Journal articles: 'Heath-Carter'

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Campa, Francesco, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Catarina N. Matias, Federico Genovesi, Athos Trecroci, Alessio Rossi, F. Marcello Iaia, Giampietro Alberti, Giulio Pasta, and Stefania Toselli. "A New Strategy to Integrate Heath–Carter Somatotype Assessment with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Elite Soccer Players." Sports 8, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8110142.

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Easy-to-apply and quick methods for evaluate body composition are often preferred when assessing soccer teams. This study aimed to develop new equations for the somatotype quantification that would reduce the anthropometric measurements required by the Heath and Carter method, integrating the somatotype assessment to the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). One hundred and seventy-six male elite soccer players (age 26.9 ± 4.5 years), registered in the Italian first division (Serie A), underwent anthropometric measurements and BIA. Endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy were obtained according to the Heath and Carter method, while fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) estimated using a BIA-derived equation specific for athletes. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 59, 1/3 of sample). The developed models including resistance2/stature, FM%, FFM, contracted arm and calf circumference, triceps, and supraspinal skinfolds had high predictive ability for endomorphy (R2 = 0.83, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) = 0.16) mesomorphy (R2 = 0.80, SEE = 0.36), and ectomorphy (endomorphy (R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.22). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.80, 0.84, 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The proposed strategy allows the integration of somatotype assessment to BIA in soccer players, reducing the number of instruments and measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach.

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Drywień, Małgorzata, Krzysztof Górnicki, and Magdalena Górnicka. "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Somatotype Determination." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041365.

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Somatotype characteristics are important for the selection of sporting activities, as well as and the prevalence of several chronic diseases. Nowadays the most common method of somatotyping is the Heath–Carter method, which calculates the somatotype base on 10 anthropometric parameters. Another possibility for evaluation of somatotype gives commonly used bioelectrical impedance analysis), but the accuracy of the proposed formulas is questioned. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possibility of applying an artificial neural network to achieve the formulas, which allow us to determine the endomorphy and mesomorphy using data on body height and weight and raw bioelectrical impedance analysis data in young women. The endomorphy (Endo), ectomorphy (Ecto), and mesomorphy (Meso) ratings were determined using artificial neural networks and the Heath–Carter method. To identify critical parameters and their degree of impact on the artificial neural network outputs, a sensitivity analysis was performed. The multi-layer perceptron MLP 4-4-1 (input: body mass index (BMI), reactance, resistance, and resting metabolic rate) for the Endo somatotype was proposed (root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.66, χ2 = 0.66). The MLP 4-4-1 (input: BMI, fat-free mass, resistance, and total body water) for the Meso somatotype was proposed (RMSE = 0.76, χ2 = 0.87). All somatotypes (Endo, Meso and Ecto) can be calculated using MLP 2-4-3 (input: BMI and resistance) with accuracy RMSE = 0.67 and χ2 = 0.51. The bioelectrical impedance analysis and Heath–Carter method compliance was evaluated with the statistical algorithm proposed by Bland and Altman. The artificial neural network-based formulas allow us to determine the endomorphy and mesomorphy in young women’s ratings with high accuracy and agreement with the Heath–Carter method. The results of our study indicate the successful application of artificial neural network-based model in predicting the somatotype of young women. The artificial neural network model can be practically used in bioelectrical impedance analysis devices in the future.

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Gorbacheva, A. K., and T. K. Fedotova. "Search of informative EEG characteristics for Heath-Carter somatotype components." International Journal of Psychophysiology 131 (October 2018): S128—S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.346.

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Claessens, Albrecht L. "Somatotyping-Development and Applications. J. E. Lindsay Carter, Barbara Honeyman Heath." Quarterly Review of Biology 66, no. 4 (December 1991): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417426.

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Rudnev, S. G., M. A. Negasheva, and E. Z. Godina. "Assessment of the Heath-Carter somatotype in adults using bioelectrical impedance analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1272 (July 2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1272/1/012001.

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Pastuszak, Anna, Jan Gajewski, and Krzysztof Buśko. "The impact of skinfolds measurement on somatotype determination in Heath-Carter method." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): e0222100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222100.

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Adams, Iain C. "Personality and Somatotype of Trainee Pilots." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.835.

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Personality and somatotype studies of pilots have mostly been restricted to military pilots and experienced airline crews. In this investigation the 16 PF and Heath-Carter somatotype method were utilized to study 31 male aviation majors, aged between 18 and 38 yr., who had earned their Private Pilots' Licenses and were working toward more advanced ratings. The pilots varied significantly from the male college student norm on Factors E, F, G, H, and Q3 of the 16 PF. They were also significantly less ectomorphic.

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Quinn, Timothy J., and Bradley R. A. Wilson. "Somatotype and Type A Behavior in College-Age Adults." Psychological Reports 65, no. 1 (August 1989): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.15.

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To study the relation between body build and the Type A behavior pattern, 194 college students were given the Jenkins Activity Survey as a measure of Type A behavior, Factor S (speed and impatience), and Factor H (hard driving and competitive) and the Heath-Carter somatotype method to measure body build. Subjects were grouped as endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs, or balanced. Two-way analyses of variance showed that, on raw and percentile Type A scores for Factor S, mesomorphs rated significantly higher than the other body builds and nonsignificantly on Type A and Factor H scores.

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Campa, Francesco, Catarina N. Matias, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Henry Lukaski, Jacopo Talluri, and Stefania Toselli. "Prediction of Somatotype from Bioimpedance Analysis in Elite Youth Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 8176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218176.

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The accurate body composition assessment comprises several variables, causing it to be a time consuming evaluation as well as requiring different and sometimes costly measurement instruments. The aim of this study was to develop new equations for the somatotype prediction, reducing the number of normal measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach. A group of 173 male soccer players (age, 13.6 ± 2.2 years, mean ± standard deviation; body mass index, BMI, 19.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2), members of the academy of a professional Italian soccer team participating in the first division (Serie A), participated in this study. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed using the single frequency of 50 kHz and fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated using a BIA specific, impedance based equation. Somatotype components were estimated according to the Heath-Carter method. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 56). New anthropometric and BIA based models were developed (endomorphy = −1.953 − 0.011 × stature2/resistance + 0.135 × BMI + 0.232 × triceps skinfold, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.28; mesomorphy = 6.848 + 0.138 × phase angle + 0.232 × contracted arm circumference + 0.166 × calf circumference − 0.093 × stature, R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.40; ectomorphy = −5.592 − 38.237 × FFM/stature + 0.123 × stature, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.37). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.84, 0.80, and 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The new proposed equations allow for the integration of the somatotype assessment into BIA, reducing the number of collected measurements, the instruments used, and the time normally required to obtain a complete body composition analysis.

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Pontes, Nayara Elis Cabral, Leonardo dos Santos Oliveira, Maria do Socorro Cirilo de Sousa, Pericles Paes Barreto Correia, and Gilmario Ricarte Batista. "Perfil somatotipico dos atletas da seleção paraibana de voleibol infanto-juvenil masculino e feminino." Conexões 6 (July 16, 2008): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/conex.v6i0.8637834.

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O objetivo desse presente estudo foi analisar a somatotipia de atletas de voleibol da Seleção Paraibana Infanto-juvenil. A amostra (n=23) foi composta por atletas da seleção paraibana de voleibol masculina (16,8 ± 0,40) e do feminino (15,5 ± 0,67 ). O método utilizado na avaliação do somatotipo foi o de Heath e Carter (1990). Os resultados do estudo apresentaram os seguintes valores de endomorfia, mesomorfia e ectomorfia (4,6-2,9-3,7) para a seleção masculina e (5,3-2,6-2,6) para o feminino. As características antropometricas e do somatotipo neste estudo foram elevados níveis no componente endomorfia, o que pode representar níveis elevados de gordura corporal, consequentemente pode significar níveis não adequados para as caracteristicas morfologicas para o voleibol.

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Schmalzbauer, John. "Union Made: Working People and the Rise of Social Christianity in Chicago, by HEATH W. CARTER." Sociology of Religion 78, no. 3 (2017): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srx039.

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Voss, Yvonne, and Christoph Raschka. "Sportanthropological and sports traumatological aspects of women’s soccer." Papers on Anthropology 29, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2020.29.1.08.

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The aim of the study is to improve talent search, training methodology and injury prevention in women’s soccer. It analyses to what extent there are physical differences between top female soccer players (S) and a control group of sporty females (ff = fitness females). Furthermore, it examines whether differences in injuries can be identified between individual game positions (defense, midfield, forward, goalkeeper) and/or somatotypes. For this purpose, the anthropometric measurements of 233 top female soccer players (Ø 22 years old) and 40 fitness females (Ø 25 years old) who had been doing regular strength/endurance training twice a week for 2 years were statistically recorded, evaluated and used for determination of constitutional types according to Heath and Carter, Conrad and Knussmann and the AKS index according to Tittel and Wutscherk. In addition, body fat percentage according to Siri and the body mass index (BMI) were calculated. For the sample of soccer players, the types of injuries (categories: cruciate ligament, other knee, ankle joint/foot, shoulder/torso/hip, other injuries) and injury frequency according to the game positions, somatotypes and various body mass indices were compared statistically. There were significant differences between the anthropometric measurements of pelvic circumference (S: 81.2 ± 4.3cm; ff: 95.7 ± 7.7 cm; p ≤ 0.001) and maximum femoral circumference (S: 54.1 ± 3.1 cm; ff: 51.1 ± 4.4 cm; p ≤ 0.001). In terms of kinanthropometry, there were significant differences in the somatochart according to Heath and Carter [9] (S: 4/5/2; ff: 6/5/3), in the checkerboard pattern according to Conrad [3] (S: leptomorphic/hyperplastic; ff: metromorphic/hyperplastic) and in body fat percentage (S: 18.1 ± 2.1%; F: 25.0 ± 4.3%; p ≤ 0.001). The goalkeepers differed significantly from the field players with higher heights, lengths, sizes, higher body weight and a higher proportion of other injuries (e.g. hand, arm and head injuries). In constitutional terms, they differed only slightly from the field players. These appeared homogeneous in terms of body structure and injury mechanisms.

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Dixon, Mark J. "Turning Points in the History of American Evangelicalism eds. by Heath W. Carter and Laura Rominger Porter." Lutheran Quarterly 32, no. 1 (2018): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lut.2018.0003.

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Sutton, Matthew Avery. "Turning Points in the History of American Evangelicalism ed. by Heath W. Carter and Laura Rominger Porter." Catholic Historical Review 106, no. 1 (2020): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2020.0035.

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Hawkins, Merrill M. "Book Review: Heath W. Carter. Union Made: Working People and the Rise of Social Christianity in Chicago." Review & Expositor 112, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637315610122i.

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Hawkins, Merrill. "Book review: Heath W. Carter and Laura Rominger Porter, Turning Points in the History of American Evangelicalism." Review & Expositor 114, no. 4 (November 2017): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317738061n.

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Yang, Li-Tao, Ning Wang, Zeng-Xian Li, Cui Liu, Xin He, Jian-Fei Zhang, Hua Han, You-Feng Wen, Yi-Hua Qian, and Huan-Jiu Xi. "Study on the adult physique with the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype in the Han of Xi’an, China." Anatomical Science International 91, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-015-0283-0.

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Sobral, Francisco, and Olga Vasconcelos. "Perceived Somatotype as Indicator of Accuracy of Body Image, a Method Using Somatotype Attitudinal Distance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1107.

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A method intended to assess accuracy of body image was applied to 52 Caucasian girls aged 14 and 15 years. Each girl, after being somatotyped by the Heath-Carter anthropometric method, was asked to select, among ten somatotype standard photographs, the one she perceived closest to her own objective somatotype. The purposes of the research were (i) to measure the distance between the objective and subjective judgements, self-perceived somatotypes by means of the somatotype attitudinal distance, and (ii) to assess the stability of the subjective somatotype by a test-retest correlation. The girls were also asked to select the pictures corresponding to the most preferred and aversive somatotypes. The test-retest coefficients were significant for the three somatotype choices. Hence, the method provides adequate stability and may be employed to reproduce the discrepancies between body image and real body build by a quantitative continuous measure.

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Cahuana Ríos, Estefany Carol, and María del Carmen Taype Aylas. "Somatotipo y su relación con el estado nutricional en escolares limeños de 12 a 16 años." CASUS. Revista de Investigación y Casos en Salud 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35626/casus.1.2016.13.

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El objetivo fue determinar la correlación entre el somatotipo y el estado nutricional en escolares de 12 a 16 años de una institución educativa. Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal. La muestra fue conformada por 68 adolescentes, 43 hombres (63,2%) y 25 mujeres (36,7%). Las mediciones antropométricas para la valoración e interpretación del somatotipo fueron realizadas según metodología internacional de Heath – Carter y los parámetros de la OMS para la valoración del estado nutricional. Los datos fueron analizados a través de la correlación de Pearson y Tau-b Kendall. Un 38.3% de adolescentes obtuvo un diagnóstico normal del cual un 55.6% se ubicó dentro del rango del endomorfismo. Se halló una relación moderada y estadísticamente significativa entre las variables somatotipo e IMC. Se puede concluir que el IMC es un indicador con baja afinidad para determinar la cantidad de masa adiposa en la composición corporal.

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Johnson, Benjamin H. "American Environmentalism And The Visage Of A Second Gilded Age." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781419000677.

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The moniker “Gilded Age” invokes questions of wealth, class, and political economy. When paired with a subsequent “Progressive Era,” as in the name of this journal and the society that sponsors it, the implication is that economic developments after the Civil War gave rise to pressing questions of workplace safety, income distribution, monopoly, and the like, which reform and protest movements rightly sought to rectify. Whether to invoke the Gilded Age to describe the current era of U.S. history also centers on such questions: it makes sense to say that we are living in a Second Gilded Age, Thomas Piketty and others have argued, because inequalities of wealth and the rise of corporate power echo those of the 1880s and 1890s; or, respond skeptics like Heath Carter, it is not a helpful comparison because the cultural and organizational forces contesting inequality are so much weaker now.

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Cabral, Breno Guilherme de Araujo T., Suzet de Araujo Tinôco Cabral, Isabella Vianna R. G. Toledo, Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas, Hênio Ferreira de Miranda, and Maria Irany Knakcfuss. "Antropometria e somatotipo: fatores determinantes na seleção de atletas no voleibol brasileiro." Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte 33, no. 3 (September 2011): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-32892011000300014.

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Objetivo: Analisar a antropometria e somatotipo de atletas do voleibol brasileiro. Metodologia: a amostra foi composta por 54 atletas convocadas para as seleções nacionais, sendo 16 da adulta (25,6±5,3anos), 17 da juvenil (17,89±0,32 anos) e 21 da infanto-juvenil (15,86±0,36 anos). Para o somatotipo utilizou-se o método de Heath e Carter. O tratamento estatístico utilizado foi o descritivo com valores de tendência central e seus derivados, e o inferencial ANOVA e post hoc de Tukey. Para o somatotipo recorreu-se ao cálculo da distância espacial entre os somatótipos (DES). Resultados: A variável estatura não apresenta diferença significativa entre as seleções, somente entre as posições de jogo. O somatotipo da seleção infanto-juvenil foi diferente das demais. A seleção adulta classificou-se como ectomorfo-mesomorfo (2,24/3,16/3,58), juvenil como central (3,12/3,40/3,30) e infanto-juvenil como ecto-endomorfico (3,07/2,25/3,81). Conclusão: a estatura e linearidade são variáveis importantes na seleção de atletas para o alto rendimento.

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Marangoz, Irfan, and Sevde Mavi Var. "The Comparison of Somatotype Structures in Students Studying at Different Departments of Physical Education." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 9 (July 18, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i9.3345.

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This study aims to analyze the somatotype structures in students studying at different departments of physical education. A total of 300 male students (elite-sub-elite athletes) who study physical education and sports (n=100), coaching education (n=100) and sports management (n=100) at School of Physical Education and Sports at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran voluntarily participated in this study. Somatotype structures were determined using Heath-Carter method and SOMATOTURK calculation program. SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows was used for correlation analysis, and the level of significance was taken as 0.05. The results indicate that while students (elite-sub-elite athletes) participating in the study had a mesomorph structure, which is one of the most important body structure parameters for performance and characterized by a muscularity component, during early periods of their education (freshman and sophomore years), their bodies transformed into an endomorph structure, which is characterized by fat components, during later periods of their education (junior and senior years).

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Maillol, P. "Détermination de la composition corporelle chez les nageurs par la méthode de l'impédance (et parcelle de Heath et Carter)." Science & Sports 4, no. 3 (September 1989): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(89)80060-7.

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Liu, Xiaoyuan, Wenhui Li, Youfeng Wen, Guochang Xu, Guojian Zhou, Quanying Qu, Ying Hu, et al. "Obesity and Heath-Carter Somatotyping of 3438 Adults in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by Multivariate Analysis." Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy Volume 14 (February 2021): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s287954.

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Anggitasari, Elok Dwi, Fillah Fithra Dieny, and Aryu Candra. "Hubungan somatotype dengan kesegaran jasmani atlet sepak bola." Jurnal Keolahragaan 7, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jk.v7i1.21188.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan somatotype dengan kesegaran jasmnai atlet sepak bola. Desain penelitian cross sectional dengan sampel sebanyak 42 subjek dipilih secara random sampling. Data somatotype didapatkan dari pengukuran antropometri terdiri dari berat badan, tinggi badan, trisep, suprailiaca, subscapular, calf skinfold, humerus width, fumerus width, dan flixed arm girth yang dihitung dengan metode antropometri Heath-Carter untuk menghasilkan skor somatotype yaitu endomorph, mesomorph, dan ectomorph. Data kesegaran jasmani diperoleh dengan tes ACSPFT (Asian Committee on the Standarization of Physical Fitness Test) terdiri dari tes kecepatan, daya ledak otot, ketangkasan, kelenturan, dan kekuatan. Data asupan zat gizi diperoleh dengan metode food recall 3x24 jam. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan kolmogorov-smirnov. Dari semua subjek diperoleh 19% memiliki tipe tubuh endomorph, 26.2% mesomorph, dan 54.8% ectomorph. Secara keseluruhan subjek memiliki kesegaran jasmani 73.8% baik, 21.4% sedang, dan 4.8 % kurang. Ada hubungan somatotype dengan kecepatan (p=0,034), daya ledak otot (p=0.0001), ketangkasan (p=0.0001), kelenturan (p=0.041), kekuatan (p=0.003) dan kesegaran jasmani (p=0.045). Tipe ectomorph dan dan mesomorph memiliki komponen kesegaran jasmani lebih baik dibandingkan tipe endomorph. Asupan energi (p=0.035) dan somatotype (p=0.045) merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kesegaran jasmani Correlation of Somatotype with Physical Fitness of Football AthletesAbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the correlation of somatotype with physical fitness in football athletes. A cross sectional study with 42 subjects was selected by random sampling. Somatotype assessed with anthropometric measurements consists of weight, height, tricep, suprailiaca, subscapular, skinfold calf, humerus width, fumerus width, flixed arm girth. The somatotype components were calculating Heath-Carter anthropometric method to obtained somatotype score endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Physical fitness were obtained by the ACSPFT (Asian Committee on the Standarization of Physical Fitness Test) consists of speed, muscular explosive power, agility, flexibility, and strength. Data of nutrient intake were obtained by food recall method 3x24 hours. Data analyzed by chi-square and kolmogorov-smirnov test. Subjects were 19% endomorph, 26.2% mesomorph, and 54.8% ectomorph. Overall subjects had a good physical fitness 73.8%, 21.4% moderate, and 4.8% less. There were various somatotype correlation with speed (p=0.034), muscle explosive power (p=0.0001), agility (p=0.0001), flexibility (p=0.041), strength (p=0.003) and physical fitness (p=0.045). The ectomorph and mesomorph types had better physical fitness components than the endomorph type. Energy intake (p=0.035) and somatotype (p=0.045) were the most influential variables on physical fitness.

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Potocka, Natalia, Beata Penar-Zadarko, Marzena Skrzypa, Marcin Braun, Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka, Mariusz Ozimek, Edyta Nizioł-Babiarz, Zbigniew Barabasz, Izabela Zawlik, and Emilian Zadarko. "Association of ACTN3 Polymorphism with Body Somatotype and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Healthy Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091489.

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ACTN3 encodes the protein α-actinin-3, which affects the muscle phenotype. In the present study, we examined the association of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with body somatotype and cardiorespiratory fitness in young, healthy adults. The study group included 304 young adults, in whom cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated and the maximum oxygen uptake was determined directly. The somatotype components were calculated according to the Heath-Carter method. Genotyping for the ACTN3 gene was performed using a polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting analysis. In the female group, a lower maximal heart rate (HRmax) was more strongly associated with the RR genotype (p = 0.0216) than with the RX and XX genotypes. In the male group, the ACTN3 RX genotype, as compared with other genotypes, tended to be associated with a lower percentage of adipose tissue (p = 0.0683), as also reflected by the body mass index (p = 0.0816). ACTN3 gene polymorphism may affect cardiorespiratory fitness. Our analysis of ACTN3 gene polymorphism does not clearly illustrate the relationships among genotype, body composition, and somatotype in young, healthy adults.

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Raschka, Christoph, and Jasmin Müller. "Sports anthropological and somatotypical comparison between male wrestlers and hapkidoin of different performance levels." Papers on Anthropology 26, no. 1 (July 4, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2017.26.1.04.

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The present study compares the anthropometry and somatotyping of n = 40 healthy male wrestlers (age range 15–37 years) and n = 40 Hapkidoin (age range 23–29 years) with respect to various performance categories.On average, the mean age of wrestlers was lower, compared to hapkidoin. The wrestlers of both performance classes are considerably smaller (mean height 170 cm) than the hapkidoin (high performance class 176.5 cm, lower performance class 180 cm). When comparing the weight classes of the wrestlers, the average body height increases continuously with increasing weight class in conjunction with most other anthropometric parameters.In the chessboard pattern graphic to Conrad, the hapkidoin appear rather moderately pyknomorphic as well as slender, the wrestlers are moderately leptomorphic and metrosome as well as smaller.In Parnell’s somatochart, the wrestlers have an average somatotype of 5 – 3 – 3, the hapkidoin of 5 – 3 – 4. In the somatochart of Heath & Carter, an average somatotype of 6 – 3 – 2 is shown for both combat sport collectives, whereby the wrestlers tend to the endomorphic axis.

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Krick, Christoph, and Christoph Raschka. "Constitutional differences between Muay Thai fighters from Thailand and from Germany." Papers on Anthropology 27, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2018.27.2.05.

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The aim of the following study is to present the body composition of male Muay Thai fighters that were measured in Thailand and in Germany. As a control group, German college students were also measured. The three groups were separated into five different groups: experienced and inexperienced. Muay Thai fighters from Thailand were not separated since they were much more experienced, more advanced, than their German counterparts. Experienced and inexperienced were defined by the amount of training that each fighter conducted every week: Training of less than three times a week was considered as “inexperienced”. The measurements in this study were performed under a standardized method by the author. The measured results were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 16. The results of the present study showed that the Muay Thai fighters from Thailand were significantly smaller than the German Muay Thai fighters and the college students. This study also used the methods developed by Parnell, Heath and Carter, Knussmann and Conrad. The body mass index was also used in the study.

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Shimrah, Chonsing, Sukhmani Kaur, Gurjinder Kaur, and Shivani Chandel. "Somatotype Characteristics of Sunni Muslim Population: A Cross-sectional Study." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 20, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x20913699.

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The aim of this study was to understand the distribution of various somatotype components and determine the age- and sex-related variations of the somatotype among Sunni Muslim population of Uttar Pradesh, India. The study population consisted of 214 individuals (100 males and 114 females), belonging to the age group of 18–73 years. All somatometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Anthropometric somatotyping was done using Heath and Carter method. Somatotype dispersion distances (SDD), mean somatotype dispersion (SDM), and standard deviation of somatotype dispersion distance (DSD) were calculated. Somatochart was also plotted for the body physique of the studied population. The results showed that mean somatotype of males is balanced endomorph (4.2–3.2–3.1), while that of females is mesomorphic endomorph (6.6–3.7–1.2). Endomorphy and mesomorphy increased with age up to 55 years and then decreased thereafter; however, ectomorphy showed the opposite trend in both the sexes. The findings of the study indicate that males and females of Sunni Muslim population are predominantly endomorphic.

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Castro, Laura Elizabeth, Sergio Esteban Cardona Rueda, Miguel Angel Contreras Cuesta, Nicolas Andres Delgado Riaño, Pablo Sergia Molina Murcia, Angela Yazmin Galves Pardo, Yenny Paola Argüello Gutierrez, and Paula Janyn Melo Buitrago. "Perfil dermatoglífico y somatotipo en atletas universitarios." Educación Física y Ciencia 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): e167. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/23142561e167.

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El presente estudio caracterizó el perfil dermatoglífico y somatotipo de 12 atletas universitarios, pertenecientes a la selección de atletismo de la universidad Santo Tomás, sede Bogotá. Se identificaron las características dermatoglíficas, acorde al protocolo de Cummins & Midlo (1942) para obtener los tipos de diseños de las impresiones digitales (A= 0,3; ± 0,7; L= 6,9 ± 2,6 y W= 2,8 ± 2,9) y a su vez la suma de la cantidad total de líneas ( SCTL= 170,6 ± 95,1) y por último, el índice delta (D10= 12,4 ± 3,3). Para el somatotipo, se tuvo en cuenta el protocolo de Heath & Carter (1990). Endomorfia en (2,5 ± 0,9); Mesomorfia (5,3 ± 0,9) y Ectomorfia (3,1 ± 1). El perfil dermatoglífico de cada uno de los deportistas, evidenció la presencia del somatotipo ectomorfo sobre los otros. Esto determinó la importancia de esta técnica como herramienta genética en la optimización de estrategias y orientaciones deportivas. La necesidad de seguir con estos procesos investigativos es fundamental para la academia, los procesos deportivos, los deportistas y al deporte Colombiano, universitario y profesional.

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Zuñiga Galaviz, Uriel, Arturo Osorio Gutiérrez, Ivan de Jesús Toledo Domínguez, and Roberto Herrera Perea. "Somatotipo en futbolistas mexicanos profesionales de diferente nivel competitivo (Somatotype of Mexican soccer players from different competition level)." Retos, no. 34 (November 7, 2017): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.52031.

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Objetivo: Identificar el somatotipo de jugadores profesionales de fútbol, clasificados por su nivel de juego en cuatro divisiones de la liga Mexicana de Fútbol (1ra, 1ra “a”, 2da y 3ra) y obtener la distancia posicional del somatotipo (SAD por sus siglas en ingles) y la media posicional del somatotipo (SAM por sus siglas en ingles). Método: Se estudiaron 78 jugadores profesionales pertenecientes a la liga mexicana de fútbol de las cuatro divisiones profesionales existentes (1a, 1a “a”, 2da y 3r División). Las variables antropométricas se midieron de acuerdo a los procedimientos dictados por la Asociación Internacional para la Promoción de la Kineantropometría (ISAK, por sus siglas en inglés). Se calculó el somatotipo de cada jugador a partir de 10 variables antropométricas y a partir de los datos obtenidos se calculó el SAD y el SAM (Carter & Heath, 1990). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de edad entre todas las divisiones (p<0.01). No se encontraron diferencias en el somatotipo entre 1ra división y 1ra división “a”. El SAM fue menor a 1 entre el grupo de 1ra división y primera división “a”, todas las demás posibles combinaciones fueron mayores a 1. Conclusión: El somatotipo se modifica durante el recorrido de los distintos niveles competitivos. Este cambio en el somatotipo puede ser explicado por las diferencias de edad y de exigencia en entrenamiento deportivo y competición de cada división.Abstract. Aim: To identify the somatotype of professional soccer players according to the competitive level of the Mexican soccer league (1st division, 1st “a” division, 2nd division and 3rd division), and to obtain the somatotype altitudinal distance (SAD) and the somatotype attitudinal mean (SAM). Method: 78 professional soccer players belonging to the Mexican soccer league were evaluated. They were grouped in four groups (1st division, 1st “a” division, 2nd division, and 3rd division) according to the level of competition. Somatotype was obtained using 10 anthropometric variables (Carter & Heath, 1990); likewise, SAD and SAM were calculated. Results: Significant differences were found in age between the four divisions groups (p<0.01). We did not found significant differences between 1st division and 1st “a” division regarding somatotype. The somatotype distance between 1st division and 1st “a” division was lower than one; all other possible combinations between the groups were higher than one. Conclusion: Somatotype changes according to the level of performance, which can be explained by the differences in age and by the differences in the demands of training and competition of each division.

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Top, Elif, Cagri Celenk, Irfan Marangoz, Zait Aktug, Taner Yilmaz, and Mustafa Akil. "The Effect of Somatotype Characteristics of Athletes on the Balance Performance." Journal of Education and Learning 7, no. 5 (July 20, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n5p174.

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Our study aims to investigate the effects of somatotype characteristics of elite athletes on the balance performances. The study has included 46 elite athletes totally. The heights, body weights, skinfold thicknesses, periphery and diameter of skinfold of the subjects included in the study have been measured and somatotype characteristics have been determined by using Heath-Carter method. The balance performances of the athletes have been evaluated by using Biodex Balance System. It has been determined that the dynamic balance performance of the athletes has changed in accordance with the endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph characteristics of the athletes; however, static balance performances have not changed. Accordingly, no difference has been observed between the oscillation indexes and static balances of the athletes (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference has been found as the balance level increases in accordance with the endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph characteristics of the athletes in terms of dynamic balances (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). In conclusion, it is assumed that the athletes having endomorphic characteristics may be more successful in the sports branches that put an emphasis on the balance.

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KAMIONKA, AGATA, ELZBIETA GRZYWACZ, and MARIUSZ LIPOWSKI. "Somatotypes of athletes with physical disabilities and the type of activity they undertake." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.3.05.

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Background: The issue of scientific measurement of somatotypes of athletes with physical disabilities and the type of physical activity undertaken by them is poorly documented in the literature. The aim of the study is to determine what type of body composition is characteristic of athletes with physical disabilities, engaging in various types of physical activity, such as swimming, sitting volleyball and weight lifting. Material and methods: Sixty men, aged 20-30, were qualified for the study. Each study participant had a motor dysfunction and was in intellectual norm. For the research protocol, Sheldon’s typology in Heath and Carter modification was used. Results: The group of men with physical disabilities practicing swimming regularly had the advantage of endomorphic and mesomorphic components. A similar distribution of components in the somatotype was demonstrated by men playing sitting volleyball. Men lifting weights clearly showed the dominance of the mesomorphic component and, to a small extent, the share of the ectomorphic and endomorphic components. Conclusions: A properly calculated somatotype allows disabled athletes to learn about body composition components and to train and develop more effectively in a particular physical activity.

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Tentler, Leslie Woodcock. "Christopher D. Cantwell, Heath W. Carter, and Janine Giordano Drake, editors. The Pew and the Picket Line: Christianity and the American Working Class ." American Historical Review 121, no. 5 (December 2016): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.5.1679.

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Purenović-Ivanović, Tijana, and Ružena Popović. "Somatotype of Top-Level Serbian Rhythmic Gymnasts." Journal of Human Kinetics 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0020.

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Abstract Body size and build influence performance in many sports, especially in those belonging to the group of female aesthetic sports (rhythmic gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, and figure skating). These sports pose high specific demands upon the functional, energy, motor and psychological capacities of athletes, but also upon the size, body build and composition of the performers, particularly of the top-level female athletes. The study of the top athletes (rhythmic gymnasts, in this case) may provide valuable information on the morphological requirements for achieving success in this sport. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to analyze the somatotype of 40 Serbian top-level rhythmic gymnasts, aged 13.04±2.79, and to form the five age group categories. The anthropometric variables included body height, body mass, the selected diameters, girths and skinfolds, and the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype. All of the anthropometric data were collected according to International Biological Programme, and then processed in the Somatotype 1.2. The applied analysis of variance indicated an increase in endomorphic component with age. The obtained results show that the balanced ectomorph is a dominant somatotype, being similar for all of the athletes that took part in the research (3.54-3.24-4.5). These results are in line with the ones obtained in previous studies.

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Ward, Tom E., and Barry C. Mc Keown. "Association of Body Cathexis and Morphological Variables on College-Aged Females in an Exercise Setting." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 1 (February 1987): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.179.

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The primary purpose of this study was to determine the association and predictability between body cathexis and morphology in college-aged females who were experiencing neither clinical obesity nor anorexia nervosa. The subjects were 41 female college-aged students who were beginning an aerobic dance course. Each subject completed a modified Body Cathexis Scale. The morphological evaluation included 6 skinfold measurements, 8 muscle circumferences, and 6 skeletal diameters. Body fatness and body density were estimated from the triceps, thigh, and suprailiac skinfolds. Somatotypes were determined from the Heath-Carter method. Body parts composing the midtorso were the area of greatest dissatisfaction. Independent t tests between subjects with positive versus negative body-cathexis scores indicated significant differences on 18 of the 32 body-cathexis items but there were no significant differences on any of the morphological variables between the two groups. Zero-order correlations between individual cathexis items, and the morphological variables were computed; 182 of the 924 correlates were significant. Stepwise multiple regression analyses utilized to estimate morphology from body cathexis and body cathexis from morphology resulted in adjusted Rs ranging from .33 to .10. In the present study morphological variables and body-cathexis score had little predictive value or association with each other.

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Marangoz, İrfan, and Dede Baştürk. "The Relationship Among Somatotype Structures, Leg Volume, Leg Mass, Anaerobic Strength and Flexibility of Elite Male Athletes in Different Branches." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 7 (June 24, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i7.3308.

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This study aims to analyze the relationship among somatotype structures, leg volume, leg mass, anaerobic strength and flexibility of elite male athletes in different branches. 90 male athletes who study at School of Physical Education and Sport at University of Kırşehir Ahi Evran and are active in wrestling (n=15), gymnastics (15), football (15), handball (15), volleyball (15) and basketball (n=15) voluntarily participated in this study. Somatotype structures, leg volumes and leg masses of the participants were determined using Heath-Carter, Frustum and Hanavan methods, respectively. Vertical jump test was used to measure anaerobic performance, while sit-and-reach test was used for flexibility performance. Spearman correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows, and the level of significance was taken as 0.05. As a result, a significant correlation was found between leg volume and mass and anaerobic performance values in football, volleyball, basketball, handball, wrestling and gymnastics, which indicates a decisive role in anaerobic performance. It was observed that athletes with a higher amount of leg volume and mass display a better anaerobic performance. The width of femur circumference and a high amount of muscle mass and fiber in the femur lead to a higher strength in muscles and maximizes the strength.

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Raschka, Christoph, and Victoria Heppenheimer. "Sports anthropological and somatotypical comparison between female wrestlers and hapkidoin of different performance levels." Papers on Anthropology 25, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2016.25.2.05.

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The present study compares the anthropometry and somatotyping of 13 healthy female wrestlers (age range 15–26 years) and 30 hapkidoin (age range 20–44 years) of various performance categories.The hapkidoin of higher performance levels are 5 cm larger on average than the wrestlers and the hapkidoin of the lower class. In almost all circumferences the wrestlers achieve higher values than the Hapkidoin. For most circum ferences and skinfolds, significantly higher values in the higher weight classes are observed in the wrestlers. The BMI of all examined athletes is in the normal range. In the constitution typology after Conrad (1963), the wrestlers appear to be leptomorph-metroplastical, the hapkidoin appear to be leptomorph-hypoplastical.In the Cartesian coordinate system after Knußmann, the representatives of both martial arts disciplines are macrosom and superleptomorph, i.e. muscular, tall and slender. In the somatochart after Heath & Carter (1967), the average type of the hapkidoin is 7 – 2 – 2, that of the wrestlers is 6 – 1 – 2. These somatotypes are much stouter and less muscular than the martial arts somatotypes in the study of Gualdi-Russo et al. (1993). From this observation we can infer a considerable development potential of the examined sportswomen in our study.

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Giannopoulos, Nikiforos, George Vagenas, Konstantinos Noutsos, Karolina Barzouka, and Nikolaos Bergeles. "Somatotype, Level of Competition, and Performance in Attack in Elite Male Volleyball." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0082.

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AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between somatotype, level of competition, and performance in attack in elite level male volleyball players. The objective was to test for the potential covariation of competition level (Division A1 vs. A2) and playing position (hitters vs. centers vs. opposites) considering performance in attack. Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype variables were measured according to the Heath-Carter method. The attack actions of 144 players from 48 volleyball matches were analyzed and their performance was rated using a 5-point numerical scale. Results showed that players of Division A1 were taller, heavier, more muscular, and less endomorphic compared to those of Division A2. MANOVA and follow-up discriminant function analysis revealed somatotype differences among playing positions with centers and opposites being endomorph-ectomorph and hitters being central. Centers performed constantly better than hitters and opposites regardless of the division and somatotype. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variables defining ectomorph and endomorph players, centers, and players of Division A1 significantly determined the relative performance superiority and were able to explain the variation in performance by almost 25%. These results could be taken into account by coaches when assigning players to particular playing positions or when designing individualized position-specific training programs.

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Acar, Sercan, and Başak Koca Özer. "THE SOMATOTYPE AND ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF WRESTLERS FROM SİVAS, TURKEY." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 28, no. 83 (September 30, 2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6291.

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Aim: The purpose of the present study is to assessment of the young wrestlers' somatotypes and anthropometric characters in Turkey according to the weight and age category. Basic Procedures: The study is carried out on a sample of 86 male wrestlers aged 10 to 21 years from Sivas. Various anthropometric measurements were performed (weight, height, sitting height, biceps and calf circumferences, humerus and femur width and triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf skinfolds thickness), anthropometric indices were calculated (upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, arm fat index, frame index and cormic index), and Heath-Carter somatotypes were determined. Results: The result of the present study showed that the junior wrestlers (weight=80kg) exhibited more endomorphy and mezomorphy than the schoolboys wrestlers (weight=51.12kg. The wrestlers' mean somatotypes are found to be 2.81 1.05 (endomorphy), 3.71 1.28 (mesomorphy) and 1.76 1.25 (ectomorphy). Conclusion: In conclusion, body structure and composition in the wrestlers were depended on their weight category. The junior wrestlers' characteristic type was endomorphic mesomorph, while the schoolboys wrestlers' type was mesomorph-endomorph. The wrestlers' endomorphy and indices of body composition can also be observed a considerable difference according to weight category. In addition, muscle area was found to be rising, however, fat area was decreasing.

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SOH, Kim Geok, Ruby HUSAIN, and Kim Lam SOH. "Physical Characteristics of Malaysian Netball Players in Relation to Playing Skill." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.131823.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study sought to document the physical characteristics of top Malaysian netball players by their playing skill. The variables measured were age, height, body mass, body fat and somototype. Thirty-two national players (mean age 18.19 ± 3.86 years) were assessed, divided into three groups by their playing skill (senior/elite, junior and reserve). The body fat content was determined by the skinfold method and their somatotype using the Heath Carter Somatotyping method. There were no significant differences in the physical characteristics between the players by playing skill. The players were predominantly ecto-endomorphic with a mean somatotype of 6.12±1.42 - 2.38±1.05 - 2.71±1.38. Their height and body mass were 170.80±4.61 cm and 64.44±7.46 kg, respectively. Female national Australian and English netball players had a body fat of 28.90±3.50% (Wither & Roberts, 1981) and 24.50±3.90% (Bale & Hunt, 1986) respectively, while the Malaysian players in this study 24.50 ± 5.13%. 本文旨在探討馬來西亞女子投球選手的身體特徵與技術，並與同類研究進行比較及分析。

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Caballero-Ruíz, Alejandra, Claudia E. Carrasco-Legleu, Lidia G. De León, Ramón Candia-Luján, and Briseidy Ortiz-Rodríguez. "Somatotipo de mujeres futbolistas universitarias por posición en el terreno de juego (Somatotype of university female soccer players by playing position on the field)." Retos, no. 36 (February 20, 2019): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.63840.

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El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar el somatotipo en una muestra de futbolistas universitarias de una institución del norte de México, de acuerdo a su posición en el terreno de juego y compararlo contra el somatotipo de un equipo homólogo latinoamericano. Participaron 19 jugadoras de futbol soccer pertenecientes al equipo representativo de una Universidad del norte de México en la temporada competitiva. Las jugadoras fueron clasificadas por su posición en el campo, en tres categorías: defensas, medias y delanteras. Se determinó el somatotipo a partir de 10 variables antropométricas de acuerdo al método Heath & Carter y se comparó con un referente de jugadoras universitarias campeonas en su país pertenecientes a la Pontificia Universidad de Valparaíso (PUCV). La categoría general de las jugadoras universitarias fue endomorfo – mesomorfico con un somatotipo 4.3-3.6-2.0, y con una distancia somatotipica (SAD) entre grupos mayor a una unidad del referente homologo. Las jugadoras evaluadas presentaron un somatotipo similar por posición de juego con un SAD menor a 1, las defensas y medias fueron endomorfo-mesomorfico, mientras que las delanteras endomorfo-mesomorfo. En el grupo evaluado no existieron diferencias significativas por posición de juego, por lo que se hubiera esperado diferencias por las exigencias dentro del terreno de juego. El componente de adiposidad relativa resultó dominante en la muestra evaluada respecto al referente utilizado en el presente estudio, lo que podría ser un factor que influya en el rendimiento deportivo.Abstract: The aim of the present study was to characterize the somatotype of a sample of university female soccer players from an institution in the north of Mexico according to their position on the field, and to compare them against the somatotype of a similar team from Latin America. A total of 19 soccer players from the university representative team participated in the study, developed during the competitive season. The players were classified in three categories based on their position on the field: defenses, midfielders, and forwards. Anthropometric somatotypes were determined using 10 variables according to the Heath & Carter method, and they were compared with those of athletes from the Pontifical University of Valparaíso (PUCV), who are champions in their country. The overall category of the players evaluated was mesomorphic endomorph with a 4.3-3.6-2.0 somatotype, with a difference bigger than 1 unit in the somatotype distance (SAD) with the PUCV reference team. The evaluated players have a similar somatotype according to their position, where SAD does not show bigger difference than 1. Defenses and midfielders presented mesomorphic-endomorph, whereas forwards mesomorph-endomorph somatotype. In the evaluated group, there were no significant differences by position on the field, which is unexpected considering the different requirements of the game per position. The relative adiposity component proved to be dominant in the players from our sample compared to the reference team, which could be a factor that influences sport performance.

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Thiessen, Janis. "The Pew and the Picket Line: Christianity and the American Working Class ed. by Christopher D. Cantwell, Heath W. Carter, and Janine Giordano Drake." Labour / Le Travail 78, no. 1 (2016): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/llt.2016.0080.

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Sutton, Matthew Avery. "The Pew and the Picket Line: Christianity and the American Working Class ed. by Christopher D. Cantwell, Heath W. Carter, and Janine Giordano Drake." Labor 14, no. 2 (April 18, 2017): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-3790275.

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Irandoust, Khadijeh, Morteza Taheri, Masoud Mirmoezzi, Cyrine H’mida, Hamdi Chtourou, Khaled Trabelsi, Achraf Ammar, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "The Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Postural Mobility of Healthy Older Adults with Endomorphic Somatotype." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 4387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224387.

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The fear of falling (FOF) limits the movements of the older adults, which, in turn, might impair postural mobility. An aquatic environment has a relatively low risk of falling and can improve motor abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on postural mobility of the healthy endomorph elderly somatotype. Therefore, 37 healthy endomorphic older adults with an average age of 64.38 ± 4.12 years participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into four groups (i.e., Aquatic exercise, Dry-land exercise, Aquatic control, and Dry-land control). The Heath-Carter method was used to estimate the criterion somatotype, and the Tinetti method was used to determine postural mobility. Covariance analysis was used to examine the mean differences at a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the aquatic exercise group and the two control groups (p < 0.01), and the dry-land exercise group was significantly different from the aquatic control (p < 0.05) and dry-land control groups (p < 0.01). The results indicate that the design of aquatic exercise programs, especially for endomorphic older adults with inappropriate body shape, for whom dry-land exercises are not appropriate, likely, has a positive effect on the motor control and both the balance and gait and provide appropriate postural mobility without FOF in older adults.

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Alvero-Cruz, José Ramón, Verónica Parent Mathias, and Jerónimo C. García-Romero. "Somatotype Components as Useful Predictors of Disordered Eating Attitudes in Young Female Ballet Dance Students." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072024.

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The current study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the accuracy of somatotype components in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in female dance students. Participants were a sample of 81 female dancers distributed in two groups: beginner training (BT; age (mean ± SD) = 10.09 ± 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT; age = 15.37 ± 2.1 years, n = 49). For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Somatotype components were calculated using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. The risk of presenting DEA was 28.1% (n = 9) in the BT group and 6.1% (n = 3) in the AT group. In the BT group, mesomorphy demonstrated moderate–high accuracy in predicting DEA (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.93). The optimal cut-off of 6.34 yielded a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.95. Ectomorphy showed moderate accuracy in predicting DEA (AUC = 0.768, 95% CI: 0.58–0.89). The optimal cut-off of 2.41 yielded a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.78. In the AT group, none of the components demonstrated accuracy in predicting DEA. Somatotype components were good predictors of disordered eating attitudes in the younger dance student group (beginner training). Further research is needed to identify the determinants of these differences between the two groups.

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Roklicer, Roberto, Dragan Atanasov, Filip Sadri, Dzenan Jahic, Danilo Bojanic, Milovan Ljubojevic, Tatjana Trivic, and Patrik Drid. "Somatotype of male and female judokas according to weight categories." Biomedical Human Kinetics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0005.

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SummaryStudy aim: The body structure can play a determining role in the achievement of top judo performance, and it seems to influence the type of techniques applied. The aim of this study is to determine the somatotypes in male and female national level judokas across weight categories in order to observe possible differences among athletes.Material and methods: A total of 61 male judokas (23.2 ± 2.7 years old) and 37 female judokas (22.3 ± 3.3 years old) participated in this study. Anthropometric variables were used to calculate somatotypes. Somatotypes were determined according to the Heath-Carter method. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to determine differences between weight categories and obtained effect sizes (η2) were presented as well.Results: Somatotype differences among weight categories in male and female judokas were observed. Generally, all categories could be classified in three somatotypes in male and female athletes.Conclusions: The lightest categories were recognized as mesomorphic ectomorphs in females with an exception in the –48 kg category, and ectomorphic mesomorphs in male athletes. The middle ones had the endomorphic mesomorph somatotype and the heaviest athletes presented somewhat more extreme cases of endomorphic mesomorphs, both in male and female judokas. According to the results obtained, judokas have a specific body composition in different weight categories. Therefore, coaches could create a specific training programme for athletes who belong to different somatotypes.

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Kalinina, Irina, Yulia Dyakova, Marina Polovnikova, Yulia Kudryashova, and Marina Polovnikova. "Morphotypological characteristics of primary school children engaged in karate Kyokushin." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600075.

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We use anthropometric methods and caliperometry to determine the features of the primary school children physique type involved in Kyokushinkai karate, and to identify the morphological selection criteria at the stage of sports development, the morphotypological indicators of 28 primary school children were studied (8 boys at the age of 7 years and 20 boys in age 10). The length and weight of the body, total, partial body dimensions, as well as the thickness of the subcutaneous fat folds were determined. Fat-free body mass, fat, muscle and bone components were calculated by the analytical method proposed by J. Matejko. Body proportions were established according to the classification of P.N. Bashkirov based on the percentage of the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the body to its length. The somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method and was established on the basis of anthropometric calculation formulas. The obtained data characterizing the peculiarities of physical development, taking into account age and in the course of sports. Differences in the overall, component composition of the body in children of different ages under the influence of physical activity have been established. For children of primary school age (7 and 10 years old) who engage in Kyokushinkai karate, meso-ectomorphic and ecto-mesomorphic body types are characteristic. It is expressed in well-developed muscles and insignificant fat deposition with sufficient elongation of the body.

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Özkan, Ali, Gürhan Kayıhan, Yusuf Köklü, Nevin Ergun, Mitat Koz, Gülfem Ersöz, and Alexandre Dellal. "The Relationship Between Body Composition, Anaerobic Performance and Sprint Ability of Amputee Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0088-3.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint performance of amputee soccer players. Fifteen amputee soccer players participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock formula) and somatotype characteristics (Heath-Carter system) were determined. The sprint performance at 10m, 20m and 30m was evaluated, whereas the counter movement jump (CMJ), relative CMJ (RCMJ), squat jump (SJ) and relative SJ (RSJ) tests were used for the determination of anaerobic performance. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis indicated that body composition was significantly correlated with CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01), on the other hand, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the other component (p > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between CMJ, RCMJ, SJ, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.05); whereas, in contrast, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that sprint performance was described as an essential factor in anaerobic performance whereas body composition and somatotype play a determinant role in anaerobic and sprint performance in amputee soccer players.

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Buśko, Krzysztof, Anna Pastuszak, and Ewa Kalka. "Body composition and somatotype of judo athletes and untrained male students as a reference group for comparison in sport." Biomedical Human Kinetics 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2017-0002.

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Summary Study aim: The aim of this study was to determine the body composition and somatotype of untrained male students studying at Warsaw University of Technology in 2011, in order to create a current reference group for comparison, and to investigate the difference in body build of male judoists compared with the non-athlete group.Materials and methods: Fifteen male judo athletes (age 18.6 ± 1.9 years, body height 177.4 ± 8.5 cm, body mass 80.3 ± 15.8 kg, training experience 10.0 ± 2.8) and 154 male untrained students of the Warsaw University of Technology (age 20.1 ± 0.9 years, body height 180.9 ± 7.2 cm, body mass 75.6 ± 10.9 kg) participated in the study. Somatotype was determined using the Heath- Carter method.Results: The mean somatotype of the untrained students was 3.94.62.9, whilst that of the judo athletes was 3.25.91.8; the groups differed significantly in their mesomorphy and ectomorphy components. Significant differences between the groups were found in breadth of wrist, bicristal diameter and arm circumference (p < 0.05). The groups were also significantly different in body composition as estimated by BIA and anthropometric methods (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of the judo athletes differed from those of the untrained men. The somatic profile of body build for athletes in this sport seems to be optimal for achieving high results, the somatotype not having changed since the 1990s.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heath-Carter'

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