Journal articles: 'Heavy Duty Truck Industry'

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Bowers-Carnahan, F. Renae, Rhonda Kinghorn, Alvah Bittner, Syd Reynolds, Anne-Marie Feyer, Ann M. Williamson, and Deborah M. Freund. "Issues in Heavy Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 9 (October 1993): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700913.

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The heavy vehicle industry includes medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and buses. Vehicle size, driver location relative to the road, and duration of time in the vehicle distinguish heavy vehicles from the passenger car and light truck industry. During the past decade, the industry has been changing. Technological advances, as well as political, economic, and cultural forces, have combined to create a new environment. The driver has become more important in this new environment. A driver shortage and safety issues have heightened the interest in human factors and ergonomics in the heavy vehicle industry. The purpose of this symposium is to highlight some of the current human factors research in the field of heavy vehicles. While there are many possible topics to discuss, the first two papers will address vehicle design issues and the second two papers will address operational issues. Ms. Kinghorn will discuss a technique to estimate the current population of US Truck Drivers. She proposes that some of the shortcomings of the available data, such as changes in the population over the last decade and dimensions for which no data are available, can be overcome by estimating the current truck driver population from data on the general population. Mr. Reynolds will discuss the discrepancies observed between a design eyellipse location and actual driver eye locations in a small exploratory study. He will describe the primary contributor to the discrepancy, the H-point, and suggest several other potential contributors. Ms. Feyer will discuss a study on the effects of operational practices on driver fatigue. She will compare and contrast the operational practices of various segments of the long distance passenger and freight hauling industries. Her results indicate that different strategies must be applied to the passenger and freight industries to combat fatigue, even though the causes of fatigue are the same. Ms. Freund is from the US Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers. She will discuss their plans for research concerning truck and bus driver operational regulation. Specific areas that are of interest include proficiency testing, fitness for duty, and substance abuse. She will elaborate on the program, addressing driver fatigue and loss of alertness.

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Woo, Heejin, and Jake Grandy. "Nikola Motors: a case study in bundling as a market entry strategy." Journal of Business Strategy 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-07-2019-0145.

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Purpose By introducing how a young entrepreneurial firm leverages bundling as a market entry strategy, this study aims to suggest a way that a relatively vulnerable startup can secure its position from a threat of resource-rich established competitors. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a qualitative investigation into Nikola Motors, a Class 8 heavy-duty truck manufacturer based in Phoenix, Arizona. The analysis revealed the underlying mechanisms that allow a startup to effectively enter a market through bundling in the truck manufacturing industry. Findings Nikola Motors Co. uses a bundled business model in commercializing hydrogen-power technology used for heavy-duty truck manufacturing. Instead of focusing on a single product, Nikola’s business model created an ecosystem surrounding hydrogen fuel-cell electric heavy trucks, including hydrogen fueling stations, maintenance service and leasing. By leveraging partnership with players in other areas, it overcomes the resource limitation as a relatively small firm. Originality/value Startups seeking to disrupt markets with novel technologies risk losing their competitive advantage to imitation by more resource-rich established firms. This study examines a novel approach to a bundled business model that can be effective for relatively resource-poor new companies. It suggests practical implications on how firms which are relatively in a weak position compete with established incumbents.

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Marcinkoski, J., R. Vijayagopal, J. Kast, and A. Duran. "Driving an Industry: Medium and Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck Component Sizing." World Electric Vehicle Journal 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010078.

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Phillips, Holden, and Jonghwa Oh. "Evaluation of Aldehydes, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and PM2.5 Levels in Food Trucks: A Pilot Study." Workplace Health & Safety 68, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920909852.

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Background: The food truck industry has rapidly expanded in the United States and kitchen environments can contain harmful contaminants from cooking emissions. The objective of this study was to examine the levels of aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Particulate Matter (PM)2.5 generated from cooking process in food trucks. Methods: Area sampling was performed twice at two participating food trucks during work shifts. Nine aldehydes and eighteeen PAHs were analyzed according to the relevant standard methods while PM2.5 was measured with a real time monitor. Ventilation performance of the food truck exhaust hoods was also investigated using a thermal anemometer. Findings: Formaldehyde was the only aldehyde detected in all samples with a concentration range of 7.16 to 53.68 µg/m3. No PAHs were detected above the limit of quantification. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 7.03 mg/m3. Food Trucks 1 and 2 have an average exhaust flow rate of 211 and 215 L/s per linear meter of hood, respectively. Conclusions/Application to practice: Overall, Food Truck 2 had consistently higher levels of aldehydes and PM2.5 with comparable ventilation performance as Food Truck 1. The higher exposure levels of Food Truck 2 could possibly be attributed to a larger volume of food orders and the heavy duty cooking equipment with an exhaust flow rate below the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommendations. Although more investigations need to be performed, the findings could be used to raise awareness of food truck workers and health practitioners to reduce potential exposure risks.

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Jarfors, Anders E. W., Jin Chuan Zheng, Liang Chen, and Jie Yang. "Recent Advances in Commercial Application of the Rheometal Process in China and Europe." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.405.

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Recent advances in rheocasting have resulted in significant expansion in the types of products currently in full commercial production. The current paper gives an overview of components in production in Europe and in China produced using the RheoMetalTM process, that has taken the lead in a strong drive towards new heavy-duty applications made from aluminium alloys. In China, the dominating applications are found in the telecom industry. The trend in Europe is more towards marine and automotive applications commonly in fatigue loaded applications. The reason for the choice of rheocasting for complicated shape thin-walled electronics components with requirements is dominated by process yield and by the ability to improve thermal conductivity. The heavy-duty truck chassis thick walled components target weight reduction through design and to sustain fatigue load normally requiring forged components. Common in all applications are seen in production yield, reduced tool wear and reduction of die soldering.

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Fischer, Michael, Jeffrey Ang-Olson, and Anthony La. "External Urban Truck Trips Based on Commodity Flows: A Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1707, no. 1 (January 2000): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1707-09.

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A procedure is described for incorporating interregional (external) heavy-duty truck trips in a regional travel-demand forecasting model. The procedure was developed as part of a comprehensive truck modeling effort conducted by the Southern California Association of Governments. The procedure is based on commodity flow forecasts and economic input-output modeling techniques. County-level commodity flows are disaggregated to the transportation analysis zone level using employment data, land use data, and commercial facility data. Input-output models are used to determine the portion of each inbound commodity that goes to final demand by consumers and the use of each commodity by industry sectors. Commodity flows then are converted to truck trips using commodity-specific estimates of the portion of tonnage carried in each truck weight class and the average truck payload for each weight class. These estimates are developed using data from the federal Truck Inventory and Use Survey and some truck origin-destination surveys performed at cordon points around the region. The model produces a set of trip tables that can be assigned to the regional roadway network using standard assignment techniques.

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Khazin, Mark L. "Directions of Career Transport Development." Недропользование 21, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2021.3.7.

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Since the beginning of the civilization emergence, people began to use the minerals extraction on the surface of the Earth and the rock mass transportation. One of the main tasks of the mining industry is the transportation of an increasing rock mass amount from the quarry, which has caused the need to increase the power and carrying capacity of mining dump trucks. Today, we can assume that the revolutionary period of increasing the carrying capacity in the creation of heavy-duty dump trucks is over. Further improvement of the designs of frame dump trucks is impractical. To create super-powerful dump trucks capable of efficiently transporting rock mass from deep horizons, fundamentally different designs of machines and power plants are needed. The most important requirement for promising machines is to minimize the negative impact on the environment. In its development, mining vehicles have come a long way: a hand wheelbarrow - a horse cart - a truck - a diesel mining dump truck - a diesel-electric mining dump truck - an electric mining dump truck - an unmanned electric mining dump truck. According to the law of the transition from quantity to quality, it can be assumed that the period of increasing the carrying capacity of mining dump trucks has ended (quantitative changes), and a new period of qualitative changes begins (the development of new types of mining transport, an increase in the specific capacity of a power plant, the use of other energy carriers, etc.). An important area is the use of artificial intelligence: robotic dump trucks, self-diagnostic systems, etc. The main requirement for promising machines is to reduce the cost of transporting rock mass and a minimum negative impact on the environment.

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Ancona, Maria Alessandra, Michele Bianchi, Lisa Branchini, Francesco Catena, Andrea De Pascale, Francesco Melino, Saverio Ottaviano, and Antonio Peretto. "Overall Performance Evaluation of Small Scale LNG Production Processes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030785.

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The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is considered a viable solution to replace oil-based engines (common in heavy-duty truck and naval industry) reducing the environmental impact in the transport sector. Since liquefaction plants represent energy intensive processes, the best configurations/operation assessment is of primary importance. In this paper, a novel general procedure for the thermodynamic design and optimization, engineering design and off-design evaluation for small-scale LNG production systems is presented. The procedure can be used for the complete design and performance evaluation of plug & play facilities at filling stations for vehicles/boats, with the contemporary benefits of reducing pollutant emission in the city/port area and operating as electrical storage, coupled with renewable generators. Furthermore, the procedure has been applied to a case study (ferry boat operating at the main canal in the port of Ravenna, Italy), evaluating the optimal size for the integrated wind plant by minimizing the electricity introduction into the grid. The obtained results show 78 kW as optimal wind size, allowing the LNG plant to operate 187 h/year in design and 4720 h/year in off-design conditions, with electricity surplus around 33 MWh/year. A prototype will be installed to reduce pollutant emissions and test this technology as a storage option for renewable sources.

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Zhang, Beibei, Sheng Wu, Shifen Cheng, Feng Lu, and Peng Peng. "Spatial Characteristics and Factor Analysis of Pollution Emission from Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244973.

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Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) contribute significantly to NOX and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Although existing studies have emphasized that HDDTs play a dominant role in vehicular pollution, the spatial distribution pattern of HDDT emissions and their related socioeconomic factors are unclear. To fill this research gap, this study investigates the spatial distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation characteristics of NOX, PM, and SO2 emissions from HDDTs in 200 districts and counties of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region. We used the spatial lag model to calculate the significances and directions of the pollutants from HDDTs and their related socioeconomic factors, namely, per capita GDP, population density, urbanization rate, and proportions of secondary and tertiary industries. Then, the geographical detector technique was applied to quantify the strengths of the significant socioeconomic factors of HDDT emissions. The results show that (1) NOX, PM, and SO2 pollutants emitted by HDDTs in the BTH region have spatial heterogeneity, i.e., low in the north and high in the east and south. (2) The pollutants from HDDTs in the BTH region have significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The spatial dependence effect was obvious; for every 1% increase in the HDDT emissions in the surrounding districts and counties, the local HDDT emissions increased by 0.39%. (3) Related factors analysis showed that the proportion of tertiary industries had a significant negative correlation, whereas the proportion of secondary industries and urbanization rate had significant positive correlations with HDDT emissions. Population density and per capita GDP did not pass the significance test. (4) The order of effect intensities of the significant socioeconomic factors was proportion of tertiary industry > proportion of secondary industry > urbanization rate. This study guides scientific decision making for pollution control of HDDTs in the BTH region.

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Kosowatz, John. "Spinning Liquid Gold." Mechanical Engineering 136, no. 07 (July 1, 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2014-jul-1.

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This article discusses the economic growth opportunities due to liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the United States. Advanced drilling and production techniques have given the United States more natural gas than its markets can handle. Converting that bounty into liquefied natural gas promises to transform the U.S. gas industry into a global energy power. LNG is the generally preferred form of natural gas for use in long-haul heavy-duty trucks, because liquefying it reduces volume. More fuel can be loaded into the tank. Local-use vehicles, which operate from a central yard, often use CNG. For LNG, the only serious limits that people are talking about today are related to infrastructure costs, particularly in the development of exports. Even if the international demand for LNG stays high, exports from the United States cannot happen for a few years because of the time needed for plant construction. Optimism reigns among players throughout the natural gas industry.

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Fei, Hongying, and Chengyi Zhang. "Optimizing the Composite Cost Involved in Road Motor-Transporting Trucks by Taking into Account Traffic Condition." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8703852.

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With the rapid development of modern automotive logistics industry, vehicle logistics has drawn more and more attention. Since the vehicle transporters mainly are the severe-polluting heavy-duty vehicles and their exhaust emissions vary under different traffic conditions, it is necessary to improve the planning of road motor-transporting services by taking into account road traffic condition, especially for urban areas. This study aims at minimizing the composite cost, including both the economic cost related to the driver cost and fuel consumption, and the social cost related to the vehicle emissions. The dynamic road traffic condition is imitated dynamically with a discretization technique. A metaheuristic is applied with data collected from a dense district in a huge city. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can always converge quickly to the best solution and the solution with minimal composite cost can always dominate the other solutions with classic route optimization goals.

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Khoshkangini, Reza, Peyman Sheikholharam Mashhadi, Peter Berck, Saeed Gholami Shahbandi, Sepideh Pashami, Sławomir Nowaczyk, and Tobias Niklasson. "Early Prediction of Quality Issues in Automotive Modern Industry." Information 11, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11070354.

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Many industries today are struggling with early the identification of quality issues, given the shortening of product design cycles and the desire to decrease production costs, coupled with the customer requirement for high uptime. The vehicle industry is no exception, as breakdowns often lead to on-road stops and delays in delivery missions. In this paper we consider quality issues to be an unexpected increase in failure rates of a particular component; those are particularly problematic for the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) since they lead to unplanned costs and can significantly affect brand value. We propose a new approach towards the early detection of quality issues using machine learning (ML) to forecast the failures of a given component across the large population of units. In this study, we combine the usage information of vehicles with the records of their failures. The former is continuously collected, as the usage statistics are transmitted over telematics connections. The latter is based on invoice and warranty information collected in the workshops. We compare two different ML approaches: the first is an auto-regression model of the failure ratios for vehicles based on past information, while the second is the aggregation of individual vehicle failure predictions based on their individual usage. We present experimental evaluations on the real data captured from heavy-duty trucks demonstrating how these two formulations have complementary strengths and weaknesses; in particular, they can outperform each other given different volumes of the data. The classification approach surpasses the regressor model whenever enough data is available, i.e., once the vehicles are in-service for a longer time. On the other hand, the regression shows better predictive performance with a smaller amount of data, i.e., for vehicles that have been deployed recently.

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Mavleev, I. R., I. I. Salakhov, and D. I. Nuretdinov. "Modular heavy duty truck transmission." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 386 (July 30, 2018): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/386/1/012018.

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Abdelmegeed, Mohamed A. Elbadawy, and Hesham Rakha. "Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Emissions Modeling." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2627, no. 1 (January 2017): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2627-04.

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Heavy-duty vehicles are the second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use within the transportation sector even though they represent only a small portion of on-road vehicles. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) emit about half of all on-road emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx). However, because of the limited amount of HDDV emissions data, research has focused on light-duty vehicle emissions. The majority of these microscopic models suffer from two major limitations: the models result in a bang-bang control system and calibration of the model parameters is not possible with publicly available data. This paper proposes to extend the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel Consumption Model (VT-CPFM) to overcome the two shortcomings in state-of-the-practice HDDV emissions models of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HCs), and NOx. Heavy-duty diesel truck (HDDT) data from the University of California, Riverside, were used for the calibration and validation processes. The study’s results were satisfying, especially for NOx, which was the main concern in HDDV emissions. Model validity and performance were evaluated by comparing the correlation of measured field data and estimated emissions between the VT-CPFM model and the comprehensive modal emissions model (CMEM). The results demonstrate the efficacy of the VT-CPFM model in replicating empirical observations producing better accuracy compared with other state-of-the-practice models (e.g., CMEM). Moreover, unlike the CMEM model, which requires extensive data collection for calibration purposes, the VT-CPFM model needs only GPS and publicly accessible data for calibration.

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Jassim, Hassanean S. H., Jan Krantz, Weizhuo Lu, and Thomas Olofsson. "A MODEL TO REDUCE EARTHMOVING IMPACTS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 490–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.12641.

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Meeting increasingly ambitious carbon regulations in the construction industry is particularly challenging for earthmoving operations due to the extensive use of heavy-duty diesel equipment. Better planning of operations and balancing of competing demands linked to environmental concerns, costs, and duration is needed. However, existing approaches (theoretical and practical) rarely address all of these demands simultaneously, and are often limited to parts of the process, such as earth allocation methods or equipment allocation methods based on practitioners’ past experience or goals. Thus, this study proposes a method that can integrate multiple planning techniques to maximize mitigation of project impacts cost-effectively, including the noted approaches together with others developed to facilitate effective decision-making. The model is adapted for planners and contractors to optimize mass flows and allocate earthmoving equipment configurations with respect to tradeoffs between duration, cost, CO2 emissions, and energy use. Three equipment allocation approaches are proposed and demonstrated in a case study. A rule-based approach that allocates equipment configurations according to hauling distances provided the best-performing approach in terms of costs, CO2 emissions, energy use and simplicity (which facilitates practical application at construction sites). The study also indicates that trucks are major contributors to earthmoving operations’ costs and environmental impacts.

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Qin, Yu Ying, Jing Qian Wang, and Guo Hong Tian. "Random Vibration Analysis of Heavy-Duty Truck Based on Pseudo Excitation." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1244.

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This paper discusses pseudo excitation method and constructs pseudo six-wheel pseudo excitation. For the complexity of heavy-duty truck, construction of vibration model is difficult for real structures; thirteen-degree-of-freedom full model is constructed for heavy-duty truck. Taken frequency response function as a bridge, pseudo excitation method is applied and a new method is gained for statistical characteristics of heavy-duty truck. The result shows that the method for random vibration of heavy-duty truck is feasible and convenient by constructing six-wheel road pseudo excitation and obtaining power spectral densities of vibration responses.

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Cai, Meng, and Liang Gu. "Heavy-Duty Car Multi-Body Dynamics Simulation and Optimization Research." Advanced Materials Research 950 (June 2014): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.950.275.

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TIn this paper, according to the structure characteristics and using characteristics of heavy duty truck, we use the principle of vehicle dynamics and simulation analysis method to deeply study the dynamic characteristics of heavy duty truck. And we also use the heavy duty model to carry on the optimization simulation and experimental validation for riding smoothness and handling stability. So as to guide the development and design of heavy duty truck, to get the purpose of control the dynamic performance and shorten the development cycle.

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Wu, Xiaoyuan, Pengyu Liu, and Xinbao Lu. "Study on Operating Cost Economy of Battery-Swapping Heavy-Duty Truck in China." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030144.

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In recent years, battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks have seen rapid growth in China. Summarizing from the practical experiences gained in this development, and starting from market research and analysis of the most typical city of application case, Beijing, we aim to achieve the following: (ⅰ) Establish an operating cost model for battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks throughout a full operation cycle from the perspective of a heavy-duty truck freight transport capacity operator, based on four key cost dimensions, including transportation equipment, operation and maintenance, environmental protection compensation, and battery recycling compensation. (ⅱ) Calculate and compare the operating cost economy of battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks and other types of heavy-duty truck under different energy supplement modes, including charging, hydrogenation, and diesel. (ⅲ) Propose suggestions for faster and more successful heavy-duty truck electrification. The results indicate that battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks have good cost economy in a full operation cycle under specific scenario, and their economy will be improved with the popularization of battery-swapping stations.

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Zhang, Zhe, Lin Lin Ren, and Jie Li. "Research Method of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Heavy Duty Truck in Crosswind." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.689.

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The research program of crosswind aerodynamics was formulated with yaw model test of the relative motion principle for a domestic heavy duty truck. This approach was applied separately wind tunnel test and numerical simulation, to obtain six aerodynamic coefficients of the corresponding heavy duty truck model, and the numerical simulation method was proved to be true by comparative analysis. The conclusions of aerodynamic characteristics got from simulation could provide a useful reference to reduce the impact on crosswind handling stability and the fuel consumption of the heavy duty truck.

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Lutsey, Nicholas, Christie-Joy Brodrick, Daniel Sperling, and Carollyn Oglesby. "Heavy-Duty Truck Idling Characteristics: Results from a Nationwide Truck Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1880, no. 1 (January 2004): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1880-04.

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Du, Yong Liang, Kai Luan Sun, and Peng Zhang. "Heavy Duty Automobile Self-Discharging Hydraulic System Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.332.

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Select Dump Truck Hydraulic lifting system design. By optimizing the size of the dump truck and the main quality parameters, lifting mechanism design, as well as lift coefficient, institutional height, pressure fluctuation coefficient α and so on. Structure and characteristics of the hydraulic system requirements for the design and description, while lifting involved in the design process to supplement the coefficient optimization problems.

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Liu, Feiqi, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, and Han Hao. "China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123353.

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The explosion of the vehicle market in China has caused a series of problems, like energy security, climate change, air pollution, etc. The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered an effective solution to address these problems. Thus, both the state and local governments in China have launched some policies and incentives to accelerate the development of EVs and the EV industry. Do EVs can effectively solve these problems in short term, viewed from the fleet point? Based on China’s most up-to-date deployment plan for EVs, this paper analyzes the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by China’s road transport sector in three different scenarios. The results indicate that, based on current planning, the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet will peak in 2025 and 2027, at the level of around 403 mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) and 1763 mt CO2 eq. (million tons of CO2 equivalent), respectively. The introduction of EVs will significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuel in the long term, with increasing ownership, while, in the short term, the fuel economy regulation will still play a more important role. Policy makers should continually pay attention to this. Meanwhile, commercial vehicles, especially heavy-duty trucks will account for a bigger and bigger proportion in the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet. Thus, to some extent the focus should shift from passenger vehicles to commercial vehicles. More measures could be implemented.

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Kholod, Nazar, Meredydd Evans, and Teresa Kuklinski. "Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 17 (September 12, 2016): 11267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11267-2016.

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a significant climate forcer with a particularly pronounced forcing effect in polar regions such as the Russian Arctic. Diesel combustion is a major global source of BC emissions, accounting for 25–30 % of all BC emissions. While the demand for diesel is growing in Russia, the country's diesel emissions are poorly understood. This paper presents a detailed inventory of Russian BC emissions from diesel sources. Drawing on a complete Russian vehicle registry with detailed information about vehicle types and emission standards, this paper analyzes BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles. We use the COPERT emission model (COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) with Russia-specific emission factors for all types of on-road vehicles. On-road diesel vehicles emitted 21 Gg of BC in 2014: heavy-duty trucks account for 60 % of the on-road BC emissions, while cars represent only 5 % (light commercial vehicles and buses account for the remainder). Using Russian activity data and fuel-based emission factors, the paper also presents BC emissions from diesel locomotives and ships, off-road engines in industry, construction and agriculture, and generators. The study also factors in the role of superemitters in BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles and off-road sources. The total emissions from diesel sources in Russia are estimated to be 49 Gg of BC and 17 Gg of organic carbon (OC) in 2014. Off-road diesel sources emitted 58 % of all diesel BC in Russia.

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Kadirov, Vokhid, Sherzod Karimov, Uchqun Qushshayev, and Durdona Sharapova. "Study on the influence of the deformation zones of the quarry sides on the rock mass movement." E3S Web of Conferences 304 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130402002.

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The article presents a study and analysis of the causes of deformation of the slopes and sides of the quarry indicates that the magnitude and nature of the deformation processes depend on the height of the ledge, the angle of slope of the slopes, the physical and mechanical properties, the lithological and structural features of the instrument array and the geodynamic activity of the fault zones. The influence of the deformation zones of the sides of the quarry on the transport of rock masses is justified. The zone of deformed masses of the ore deposit, which affect the movement of the rock mass, is studied. Each process performed in open pit mining is linked to another workflow. Without ensuring the safety of mining operations and performing the tasks set is impossible. Transportation of rock masses in the lower horizons of a deep quarry is one of the main tasks of the industry. At the same time, the removal of deformation and landslides in the area where the transport berm is being constructed for draining and continuous transportation is the main goal of the quarry. The stability of the transport berm depends directly on the stability of the side of the quarry. It is determined that the choice of a single-lane or twolane transport berm constructed for heavy-duty quarry dump trucks depends on the condition of the side of the quarry.

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Bada, A. T. "Robust brake control for a heavy-duty truck." IEE Proceedings D Control Theory and Applications 134, no. 1 (1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-d.1987.0001.

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Keefe, R. L. "Predictive Indoor Wheel Testing of Heavy Duty Truck Tires." Tire Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148781.

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Abstract An indoor wheel test for heavy duty truck tires has been developed to predict in-service failures of commercial and developmental tires. The test, run at slow speed and high load to emphasize stress and fatigue rather than heat, is based on the premise that repeated high stress is the principal cause of in-service tire failure. These stresses occur when dynamic or transient overloads are caused by road bumps, load transfer during braking and cornering, or dual tire configuration on non-uniform surfaces. Although these overloads may occur infrequently, they can become very significant in the long distances run by truck tires. Other current heavy duty truck tire tests are generally run at higher speeds, emphasizing heat resistance of rubber compounds, or else are low-speed, much-overloaded bead tests which are unrealistically severe. Since its development in 1974 the present test has been broadly predictive for many belt, carcass, or fatigue related in-service failures of both bias and radial commercial and developmental truck tires. The test is called “The DuPont High Load Wheel Test” to distinguish it from other low-speed-high-load tests.

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Srilatha, J. "Design and analysis of heavy duty vehicle truck chassis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. IX (September 30, 2017): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.9018.

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Mao, Shaolin, Zhigang Feng, and E. E. Michaelides. "Off-highway heavy-duty truck under-hood thermal analysis." Applied Thermal Engineering 30, no. 13 (September 2010): 1726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.04.002.

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29

Saricks, Chris, Anant D. Vyas, Frank Stodolsky, and John D. Maples. "Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Trucks: Potential Effect of Future Technologies for Improving Energy Efficiency and Emissions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1842, no. 1 (January 2003): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1842-02.

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The results of an analysis of heavy-duty truck (Classes 2b through 8) technologies conducted to support the Energy Information Administration’s long-term projections for energy use are summarized. Several technology options that have the potential to improve the fuel economy and emissions characteristics of heavy-duty trucks are included in the analysis. The technologies are grouped as those that enhance fuel economy and those that improve emissions. Each technology’s potential impact on the fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks is estimated. A rough cost projection is also presented. The extent of technology penetration is estimated on the basis of truck data analyses and technical judgment.

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30

Rakha, Hesham, Alejandra Medina Flintsch, Kuongho Ahn, Ihab El-Shawarby, and Mazen Arafeh. "Evaluating Alternative Truck Management Strategies along Interstate 81." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1925, no. 1 (January 2005): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192500109.

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The study evaluates lane management strategies along one of the most highly traveled sections of Interstate 81 in the state of Virginia by using the INTEGRATION traffic simulation software. The lane management strategies considered include the separation of heavy-duty trucks from light-duty traffic, the restriction of trucks to specific lanes, and the construction of climbing lanes at strategic locations. Overall, the results demonstrate that a physical separation of heavy-duty trucks from the regular traffic offers the maximum benefits and that restricting trucks from the use of the leftmost lane offers the second-highest benefits in terms of efficiency, energy, and environmental impacts.

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Zietsman, Josias, and Dennis G. Perkinson. "Estimating Extended Idling Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks in Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100105.

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Long-haul truck drivers idle their vehicles to operate heating systems and air conditioners, generate electricity, charge the vehicles’ batteries, and warm up the engines. This type of idling, which often occurs over extended periods and could be a significant source of emissions, is expected to increase because of the U.S. Department of Transportation's latest rule mandating that truck drivers rest 10 h for every 14 h of driving. The emissions associated with this type of discretionary idling occurring at the beginning and end of trips are not included in emissions inventories and can be an important contributor to the overall mobile source emissions. There is, therefore, a need to develop a procedure that would yield accurate estimates of extended truck idling emissions. This study developed such a methodology by using a nonattainment area in Texas as a pilot study. On the basis of interviews and observations made at generators such as truck stops, public rest areas, industries, ports, and intermodal facilities, a model was developed to perform the emissions estimates. The procedure was applied to the remaining metropolitan areas in Texas. It was found that extended truck idling emissions were a major source of mobile source emissions, resulting in emissions of more than 30 tons per day of oxides of nitrogen and more than 0.8 ton per day of particulate matter in Texas metropolitan areas. Although these emissions represent less than 4% of the overall on-road mobile source emissions, they are important in assisting nonattainment areas to reach conformity.

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Evans, M., N. Kholod, V. Malyshev, S. Tretyakova, E. Gusev, S. Yu, and A. Barinov. "Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources: case study of Murmansk." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2015): 3257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-3257-2015.

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a potent pollutant because of its effects on climate change, ecosystems and human health. Black carbon has a particularly pronounced impact as a climate forcer in the Arctic because of its effect on snow albedo and cloud formation. We have estimated BC emissions from diesel sources in Murmansk Region and Murmansk City, the largest city in the world above the Arctic Circle. In this study we developed a detailed inventory of diesel sources including on-road vehicles, off-road transport (mining, locomotives, construction and agriculture), fishing and diesel generators. For on-road transport, we conducted several surveys to understand the vehicle fleet and driving patterns, and, for all sources, we also relied on publicly available local data sets and analysis. We calculated that BC emission in Murmansk Region were 0.40 Gg in 2012. The mining industry is the largest source of BC emissions in the region, emitting 70% of all BC emissions because of its large diesel consumption and absence of emissions controls. On-road vehicles are the second largest source emitting about 12% of emissions. Old heavy duty trucks are the major source of emissions. Emission controls on new vehicles limit total emissions from on-road transportation. Vehicle traffic and fleet surveys show that many of the older cars on the registry are lightly or never used. We also estimated that total BC emissions from diesel sources in Russia were 56.7 Gg in 2010, and on-road transport contributed 55% of diesel BC emissions. Agricultural machinery is also a significant source Russia-wide, in part because of the lack of controls on off-road vehicles.

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Evans, M., N. Kholod, V. Malyshev, S. Tretyakova, E. Gusev, S. Yu, and A. Barinov. "Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources: case study of Murmansk." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 14 (July 27, 2015): 8349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8349-2015.

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a potent pollutant because of its effects on climate change, ecosystems and human health. Black carbon has a particularly pronounced impact as a climate forcer in the Arctic because of its effect on snow albedo and cloud formation. We have estimated BC emissions from diesel sources in the Murmansk Region and Murmansk City, the largest city in the world above the Arctic Circle. In this study we developed a detailed inventory of diesel sources including on-road vehicles, off-road transport (mining, locomotives, construction and agriculture), ships and diesel generators. For on-road transport, we conducted several surveys to understand the vehicle fleet and driving patterns, and, for all sources, we also relied on publicly available local data sets and analysis. We calculated that BC emissions in the Murmansk Region were 0.40 Gg in 2012. The mining industry is the largest source of BC emissions in the region, emitting 69 % of all BC emissions because of its large diesel consumption and absence of emissions controls. On-road vehicles are the second largest source, emitting about 13 % of emissions. Old heavy duty trucks are the major source of emissions. Emission controls on new vehicles limit total emissions from on-road transportation. Vehicle traffic and fleet surveys show that many of the older cars on the registry are lightly or never used. We also estimated that total BC emissions from diesel sources in Russia were 50.8 Gg in 2010, and on-road transport contributed 49 % of diesel BC emissions. Agricultural machinery is also a significant source Russia-wide, in part because of the lack of controls on off-road vehicles.

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Hu, Xing Jun, Peng Qin, Peng Guo, and Jing Yu Wang. "Influence of Front Shape on Crosswind Aerodynamic Loads of Heavy-Duty Truck: A Numerical Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.428.

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Research was done on the crosswind aerodynamic loads of three different front shape heavy-duty trucks by the method of numerical simulation. According to the research, the side force and the rolling moment of truck change slightly, but the drag and yawing moment changes dramatically when running in strong crosswind with different front shapes. The conclusions were drawn from discussion that the long head heavy-duty truck has the least yawing moment among the studied trucks so it has the best driving stability correspondingly.

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An, Lingshi, Feng Zhang, Yongchang Geng, and Bo Lin. "Field Measurement of Dynamic Compressive Stress Response of Pavement-Subgrade Induced by Moving Heavy-Duty Trucks." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1956906.

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This paper presents the dynamic compressive stress response of pavement-subgrade induced by moving heavy-duty trucks. In order to study the distribution characteristic of dynamic pressure of pavement-subgrade in more detail, truck loadings, truck speeds, and dynamic pressure distributions at different depths were monitored under twenty-five working conditions on the section of Qiqihar-Nenjiang Highway in Heilongjiang Province, China. The effects of truck loading, truck speed, and depth on dynamic compressive stress response can be concluded as follows: (1) increasing truck loading will increase the dynamic pressure amplitude of subgrade-pavement and dominant frequencies are close to the characteristic frequencies caused by heavy-duty trucks at the speed of 70 km/h; (2) as truck speed increases, the dynamic pressure amplitudes of measuring points have an increasing tendency; the dynamic pressure spectrums are also significantly influenced by truck speed: the higher the truck speed, the wider the spectrum and the higher the dominant frequencies; (3) as depth increases, the dynamic pressure amplitudes of measuring points decrease rapidly. The influence of the front axle decreases gradually until disappearing and the compressive stress superposition phenomenon caused by rear double axles can be found with increasing depth.

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Liu, Chang Zhen, Yong Gang Hao, Xiao Fei Chen, and Xu Dong Li. "Fracture Analysis of a Crankshaft Used for Heavy-Duty Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.61.

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A failure investigation for a diesel engine crankshaft has been conducted which was used for truck in this paper, which is made from 42CrMo steel. The fracture occurred on the crank web between the 4th crankpin and the 4th journal, the fracture section indicates that fatigue is the dominant mechanism. The dimensions, chemical compositions of material and surface hardness were evaluated in order to find the failure causes. Chemical compositions, the depth of hardness layer and surface hardness are qualified; however, there are transition zone of hardness layer on the journal boss fillet, the dimensions of journal boss is not qualified, it less than specified dimension, and many non-metallic inclusions aggregate zones and heavy segregation were found from metallographic photo, these would reduce the tensile strength. FEA analysis is also used to analysis the strength of this crankshaft, and the results suggest that the dimension of journal boss fillet is the key dimension, which has an important effect on the strength of the crankshaft. So the disqualified machining dimensions, material property are the main reasons for the fraction of this crankshaft.

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37

Cachon, Luis, and Ernst Pucher. "Real-World Performance of a CNG Heavy Duty Articulated Truck." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 4, no. 2 (September 11, 2011): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-24-0192.

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38

Gajendran, Prakash, and Nigel N. Clark. "Effect of Truck Operating Weight on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 18 (September 2003): 4309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es026299y.

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39

Voronov, Sergii, Daniel Jung, and Erik Frisk. "Heavy-duty truck battery failure prognostics using random survival forests." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 11 (2016): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.082.

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40

Figueiredo, M. V., F. M. F. Oliveira, J. P. M. Gonçalves, P. M. S. T. de Castro, and A. A. Fernandes. "Fracture analysis of forks of a heavy duty lift truck." Engineering Failure Analysis 8, no. 5 (October 2001): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(00)00040-6.

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41

Dreher, David B., and Robert A. Harley. "A Fuel-Based Inventory for Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Emissions." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 48, no. 4 (April 1998): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1998.10463686.

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., P. Parveen Sulthana. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCK." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 01 (January 25, 2016): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0501009.

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43

Fu, Jing Shun, Jun Feng Wang, and Jin Wang. "Finite Element Static Analysis on Heavy-Duty Truck Gearbox Housing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.491.

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The heavy-duty truck’s gearbox housing is studied in this paper. The analysis model is built with finite element software. MPC (multipoint constraint) contact algorithm is used to simulate the connections between different gearbox housings. The strength and stiffness of gearbox housing is calculated at its low-speed load case in the first gear. The contour of the stress and displacement is obtained through the calculation results. The results show that the housing meets the design requirements and it provides a reference for optimization and improvement of the gearbox housing.

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44

Pottinger, M. G., W. Pelz, G. A. Tapia, and C. B. Winkler. "A Free-Rolling Cornering Test for Heavy-Duty Truck Tires." Tire Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137516.

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Abstract Under the guidance of the SAE Truck Tire Characteristics Task Force, the background to support the creation of a recommended practice for experimentally determining the free-rolling cornering properties of heavy-duty truck tires has been developed. The value of such a recommended practice lies in the establishment of a broadly accepted procedure for obtaining the free-rolling cornering data needed to represent tires in vehicle dynamics simulations of commercial trucks. This paper presents the proposed test procedure and background data. It contains a summary of the proposed test procedure, example data from CALSPAN and UMTRI using the proposed procedure, a statistical comparison of the data from CALSPAN and UMTRI, a discussion of the effect of inflation pressure on the data, a discussion of how the proposed test affects tire cornering properties and tread surface topography, and a look at the projected future work of the task force.

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Peng, Meichun, Junyan Lin, and Xuqi Liu. "Optimizing Design of Powertrain Transmission Ratio of Heavy Duty Truck." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 31 (2018): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.10.088.

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Huai, Tao, Sandip D. Shah, J. Wayne Miller, Ted Younglove, Donald J. Chernich, and Alberto Ayala. "Analysis of heavy-duty diesel truck activity and emissions data." Atmospheric Environment 40, no. 13 (April 2006): 2333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.006.

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Tang, Lei, Jingchi Jia, Zongtao Duan, Jingyu Ma, Xin Wang, and Weiwei Kong. "Tracking and climbing behavior recognition of heavy-duty trucks on roadways." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 155014772090362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720903620.

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The tracking and behavior recognition of heavy-duty trucks on roadways are keys for the development of automated heavy-duty trucks and an advanced driver assistance system. The spatiotemporal information of trucks from trajectory tracking and motions learnt from behavior analysis can be employed to predict possible driving risks and generate safe motion to avoid roadway accidents. This article presents a unified tracking and behavior recognition algorithm that can model the mobility of heavy-duty trucks on long inclined roadways. Random noise within the sampled elevation data is addressed by time-based segmentation to extract time-continuous samples at geographical locations. A Kalman filter is first used to distinguish error offsets from random noise and to estimate the distribution of truck elevations for different time intervals. A Markov chain Monte Carlo model is then applied to classify truck behaviors based on the change in elevation between two geographical locations. A heavy-duty truck mobility (HVMove) model is constructed based on the map information to apply the roadway geometry to the tracking and behavior recognition algorithm. We develop an extended Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to tune the parameters of the HVMove model. The proposed model is verified and evaluated through extensive experiments based on a real-world trajectory dataset covering sections of an expressway and national and provincial highways. From the experimental results, we conclude that the HVMove model provides sufficient accuracy and efficiency for automated heavy-duty trucks and advanced driver assistance system applications. In addition, HVMove can generate maps with the elevation information marked automatically.

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Vijayagopal, Ram, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Benefits of Electrified Powertrains in Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010012.

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The benefits of electrified powertrains for light-duty vehicles are well understood, however sufficient published information is not available on the benefits of advanced powertrains on the various types of medium and heavy duty vehicles. Quantifying the benefits of powertrain electrification will help fleet operators understand the advantages or limitations in adopting electrified powertrains in their truck fleets. Trucks vary in size and shape, as they are designed for specific applications. It is necessary to model each kind of truck separately to understand what kind of powertrain architecture will be feasible for their daily operations. This paper examines 11 types of vehicles and 5 powertrain technology choices to quantify the fuel saving potential of each design choice. This study uses the regulatory cycles proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for measuring fuel consumption.

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Mareev, Ivan, and Dirk Sauer. "Energy Consumption and Life Cycle Costs of Overhead Catenary Heavy-Duty Trucks for Long-Haul Transportation." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123446.

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The overhead catenary truck is an interesting technology for long-haul transportation with heavy-duty trucks because it can combine the advantage of energy supply via catenary while driving and the flexibility of a battery truck on routes without catenary using the traction battery. This study investigates the energy consumptions of overhead catenary trucks on German highways and considers different configurations for the traction battery and catenary power system. Afterwards the life cycle costs of overhead catenary trucks are calculated for a specified long-haul transportation scenario and the results are compared to battery electric truck and diesel truck using the findings of a previous study by the authors. The energy consumption of the considered overhead catenary trucks is approximately equal to that of a battery electric truck but only about a half of the equivalent energy consumption of a conventional diesel truck. According to the cost assumptions in this study, the total life cycle costs of overhead catenary trucks can be in the range of the conventional diesel truck, showing the competitiveness of this alternative truck technology.

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Zhang, Yu Bao, Chang Shun Luan, and En Hui Zhang. "Research of Mining Heavy-Duty Dump Truck Turning Shaft Fracture Based on Workbench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.241.

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The dump truck in coal mine, mountain and other bad conditions of overload transportation, the turning shaft often breaks, through material analysis of dump truck turning shaft and method of theoretical calculation and finite element analysis, making force analysis to the stress concentrated area, find the reasons for turning shaft fracture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Heavy Duty Truck Industry'

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