Relevant bibliographies by topics / Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Xu, X. R., J. Y. Yang, B. L. Zhang, and J. S. Gao. "Demulsification of Extra Heavy Crude Oil." Petroleum Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (2007): 1375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916460600803694.

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Quej-Ake, L. M., A. Contreras, and Jorge Aburto. "The effect of non-ionic surfactant on the internal corrosion for X52 steel in extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 3 (2018): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-03-2017-1770.

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Purpose The purpose of this research is to study different extra-heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions that can be found in practice for corrosion process of X52 steel adding 60 mg.L-1 of non-ionic surfactant and a corrosion inhibitor (CI). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel plots are carried out. Thus, Bode-modulus and Bode-phase angle plots are discussed. Adsorption isotherms obtained from corrosion rate (CR) values are taken into account. Design/methodology/approach Two-electrode arrangement is used to characterize the pseudo-capacitance values for X52 steel exposed to water and
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Al-Rubaye, Ameer H., Dheyaa J. Jasim, Hawzhen Fateh M. Ameen, and Jawad R. Al-Assal. "Environmentally Friendly Method for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery by In-Situ Upgrading Process Based on Catalytic Steam Injection." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 3 (2023): 032009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/3/032009.

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Abstract Any crude oil with an API gravity below 20 is considered heavy crude, and crude oil with an API gravity below 10 is considered extremely heavy. Conventional oil is lighter and less dense than unconventional oil resources such as heavy oil, extra-heavy oil, and bitumen. When the world’s conventional crude oil stocks are depleted, heavy oil resources will be well-positioned to continue satisfying demand for petroleum products. The economic viability of heavy oil depends on its quality being increased. The use of a catalytic steam injection in-situ upgrading technique to improve heavy oi
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Gorshkova, K. L., and L. G. Tugashova. "CONJOINT WORK OF A FUZZY REGULATOR WITH A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PREPARATION OF EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OIL." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 4 (September 1, 2017): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-4-129-133.

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In this paper we propose a variant of conjoint work of a fuzzy controller with a mathematical model of the preparation of extra heavy crude oil by reducing energy expenditures for transportation of heavy oil. This is accomplished through the use of models-identifiers of state of the flows in the circuit of control system of installation for oil heating in the primary preparation of extra heavy crude oil for it’s adaptation in the conditions of uncertainty on the basis of systemstructured mathematical modeling of the process.
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Topilnytskyy, Petro, Viktoria Romanchuk, Tetiana Yarmola, and Halyna Stebelska. "Study on Rheological Properties of Extra-Heavy Crude Oil from Fields of Ukraine." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 3 (2020): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.03.412.

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Medina, Oscar E., Carol Olmos, Sergio H. Lopera, Farid B. Cortés, and Camilo A. Franco. "Nanotechnology Applied to Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes: A Review." Energies 12, no. 24 (2019): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244671.

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The increasing demand for fossil fuels and the depleting of light crude oil in the next years generates the need to exploit heavy and unconventional crude oils. To face this challenge, the oil and gas industry has chosen the implementation of new technologies capable of improving the efficiency in the enhanced recovery oil (EOR) processes. In this context, the incorporation of nanotechnology through the development of nanoparticles and nanofluids to increase the productivity of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils has taken significant importance, mainly through thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR
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Li, Jingjing, Xiaodong Chen, Xiaodong Tang, Liuyang Deng, and Yutao Wei. "Upgrading heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by iron oil-soluble catalyst for transportation." Petroleum Science and Technology 35, no. 11 (2017): 1160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2017.1314303.

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Martínez-Palou, Rafael, María de Lourdes Mosqueira, Beatriz Zapata-Rendón, et al. "Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 75, no. 3-4 (2011): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2010.11.020.

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Aristizábal-Fontal, Juan E., Farid B. Cortés, and Camilo A. Franco. "Viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil by magnetite nanoparticle-based ferrofluids." Adsorption Science & Technology 36, no. 1-2 (2017): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617417704309.

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The main objective of this work is to synthesize and evaluate magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-based ferrofluids for reducing the viscosity of an extra heavy crude oil. The carrier fluid of the nanoparticles was synthesized using an engine lubricant recycled from the automotive industry and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation method. The effect of the concentration of nanoparticles in the viscosity reduction degree was determined for dosages between 0 and 50,000 mg/L. Different dosages of carrier fluid were evaluated between
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Suárez-Domínguez, E. J., J. F. Pérez-Sánchez, A. Palacio-Pérez, A. Rodríguez-Valdes, E. Izquierdo-Kulich, and S. González-Santana. "A viscosity bio-reducer for extra-heavy crude oil." Petroleum Science and Technology 36, no. 2 (2017): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2017.1413387.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Lopez, Yadira. "Integrated processing for heavy crude oil." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/integrated-processing-for-heavy-crude-oil(ec191370-cb4a-417f-995e-33f9ff053c1d).html.

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Energy based on non-renewable resources such as gas, oil, coal and nuclear fission, even with their serious problems of pollution, contributes to 86% of the global energy consumption. Oil will remain the dominant transport fuel: about 87% of transport fuel in 2030 will still be petroleum-based. Discoveries of conventional sources of light easy-to-access crude oil are becoming less common and current oil production levels are struggling to match demand, it is necessary to develop new non-conventional sources of oil in order to supplement conventional oil supply, whose demand is increasing conti
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Cassani, F. M. "Organic geochemistry of extra-heavy crude oils from the Eastern Venezuelan Basin." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356118.

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Hascakir, Berna. "Investigation Of Productivity Of Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoirs And Oil Shales Using Electrical Heating Methods." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609804/index.pdf.

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The recovery characteristics of Bolu-Himmetoglu, Bolu-Hatildag, K&uuml<br>tahya- Seyit&ouml<br>mer, and Nigde-Ulukisla oil shale samples and Bati Raman, &Ccedil<br>amurlu, and Garzan crude oil samples were tested experimentally using retort and microwave heating techniques. Many parameters like heating time, porosity, water saturation were studied. To enhance the efficiency of the processes three different iron powders (i.e.<br>Fe, Fe2O3, and FeCl3) were added to the samples and the doses of the iron powders were optimized. While crude oil viscosities were measured to explain the fluid rheolog
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Guerra, André. "Modeling Mild Thermal Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil and Bitumen with VLE Calculations." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38003.

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The current shortage of crude oil from conventional sources has increased interest in developing unconventional resources such as oil sands. Heavy crudes and bitumen are found in Northern Alberta and their exploration, processing, and transport to market pose challenges in the use of these resources. Part of the solution to these challenges involves the reactive thermal processing of heavy crudes and bitumen. This thesis focused on mild thermal cracking reactions, and two studies regarding these reactions were presented. The first was an experimental study performed in a pilot-scale semi-bat
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Abdullayev, Azer. "Effects of petroleum distillate on viscosity, density and surface tension of intermediate and heavy crude oils." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1951.

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Tavakkoli, Osgouei Yashar. "An Experimental Study On Steam Distillation Of Heavy Oils During Thermal Recovery." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615574/index.pdf.

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Thermal recovery methods are frequently used to enhance the production of heavy crude oils. Steam-based processes are the most economically popular and effective methods for heavy oil recovery for several decades. In general, there are various mechanisms over steam injection to enhance and have additional oil recovery. However, among these mechanisms, steam distillation plays pivotal role in the recovery of crude oil during thermal recovery process. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to investigate the role of various minerals present in both sandstone and carbonate f
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Pinzón-Espinosa, Angela. "Unravelling the chemistry behind the toxicity of oil refining effluents : from characterisation to treatment." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17456.

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Adequate wastewater management is a crucial element to achieve water sustainability in the petroleum refining sector, as their operations produce vast quantities of wastewater with potentially harmful contaminants. Treatment technologies are therefore pivotal for stopping these chemicals from entering the environment and protecting receiving environments. However, refining effluents are still linked to serious pollution problems, partly because little progress has been made in determining the causative agents of the observed biological effects, resulting in non-targeted treatment. Here it is s
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Silva, Sandra Lopes da. "NMR in the characterization of heavy residual procedural streams." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13126.

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Doutoramento em Química<br>The main objective of this work was to monitor a set of physical-chemical properties of heavy oil procedural streams through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in order to propose an analysis procedure and online data processing for process control. Different statistical methods which allow to relate the results obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with the results obtained by the conventional standard methods during the characterization of the different streams, have been implemented in order to develop models for predicting these same propertie
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Karcher, Viviane. "Determinação da energia interfacial de emulsões de agua em oleo pesado." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265665.

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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T08:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karcher_Viviane_M.pdf: 1731022 bytes, checksum: 355de3e34591ff15d14ab367330328f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Durante a produção de petróleo, é comum o aparecimento de água sob a forma de gotas finamente dispersas no óleo. A água pode ser oriunda de métodos de recuperação avançada e/ou do próprio reservatório (água conata). O cisalhamento turb
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Molnárné, Guricza Lilla [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schrader. "Comprehensive characterization of chemical structures in heavy crude oil asphaltenes by using liquid chromatography and ultrahigh resolution mass-spectrometry / Lilla Molnárné Guricza ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Schrader." Duisburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130587029/34.

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Books on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Jharap, S. E. The production of heavy crude oil reduces fuel oil imports in Suriname. State Oil Co. Suriname, 1985.

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2

1921-, Meyer R. F., American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Research Committee., and United Nations Institute for Training and Research/United Nations Development Programme Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands., eds. Exploration for heavy crude oil and natural bitumen: Research conference. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1987.

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Institute, Canadian Energy Research, ed. Canadian and U.S. heavy crude oil markets: A review and prospects. Canadian Energy Research Institute, 1985.

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International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands (5th 1991 Caracas, Venezuela). Heavy crude and Tar Sands--hydrocarbons for the 21st century: 5th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, August 4-9, 1991, Caracas Venezuela : technical reports. Edited by Meyer R. F. 1921-, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., and United Nations Institute for Training and Research/United Nations Development Programme Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., 1991.

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International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. (1988 Edmonton, Alta.). The fourth UNITAR/UNDP International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands: Proceedings. Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, 1989.

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International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands (4th 1988 Edmonton, Alta.). Preprints, 4th International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, August 7-12, 1988, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. s.n., 1988.

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Ovalles, Cesar. Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315181028.

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Lee, Sum Chi. The long-term weathering of heavy crude oils. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Sira, Enrique. Extra-heavy oil monetization strategies: Is Venezuela losing its golden opportunity? CERA, 2006.

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Heavy Crude Oil Recovery. Springer, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Speight, James G. "Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen." In Refinery Feedstocks. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429398285-2.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Long-Term Heavy Oil Upgrading Test." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-5.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Hydrotreating Experiments for Heavy Oil Partial Upgrading." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-3.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Hydrotreating Experiments for Full Heavy Oil Upgrading." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-4.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Kinetics and Reactor Modeling of Heavy Oil Fixed-Bed Hydrotreating." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-7.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Technologies for Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-1.

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Ancheyta, Jorge. "Semi-Commercial Test for Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils." In Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Catalytic Hydrotreating. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003187134-6.

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Ovalles, Cesar. "Heavy Oil Reservoirs and Crude Oil Characterization." In Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315181028-2.

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Ovalles, Cesar. "Fundamentals of Heavy Oil Upgrading." In Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315181028-4.

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Jadhav, Rohan M., and Jitendra S. Sangwai. "Interaction of Heavy Crude Oil and Nanoparticles for Heavy Oil Upgrading." In Nanotechnology for Energy and Environmental Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33774-2_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Rodriguez, Humberto, and Leomar Peñuela. "Experiences with Naphthenic Acid Corrosion in an Extra Heavy Oil Upgrader Facility." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06586.

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Abstract The upgrader plant, designed to produce 180,000 bpd of synthetic crude was started up in 2002. The feed to this facility is a blend of extra heavy oil from the Orinoco Belt reservoir (8° API, 4.3 wt% S, 3.2 TAN) and naphtha, which is upgraded to sweet crude with 32 °API and 0.2 wt% S. During the first three years of operation, fouling and corrosion problems were experienced due to naphthenic acid corrosion in the crude distillation unit (CDU), vacuum distillation unit (VDU) and mild hydrocracker (MHC) units. In order to mitigate the corrosion, an alloy upgrade program was implemented.
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Ng, Hon C., Victor Gutiérrez, Diogmary Arreaza, Fernando De Abreu, and Erick Hernández. "Naphthenic Acid Corrosion on a Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Upgrader Medium Vacuum Gasoil Side Cut Piping." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02185.

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Abstract After 5 years of operation, at an average temperature, sulfur content and neutralization number of 200°C (392°F), 3.3%wt and 4.3 mg KOH/gram, respectively; clean, streamlined through-wall pits, grooves and rivulets have caused leaks in the lower portion of horizontal and inclined pipes of the side cut carbon steel piping that draws medium vacuum gasoil (MVGO) from the vacuum distillation tower (VDT). The average corrosion rate estimated from through-wall pits is 4.7 mm/year (187 mils per year). Comparable corrosion morphologies were observed in carbon steel pump cases and VDT shell. T
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Grigorescu, Ioana C., Gladys Navas, and Medardo A. Camacaro. "Damage Mechanisms in Double-Screw Pumps for Heavy Crude Oil." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11246.

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Abstract This paper summarizes the surface damage mechanisms that were observed in three double-screw pumps used for the transfer of high viscosity crude oil and their relations with pump operation conditions, flow characteristics and material defects. Erosion-corrosion governs the degradation of the screws; however the balance between chemical and mechanical damage varied according to local flow pattern and content of formation water, gas and solids. Along the screws, the thickness of the fluid film between threads and the inner surface of the pump case varies when excessive screw deflection
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Pietrangeli, Gianna Aimee, Lirio Quintero, Thomas A. Jones, and Qusai Darugar. "Treatment of Water in Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions with Innovative Microemulsion Fluids." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171140-ms.

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Torres, Jorge A., Juan C. Espinoza, Gianna Aimee Pietrangeli, and Diana Morales. "Mesophase Fluids Treatment: An Alternative to Clean up Heavy Crude Oil Wells in Mexico." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171139-ms.

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Toro, Carlos Fernando, Sebastian Mesa, Alfonso Vergel, Mario Villalobos, Diego Orozco, and German Charry. "Novel Spotting Fluid to Handle Problems Associated With Differential Stuck Pipe in Heavy-Crude-Oil Reservoirs." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171093-ms.

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Carrillo Moreno, Luis Felipe, Emiliano Ariza Leon, Robert Padron Garcia, and Juan Carlos Lizcano Nino. "Evaluation of the Effect of the Asphaltene Accumulation in Porous Media at Dynamic Conditions for a Colombian Crude Oil." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171135-ms.

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Cavanzo, E. A., S. F. Muñoz, A. Ordoñez, and H. Bottia. "Kinetics of Wet In-Situ Combustion: A Review of Kinetic Models." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171134-ms.

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Abstract In Situ Combustion is an enhanced oil recovery method which consists on injecting air to the reservoir, generating a series of oxidation reactions at different temperature ranges by chemical interaction between oil and oxygen, the high temperature oxidation reactions are highly exothermic; the oxygen reacts with a coke like material formed by thermal cracking, they are responsible of generating the heat necessary to sustain and propagate the combustion front, sweeping the heavy oil and upgrading it due to the high temperatures. Wet in situ combustion is variant of the process, in whic
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Camacho-Velazquez, Rodolfo, Paulina Gomora-Figueroa, Miguel Angel Cortes-Cortes, Víctor Hugo Perez-Robles, and Martin Velazquez-Franco. "Flow Assurance Applied Research Proposal for Heavy Oil Crudes from Green Offshore Naturally Fractured Reservoirs to Delivery Points." In SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171079-ms.

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Fernandes, Jose, and Ali Lastra. "Experiences on Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Rod Pumping Automation Applications using Thermal and Dilution Techniques." In SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/69900-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Heavy and extra-heavy crude oil"

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Lee, S. W. Literature review and consultation on combustion of an extra heavy crude oil for thermal power generation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304613.

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Matar, Walid, and Doaa Filali. Alternative Fuels for Saudi Cement Manufacturing with Time-varying Carbon Pricing. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp12.

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After cement production in Saudi Arabia surged in the first half of the 2010s due to the country’s rapid economic development, it has slowed measurably in recent years as economic growth has declined. This is shown in Figure 1, along with the evolution of the Kingdom’s real gross domestic income (RGDI). Still, it ranks among the top 10 countries for existing cement kiln capacity. The Saudi cement industry has relied on Arab Heavy crude oil, heavy fuel oil (HFO), and natural gas to produce clinker, a key cement ingredient.
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Talbot, A. F., J. R. Swesey, and L. G. Magill. Turbine Fuels from Tar Sands Bitumen and Heavy Oil. Volume 2. Phase 3. Process Design Specifications for a Turbine Fuel Refinery Charging San Ardo Heavy Crude Oil. Defense Technical Information Center, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190120.

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Harvey. L52288 Investigative Ultrasonic Meters in Heavy Oil Service. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010045.

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Investigation into the status of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement in heavy oil service, specifically in fiscal measurements. The objective of the study was to determine the status of current technology, its limitations and gaps, affecting Ultrasonic Flow Measurement performance and to provide direction for future research and initiatives. Result: The first task completed was an industry standard survey of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement vendors. This survey required the research of existing publications, interviewing operators of existing installations and interviewing qualified ultrasonic meter vendor
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Seimanond, Kitipat, Parawinee Tangnanthanakan, Waramporn Pejpichestakul, and Bongkoch Yimyam. An Investigation and Development on Retrofit of Crude Preheat Train under Different Kinds of Crude Oils. Chulalongkorn University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2014.79.

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Abstract:
Crude distillation unit (CDU) is the major energy consuming unit in refineries. Because of the high energy consumption of crude furnace in crude preheat train, heat integration by retrofitting heat exchanger network (HEN) is represented in this research by using a retrofit potential program and stage-model mathematical programming. A retrofit potential program from Kosol (2012) based on pinch technology was used to identify the optimum heat recovery approach temperature (HRAT). A stage model from Yee and Grossman (1990), is a mathematical programming using General Algebraic Modeling System (GA
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6

Reynolds, John G., and Robert H. Paul. Removal of Nickel and Vanadium from heavy Crude Oils by Ligand Exchange Reactions: Final Report CRADA No. TC-0400-92. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1410089.

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7

Reynolds, J. Removal of Nickel and Vanadium from heavy Crude Oils by Ligand Exchange Reactions: Final Report CRADA No. TC-0400-92. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773230.

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