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Cheung, Kai-him Matthew, and 張啟謙. "Bioremediation of toxic metals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194562.
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Traditional remediation techniques in removing toxic metal contaminants using physical and chemical methods are expensive and may cause other forms of damage to the environment, comparing with these techniques bioremediation can serve as an inexpensive, effective and environmental friendly remediation method. This thesis mainly discusses different bioremediation techniques and identifies possible areas in Hong Kong for bioremediation and suggests bioremediation methods for each potential area. Bioremediation of toxic metals is the use of microorganisms, plants, or even larger sized organisms to decontaminate sites with toxic metals.
Bioremediation includes phytoremediation, microremediation and vermiremediation which use plants, microorganisms and earthworms to remediate contaminated environments respectively. The 4 most common mechanisms in phytoremediation of toxic metals are phytoextraction, phytofiltration, phytovolatilization and phytostabilization. Phytoremediation are used frequently for remediation around the world and its development includes using well-understood technology and genetic engineering to increase its effectiveness. Microremediation is another promising technology in bioremediation of toxic metals and consists of 6 major mechanisms which are biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, bioleaching, biomineralization and microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals.
Microremediation is mainly in research phase and its development includes identifying new species, combining with phytoremediation and genetic engineering. Vermiremediation is another rapidly developing technique in bioremediation of toxic metals, assisting other bioremediation by burrowing actions of earthworms and its excretion, and accumulating toxic metals inside their bodies. Vermiremediation is also in research phase but it is rapidly developing. Generally, bioremediation is around 60% cheaper than traditional remediation methods and no pollutants are emitted during the process. However the remediation process is slow and generally takes longer than a year. Sources of toxic metals in contaminated areas in Hong Kong are mainly due to historic industrial discharge although present activities also contribute. Potential areas include sites for electronic waste activities, sediments of Kwun Tong typhoon shelter and sediments of Tolo Harbour.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Environmental Management<br>Master<br>Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Md, Noh Mohd Fairulnizal. "Electrochemical sensors development for toxic heavy metals." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422358.
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Paul, Uchenna Prince. "Fluorescence Detectors for Proteins and Toxic Heavy Metals." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd416.pdf.
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Ansari, Tariq Mahmood. "Bioanalytical studies on barytes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU115694.
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Barytes (the naturally occurring BaSO4) is used as the standard densification agent in drilling fluids world-wide. It increases the density of the drilling fluids for control of formation pressures. It has been highlighted as a major source of toxic heavy metals input in the oil and gas industry. Large scale use in the offshore oil well drilling operations and subsequent discharges of spent drilling fluids containing barytes to the marine environment have raised concerns regarding the potential for bioaccumulation in marine biota of the toxic heavy metals and the possible human health risks. Various analytical and biological aspects of barytes regarding chemistry, analytical methodology, toxicity and heavy metal bioavailability have been thoroughly investigated in this study. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) confirms the presence of a number of minerals including barite, galena, anglesite, pyrite, sphalerite, zincite, quartz, barium feldspar, hematite, anhydrite, orthoclase, silicates, mixed minerals in barytes. Quantitative strontium and calcium as part of the crystal lattice whereas other trace heavy metals occur as associated minerals. Image analysis shows that the bulk of barium in barytes corresponds to the mineral barite (BaSO4), however, a small quantity of barium was found to be associated with silicon which confirmed the presence of barium feldspar. The presence of toxic heavy metals such as Cu, Ni, V, Co, Cr, Cd, Bi, Ti, Hg, Te, Sn, Sb, As etc. in barytes is likely to be as inclusions or substitutions in sulphide minerals associated with barite. Mineralogical studies suggest that barytes is not the traditionally inert BaSO4 but, rather, a potentially toxic substance due to its associated toxic heavy metal impurities. Comparative studies on the performance of chemical dissolution procedures such as sodium carbonate fusion, aqua regia digestion, aqua regia /HF digestion and a non-destructive technique, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry shows that sodium carbonate fusion procedure is the best method for the determination of barium in different types of barytes. DTPA and EDTA extractibilities for barium at pHs 12.6 and 10.8 respectively (25oC) were found to be low even though predictions based on thermodynamic data had suggested that BaSO4 should be soluble.
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Selepe, Mamaropeng Marcus. "The removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions by algal extracellular polysaccharides." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004054.
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This study investigated the possible use of algal extracellular polysaccharide as a biosorbent for removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) from aqueous solutions as a means of bioremediation for metal containing effluents. This biopolymer has good biosorbent properties and a potential to provide a cost effective, selective and efficient purification system. A variety of environmental conditions induce the production of extracellular polysaccharides in algae. The production of exopolysaccharides by Dunaliella cultures was induced by nitrogen deficient conditions. A high ratio of carbon to nitrogen source considerably enhanced the polysaccharide release. Purified extracellular polysaccharide samples exhibited a monosaccharide composition consisting of the following sugars: xylose, arabinose, 2-0-methyl mannose, mannose, glucose and galactose. The relative abundance (%) of these sugars were calculated relative to xylose. The major sugar constituent was 2-0-methyl mannose, which was present at approximately 160% relative to xylose. The percentage relative abundance of other sugars was as follows: 18.8; 86.8; 85.3 and 22.3% for arabinose; mannose; glucose and galactose respectively. The identity of the various constituents were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The ability of Dunaliella exopolysaccharides to accumulate metals was investigated. The following parameters were studied because they affect metal uptake: solution pH, biomass concentration, temperature, time and metal concentration. The uptake of both copper and lead were pH dependent. However, metal uptake was not significantly affected by temperature. Kinetic studies showed that Dunaliella extracellular polysaccharides exhibit good bioremediation properties. Metal uptake was rapid. In addition, the exopolysaccharide has good metal binding capacity with an uptake capacity for lead of 80 mg/g from a solution containing initial lead concentration of approximately 40 mg/l. Competition studies revealed that the presence of a second metal in solution inhibits uptake of the other metal compared to uptake in single metal solution of that particular metal. The presence of lead inhibited the uptake of copper from approximately 65% in single metal solution to 10% in binary metal solution. The presence of copper also inhibited lead uptake, though not to the same extent. Higher concentrations of lead could not completely prevent removal of copper from solution and visa versa. The same was true for lead which could not be displaced by a four-fold concentration of copper. Instead, a certain percentage of copper was always removed showing that lead did not compete with copper for these binding sites. In conclusion it appears that, copper and lead bind to different sites on Dunaliella exopolysaccharides and that they exhibit selective or preferential removal of lead.
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Al-Sheraideh, Mohammed Sharif. "Evaluation of the environmental impact of trace elements in the Zarqa River using chemometric analysis of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy data (ICP-OES)." Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327172.
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Ondigo, Dezzline Adhiambo. "Polymer based electrospun nanofibers as diagnostic probes for the detection of toxic metal ions in water." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018261.
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The thesis presents the development of polymer based electrospun nanofibers as diagnostic probes for the selective detection of toxic metal ions in water. Through modification of the chemical characteristics of nanofibers by pre- and post-electrospinning treatments, three different diagnostic probes were successfully developed. These were the fluorescent pyridylazo-2-naphthol-poly(acrylic acid) nanofiber probe, the colorimetric probe based on glutathione-stabilized silver/copper alloy nanoparticles and the colorimetric probe based on 2-(2’-Pyridyl)-imidazole functionalized nanofibers. The probes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The fluorescent nanofiber probe was developed towards the determination of Ni²⁺. Covalently functionalized pyridylazo-2-naphthol-poly(acrylic acid) polymeric nanofibers were employed. The solid state Ni²⁺ probe exhibited a good correlation between the fluorescence intensity and nickel concentration up to 1.0 mg/mL based on the Stern-Volmer mechanism. The detection limit of the nanofiber probe was found to be 0.07 ng/mL. The versatility of the fluorescent probe was demonstrated by affording a simple, rapid and selective detection of Ni²⁺ in the presence of other competing metal ions by direct analysis without employing any sample handling steps. For the second part of the study, a simple strategy based on the in-situ synthesis of the glutathione stabilized silver/copper alloy nanoparticles (Ag/Cu alloy NPs) in nylon 6 provided a fast procedure for fabricating a colorimetric probe for the detection of Ni²⁺ in water samples. The electrospun nanofiber composites responded to Ni²⁺ ions but did not suffer any interference from the other metal ions. The effect of Ni²⁺ concentration on the nanocomposite fibers was considered and the “eye-ball” limit of detection was found to be 5.8 μg/mL. Lastly, the third probe was developed by covalently linking an imidazole derivative; 2-(2′-Pyridyl)-imidazole (PIMH) to Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBC) and nylon 6 nanofibers by post-electrospinning treatments using a wet chemical method and graft copolymerization technique, respectively. The post-electrospinning modifications of the nanofibers were achieved without altering their fibrous morphology. The color change to red-orange in the presence of Fe²⁺ for both the grafted nylon 6 (white) and the chemically modified PVBC (yellow) nanofibers was instantaneous. The developed diagnostic probes exhibited the desired selectivity towards the targeted metal ions.
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Ahmed, Yousif Hummaida. "Toxic waste treatment by slag cements." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336560.
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Линдіна, Юлія Миколаївна, Юлия Николаевна Лындина, Yuliia Mykolaivna Lyndina, et al. "The study of the toxic effect of the heavy metals salts on the erythropoiesis in the rats." Thesis, Springer, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81318.
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Heavy metals salts (HMS) are the most common pollutants that are proved to have the negative effect. The objective is to determine the morphological features of the marrow in rats, caused by the combined effect of the heavy metals salts.
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Ghaderian, Seyed Majid. "The effect of toxic heavy metals upon fungi of the genus Pythium isolated from soil." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301558.
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Daka, Erema Ransome. "Population differences in the toxic effects of heavy metals to Littorina saxatilis olivi (prosobranchia: Mollusca)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320573.
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Rahman, Aminur. "Bioremediation of Toxic Metals for Protecting Human Health and the Ecosystem." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-51436.
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Heavy metal pollutants, discharged into the ecosystem as waste by anthropogenic activities, contaminate drinking water for millions of people and animals in many regions of the world. Long term exposure to these metals, leads to several lethal diseases like cancer, keratosis, gangrene, diabetes, cardio- vascular disorders, etc. Therefore, removal of these pollutants from soil, water and environment is of great importance for human welfare. One of the possible eco-friendly solutions to this problem is the use of microorganisms that can accumulate the heavy metals from the contaminated sources, hence reducing the pollutant contents to a safe level. In this thesis an arsenic resistant bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus B1-CDA, a chromium resistant bacterium Enterobacter cloacae B2-DHA and a nickel resistant bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 were isolated and studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of these isolates are 500 mM sodium arsenate, 5.5 mM potassium chromate and 9 mM nickel chloride, respectively. The time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy analyses revealed that after 120 h of exposure, the intracellular accumulation of arsenic in B1-CDA and chromium in B2-DHA were 5.0 mg/g dwt and 320 μg/g dwt of cell biomass, respectively. However, the arsenic and chromium contents in the liquid medium were reduced to 50% and 81%, respectively. The adsorption values of BA2 when exposed to nickel for 6 h were 238.04 mg of Ni(II) per gram of dead biomass indicating BA2 can reduce nickel content in the solution to 53.89%. Scanning electron micrograph depicted the effect of these metals on cellular morphology of the isolates. The genetic composition of B1-CDA and B2-DHA were studied in detail by sequencing of whole genomes. All genes of B1-CDA and B2-DHA predicted to be associated with resistance to heavy metals were annotated. The findings in this study accentuate the significance of these bacteria in removing toxic metals from the contaminated sources. The genetic mechanisms of these isolates in absorbing and thus removing toxic metals could be used as vehicles to cope with metal toxicity of the contaminated effluents discharged to the nature by industries and other human activities.
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Metzger, Lia Kimiko. "Inorganic Heavy Metals as Environmental Pollution Indicators in Rio Baru, Costa Rica." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/562.
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Pollution from industrial sources, such as leather tanneries, jewelry factories, car batteries, and construction refuse, has been linked to increased concentrations of toxic heavy metals in rivers in Costa Rica. This study focused on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and lead in sediment and water in Rio Baru, Costa Rica, which has not been previously studied. The concentrations in Rio Baru were compared to two controls and the Environmental Protection Agency toxicity limits to determine pollution levels. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was utilized to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment samples from Rio Baru, Terciopelo, and Rio Tarcoles. Watershed analysis for Rio Baru was expected to reveal mostly agricultural sources of contaminants. Rio Baru was predicted to have levels of inorganic heavy metals between Rio Tarcoles and Terciopelo, with Tarcoles containing the highest levels. As, Cr, and Ni in Rio Baru were between unpolluted levels in Terciopelo and polluted levels in Rio Tarcoles, but Rio Baru had lower concentrations of Cu and Pb than both Rio Tarcoles and Terciopelo. Analysis of watersheds determined that Rio Baru’s watershed contained intermediate ratios of human development and agricultural sources of pollution. Further comparisons of watershed size with total dissolved sediment levels found a positive linear relationship, indicating a portion of differences in heavy metal concentrations were due to watershed sizes. Concentrations of heavy metals in Rio Baru’s water were below toxic limits for drinking water and placed Rio Baru within “good” sediment levels for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. As geochemistry and proximity to industrial sources was not accounted for in methodology, further research would be necessary for determination of natural concentrations of heavy metals in Rio Baru.
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Giansante, Ruth Helena. "Potencial de Rizobactérias para a Remoção de Cádmio em Solução." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153351.
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Previous issue date: 2017-11-27<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Rizobactérias são excelentes candidatas à aplicação em processos de bioacumulação de elementos potencialmente tóxicos, pois desenvolveram mecanismos para a incorporação intracelular de uma ampla gama de íons. A sensibilidade e a capacidade de remoção de cádmio (Cd2+) de duas espécies de rizobactérias: Rizobium tropici (LBMP-C01) e Ensifer meliloti (LBMPC02), foram estudadas. A concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) das bactérias foi determinada pelo cultivo em meio contendo CdCl2.2H2O (0,025 a 4 mmol L-1). Foram realizados testes de viabilidade das células das duas estirpes na CMI e ensaios de bioacumulação com suspensões de células bacterianas nas doses de 10, 20 e 30 %(v/v) em solução contendo 100 mg L-1 de Cd2+. As estirpes LBMP-C01 e LBMP-C02 foram sensíveis a concentrações de Cd2+ superiores a 1,0 e 0,05 mmol L-1, respectivamente. As células de LBMP-C01 e LBMP-C02 apresentaram-se viáveis nas CMI 1,0 e 0,05 mmol L-1 Cd2+, respectivamente. A estirpe LBMP-C01 não removeu Cd2+ nos ensaios de bioacumulação e a estirpe LBMP-C02 foi capaz de remover 80 % deste íon em solução contendo 100 mg L-1 Cd2+, após 72 h de contato e 30 %(v/v) do bioacumulador. Os espectros de absorção molecular na região do infravermelho, de ambas as espécies estudadas praticamente não indicaram diferenças nos grupos funcionais presentes nas moléculas da biomassa celular. A observação por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostrou a presença de maior número de grânulos eletrodensos no citoplasma da estirpe de LBMP-C02 em relação à LBMP-C01 quando estas foram cultivadas com Cd2+. A estirpe LBMP-C02 foi a mais eficiente na remoção de Cd2+. A resistência a metais dessas duas bactérias envolve mecanismos diferentes.<br>Rhizobacteria are excellent candidates for use in the processes of bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements because they have developed mechanisms for the intracellular uptake of a wide range of ions. Here, the sensitivity and capacity to remove cadmium (Cd2+) of two species of rhizobacteria, Rhizobium tropici (LBMP-C01) and Ensifer meliloti (LBMP-C02), were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacteria was determined by culturing them in medium containing CdCl2·2H2O (0.025 to 4 mmol L-1 ). Cell viability tests of the two strains were performed at MIC, and bioaccumulation assays were performed with 10, 20, and 30 %(v/v) bacterial cell suspensions in a Cd2+ solution 100 mg L-1 . Strains LBMP-C01 and LBMP-C02 were sensitive to Cd2+ concentrations above 1.0 and 0.05 mmol L-1 , respectively. LBMP-C01 and LBMP-C02 cells were viable at the MICs of Cd2+ solution 1.0 and 0.05 mmol L-1 , respectively. LBMP-C01 did not remove Cd2+ in the bioaccumulation assays, whereas LBMP-C02 removed 80 % of this ion in Cd2+ solution 100 mg L-1 , after 72 h of contact and 30 %(v/v) of the bioaccumulator. The infrared absorption spectra of both species did not indicate differences in the functional groups present in the molecules of the cell biomass. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of a larger number of electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm of LBMP-C02 compared to LBMP-C01 when they were cultured with Cd2+. The LBMP-C02 strain was the most efficient in the Cd2+ removal. The metal resistance of these two bacteria involves different mechanisms.
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Wilhelmi, Brendan Shane. "The removal and recovery of toxic and valuable metals from aqueous solutions by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004062.
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This project considered the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biosorbent for the removal and recovery of a range of metals from contaminated waters. S. cerevisiae, as a biosorbent, has the potential to provide a cost effective, selective and highly efficient purification system. Initial studies focused on metal accumulation by an immobilized baker's S. cerevisiae biosorbent. The parameters affecting metal uptake were investigated, these included metal concentration, time and solution pH. Metal uptake was rapid. Gold and cobalt reached saturation within 5 min of contact with the biosorbent in batch reactors. Copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium and chromium reached saturation within 30 min of contact. Metal accumulation was pH dependent and was generally unaffected at a solution pH ≥ 4, and was substantially decreased at pH ≤ 2. The exception was gold which was preferentially accumulated at a solution pH of 2. The immobilized baker's yeast accumulated metals with maximum binding capacities in the order of gold > cadmium > cobalt > zinc > copper > chromium > nickel. A rapid method to assess metal recovery was developed. Bioaccumulated metal was efficiently recovered using dilute mineral acids. Copper recovery of ≥ 80 % was achieved by decreasing the solution pH of the reaction mixture to 2 with the addition of nominal quantities of HCl, H₂SO₄ or RNO₃. Adsorption-desorption over 8 cycles had no apparent adverse effect on metal uptake or recovery in batch reactors. Transmission electron microscopy showed no evidence of damage to cells used in copper adsorption-desorption investigations. Biosorption columns were investigated as bioreactors due to their application potential. The metals investigated were effectively removed from solution. At a saturation threshold, metal uptake declined rapidly. Most metals investigated were desorbed from the columns by eluting with 0.1 M HCl. Initially recoveries of copper, cobalt and cadmium were as high as 100%. Desorbed copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel and cobalt were concentrated in 10 to 15 ml of eluent, representing up to a 40 fold decrease in solution volume. Cadmium, nickel and zinc uptake increased with the second application to the columns. Initial accumulation of gold and chromium was 42.2 μmol/g and 28.6 μmol/g, however, due to the low recoveries of these two metals, a second application was not investigated. Copper was applied to a single column for 8 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Uptake increased from an initial 31.3 μmol/g to 47.8 μmol/g at cycle 7. The potential for selective metal recovery was demonstrated using two biosorption columns in series. Copper was accumulated and recovered most efficiently. Zinc, cobalt and cadmium were displaced to the second column. Copper bound preferentially to zinc at a ratio of 6:1. Copper bound preferentially to cobalt at a ratio of 4:1. Cadmium was only displaced at a ratio of 2:1. The successful transfer of the bioremediation technology from the laboratory to an industrial application has yet to be realized. Bioremediation of a Plaatjiesvlei Black Mountain mine effluent, which contained copper, zinc, lead and iron, was investigated in this project. The removal of the metals was most effective at pH 4. A combined strategy of pH adjustment and bioremediation using immobilized S. cerevisiae decreased the copper concentration by 92.5%, lead was decreased by 90% and zinc was decreased by 60%. Iron was mostly precipitated from solution at pH ≥ 4. An ageing pond at the mine with conditions such as; pH, water volume and metal concentration, which were more conducive to biological treatment was subsequently identified. The investigation indicated a possible application of the biomass as a supplement to chemical remediation. The metal removal capability of a waste brewer's yeast was subsequently investigated. A yeast conditioning step increased metal uptake up to 100% and enhanced reproducibility. Metal removal from solution was rapid and pH dependent. The metals were efficiently removed from solution at pH ≥ 4. Uptake was substantially inhibited at pH ≤ 3. The waste brewer's yeast accumulated metals with maximum binding capacities in the order of copper (25.4 μmol/g) > lead (19.4 μmol/g) > iron (15.6 μmol/g) > zinc (12.5 μmol/g). No correlation between cell physiology and metal uptake was observed. Uptake of the four metals was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The interference of lead, zinc and iron on copper uptake by the waste brewer's yeast, and the interference of copper on the uptake of lead, zinc and iron was investigated. Maximum copper uptake was not decreased in the presence of lead. The Bmax remained constant at approximately 25 μmol/g. The dissociation constants increased with increasing lead concentrations. Lead bioaccumulation was significantly decreased in the presence of copper. The type of inhibition was dependent on the initial copper concentrations. Zinc had a slight synergistic effect on copper uptake. The copper Bmax increased from 30.8 μmol/g in a single-ion system to 34.5 μmol/g in the presence of 200 μmol/l of zinc. Zinc uptake was severely inhibited in the presence of copper. The maximum uptake and dissociation constant values were decreased in the presence of copper, which suggested an uncompetitive inhibition. The affinity of copper was substantially higher than zinc. The presence of higher levels of copper than zinc in the yeast cells was confirmed by energy dispersive microanalysis. Copper uptake was decreased in the presence of iron, with the copper Bmax being decreased from 25.4 μmol/g in a single-ion system to 20.1 μmol/g in the presence of 200 μmol/l iron. Iron Bmax values remained constant at 16.0 μmol/g. Combined biosorption and EDXA results suggested the iron bound at a higher affinity than copper to the cell wall. Total copper removal was higher as larger quantities of copper were deposited in the cell cytoplasm. Metal removal from the Plaatjiesvlei effluent by free cell suspensions of the waste brewer's yeast was satisfactory. Copper levels were decreased by 96%, iron by 42%, lead 25% and zinc 2%. Waste brewer's yeast is a cheap source of biomass in South Africa, and could potentially provide the basis for the development of an innovative purification system for metal-contaminated waters.
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Howlett, Niall G. "The effects of altered membrane fatty acid composition on the toxic interactions of heavy metals with Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/ba46f6e3-f663-49af-9870-96fc8a28bc23/1/.
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The effects of altered membrane fatty acid composition on the toxic interactions of heavy metals with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was enriched with the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) linoleate (18:2) and linolenate (18:3) by growth in 18:2- or 18:3-supplemented medium. Incorporation of the exogenous PUF As resulted in them comprising greater than 65% and 40% of the total fatty acids in whole-cell and plasma membrane lipids, and nuclear membrane lipids, respectively. Incorporation of the exogenous PUF As had no discernible adverse effects on cell division. However, inhibition of cell division in the presence of Cd(N03)2 was accentuated by growth in the presence of the di-unsaturated fatty acid linoleate. Furthermore, susceptibility to both Cd2+ - and Cu2+ -induced plasma membrane permeabilisation and whole cell toxicity was markedly accentuated in PUF A-enriched cells, and increased with the degree of fatty acid unsaturation. The increased sensitivity ofPUFA-enriched cells to membrane permeabilisation and whole-cell toxicity was correlated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation in these cells. Cu2+ - and Cd2+_ induced lipid peroxidation was rapid and associated with a decline in plasma membrane lipid order, detected by fluorescence depolarization measurements. Levels of the lipid peroxidation products thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes were markedly higher in PUF A-enriched cells, compared with unsupplemented cells, following exposure to cadmium or copper. Thus, lipid peroxidation was demonstrated as a major means of heavy metal toxicity in a microorganism for the first time. In addition, the effects ofPUFA-enrichment on the interactions of heavy metals with cellular nucleic acids were examined. Exposure ofPUFA-enriched cells to the redox-active metals chromium and copper resulted in the uncoupling of DNA synthesis from cell division, leading to sequential S phases. For example, DNA levels of up to 8C were evident in 18:3-enriched cells after only 4.5 h exposure to 100 JJ.M Cu(N03h. Using flow cytometry, the heterogeneity in susceptibility to copper toxicity of exponential phase S. cerevisiae was also examined. Susceptibility towards copper toxicity was demonstrated to be cell cycle stage-dependent, whereby G2/M phase cells were found to be the most susceptible towards copper toxicity. Staining with the oxidantsensitive probe 2',7' -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) revealed that the greater copper sensitivity of G2/M phase cells correlated with elevated endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species in these cells.
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Nightingale, Leigh. "The toxic effect of heavy metals on algal biomass (Spirulina sp.) and carbonic anhydrase activity, an enzyme which is central to algal application in metal precipitation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007858.
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Acid rmne drainage (AMD) is a major pollution problem througbout the world, adversely affecting both surface and groundwaters. AMD is principally associated with the mining of sulphide ores. The most commonly associated minerals being sulphur, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead and uranium. As conventional methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater are often prohibitively expensive, the implementation of biological processes for the removal of heavy metals has become a realistic practice. The objectives of this project was firstly to establish the effect of copper, lead and nickel, heavy metals commonly found in AMD waters, on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is an integral part of the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) and secondly, to determine the feasibility of using the alkalinity generated by Spindina for the precipitation of heavy metals from solution. Initially, batch flask experiments were performed and it was found that the algae were able to utilise the bicarbonate supplied in the medium, under CO, limiting conditions, through the induction of their CCM, resulting in the generation of carbonate. The effect of the inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and ethoxyzolamide (EZ), were also investigated in order to determine the importance of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthesis. Results obtained were consistent with those observed in literature and it was found that at IOOf.LM AZ and EZ, complete inhibition of photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase occurred, with no oxygen being evolved. The results obtained from the inhibitor experiments substantiate the findings that carbonic anhydrase is an important part of the CCM, and that the dehydration of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide and hydroxide ions, is in fact an enzymatic process regulated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is essential for efficient photosynthesis. The effect of heavy metals on Spirulina was also investigated. Lead, copper and nickel were all found to cause a reduction in the synthesis of chlorophyll a, which resulted in a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and eventually death of the culture. The morphology of the algae was also severely affected by heavy metals, with degradation and aJmost complete disintegration of the algal filaments occurring. Using the Wilbur-Anderson assay method, carbonic anhydrase activity was found to be lower in the experimental flasks containing heavy metals, than the control flasks, reducing the algae's ability to utilise the bicarbonate in solution for effective photosynthesis. The Wilbur-Anderson assay method did not prove to be a reliable method for measuring changes in enzyme activity as results were found to be erratic. Therefore attempts were made to use an oxygen electrode as an alternative method for determining the effects of various parameters on enzyme activity and photosynthesis, this proved to be more successful. Because of the toxic effects of heavy metals on Spirulina it was decided that the use of the biogenic alkalinity generated by the algae for the precipitation of heavy metals may be successfully employed as an alternative method for bioremediation and metal recovery. Carbonate reacts readily with metals, therefore the carbonate produced by this algal system was used for the precipitation of metals. It was possible to categorise the precipitation reactions observed into three groups, namely those metals which, a) precipitate as hydroxides, b) precipitate as carbonates generated from the dissociation of bicarbonate and c) metals which can only precipitate if there is free carbonate present in solution.
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Yousif, Safwan Yousif Ahmed. "Modelling of toxic heavy metal partitioning and emissions from solid fuel combusters." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7428.
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Carnahan, Elizabeth A. "Foraminiferal assemblages as bioindicators of potentially toxic elements in Biscayne Bay, Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001019.
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Ma, Yukun. "Human health risk of toxic chemical pollutants generated from traffic and land use activities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92724/1/Yukun_Ma_Thesis.pdf.
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The research project developed a quantitative approach to assess the risk to human health from heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater based on traffic and land use factors. The research outcomes are expected to strengthen the scientifically robust management and reuse of urban stormwater. The innovative methodology developed can be applied to evaluate human health risk in relation to toxic chemical pollutants in urban stormwater runoff and for the development of effective risk mitigation strategies.
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Araujo, Eloá Moura. "Bioconcentration and desorption kinetic of potentially toxic elements in soils cultivated with horticultural crops in organic and conventional systems." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-18052018-114411/.
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Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be absorbed and accumulated in vegetables organ and tissues, and this is an important channel through which PTEs can enter into the food chain. Soil management may interfere in the behavior of PTEs in the system. So, the study of the dynamics of elements in the soil is fundamental to a better understanding of factors that influence soil-plant transfer. In the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, the production of vegetables is mainly concentrated in small or medium organic and conventional farms located in the Agreste and Sao Francisco regions. Our aims in this research were: i) to determine the contents of PTEs in soil and in vegetables produced under conventional and organic systems in garden soils of Pernambuco; ii) to investigate the forms of the PTEs and their uptake by the vegetables based on different soil-plant transfer factors; iii) to use the calculated transfer factors to assess the human risk exposure; iv) to assess the effect of aging and organic matter (OM) on copper (Cu) desorption in garden soils; v) to determine if manure application to soils increases water soluble Cu concentrations; and vi) to verify the efficiency of machine learning techniques in the classification of vegetables produced under organic and conventional systems. Acid and complexing solutions were employed to extract total contents of PTEs in plants and to extract pseudototal, reactive and bioavailable fractions of the PTEs in soils. Soil-plant transfer factors and human risk assessment were calculated based on the determined levels of PTEs. Kinetic assays were developed using rates of organic composts added to Cu-spiked soils to model the Cu desorption. Water extractable Cu and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were extracted from soils amended with dairy manure, and the Cu-DOC interactions were studied using spectroscopic techniques. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves had the highest capacity to accumulate PTEs; conventional system promoted higher PTEs values in soils and plants than the organic production; regardless of the scenario, children and adults in contact to vegetables cropped in organic system have a lower health risk than individuals exposed to lettuce leaves conventionally produced. The addition of OM promoted greater Cu desorption, while aging lead to a reduction in the Cu release. The Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed increase in the presence of aliphatic and carboxylic groups in the extracts from the manure-amended soils. Carboxylic acid functional groups on the DOC formed strong bonds with Cu, which can promote Cu transport as dissolved Cu-organic complexes in the soil profile. The Support Vector Machine had an accuracy over 90% to classify the vegetables in the two groups (organic and conventional); and this high assertiveness rate highlights the potential of using elemental quantification and algorithms as support techniques in the process of authenticity and inspection of organic products.<br>Elementos potencialmente toxicos (EPTs) podem estar biodisponiveis para serem absorvidos e acumulados nos tecidos e orgaos vegetais, sendo esta uma importante rota de entrada de EPTs na cadeia alimentar. O manejo do solo pode interferir no comportamento dos EPTs no sistema. Desta forma, o estudo da dinamica desses elementos no solo e fundamental para melhor entendimento dos fatores que influenciam a transferencia solo-planta. No estado de Pernambuco, a producao de hortalicas se concentra em intensos cultivos organicos e convencionais localizados em pequenas ou medias propriedades, principalmente na regiao Agreste e Sao Francisco. Nossos objetivos neste trabalho foram: i) determinar os teores de EPTs no solo e nas hortalicas produzidas em sistemas convencionais e organicos em hortas de Pernambuco; ii) investigar as formas de EPTs e sua absorcao pelas hortalicas com base em diferentes fatores de transferencia solo-planta; iii) usar os fatores de transferencia calculados para investigar o risco de exposicao aos humanos; iv) estudar o efeito do tempo e da materia organica (MO) na dessorcao de cobre (Cu) em solos de horta; v) determinar se a aplicacao de esterco aumenta a concentracao de Cu soluvel em agua; e vi) verificar a eficiencia de tecnicas machine learning na classificacao de hortalicas produzidas em sistemas organicos e convencionais. Solucoes acidas e complexantes foram utilizadas para extrair os teores totais de EPTs nas plantas e os teores pseudototal, reativo e biodisponivel dos EPTs no solo. Fatores de transferencia solo-planta e avaliacao de risco humano foram calculados com base nos teores de EPTs. Estudos de cinetica foram desenvolvidos apos adicao de composto organico em solos contaminados com Cu para modelar a dessorcao de Cu. Cu soluvel em agua e carbono organico dissolvido (COD) foram extraidos de solos adubados com esterco, a interacao Cu-COD foi estudada usando tecnicas espectroscopicas. Folhas de alface (Lactuca sativa) apresentaram a maior capacidade de acumular EPTS; o sistema convencional promoveu maiores tores de EPTs nos solos e plantas do que o sistema organico; independentemente do cenario, criancas e adultos em contato com vegetais produzidos em sistema organico tem um menor risco do que os individuos que consomem folhas de alface convencionalmente produzidas. A adicao de MO promoveu maior dessorcao de Cu, enquanto o aumento no tempo de contato reduziu a liberacao de Cu. Os graficos da espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier mostraram um aumento na presenca de grupos funcionais alifaticos e carboxilicos nos extratos de solos adubados com esterco. Esses grupos funcionais no COD formam ligacoes fortes com Cu, o que promove o transporte do elemento na forma de complexos organicos dissolvidos no perfil do solo. O modelo Support Vector Machine apresentou acuracia superior a 90% na classificacao das hortalicas em dois grupos (organicas e convencionais); e a alta taxa de assertividade mostra o potencial do uso de quantificacao elementar e algoritmos como tecnicas auxiliares no processo de autenticidade de inspecao de produtos organicos.
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Abbas, Khalid Khudhair. "Development of a Hybrid Multi-Functional Adsorbent-Solar-Photocatalyst for Detecting and Removing Toxic Heavy Metals and Refractory Pollutants from Water/Wastewater." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/73520.
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In this thesis, treating portable water from hazardous pollutants such as dyes were studied by preparing TiO2/ZSM-5 mesoporous and modified RGO/TiO2/ZSM-5 mesoporous. Additionally, novel optical conjugated mesoporous adsorbents were prepared to treat portable water from heavy metal ions such as Hg2+ and Pb2+. Results show significant improvement over previous efforts by researchers. The work presented here has profound implications for future studies of wastewater treatment, and may one day help solve the problem of water scarcity.
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Patel, Dev. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of a Novel Process for Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Recovery of FGD Process Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535379914445172.
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Tsang, Chi-kin. "Analysis and control of organic vapours in air and determination of metals and toxic elements in fish samples by differential pulse voltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13408914.
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Moura, Thiago Augusto de. "Eficiência agronômica de materiais secundários fontes de zinco e cobre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-19122014-171611/.
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Pouco se conhece sobre a origem das matérias primas utilizadas na fabricação de micronutrientes. Muitos fertilizantes podem conter em sua matéria prima nutrientes em formas indisponíveis para as plantas que limitam a produção. Fontes secundárias de origem industrial vêem sendo utilizadas para fabricação de fertilizantes no Brasil há muito tempo, somente a poucos anos a legislações e órgãos ambientais tem questionado a origem destas matérias primas quanto a contaminação por metais pesados tóxicos e sua eficiência agronômica como fonte de micronutrientes. Neste sentido foi desenvolvido estudo a fim de obter informações básicas dos materiais secundários como origem, composição elementar, composição mineralógica, disponibilidade de metais pesados tóxicos em extratores ácidos (Agua Régia, 3050B, HCl) disponibilidade de Zn e Cu em extratores solúveis (AC 2% e CNA) efeitos da aplicação de onze materiais secundários em plantas de arroz em dois cultivos, divididos em nove fontes fornecedoras exclusivamente de zinco com composições mineralógicas diversas; fontes binárias contendo diferentes concentrações de zinco e cobre em cinco doses (0; 6; 9; 12; 18 kg ha-1 Zn) e três materiais secundários fontes de cobre contendo concentrações variadas de cobre em cinco doses (0;1,5;3,0;4,5 e 6,0 kg.ha-1 Cu) avaliando a eficiência em fornecer nutrientes e potencial de contaminação do solo e planta. Conclui-se que materiais secundários tem grande variabilidade quanto à composição mineralógica e elementar, mesmo quando originados em processos similares. O método AC 2% é ineficiente para materiais com concentração de zinco superior a 59% e para matrizes com alta concentração de silicatos. As formas de Pb identificadas nos materiais secundários interferem na quantificação do elemento nos extratores utilizados; o método oficial 3050B subestima a concentração de Pb dependendo de sua matriz. A eficiência agronômica das fontes de Zn foi semelhante ou superior a fonte padrão no primeiro cultivo. A matriz das fontes Cinza de Zn I e Escória de Latão II apresentaram menor efeito residual e eficiência agronômica inferior à fonte padrão no segundo cultivo. As fontes binárias foram eficientes em disponibilizar cobre e zinco ao solo e planta em relação a suas respectivas misturas pró analise no primeiro cultivo de arroz. A fonte Escória de Latão III apresentou efeito residual inferior em relação a sua mistura pró analise na avaliação do IEA, para cobre e zinco, no segundo cultivo de arroz. Houve correlação significativa entre acumulo de nutrientes e os extratores CNA para o nutriente Cu e AC 2% para o nutriente Zn na fonte Escória de Latão III. A fonte Minério de Cu apresentou baixo desempenho em todos os parâmetros avaliados no primeiro cultivo, IER 17% e IEA -65%. Nos dois cultivos avaliados nenhum dos materiais influenciou os teores de metais pesados tóxicos nos no solo e planta. O extrator CNA não apresentou correlação significativa com o conteúdo de cobre acumulado na planta de arroz em dois cultivos.<br>Little is known about the origin of the raw materials used in manufacturing of micronutrients. Many fertilizers may contain in their raw materials, nutrients in unavailable forms to plants that limit production. Secondary sources of industrial origin see being used for the manufacture of fertilizers in Brazil long ago, only a few years legislation and environmental agencies have questioned the source of these raw materials for contamination by toxic heavy metals and their agronomic efficiency as a source of micronutrients. In this sense the study was designed to obtain basic information of secondary materials like elemental composition, mineralogical composition, availability of toxic heavy metals in different acid extractors (Aqua Regia, 3050B, HCl) availability of Cu and Zn in soluble extractors (AC 2% and CNA) effects of eleven secondary materials on rice in two consecutive crops, divided into nine zinc sources, with different mineralogical compositions, binary sources containing different concentrations of zinc and copper in five different doses (0, 6, 9, 12, 18 kg ha-1 Zn) and three secondary materials, source of copper in five doses (0, 1.5 , 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg ha-1 Cu) evaluating efficiency in delivering nutrients and potential contamination of soil and plant. It\'s possible to conclude that secondary materials have great variability regarding the mineralogical and elemental composition, even when originated in similar processes. The AC 2% method is inefficient for materials with higher zinc concentration (>59%) and for matrices with high silicate. The various Pb related forms founded interfere with the quantification in the different used extractants; the official method 3050B underestimates the concentration of Pb depending on the matrix. The agronomic efficiency of Zn sources was similar to or greater than the default font in the first crop evaluation. The Zinc Ash I and Slag Brass II sources had reduced residual effect and lower AEI in the second crop of rice. The binary sources were effective in delivering copper and zinc to soil and plant in relation to their respective pro analyse mixtures in the first crop evaluation. Slag Brass III had lower residual effect in relation to its pro analysis mixture in the evaluation of the AEI, for copper and zinc, in the second crop of rice. Significant correlation between nutrients accumulation and the CNA extractors for Cu and AC 2% for Zn nutrient was observed in Slag Brass III. Cu Ore obtained poor performance in all parameters evaluated for the first crop, relative efficiency index 17% and agronomic efficiency index -65%. In both experiments evaluated any of the materials influence the levels of toxic heavy metals in the soil and plants. The CNA extractor did not correlate significantly with the content of copper accumulated in the rice plant two crops.
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Mdzeke, Naomi Patience. "Contamination levels in and cellular responses of intertidal invertebrates as biomarkers of toxic stress caused by heavy metal contamination in False Bay." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53733.
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Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT:Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminants whose sources of inputs into
the environment are both natural and anthropogenic. The levels of heavy metals
(cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc) in the False Bay intertidal zone were
measured in the water, sediments and invertebrate species between August 2000 and
August 2001. The results of the water and sediment analyses revealed that most
pollution was associated with the northern shore of the bay between Strand and
Muizenberg, where the most populated and industrial catchments occur. Significant
spatial variations occurred, indicating the presence of localised contamination, while
seasonal variations may be related to changes in precipitation and runoff at different
times of the year. The concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were occasionally
higher than the levels recommended by the South African Water Quality Standards.
The possible sources of pollution at the different sites are also discussed. The
concentrations of the five metals in the different invertebrate species (Oxystele
tigrina, 0. sinensis, Choromytilus meridionalis, Patella oculus, Patiriella exigua and
Tetraclita serrata) also revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations, with both
the soft tissues and shells accumulating heavy metals. The barnacle T serrata from
Rooiels had the highest cadmium concentration (70.67 J.lg/g dry weight), which may
be related to historic pollution inputs from the military activities which took place at a
weapons testing site at this site between 1987 and 1994, although no evidence was
found to confirm this. The periwinkle 0. tigrina from Strand had the highest copper
concentration (70.25 J.lg/g) while the limpet P. oculus from the same site had the
highest nickel concentration (35.75 J.lg/g). The shells of the mussel C. meridionalis
from Muizenberg had the highest concentration of lead (25.75 J.lg/g). Since cadmium
occurs as a constituent of phosphate fertilisers used widely in the False Bay
catchments, the effects of cadmium exposure on the different species were
investigated during 14-day laboratory exposures to 200 and 400 J.lg/LCdCh. The
results revealed a general pattern of tissue metal increase in the exposed organisms,
followed by slight reductions after decontamination in clean seawater. The viscera
and kidneys of C. meridionalis accumulated most of the dissolved cadmium. The
shells of the mussels also accumulated cadmium, indicating the possible use of shells
as a detoxification matrix.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Swaarmetale is persisterende omgewingskontaminante waarvan die insetbronne beide
natuurlik of van menslike oorsprong kan wees. Die kontaminasievlakke van
swaarmetale (kadmium, koper, nikkel, lood en sink) in die Valsbaai tussengetysone is
in die water, sedimente en invertebraatspesies bepaal vanaf Augustus 2000 tot
Augustus 2001. Voorlopige resultate van die water- en sedimentontledings het getoon
dat die meeste besoedeling by die noordelikke oewer van die baai voorgekom het
tussen Strand and Muizenberg, waar die mees digbewoonde en ge-industrialiseerde
opvangsgebiede is. Betekenisvolle ruimtelike en seisoenale variasie het in die
konsentrasies van swaarmetale voorgekom, met die ruimtelike variasie wat moontlik
gelokaliseerde kontaminasie aandui terwyl die seisoenale variasies weer verband mag
hou met veranderings in die neerslag en afloop gedurende verskillende tye van die
jaar. Die konsentrasie van kadmium, nikkel en lood was somtyds hoer as die vlakke
wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Waterkwaliteitsstandaarde voorgestel word. Die
moontlike bronne van besoedeling in die verskillende areas is ook in bespreking
genoem. Die konsentrasies van die vyf swaametale in die verskillende
invertebraatspesies (Oxystele tigrina, 0. sinensis, Choromytilus meridionalis, Patella
oculus, Patiriella exigua and Tetraclita serrata) het ook seisoenale en ruimtelike
variasies vertoon, die swaarmetale het in die sagte weefsel en skulpe van die
invertebrate geakkumuleer. Die hoogste gemiddelde konsentrasie van kadmium
(70.67 ).lg/g droe massa) is in die heel-liggaam monsters van die eendemossel T
serrata gemeet wat by Rooiels versamel is. Die vlakke mag verband hou met die
oprigting en aktiwiteite van die wapentoetsingsaanleg in die opvanggebied van die
Rooiels lokaliteit tussen 1987 en 1994, maar geen bewyse daarvan is gevind nie. Die
tolletjie, 0. tigrina wat in die 10kaliteit by Strand versamel is het die hoogste
gemiddelde konsentrasie koper gehad 70.25 pig droe massa), terwyl die klipmossel
P. oculus by dieselfde versamelpunt die hoogste konsentrasie nikkel (35.75 ).lg/gdroe
massa) gehad het. Eksperimentele studies is ook uitgevoer op vier invertebraat
spesies wat vir 14 dae in akwaria blootgestel is aan see-water met 200 en 400 p,g/L
CdCh, en daama gedekontamineer is in skoon seewater.<br>The NRF and the University of Stellenbosch, for funding this study.
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Müller, Nils. "Characterization of dangerous pollutants in bio and waste ashes : Analysing content and leaching behaviour of several ashes for persistent organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138124.
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Moura, Thiago Augusto de. "Fontes de zinco e cobre de origem secundária: caracterização, solubilidade e disponibilidade à plantas de arroz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-03082010-095033/.
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Pouco se conhece sobre a origem dos materiais utilizados na fabricação de micronutrientes. Muitos fertilizantes podem conter em sua matéria prima nutrientes em formas indisponíveis para as plantas. Este fato pode limitar a produção, pois, até 2007 a legislação não contemplava parâmetros de solubilidade mínima e concentração máxima de metais pesados tóxicos. Atualmente estes parâmetros presumem que a solubilidade mínima de 60% nos extratores, ácido cítrico e citrato neutro de amônio para zinco e cobre respectivamente e a extração de metais pesados tóxicos pelo método 3050B da Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana (EPA) são suficientes em garantir fertilizantes eficientes e de baixo impacto ambiental.Fontes secundárias de origem industrial vêem sendo utilizadas para fabricação de fertilizantes no Brasil há muitos anos. Recentemente, o mistério da agricultura e órgãos ambientais tem questionado a origem destas matérias primas como possível fonte de contaminação por metais pesados tóxicos e também sua eficiência como fonte de micronutrientes. A indústria por outro lado declara que o uso destes materiais é uma questão favorável ao ambiente, pois permite uso de materiais que seriam descartados. Outra alegação são os altos preços das matérias primas autorizadas para uso, e há escassez de minerais disponíveis. Nesse sentido foram instalados experimentos com dois materiais secundários, A e B, de origem industrial com concentrações variadas de Zn e Cu. As fontes foram caracterizadas desde sua origem, avaliando-se processos, mineralogia por difração de raios X, concentrações de nutrientes e metais pesados tóxicos por fluorescência de raios X e determinação nos extratores HF, HCl concentrado, água-régia, 3050B, ácido cítrico 20g.L-1, citrato neutro de amônio (1:1). Após a caracterização conduziu-se experimento com a cultura do arroz, em casa de vegetação, para verificar os efeitos da aplicação destas fontes nas doses de (0;2,5;5;10;15 kg.ha-1 Zn) em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. A análise dos difratogramas de raios X dos materiais secundários A e B mostraram diferenças quanto à cristalinidade, sendo este fenômeno melhor compreendido com os maiores teores de silício no material B obtidos na fluorescência de raios X. A cristalinidade das amostras traduziu-se em diferença entre os teores obtidos pelo diferentes extratores. Embora o material B ser agronomicamente ineficiente (IEA=49%), foi o único a ter as garantias mínimas de 60% de Cu e Zn atingidas e concentrações baixas de metais pesados tóxicos. Por outro lado, o material A apresentou desempenho agronômico satisfatório (IEA=94%) mas não atingiu solubilidade mínima em ácido cítrico 2% para Zn e cítrato neutro de amônio (1:1) para Cu, porem, apresentou maiores teores de metais pesados tóxicos, principalmente chumbo. Diante do exposto sugere-se que as matérias primas tenham sua origem caracterizada e rastreada nos fertilizantes, as extrações sejam realizadas em função da origem do material e que os níveis de metais pesados tóxicos sejam mais limitantes.<br>The origin of materials used in the manufacture of micronutrients is unexplored. Many fertilizers can contain nutrients in the raw material into unavailable forms to plants. This fact can limit the production because the legislation, until 2007, did not include parameters of minimum solubility and maximum concentration of toxic heavy metals. After that, these parameters assume that the minimum solubility of 60% in the extractors, citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate for zinc and copper respectively and the extraction of toxic heavy metals by the 3050B method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are enough to ensure efficient fertilizer and low environmental impact. Secondary materials from industrial have been used for the manufacture of fertilizers in Brazil for many years. Recently, the ministry of agriculture and environmental agencies have been questioned the origin of raw materials as possible source of contamination with toxic heavy metals and also its efficiency as a source of micronutrients. On the other hand, the industry, states that the use of these materials can be environmentally friendly because it allows using these materials that would be discarded. Moreover, the raw materials that are authorized for use are very expensive and there is scarcity of available minerals. Experiments in this direction have been realized with two secondary materials from industry, A and B, with several concentrations of Zn and Cu. The sources have been characterized since its origin, evaluating processes, mineralogy by x-ray diffraction, concentrations of nutrients and toxic heavy metals by x-ray fluorescence and analyzed by different extractants (HF, concentrated HCl, aqua regia, 3050B, 20 g L-1 citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate (1:1)) determined by flame spectrometry coupled plasma (ICP - MS). After characterization, greenhouse experiment was conducted with rice crop to check the effects of applying these sources at rates of (0, 2.5, 5, 10, Zn 15 kg ha-1) in an Oxisol. The analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns of secondary materials A and B showed differences in the crystallinity, this phenomenon was better understood with higher levels of silicon in material B, obtained by X-ray fluorescence analyzes. The crystallinity of the samples resulted in differences between the levels obtained by different extractants. Although material B be agronomically inefficient (AE=49%), was the only one with the minimum guarantees of 60% for Zn and Cu and low concentrations of toxic heavy metals. On the other hand, the material A had good agronomic performance (AE=94%) but did not reach minimum solubility in 2% citric acid for Zn and neutral ammonium citrate (1:1) for Cu. However, the levels of toxic heavy metals, mainly lead, were highest. To conclude, we suggest that the origins of raw materials needs to be characterized and traced in fertilizers, the extractions should be realized according to the origin of the material and the levels of toxic heavy metals should be more limitants.
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Rocha, Ernesto Diaz. "Análise de riscos toxicológicos e ambientais na exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de armas de fogo (GRS/firing ranges): Uma proposta de normalização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-17022016-155451/.
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Diariamente milhares de profissionais da área de segurança utilizam armas de fogo, quer em ações de combate a criminalidade; quer em treinamentos obrigatórios que a atividade exige. Apesar disso a quantidade de informação sobre os riscos à saúde desses profissionais devido da exposição aos resíduos de disparos, especialmente quando são usadas armas de grosso calibre, ainda é escassa. Este trabalho pretendeu trazer uma contribuição às discussões sobre o tema com uma proposta de normalização para ser observada no planejamento dos procedimentos de treinamento e atividades desses profissionais. Para tanto foram estudados dois grupos de profissionais: o primeiro, profissionais militares da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo durante intensas jornadas de treinamento com esforço físico e grande numero de disparos com armas de fogo de grosso calibre O segundo grupo envolvendo peritos criminais do núcleo de balística do Instituto de Criminalística da Secretaria de Segurança do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizadas amostras de materiais biológicos (sangue, urina e saliva) e amostras do ar dos ambientes fechados onde estas rotinas de trabalho ocorrem. No caso dos profissionais militares, os níveis dos metais monitorados no ar variaram de acordo com o tipo de arma e munição utilizada, sendo ultrapassado o limite de tolerância estabelecido na NR-15 (100 μg/m3) após o uso de espingarda (216 μg/m3). A média e desvio padrão dos níveis de chumbo no sangue antes (3,3 μg/dL ± 0,7) e depois (18,2 μg/dL ± 5,1) do curso indicam que ouve um aumento importante num curto período de tempo, também houve aumento nos níveis de chumbo e antimônio na urina. No segundo caso de exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de disparo no núcleo dos peritos balísticos se verificou uma baixa quantidade de resíduos no ambiente de trabalho, se comparado com o Limite de Tolerância preconizado na norma NR-15, e uma baixa quantidade de chumbo no sangue (3,9 μg/dL ± 0,8) se comparado com o Índice Biológico Maximo Permitido IBMP (60 μg/dL) estabelecido na NR-7, sem embargo quando comparado o grupo de balísticos com o grupo controle (1,8 μg/dL ± 0,7) estabeleceu se uma diferença. O estudo dos cenários de exposição permitiu gerar uma proposta para trabalho seguro nestes ambientes e recomendações para o desenho e uso de estantes fechados de disparo. Os câmbios que se introduzam nos costumes e comportamentos dos profissionais levaram uma diminuição do risco associado ao uso de armas de fogo nestes estantes. As conclusões do presente trabalho contribuem para a adequação das medidas de proteção dos trabalhadores de segurança, e na adequação da legislação relativa aos limites de tolerância e índices bilógicos empregados no controle de saúde ocupacional.<br>Daily thousands of military officers from security forces use fire arms, sometimes in actions against crime or in mandatory training seasons. Despite of this, there is a few information about the risk associated with firing ranges, especially when heavy weapons are used in a hard training seasons with hard physical work and elevated number of rounds, the security forces might be under risk of intoxication. Other types of exposure with less frequency and intensity, but using a high lead containing ammunition and different types of weapons, like in the ballistics forensic cases are not yet sufficiently studied. Data from these types of occupational exposure in these environments are important in order to establish safety working procedures. The goal in this research is to study the occupational exposure in the police department and the ballistics laboratories in personal who are under the risk of this exposure in their routinely daily work and during the training courses in the Sao Paulo´s Military Police Department. In order to reach this, some biological materials were sampled (blood, urine and saliva) as well as air samples from the environment in the firing ranges during routinely daily work. In the two studied cases the monitored airborne lead varied in accordance with the type of weapon and ammunition used, and was ultra passed the limit of exposure established in the norm NR-15 (100 μg/m3) after the shot gun was used during the training season (216 μg/m3). The average and standard deviation of lead content in blood before (3,3 μg/dL ± 0,7) and after (18,2 μg/dL ± 5,1) de training season shows a significant rise of the lead levels in a very short period of time. An increment of the lead and antimony levels in urine was demonstrated. The other studied case, in the ballistics laboratory showed minor increments of lead in blood and airborne residues when compared with the limits established in the norm NR- 7 (60 μg/dL) but when compared in a cohort study the data lead to establish a significant difference between the exposed group from the ballistics and the control group. These results let us to design a proposal to safely work in these environments and to give the recommendations in the engineering design of the indoor ranges. The implemented changes will lead to minimize the risk associated with the use of weapons and lead containing ammunitions. The conclusions of the present work contribute to adequateness of the related legislation and the tolerance limits of exposure used in the occupational health practice.
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Wachholz, Lucas. "Uso de Mexilhão Dourado contaminado com metais tóxicos em dietas para frangos de corte." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1590.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-18<br>Fundação Araucária<br>This study aimed to evaluate the use of golden mussels contaminated with levels of Pb and Cd as a source of Ca replacing limestone in diets for broilers from 14 to 42 days and its effect on performance, blood parameters, digestibility metals and bone quality. two similar experiments were carried out where they were used 60 broilers, males 14-42 days of age were housed in cages of four Pb contamination levels (71.33; 147.55; 223.78 and 300.00 mg kg-1) or Cd (6.94; 14.55; 22.40 and 30.00 mg kg-1) and five replications. The golden mussel was added to the diet as a source of calcium in total replacement of limestone. At 42 days of age were weighed birds for performance evaluation and blood samples were collected for determination of serum parameters and after we carried out the slaughter and collection of tissues for analysis of concentrations of metals and collecting the bones to perform the evaluations of bone quality parameters. In the study of Pb can be seen that the increase in the Pb concentrations in the mussel increases the digestibility and metabolism of metal and causes an increase in production by the liver AST. Pb levels mussel above 214.11 mg kg-1 impair bone strength and flexibility. And experiment with Cd concentrations above 20 mg kg-1 of Cd from the golden mussel are sufficient to cause the maximum values of Cd contamination in animals. The use of concentrations of up to 22.40 mg kg-1 of Cd in the mussel flour for the pectoralis major muscle and 6.94 mg kg-1 in the case of liver provide Cd concentrations that can be used in human food, but for the other tissues evaluated the concentration of 6.94 mg kg-1 brings in Cd concentrations above the permitted. The increase in the concentrations of Cd causes increased production of bilirubin in bile, metabolism and increases the digestibility of Cd and serum concentrations of Ca. AST production by the liver and bone flexibility are increased by Cd levels mussel flour<br>O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a utilização de mexilhão dourado contaminado com níveis de Pb e Cd como fonte de Ca em substituição ao calcário calcítico em dietas para frangos de corte dos 14 aos 42 dias de idade e seus efeitos sobre desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, digestibilidade de metais e qualidade óssea. Foram realizados dois experimentos semelhantes onde foram utilizados 60 frangos de corte, machos de 14 a 42 dias de idade, alojados em gaiolas, com quatro níveis de contaminação de Pb (71,33; 147,55; 223,78 e 300,00 mg kg-1) ou Cd (6,94; 14,55; 22,40 e 30,00 mg kg-1) e cinco repetições. O mexilhão dourado foi adicionado à dieta como fonte de cálcio em substituição total ao calcário calcítico. Aos 42 dias de idade, foram pesadas as aves para avaliação do desempenho e foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinação dos parâmetros séricos e após foi realizado o abate e coleta dos tecidos para análise das concentrações dos metais e a coleta dos ossos para realizar as avaliações dos parâmetros de qualidade óssea. No estudo com Pb, pode-se observar que o aumento nas concentrações de Pb no mexilhão eleva a digestibilidade e metabolismo deste metal e provoca aumento na produção de AST pelo fígado. Níveis de Pb no mexilhão dourado acima de 214,11 mg kg-1 prejudicam a resistência e a flexibilidade óssea. E no experimento com Cd as concentrações acima de 20 mg kg-1 de Cd presentes no mexilhão dourado são suficientes para provocar os valores máximos de contaminação por Cd nos animais. A utilização de concentrações de até 22,40 mg kg-1 de Cd na farinha de mexilhão dourado para o músculo Pectoralis major e de 6,94 mg kg-1 no caso do fígado proporcionam concentrações de Cd que podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana, porém para os demais tecidos avaliados a concentração de 6,94 mg kg-1 acarreta em concentrações de Cd acima das permitidas. A elevação nas concentrações de Cd provoca aumento na produção de bilirrubina pela bile, aumenta a metabolização e digestibilidade de Cd e as concentrações séricas de Ca. A produção de AST pelo fígado e flexibilidade óssea são aumentados pelas concentrações de Cd na farinha de mexilhão
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VALLASCAS, ELISABETTA. "Sangue, urina e capelli: bioindicatori per il monitoraggio di esposizione umana all'As, Pb e U nei bambini dei comuni di Perdasdefogu e Jerzu." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266026.
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Il continuo incremento del carico inquinante sulle popolazioni non esposte, sia nelle società avanzate sia nelle società in via di sviluppo, è diventato un problema
rilevante per quanto concerne la salvaguardia dello stato di salute. Per tali ragioni sono stati effettuati numerosi studi volti a determinare quali siano le metodiche e le
metodologie più appropriate per la determinazione dei livelli dei metalli pesanti nelle popolazioni umane.
È noto che un eccessivo livello di elementi tossici con un contemporaneo deficit di metalli essenziali, quali Mg, Zn, Cu, Ca ed altri biolementi, possa determinare dei disordini metaboloci, una diminuita efficienza dell’organismo un declino dei processi immunologici e quindi la comparsa di varie malattie e persino la morte dell’individuo (Lech, 2002).
Gli effetti tossici dei metalli pesanti risultano particolarmente dannosi per i soggetti in accrescimento. I bambini costituiscono la parte della popolazione maggiormente a rischio, rispetto agli adulti, per gli effetti dei metalli pesanti in quanto hanno maggiori probabilità di essere esposti all’inquinamento non occupazionale e di ingerire sostanze non commestibili contenenti metalli pesanti.
Infatti, la polvere contenente gli inquinanti ricade dall’atmosfera sui giocattoli, sui mobili e su altre superfici di zone destinate al gioco, da cui può,facilmente, essere ingerita (Schell, 1991a).
I bambini inoltre assorbono, in genere, una maggiore quantità di metalli pesanti rispetto agli adulti, in quanto presentano oltre che una maggiore attività metabolica e
fisica, anche un maggiore assorbimento e ritenzione nel tratto gastrointestinale(Annest et al., 1982; Chilsom, 1987; Schell, 1991a; Fitzgerald et al., 1998; Al-Saleh
et al., 1999).
È ancora oggetto di dibattito se anche dei moderati livelli di alcuni metalli pesanti nei bambini possano causare loro delle patologie (Pirkle et al., 1985; Fulton et al.,
1987; Cavalleri, 1988; McMichel et al., 1988; Abbritti et al., 1989; Morisi et al.,1989; Factor-Litvak et al., 1999; Canfield et al., 2003; CDC, 2004), oltre che influire
negativamente sulla crescita (Schwartz et al., 1986; Frisancho e Ryan, 1991; Ballowet al., 1999; Factor-Litvak et al., 1999; Rahman et al., 2002) e causare una riduzione
del QI (Schwartz, 1994; Factor-Litvak et al., 1999;Campbell et al., 2000; Rahman et al., 2002); risulta pertanto necessario un monitoraggio continuo dell’accrescimento e
dunque dello stato di salute nelle popolazioni potenzialmente esposte all’inquinamento da metalli pesanti.
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曾志堅 and Chi-kin Tsang. "Analysis and control of organic vapours in air and determination of metals and toxic elements in fish samples by differential pulsevoltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210995.
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Цимбал, Н. С., та В. В. Богданов. "Вплив солей важких металів на морфологічну будову легень щурів". Thesis, Сумський державний універсистет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41595.
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Однією з основних причин виникнення легеневої
патології є дія шкідливих факторів зовнішнього середовища, серед яких чинне місце займають
солі важких металів. Тому метою нашого дослідження було визначення на макро-мікроскопічному рівнях закономірностей структурної перебудови паренхіми легень
піддослідних щурів під впливом солей важких металів.
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Loreti, Valeria. "Investigation of essential and toxic heavy metal species in biological samples by means of one- and 2-dimensional chromatography coupled to ICP-MS." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976716453.
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MAEHATA, PATRICIA. "Presença de elementos metálicos em cosméticos labiais: investigação dos impactos na saúde e o descarte no meio ambiente." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26941.
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Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-22T12:01:06Z
No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Os cosméticos labiais estão envolvidos em duas importantes discussões: os problemas de saúde pública e os problemas ambientais. A partir dessas informações, pretende-se analisar qual o impacto na saúde humana, verificar se há relação entre preço, duração e cor e investigar quais os prováveis impactos para o meio ambiente, supondo algumas vias de descarte. Os cosméticos analisados foram batons, divididos por marca, preço e cor. A primeira análise foi por fluorescência de raios-x (FRX). Em seguida, as matérias primas passaram por digestão com ácido nítrico e clorídrico sob aquecimento e foram diluídas com água destilada e filtradas. A seguir, foram realizadas leituras por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). A partir dos resultados da análise por FRX (foram encontrados 18 elementos metálicos) e a matriz para análise por ICP-OES foi composta por: alumínio, cálcio, cádmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, ferro, potássio, manganês, níquel, chumbo, silício e titânio. Apesar de terem sido identificados metais tóxicos (Ni, Mn, Cd e Cr) nas amostras, os batons analisados cumprem com o requerido pela legislação nacional em relação aos limites impostos para metais pesados (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr e Mn) em cosméticos e alimentos. Entretanto, é importante destacar que as legislações cosmética e alimentícia possuem grandes diferenças quanto aos limites impostos para metais pesados. O estudo do descarte dos batons mostrou que mesmo os batons que são mais utilizados, há um desperdício de quase 1/3 do produto por conta da embalagem interna. Essa informação pode auxiliar em um consumo consciente dos batons, tanto para a quantidade desperdiçada, quanto ao risco associado à utilização de um conjunto de maquiagens (bases, sombras, rímel, blush e batom) com outros cosméticos (cremes, perfumes, esmaltes, tintas para cabelo). Risco esse, associado a possíveis problemas à saúde.<br>Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Muratt, Diana Tomazi. "Desenvolvimento e validação de métodos voltamétricos sequenciais para a determinação de elementos em matrizes complexas." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10578.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Toxic elements are in continuous accumulation in the environment mainly due to anthropogenic activities. In this work, a voltammetric method of sequential analysis for application in matrices of complex characteristics was developed. Using an organic mixture complexing, SVRS (alizarin violet) DMG (dimethylglyoxime), 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine), CA (chloranilic acid) and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) 13 elements could be determined at two different methods. According to the formation constants with their respective ligands, in method 1, step were determined Al3+, Fe3+, Mo6+ SVRS in the presence of AdSV (Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry). In step 2 were determined Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ by ASV. In step 3, were determined Ni2+ and Co2+ in the presence of DMG and oxine. In method 2, V5+ and U6+ were determined by AdSV in the presence of CA (chloranilic acid), Cr(total) was analyzed in sequence by the presence of DTPA by AdSV and finally Tl+ was determined by ASV. The data for the figures of merit showed that the proposed method is suitable for samples of complex matrices studied (certified materials and commercial plant compounds). High concentrations for some elements were found in commercial samples. It indicates that the species translocates through the environment in which they are insert, being susceptible to contact with humans.<br>Elementos tóxicos estão em contínuo acúmulo no ambiente principalmente devido a atividades antropogênicas. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um método voltamétrico de análise sequencial para aplicação em matrizes de natureza complexa. Utilizando uma mistura de complexantes orgânicos, SVRS (violeta de solocromo), DMG (dimetilglioxima), 8-Hidroxiquinolina (oxina), CA (ácido cloranílico) e DTPA (ácido dietilenotriamino pentaacético) foi possível determinar 13 elementos em dois diferentes métodos. De acordo com as constantes de formação com os respectivos ligantes foi determinado no método 1, etapa 1 Al3+, Fe3+, Mo6+ na presença de SVRS por AdSV (Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry). Na etapa 2 determinou-se Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ por ASV. Na etapa 3, foram determinados Ni2+ e Co2+, na presença de DMG e oxina. No método 2, U6+ e V5+ foram determinados por AdSV na presença de CA (ácido cloranílico), Cr(total) foi determinado na sequência na presença de DTPA por AdSV e por fim, Tl+ foi determinado por ASV. Os dados obtidos para as figuras de mérito mostraram que o método proposto é adequado para as amostras de matrizes complexas estudadas (materiais certificados e compostos vegetais comerciais). Concentrações altas para alguns elementos foram encontradas nas amostras comerciais. Este dado indica que as espécies translocam-se através do meio em que estão inseridos estando suscetíveis a entrar em contato com o ser humano.
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Clark, Amy Louise. "Mechanisms of metal binding and resistance to toxic metals in bacteria from soils polluted with toxic metals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341456.
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Silva, Evandro Barbosa da. "Teores de elementos potencialmente tóxicos em solos de uma bacia hidrográfica e avaliação de risco à saúde humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-26072013-112631/.
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A contaminação dos solos por elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPTs) provoca alterações na estrutura e no funcionamento dos ecossistemas, além de oferecer riscos à saúde pública. Os EPTs estão presentes naturalmente no ambiente, sendo constituintes de rochas e sedimentos. Entretanto, atividades antropogênicas como emissões industriais, uso de efluentes urbanos, dejetos de animais, biossólidos, fertilizantes e defensivos agrícolas podem contribuir para aumento da concentração dos EPTs. O solo é um dos principais meios de exposição dos EPTs aos seres humanos. Logo, é importante quantificar os teores dos EPTs nos solos e sua distribuição na microbacia para poder avaliar o risco a saúde humana. Os efeitos dos elementos tóxicos que chegam ao solo sobre a diversidade e funcionalidade da biota podem ser avaliados por meio de testes ecotoxicológicos. Alguns organismos são bons indicadores ambientais por participarem de processos biológicos importantes do solo. Os principais organismos utilizados são os colêmbolos, artrópodes terrestres com alta diversidade e abundância, sendo encontrado em todos os biomas. Nesse estudo, quantificaram-se os teores de Arsênio (As), Cádmio (Cd), Cobalto (Co), Cobre (Cu), Cromo (Cr), Chumbo (Pb), Níquel (Ni) e Zinco (Zn) em amostras de 15 solos da microbacia do Rio Guamium, localizada em Piracicaba, São Paulo. Foi realizado experimento em casa de vegetação com alface (Lactuca sativa L.), pepino (Cucumis sativus L.), beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.) e rúcula (Eruca sativus Mill.) para avaliar o risco a saúde humana. Foi avaliado também o efeito da aplicação de doses de As na reprodução dos colêmbolos. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solos nas profundidades 0 - 0,1; 0,1 - 0,2; 0,2 - 0,3; 0,3 - 0,4; 0,4 - 0,6; 0,6 - 0,9 e 0,9 - 1,2 m. Foi realizada a extração dos EPTs pelo método EPA 3051a (0,5 g de solo + 9 ml HNO3 + 3 ml HCl com digestão assistida por forno microondas). Os EPTs que apresentaram as maiores concentrações foram o As (3 pontos) e Cu (1 ponto), sendo as concentrações superiores ou iguais ao valor de prevenção estabelecido pelo órgão ambiental paulista (Cetesb). O As apresentou elevado risco carcinogênico, enquanto o Cu apresentou risco à saúde humana apenas quando 100 % dos vegetais consumidos eram provenientes da área com elevado teor de Cu, sendo este o cenário mais restritivo. Houve diferença na disponibilidade de As entre o solo natural e o solo artificial tropical (SAT), composto por areia, caulinita e pó de fibra de coco. O SAT apresentou alta disponibilidade de As o que reduziu a taxa de reprodução dos colêmbolos. No SAT a LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration) foi 0,25 mg kg-1 e a NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) < 0,25 mg kg-1. No solo natural não foi possível determinar a NOEC, enquanto a LOEC foi 8,41 mg kg-1.<br>Soil contamination by potential toxics elements (PTEs) can change the ecosystem structure, its function and can cause risk to human health. PTEs occur naturally in the environment; however human activities such as industrial emissions, urban sewage, animal waste, biosolids, fertilizers and pesticides can increase their concentration. Soil is one of the main pathways to human exposure, so it is important to evaluate the contents of PTEs in soils and their distribution in the watershed in order to assess the human health risk. The effects of PTEs that reach the soil on the diversity and functionality of microorganisms can be evaluated by ecotoxicological tests. Organisms that take part of the biological process can be used as environment quality indicators. One of them is the springtails (Collembola) that are wide spread and have high diversity, being found in all ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) contents in 15 soil from Guamium watershed, located in Piracicaba, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. To assess the human health risk lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and rocket (Eruca sativus Mill.) were cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The effect of As rates on collembola reproduction was also evaluated. Soil samples were collected in the following depths: 0 - 0.1; 0.1 - 0.2; 0.2 - 0.3; 0.3 - 0.4; 0.4 - 0.6; 0.6 - 0.9 e 0.9 - 1.2 m. Contents of PTEs were obtained after microwave extraction by EPA 3051a method (0.5 g soil + 9 mL HNO3 + 3 mL HCl). As and Cu had the highest contents, and their concentration were close or higher than prevention value established by Sao Paulo state environmental agency (Cetesb). As showed high carcinogenic risk, otherwise Cu only represented risk to human health in the most restrictive scenario, when 100% of the vegetables consumed were taken from the contaminated area. There was difference in the As availability between natural soil and artificial soil (ArtS) which was composed by sand, Kaolinite and powdered coconut fiber. As availability was high in the ArtS and it decreased the collembola reproduction. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) on SAT were 0.25 mg kg-1, while and the No Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) were less than 0.25 mg kg-1. Otherwise, the LOEC were 8.41 mg kg-1 in the natural soil, but it was not possible to define the NOEC.
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Oltmanns, Jan. "Biosensors for heavy metals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22854.
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Heavy metals from natural and man-made sources can be a great threat to human and animal life. As small inorganic ions they are challenging to detect, usually requiring expensive and complicated machinery. Several heavy metals can accumulate in the human body, leading to long term toxic effects on the nervous system. Many bacteria have developed strategies to survive in heavy metal rich environments. One of these strategies is a bacterial operon containing genes for detoxification mechanisms controlled by a promoter and a regulatory protein. In this work some of these promoter-protein pairs, Pars-ArsR, PcopA-CueR, PmerTPAD-MerR and PzntA-ZntR from Escherichia coli have been employed in the design and construction of a set of biosensors aimed at the detection of heavy metals in drinking water. Biosensors usually employ biological recognition elements, transducing the signal from these to produce an output that can be integrated into electronic circuitry. The sensors presented in this work focus on reducing complexity and on providing a controlled sensor reaction. The arsenic biosensor ‘AsGard’ is based on the Pars-ArsR pair and functions by making the dissociation of an ArsR-mCherry fusion protein from its binding site in the Pars promoter visible. In the cell, ArsR dissociates from Pars upon binding of trivalent arsenic ions. Immobilising the relevant part of the Pars sequence on a solid plastic support allows for the mobilisation of previously bound ArsR-mCherry proteins in the presence of arsenic to become the sensor output. The AsGard sensor detects arsenic within minutes in a concentration range overlapping with the arsenic thresholds for drinking water as set by the World Health Organisation. Additional prototype sensors are presented bringing a reporter gene under the control of the aforementioned promoters. These sensors have been tested in vivo and in vitro in a cell free transcription translation system and partially detect metal concentrations close to relevant ranges. The Pars based sensor is tuneable in vitro by modifying the ratio of the supplied regulatory protein ArsR and is able to detect arsenic well within the relevant range. Spinach2, a fluorescent RNA aptamer, may make future designs independent from translation, drastically reducing complexity of cell free biosensors based on cis-trans transcriptional regulation.
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Sörme, Louise. "Urban heavy metals stocks and flows /." Linköping : Univ. : Vatten i natur och samhälle, Institutionen för tema [distributör], 2003. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2003/arts270s.pdf.
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Beckett, C. L. "Heavy metals in Severn Estuary ecosystems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373733.
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Xu, Yuping. "Interactions of heavy metals with minerals /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487856076412928.
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Limson, Janice. "Aging, sex, death (and heavy metals)." Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019732.
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Prasetyo, Imam. "Removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions by biosorption." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60713.
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Several non-living algal and fungal biomass types were investigated for biosorption of cadmium, lead and a number of other heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. Marine algae A. nodosum was identified for the highest uptake for these metals, and even better than commercial ion exchange resin. A. nodosum maximum uptake capacities for lead and cadmium were in excess of 2590 mg Pb/(g dried biomass) and 120 mg Cd/(g dried biomass), respectively (pH:3.5-5.5). The adsorption mechanism for this natural material is reversible. Meal ions can be easily eluted from the biosorbent with dilute mineral acids. The biosorption process was investigated for equilibrium batch as well as dynamic packed bed column modes. Two different sorbent immobilization techniques, cross-linking and entrapment were developed for the packed bed studies. It was observed that A. nodosum cross-lined with formaldehyde give the best results for practical use.
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Schoeman, Werner. "Cellular stress responses to cadmium contamination as measure of sensitivity in intertidal molluscan species." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/460.
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Al-Asheh, Sameer. "Sorption of heavy metals by biological materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26101.pdf.
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Warren, Robert Stephen. "Heavy metals in urban street surface sediments." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1987. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13575/.
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A literature survey has been undertaken of the sources, levels and effects of heavy metal pollution in the urban street environment. Established techniques for the determination of heavy metal levels in urban dusts have been reviewed, and appropriate methods selected for use in the research project. Spatial and temporal variations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in street dust have been investigated at a number sites. Metal loadings showed stronger spatial variation than concentrations with the greatest metal loadings occurring in the gutters and kerbsides. The results have been assessed in terms of surface type and condition, traffic loadings and antecedent weather conditions. The chemical associations of heavy metals in street dust, and their relationships to particle size have been investigated. Lead and Zn were associated mainly with carbonates and Fe-Mn oxides, whereas Cu is largely found in the organic fraction. Cadmium shows the greatest affinity for the exchangeable phase, and is therefore considered the most environmentally mobile metal studied. In addition to the studies mentioned above levels and chemical associations of heavy metals In school playground dust contaminated by paint flakes have been investigated. The levels of Pb were much higher than those previously reported. Exchangeable Pb concentrations represented a significant hazard to children playing in the area. In addition to the studies mentioned above levels and chemical associations of heavy metals In school playground dust contaminated by paint flakes have been investigated. The levels of Pb were much higher than those previously reported. Exchangeable Pb concentrations represented a significant hazard to children playing in the area. The final stage of the research project involved the operation of a sampling network to establish a mass balance for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn within a residential urban street. Metal levels in atmospheric deposition, street sediments and runoff were monitored over an eight week period. Stormwater runoff was found to remove only a minor fraction of the metal deposited in the catchment during the sampling period.
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Agarwal, P. "Magnetism and superconductivity in heavy-fermion metals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595373.
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One of the key challenges of contemporary condensed matter physics is to understand how the large variety of states of matter arises in electron systems. While the basic force is in all cases the electrostatic Coulomb interaction, the variety of states of matter spans an impressively broad spectrum, ranging from insulators to superconductors, and including a variety of magnetic phases. In recent years, a series of new, emergent phenomena have added more exotic states to the list of known behaviour in metallic systems, and some of them defy the standard descriptions of 'normal' metals, known as Fermi liquid theory. Examples of these new phenomena include the fractional quantum-Hall effect, high temperature superconductivity and magnetic quantum phase transitions, which are at the focus of this dissertation. Such phase transitions occur when magnetic order is suppressed at low temperatures by means of an external control parameter, such as pressure, doping or applied field. In the vicinity of such a transition, unusual properties are expected due to strong, long range magnetic interactions, which can lead to unconventional normal states and, quite generally, to exotic forms of superconductivity. More specifically, I have studied high purity single crystals of two f-electron metals, namely CeNi<SUB>2</SUB>Ge<SUB>2</SUB> and UGe<SUB>2</SUB>, both close to their critical lattice densities, and examined the behaviour of their electrical resistivity as a function of temperature and pressure. CeNi<SUB>2</SUB>Ge<SUB>2</SUB> at ambient pressure is naturally very close to antiferromagnetic ordering, and for the first time, CeNi<SUB>2</SUB>Ge<SUB>2</SUB> is shown to be an unconventional superconductor at ambient pressure at about <I>T<SUB>c</SUB> </I>≃ 200mK. Furthermore, the normal state of CeNi<SUB>2</SUB>Ge<SUB>2</SUB> displays an unconventional power-law of the form Δp <I>T</I><SUP>1.2</SUP> over 2 decades in temperature. As pressure is applied a slow return to Fermi liquid behaviour is observed at the lowest temperatures, before a second (and as yet unidentified) ordered phase sets in at high pressures. The second system studied in this dissertation is the ferromagnet UGe<SUB>2</SUB>, in which magnetism can be suppressed by pressures of about 1.4 GPa. In this material, too, superconductivity is observed at low temperatures over a narrow pressure range, but in the ferromagnetically ordered phase. I present preliminary measurements together with a phase diagram. It seems that UGe<SUB>2</SUB> is the first example of an itinerant ferromagnetic superconductor. Experimental work was carried out using a new adiabatic demagnetization cryostat, specially designed and built as an important part of the research project. The thesis describes the design of the instrument, which allows high sensitivity measurements of the resistivity over a wide range in temperature with high reliability.
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Mowll, J. L. "The responses of fungi to heavy metals." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234237.
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Mansi, Sadoniben E. "Heavy metals and their ecotoxicology in estuaries." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426006.
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