på ångan som når turbin. Beräkningar utfördes för elproduktion vid normalfall och vid påverkan av SP6 varvid skillnaden betraktades som den förlorade elproduktionen. När problemets storlek var fastställt började utredningen kring orsaker till bristande värmeöverföring varvid överhettaren hamnade i fokus. Studiens resultat visar att SP6 bristande ångtemperatur orsakar en elproduktionsförlust som motsvarar 7 miljoner kronor ett normalår och ett år med lågt elpris rör det sig om 3 miljoner kronor. Gällande den andra utredningen är det med stor sannolikhet överhettaren som orsakar temperaturfallet. Däremot visar studien att överhettaren inte har någon mindre värmeöverförande yta i förhållande till den andra sodapannan samt att värmeöverföringstalet är inte heller avvikande. Överhettaren visar en antydan på försmuttning samtidigt som sotångflödet är något lägre på SP6 till skillnad från brukets andra sodapanna. Intressant fenomen som dyker upp i studien är att tertiärluftflödet tenderar att ha en större påverkan på SP6 utgående ångflöde än förväntat.
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Černý, Marian. "Návrh parního generátoru pro modulární reaktor." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230375.
Full textAbstract:
Subject of this thesis is design of the steam generator for modular reactor. The dissertation consist of the theoretical part, where are described heat-exchangers and steam generators used in nuclear power plants. Second part contains theoretical calculations in the first approach (thermal, hydraulic and strenght calculation). In the next part are particular variants of steam generator selected. For the final variant are necessary calculations (introduced above) and drawings of selected parts are done. In the final statement is technical solution evaluated, and the parameters of the steam generator are compared with actually used steam generators.
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Kňava, Miroslav. "Vyjadřování nejistoty výsledku zkoušky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229157.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work is to analyze the methodology for executing examination heat transfer tubes of steam generator by method of eddy currents on EDU, to create the model for the estimate of standard combined uncertainty of efficiency value, quantify the individual components of standard uncertainties, analyse the influence of different components on the expressing of uncertainty, to make the final estimate of standard combined and enlarged uncertainty of efficiency value and as of minor objective to evaluate the suitability of the use of this method .
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Steinjan, Karl. "Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum integrierten Gas-Dampf-Prozess für lastflexible Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-208787.
Full textAbstract:
Der integrierte Gas-Dampf (GiD-) Prozess mit Wasserrückgewinnung ist ein flexibler Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsprozess, der die gleichzeitige Bereitstellung von Strom und Wärme teilweise entkoppeln kann. Der effiziente und sparsame Einsatz von fossilen Brennstoffen ist aus ökonomischer wie auch ökologischer Sicht geboten. Die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK), die gleichzeitige Erzeugung von Strom und Wärme, ist eine Möglichkeit dafür. Allerdings erfordert die KWK auch eine gleichzeitige Abnahme von Strom und Wärme beziehungsweise deren Speicherung. Sowohl Strom als auch Prozessdampf lassen sich nur aufwendig und damit relativ teuer speichern, weshalb Alternativen gefragt sind.
Der GiD-Prozess besteht aus einer Gasturbine mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzedampfkessel. Die Gasturbine verfügt als Besonderheit über eine Dampfinjektion, die vor, nach oder direkt in die Brennkammer erfolgen kann. Der Abhitzekessel hat zusätzliche Wärmeübertragerflächen um das Abgas bis unter den Taupunkt abzukühlen. Somit kann ein Teil des injizierten Dampfes aus dem Abgas zurückgewonnen und wiederverwendet werden. Der in die Gasturbine injizierte Dampf führt dieser weitere Energie zu. Diese kann entweder zur Leistungssteigerung der Anlage oder zur Reduzierung des fossilen Brennstoffbedarfes genutzt werden. Die erste Option der Leistungssteigerung ist auch als Cheng-Prozess bekannt. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der weniger untersuchten zweiten Möglichkeit der Brennstoffreduzierung.
Beim Vergleich des GiD-Prozesses mit verschiedenen anderen Kraftwerks-Prozessen zeigt sich, dass dieser besonders gut für industrielle Anlagen mit Prozessdampfbedarf und einer elektrischen Leistung kleiner 20 MW el geeignet ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der GiD-Prozess mittels einer Versuchsanlage auf Basis einer Industriegasturbine mit 650 kW el untersucht. Die Arbeit dokumentiert verschiedene Versuchsfahrten und Untersuchungen an dieser Anlage. Die Injektion von Dampf reduziert die Schadstoffemissionen in den zulässigen Bereich und kann sehr flexibel zu einer Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades von bis zu zwei Prozent führen. Dabei wird der Dampf sehr gleichmäßig in die Versuchsanlage eingebracht, so dass keine signifikanten Änderungen der Abgastemperaturverteilung erkennbar sind. Die Überhitzung des Dampfes kann zu einer weiteren Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades führen. Die Rückgewinnung des eingebrachten Dampfes ist mit den entsprechenden Wärmeübertragern möglich. Das zurückgewonnene Wasser ist durch die Stickoxide des Abgases verunreinigt und muss entsprechend aufbereitet werden.
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Černý, Michal. "Analýza sekundárního okruhu bloku VVER 440." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378709.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this thesis is the model design and control the secondary circuit block VVER 440. The search part of my work is a description of the secondary circuit. In the first part of the calculation is performed for the rated secondary circuit. The second calculation part focuses on the calculation circuit of the secondary for the reduced, influenced by shutting down one steam generator.
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Procházka, Jaroslav. "Energetické využití komunálního odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229473.
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Master’s thesis deal with the design of waste to energy plant of municipal waste. The design of technology is to build the component parts of plant and basic calculation of individual apparatus. Overall technology concists of pretreatment of municipal waste, which is then stored in the bunker. Pretreatment municipal waste is fed into the counterflow rotary kiln. Flue Gates from the kilns are routed through multicyklony in the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG). The multicyklon separates the pollutants. The HRSG generates steam required properties from the feedwater from the heat kontent of gas. Superheated steam is driven to the condensing turbine with extract steam for distrikt rating and for power generation. The flue gas from the HRSG are passed through purification section, in which are separand pollutants the dry method purification. The left heat content of flue gas is used in heat exchanger with twist tube for preheating feed water for the HRSG. The flue gas are fed to the stack.