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Nordin, Andreas. "Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge by pyrolysis treatment." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-8807.
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Sewage sludge is the product from wastewater treatment that mostly is considered as a waste material. However, it contains several nutrients, especially phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen which are excellent fertilizers. The downside is the harmful content it also carries with pathogens, heavy metals and a variety of organic pollutants that in many cases have unknown effects on the ecosystem. A possible solution to this problem could be to pyrolyse the sewage sludge and by that decrease the levels of heavy metals and also render both pathogens and organic pollutants harmless. In this thesis project pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge has been evaluated at temperatures 650 750, 850 and 950 °C with addition of chlorine in the form of PVC and straw. An energy balance for pyrolysis and drying of dewatered sewage sludge has also been suggested. The results of the pyrolysis evaluation indicate that cadmium concentration can be reduced significantly with increasing temperature in the product char. But also other heavy metals like lead and zinc are affected at the higher temperatures evaluated. Mercury is completely removed from the char residue. The more latent volatile metals copper, chromium and nickel cannot be reduced to lower concentrations at these temperatures. They are instead enriched under these conditions. Chlorine addition to the sludge enhances the evaporation of all heavy metals but copper, nickel and chromium. The energy balance over the system indicates that the drying process requires more energy than is released from the sludge into the pyrolysis gases. The energy carried by the pyrolysis gases is however larger than what is required to drive the pyrolysis process.
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Dittrich, Barbara, and Ralf Klose. "Schwermetalle in Düngemitteln - Bestimmung und Bewertung von Schwermetallen in Düngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen und Kultursubstraten." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1210687455866-98411.
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Weil in Sachsen die vorhandene Datenbasis zu Schwermetallgehalten in Düngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen und Kultursubstraten im Jahr 2005 zu gering war, wurde ein Projekt mit dem Vorhabenstitel „Bestimmung und Bewertung der Schwermetallgehalte von Düngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen und Kultursubstraten“ durchgeführt, um rechtzeitig Ableitungen für einen sachgerechten und effizienten Hoheitsvollzug in Sachsen treffen zu können. Das Forschungsprojekt beinhaltete folgende Ziele: - Bestimmung von anorganischen Schadstoffen in Düngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen und Kultursubstraten - Bewertung der Analysenergebnisse auf der Grundlage geltender Rechtsverordnungen - Ableitung von Kontrollschwerpunkten für die Düngemittelverkehrskontrolle auf gesicherter Datenbasis. Im vorliegenden Heft werden die Ergebnisse dieses Projektes dargestellt.
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Chu, Thi Thu Ha, Phuong Hanh Nguyen, Thi Hien Nguyen, Thi Van Anh Ha, The Cuong Nguyen, Thi Thu Anh Nguyen, Duc Anh Nguyen, Van An Dang, and Van Tu Vu. "Effect of fertilizer on lead (Pb) accumulation ability of Polygonum hydropiper L." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32718.
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Polygonum hydropiper L. was cultivated on alluvial soil (Pb = 2.6 mg/kg, dry weight) and Pb contaminated soil (Pb = 1,380 mg/kg dry weight) without and with amendment of 2 g organic fertilizer/kg soil and 2.5; 5.0; 10.0 g NPK fertilizer/1kg soil. After 45 days of cultivation, the growth in height and biomass of P. hydropiper in Pb contaminated soil without amendment of fertilizer was lower than that in alluvial soil, but the Pb content in the above-ground part of the P. hydropiper was higher. In the formula 4, on Pb contaminated soil (Pb = 1,380 mg/kg dry weight), when amending 2 g of microbiological organic fertilizer + 5 g NPK fertilizer per 1 kg of soil (with the total nutrients amended were: N = 0.25, P2O5= 0.52, K2O = 0.15, and organic matter = 0.21 g/kg soil), growth of P. hydropiper was optimal (its height and biomass were up to 244.0% and 284.9% in comparison to that of before experiment) and their Pb extraction potential was promoted to the highest level among the formulae used. The average level of Pb accumulated in the above-ground part of P. hydropiper cultivated at formula 4 was 1,098.3 mg/kg dry weight (DW) after 45 days of cultivation that was 1.6 time higher than the one of formula 2 without fertilizer amendment (687.8 mg/kg DW). The potential of Pb extracted and stored in the above-ground part of P. hydropiper cultivated at formula 4 after 45 days was 479.2 g/ha that was 2.85 time higher than the one of formula 2 without fertilizer amendment (168.02 g/ha).Nghể răm Polygonum hydropiper L. được trồng theo 5 công thức trên đất phù sa không ô nhiễm chì (Pb = 2,6 mg/kg khô) và đất ô nhiễm chì (Pb = 1380 mg/kg khô)không bón phân và có bón phân với các liều lượng 2 g phân hữu cơ vi sinh/1 kg đất và 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 g phân NPK /1 kg đất. Sau 45 ngày thí nghiệm trồng cây, tăng trưởng về chiều cao và sinh khối của cây trên đất ô nhiễm Pb không bón phân thấp hơn trên đất phù sa, nhưng hàm lượng Pb trong phần trên mặt đất của cây cao hơn. Ở công thức (CT) 4, trên đất ô nhiễm chì (Pb = 1380 mg/kg khô) khi bón phân với liều lượng 2 g hữu cơ + 5 g NPK/1 kg đất (với tổng hàm lượng dinh dưỡng được bón là: N = 0,25, P2O5= 0,52, K2O = 0,15, và chất hữu cơ = 0,21 g/kg đất) thì tăng trưởng của câynghể răm đạt tối ưu (chiều cao và khối lượng đạt 244,0 % và 284, 9% so với trước thí nghiệm) và tiềm năng hút thu Pb của chúng cũng được thúc đẩy cao nhất trong số các công thức được sử dụng. Lượng Pb trung bình tích lũy trong phần trên mặt đất của nghể răm ở CT 4 đạt 1.098,3 mg/kg khô sau 45 ngày trồng, cao gấp 1,6 lần so với cây ở công thức 2 không bón phân (687,8 mg/kg khô). Khả năng loại bỏ Pb từ đất ô nhiễm của nghể răm khi được bón phân ở CT4 đạt 479,2 g/ha sau 45 ngày trồng, cao gấp 2,85 lần so với cây ở CT 2 không bón phân (168,02 g/ha).
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Antoniadis, Vasileios. "Heavy metal availability and mobility in sewage sludge-treated soils." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298663.
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Halday, Ismail. "Study of the pathway of heavy metals in a sewerage system." Thesis, Link to online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/389.
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SILVA, Fernando Bruno Vieira da. "Inputs of heavy metals and rare earth elements in soils via phosphate fertilizers and correctives." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2018. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/7319.
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Phosphate fertilizers and corrective are significant sources of soil contamination by heavy metals and rare earth elements, and long-term cultivated soils can accumulate heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits. In this sense, the objectives of the study were (i) to evaluate the potential contamination of Brazilian soils by heavy metals and rare earth via phosphate fertilizers and corrective; (ii) to evaluate the accumulation of heavy metals in soils intensively cultivated with sugarcane, as well as to identify the possible sources of contamination. Initially, were performed total digests of 53 representative samples of P-containing fertilizers and commercialized in Brazil. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were investigated in fertilizers, which are elements regulated by national legislation. Also the additions of these metals to Brazilian soils were estimated based on the annual consumption and the average concentrations verified in each product. Subsequently, 60 samples of surface soils from areas cultivated with sugarcane were collected, these areas had a long history of use. In the soils, the environmentally available metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were evaluated, as well as the physico-chemical characterization. The contents of metals in the soils were compared with the guiding values of quality; correlated with soil properties and; subjected to multivariate statistical analyzes to trace the origin of the metals. Finally, the total and soluble concentrations of Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sc, Eu, Y, Dy, Gd, Yb, Er, Tb, Ho and Lu were investigated in 60 supplies samples (phosphate fertilizer, and limestone) used in Brazilian agriculture. In addition, the contributions of these elements to Brazilian soils were estimated through the use of phosphate fertilizers and soil correctives. The results of the study showed that Cd in phosphate rocks are the most worrisome, and that in the medium term the heavy metals present in fertilizers containing P do not represent environmental risk. However, the intensive application of phosphate fertilizers in soils cultivated with sugarcane promoted the accumulation of Cd above the guiding values of quality, and in some cases the soils represented a potential risk to human health. With regard to rare earths, it was observed that the solubility of these elements in phosphate fertilizers is dependent on the raw material used in industry (igneous or sedimentary). The annual additions of these elements to Brazilian soils are > 4000 t year-1 and that Ce, La, Nd and Y are the most worrisome. Limestone proved to be a significant source of Gd for agricultural soils. Therefore, soils that continuously receive high doses of these inputs are probably enriched with ETRs.
Fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos são fontes significativas de contaminação do solo por metais pesados e elementos terras raras, e, solos cultivados por um longo tempo podem acumular metais pesados acima dos limites máximos permissíveis. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve por objetivos (i) avaliar o potencial de contaminação dos solos brasileiros por metais pesados e terras raras via fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos; (ii) avaliar o acúmulo de metais pesados em solos intensivamente cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, como também identificar as possíveis fontes de contaminação. Inicialmente, foram realizadas digestões totais de 53 amostras representativas de fertilizantes contendo P e comercializadas no Brasil. As concentrações de As, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb foram investigadas nos fertilizantes, que são os elementos regulamentados pela legislação nacional. Adicionalmente, as adições destes metais aos solos brasileiros foram estimadas baseadas no consumo anual e nas concentrações médias verificadas em cada produto. Posteriormente, 60 amostras de solos superficiais de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar foram coletadas, estas áreas tinham um longo histórico de uso. Nos solos, os teores ambientalmente disponíveis dos metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) foram avaliados, assim como as caracterizações físico-químicas. Os teores dos metais nos solos foram comparados com os valores orientadores de qualidade; correlacionados com as propriedades dos solos e; submetidos às análises estatísticas multivariadas para traçar a origem dos metais. Por fim, as concentrações totais e solúveis de Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sc, Eu, Y, Dy, Gd, Yb, Er, Tb, Ho e Lu foram investigadas em 60 amostras de insumos (fertilizante fosfatado, gesso e calcário) utilizados na agricultura brasileira. Além disso, os aportes destes elementos aos solos brasileiros foram estimados através do uso de fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos do solo. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que Cd em rochas fosfatadas são os mais preocupantes, e, que em médio prazo os metais pesados presentes nos fertilizantes contendo P não representam risco ambiental. Contudo, a aplicação intensiva de fertilizantes fosfatados nos solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar promoveu o acúmulo de Cd acima dos valores orientadores de qualidade, e em alguns casos os solos representaram potencial risco à saúde humana. Com relação aos terras raras, observou-se que a solubilidade destes elementos nos fertilizantes fosfatados é dependente da matéria prima utilizada na indústria (ígnea ou sedimentar). As adições anuais destes elementos aos solos brasileiros são > 4000 t ano-1 e que Ce, La, Nd e Y são os mais preocupantes. O calcário se mostrou uma fonte significativa de Gd para os solos agrícolas. Desta forma, os solos que recebem continuamente elevadas doses destes insumos, provavelmente, estão enriquecidos com ETRs.
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Österås, Ann Helén. "Interactions between calcium and heavy metals in Norway spruce : accumulation and binding of metals in wood and bark /." Stockholm : Botaniska institutionen, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81.
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Luo, Yongming. "The fate and chemical speciation of heavy metals applied to soils in a sewage sludge-derived organic fertiliser." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388065.
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Lindfors, Elin. "Undersökning av utökade användningsområden för Lotsbroverkets slam." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175304.
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Lotsbroverket is the largest wastewater treatment plant on the Aland Islands and it isdesigned for handling wastewater from approximately 30 000 persons. In 2011,Lotsbroverket produced about 2800 m3 of dewatered sludge. The sewage sludge that isproduced is transported to a contractor where it is processed to eventually be used e.g.in the construction of green space. This study aims to investigate available applicationoptions in terms of the sewage sludge that is produced in Lotsbroverket. The main aimis to study the feasibility of using the produced sewage sludge as a fertilizer in theagriculture of the Aland Islands.The sludge already fulfills limit values for heavy metals in accordance with the Act"The Aland Government´s directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture." Inorder to clarify the sludge content of pharmaceutical and organic substances it isrequired that the substances are identified and a risk assessment is performed. In theliterature it is found that the risk of human exposure to these substances is low if thesludge is treated appropriately. Suggested appropriate treatment of the plant's sludge isthermophilic digestion whereby also pathogens are killed.The soil of the Aland Islands has a high content of phosphorus. Since 1995 there is anenvironmental program to which currently 95% of the island's farmers are connected.The program controls the use of fertilizers i.e. by setting maximum permitted levels ofphosphorus. Since sewage sludge contains relatively much phosphorus it may be alimitation of the use of sewage sludge on agricultural land of the Aland Island. That iswhy it would be suitable to use the sludge with a different fertilizer in order to obtainthe proper fertilizing properties.In Europe, the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is relatively widespread. Severalcountries have less strict laws regarding the sludge content than the Aland Islands.Because large amounts of fruits and vegetables annually are imported into the island,there is reason to believe that the population already consumes products grown onsludge treated soils. Several of the farmers on the Aland Islands are currently scepticalin terms of using sewage sludge in agriculture, mainly due to uncertainties in the sludgecontent. Regarding the certification of Lotsbroverket in accordance with the Swedishcertification system REVAQ no barriers have been found. To ensure that a certificationis possible, however, further investigations are required.
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Sattouf, Mamdoh [Verfasser]. "Identifying the origin of rock phosphates and phosphorus fertilisers using isotope ratio techniques and heavy metal patterns / Mamdoh Sattouf." Braunschweig : Bundesforschungsanst. für Landwirtschaft, 2007. http://d-nb.info/996740074/34.
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Meerkotter, Marÿke. "Sources of heavy metals in vegetables in Cape Town and possible methods of remediation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1721.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDCape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.
South Africa
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Sterley, Anna, and Daniel Thörnkvist. "The feasibility of using macroalgae from anaerobic digestion as fertilizer in Grenada : A literature study of the potential use of residue as fertilizer in Grenada, and a complementary laboratory study to evaluate the biogas potential." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284111.
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Coastal areas in Grenada and the Caribbean are experiencing an abundance of stranded macroalgae. Climate change and eutrophication are probable causes of this inconvenience. This leads to logistic and economic dilemmas for the Caribbean societies. Research of methods to benefit from the algal bloom is therefore valuable for a sustainable future in these countries. Studies of biogas and fertilizer production are initiated around the world, but a large scale production is absent. Therefore, this thesis scrutinize the requirements for producing biofertilizer from biogas by examine the content of macroalgae and the conditions in Grenada. To achieve this, a literature study and a miniature biogas experiment were conducted. Grenada would presumably benefit from substituting synthetic fertilizer with biofertilizer from macroalgae utilized in biogas production. The positive aspects includes the recirculation of nutrients, development of renewable energy and autonomous fertilizer production. Further research of the definite macroalgae content is essential to determine the exact extent and conditions of the fertilizer utilization.Kustområden i Grenada och Karibien är drabbat av större mängder strandade makroalger. Klimatförändringar och övergödning är de huvudsakliga orsakerna till denna olägenhet. Detta leder till logistiska och ekonomiska problem för samhällen i Karibien. Det är därför av värde att forska på metoder för att försöka nyttja algblomningen, för en hållbar framtid i dessa länder. Studier på biogasproduktion och gödselmedelstillverkning av makroalger har utvecklats på senare tid, men en storskalig produktion är fortfarande frånvarande. Därför ska denna avhandling granska kriterierna för att använda biogödsel från biogasproduktion genom att undersöka makroalgernas innehåll, och Grenadas förutsättningar för att genomföra detta. För att uppnå detta så har en litteraturstudie och ett mindre biogasexperiment genomförts. Grenada skulle förmodligen dra fördel av att byta ut syntetiskt gödningsmedel med biogödningsmedel från biogasproduktion med makroalger. De positiva aspekterna av detta är recirkulationen av näringsämnen, etablering av förnyelsebara energikällor, samt självständig gödselproduktion. Vidare forskning på det exakta innehållet i makroalger är väsentligt för att kunna bestämma utsträckningen och förhållandena för gödselmedelsanvändningen.
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Moreira, Amauri da Silva. "Avaliação da Influência da agricultura na presença de metais pesados nas águas do baixo rio Pardo - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-25112015-110739/.
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Este estudo objetivou comprovar a influência da agricultura na presença de metais pesados (Cádmio, Cobre, Chumbo, Manganês, Mercúrio, Níquel e Zinco) nas águas do rio Pardo, constatada pela CETESB, no período compreendido entre 1978 a 1997, na região de Ribeirão Preto, cujo desenvolvimento econômico é decorrente da agricultura e de indústrias de açúcar e álcool. O trecho do rio estudado, além da presença de esgoto sanitário sem tratamento, não apresenta fontes geradoras de metais pesados, próprias de regiões altamente industrializadas ou mesmo de áreas de extração de minerais metálicos. Verificou-se que as concentrações destes metais crescem com o aumento da vazão do rio, indicando a influência da carga difusa. Buscou-se determinar a origem dessa carga, avaliando esses metais, com exceção do mercúrio em amostras de solo agricultado, em resíduos orgânicos das usinas de açúcar e álcool aplicados no solo e em sedimentos. Os resultados mostraram que essas áreas agrícolas apresentam concentrações de metais maiores que aquelas naturalmente existentes no solo estudado, certamente pelo uso de insumos agrícolas. Nos resíduos industriais destacaram-se o Cobre e o Chumbo, cuja origem deve ser investigada. Os sedimentos também revelaram concentrações consideráveis de metais, cuja biodisponibilidade deve ser avaliada. Conclui-se ser a atividade agrícola uma das origens da presença dos metais estudados nas águas do rio Pardo. Contudo, é necessário realizar uma avaliação dos fertilizantes, corretivos do solo, biossólidos industriais e defensivos agrícolas comumente utilizados na área e dos vegetais produzidos, considerando que a acidez do solo local favorece à absorção de metais pelos vegetais cultivados.The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between agricultural activities and the presence of some heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc) in Pardo river, using data frorn CETESB river samplings during the period 1978 to 1997. The samples were taken from the region of Ribeirão Preto country, from state of São Paulo. The development and economical activities are based on agriculture and sugarcane and alcohol industries. Domestic wastes with no treatment are discharged into the river, but this can not be considered as a significant source of heavy metals, normally occurring in the industrialized or mining areas. It was verified that the concentrations of these metals increased with the stream flow increase, indicating the influence of spread charge. It was tried to determine the origin of this charge, evaluating these metals, except mercury, in agricultural soil samples, in organic residues from sugar and alcohol industries applied to the soils and in sediments. The results showed that the agricultural areas presented metals concentrations greater than the naturally existent in the studied soil, certainly by the agricultural amendments. In the industrial residues stood out cooper and lead, which origin must be investigated. The sediments also presented considerable concentrations of metals, which bioavailability must be estimated. It was concluded that the agricultural activity is one of the origins of the studied metals presence in the Pardo river. Althought, it is necessary to evaluate the fertilizers, soil amendments, industrial biosolids and agricultural pesticides commonly used in the area and the vegetables produced, considering that the acidity of the local soil collaborates to metals uptake by the vegetables.
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Pesonen, J. (Janne). "Physicochemical studies regarding the utilization of wood- and peat-based fly ash." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213378.
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Abstract The main aim of the European Union’s waste legislation and the corresponding Finnish waste legislation is to reduce the production of waste. Further, the aims of the European Union’s growth strategy are to reduce the production of greenhouse gases, increase the use of renewable energy, and improve energy efficiency. According to the renewed Waste Tax Act, a waste tax has to be paid on all fly ashes that are deposited in landfills in Finland. A large amount of wood- and peat-based fly ashes are formed annually in Finland, and the amount is likely to increase in the future due to the increasing use of renewable energy. Previously, these ashes have mainly been deposited in industrial landfills, but the need to utilize the fly ashes has increased recently due to changes in waste legislation. In this thesis, several issues related to the utilization of wood- and peat-based fly ash were studied, with the general objective of improving the utilization potential of such ashes. As the first stage of this research, the suitability of willow ash for use as a fertilizer was studied. Willow ash would be well suited for use as a fertilizer due to its very high nutrient content. However, cadmium, a heavy metal, was found to be enriched in the ashes of the studied willow species. Due to this, special attention should be paid when choosing willow species for energy production. In the second stage of the research, the possibility of improving the strength development of wood- and peat-based fly ashes, as well as the possibility of stabilizing fly ash containing high amounts of heavy metals via the addition of cement and/or alkali activation, was investigated. Strength development was found to be dependent on the amount of reactive calcium and the ratio between that amount of reactive calcium and the sum of the reactive silicon, aluminum, and sulfur (Ca/(Si + Al + S)). The studied methods performed well in terms of stabilizing barium, copper, lead, and zinc. During the next stage, the effect of different chemical digestion methods, which are regulated by the Finnish waste legislation, on the utilization potential of fly ash was studied. The digestion method had a significant impact on the results of the potassium content analysis, which could affect the possibility of using fly ash as a fertilizer. As the final stage of the research, the co-granulation of ash with sewage sludge and lime was studied. From a technical point of view, the co-granulation was successful, although the compressive strength of the granules was low. Additionally, an insufficient nitrogen content was achieved with a sludge addition of 20-40 weight%Tiivistelmä Euroopan unionin jätelainsäädännön ja sitä vastaavan suomalaisen lainsäädännön tavoitteena on ehkäistä jätteiden muodostumista. Euroopan Unionin kasvustrategian tavoitteena on vähentää kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä, lisätä uusiutuvan energian käyttöä ja parantaa energiatehokkuutta. Uudistetun jäteverolain mukaan kaikista kaato-paikoille sijoitetuista lentotuhkista tulee Suomessa maksaa jäteveroa. Suomessa puu- ja turveperäisiä lentotuhkia muodostuu vuosittain suuria määriä ja määrä tulee vielä kasvamaan uusiutuvan energiankäytön lisääntyessä. Aiemmin nämä tuhkat ovat päätyneet pääasiassa läjitykseen teollisuuden kaatopaikoille, mutta muuttuneen jätelainsäädännön seurauksena tarve hyödyntää lentotuhkia on lisääntynyt. Tässä väitöstyössä tutkittiin puu- ja turveperäisten tuhkien hyödyntämiseen liittyviä kysymyksiä. Työn yleistavoitteena oli parantaa tuhkien hyödyntämis-mahdollisuuksia. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin pajutuhkan soveltuvuutta lannoitteeksi. Pajutuhka soveltuisi hyvin lannoitteeksi erittäin hyvien ravinne-pitoisuuksien ansiosta. Raskasmetalleista kadmiumin havaittiin kuitenkin rikastuvan tutkittujen pajulajien tuhkiin. Tähän tulisi kiinnittää erityishuomiota, kun pajulajeja valitaan energiantuotantoa varten. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa selvitettiin mahdollisuutta parantaa turpeen ja puun lentotuhkien lujittumista sekä raskasmetallipitoisen lentotuhkan stabiloimista sementtilisäyksen ja/tai alkaliaktivoinnin avulla. Lujuuden kehitys riippui reaktiivisen kalsiumin määrästä sekä reaktiivisen kalsiumin määrän ja reaktiivisten piin, alumiinin ja rikin määrien summan välisestä suhteesta (Ca/(Si + Al + S)). Tutkitut menetelmät toimivat hyvin bariumin, kuparin, lyijyn ja sinkin stabiloinnissa. Seuraavassa vaiheessa selvitettiin Suomen lainsäädännössä määritettyjen kemiallisten hajotusmenetelmien vaikutusta tuhkan hyödyntämispotentiaaliin. Hajotusmenetelmällä oli suuri merkitys kaliumin pitoisuutta määritettäessä, mikä voi vaikuttaa lentotuhkan hyödynnettävyyteen lannoitteena. Viimeisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin tuhkan yhteisrakeistusta lietteen ja kalkin kanssa. Teknisesti yhteisrakeistus onnistui hyvin, mutta rakeiden puristuslujuus oli alhainen. Lisäksi 20 - 40 paino% lietelisäyksellä ei rakeisiin saatu riittävän korkeaa typpipitoisuutta
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Johansson, Mats. "Urban organic waste in agriculture : risk or resource? /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5716-5.pdf.
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Maria, Aoun. "Development of Analytical methods for the evaluation of the impact of phosphate fertilizer industry on marine environment." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3033.
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Développement de méthodes analytiques pour l’évaluation de l'impact de l'industrie de fertilisants chimiques sur le milieu marinDevelopment of Analytical methods for the evaluation of the impact of phosphate fertilizer industry on marine environment
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Pinto, Filho Jorge Luís de Oliveira. "Metais pesados em argissolo acinzentado após a utilização de rejeito de mineração como fertilizante para culturas anuais." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2010. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/466.
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Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
The use of mining waste as an alternative source of nutrients assumes significant importance today, due to their potential to reduce production costs and minimize environmental impacts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and availability of Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in an Ultisol under the addition of mining waste as an alternative fertilizer for crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in desing was the causalized blocks with four replications, in a factorial outline (4 x 3), with four sources (0, 60, 120 and 240 mg kg-1 of K2O) and three sources (RM without application of additional fertilizer, RM with application of additional fertilizers and KCl as reference). The results showed that application from the mine did not promote accumulation of the available concentration of Cd and Pb in soil along the cycles of soybeans, millet and watermelon, however caused increased levels of available Cr and Ni in soil during the three crops succession. For that, The use of mine tailing associated with additional fertilization is recommended as an alternative source of K for annual crops and reducing costs with commercial fertilizers
A utilização do rejeito de mineração como fonte alternativa de nutrientes assume relevante importância nos dias atuais, devido a sua potencialidade de reduzir custos de produção e minimizar impactos ambientais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o acúmulo e a disponibilidade de Cd, Pb, Cr e Ni em um Argissolo Acinzentado decorrentes da adição de rejeito de mineração como fertilizante alternativo para culturas anuais. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, arranjo fatorial 4 x 3, representando quatro doses (0, 60, 120 e 240 mg kg-1 de K2O) e três fontes (RM sem aplicação de adubação complementar, RM com aplicação de adubação complementar e o KCl, como tratamento referência). Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação do rejeito de mineração não promoveu aumento dos teores disponíveis de Cd e Pb no solo ao longo dos ciclos da soja, milheto e melão; entretanto provocou incremento dos teores disponíveis de Cr e Ni no solo no decorrer dos três cultivos sucessivos. É possível, o uso do rejeito de mineração associado à adubação complementar, como fonte alternativa de K para culturas anuais e reduzir custos com fertilizantes comerciais
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Adler, Anneli. "Accumulation of elements in Salix and other species used in vegetation filters with focus on wood fuel quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200706.pdf.
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Barboza, Rafael Sá Leitão. "Influência do lodo de esgoto na nodulação e no desenvolvimento do Caupi (Vigna unguiculata "L" Walp)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=152.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO intenso crescimento urbano aumentou a geração de resíduos domésticos e industriais, principalmente o lodo de esgoto, necessitando de um destino adequado. Este é um resíduo sólido proveniente do tratamento final do esgoto, o qual necessita de um destino adequado, pois, apresenta-se com alto teor de agentes patogênicos e metais pesados. A alternativa mais viável para a destinação desses resíduos é a sua aplicação na agricultura como recondicionante do solo, aliado à capacidade de algumas plantas, da ordem Leguminosae, de realizar simbiose com microrganismos, genericamente chamados de rizóbios, capazes de aumentar o aporte de nitrogênio disponível no solo. Com base no exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto que viabilizem a melhor interação com as bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio na produtividade do caupi, visando maximizar a produção agrícola dentro do conceito de sustentabilidade, assim como aperfeiçoar o destino ambientalmente adequado para os resíduos urbanos, encontrando seu potencial na reciclagem agrícola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA) utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) e os tratamentos foram constituídos com cinco estirpes de Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI 6; NFB 700; BR 2001; BR 4406; BR 3267) e lodo de esgoto em quatro níveis diferentes (0, 25, 50 e 75 Mg ∙ ha-1), incluindo a testemunha absoluta (sem inoculação na dose zero de lodo). O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporado ao solo proveniente da Estação Experimental de Itapirema IPA, Goiana / PE. A cultivar de caupi utilizada foi a cv IPA 206 inoculada com uma suspensão bacteriana contendo 109 UFC ∙ mL-1. A colheita foi efetuada aos 45 dias e foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: matéria seca da raiz (MSR) e parte aérea (MSPA), matéria fresca dos nódulos (MFNod), nitrogênio total da parte aérea (NTPA) e raiz (NTR) e teor de leghemoglobina (LHb). A produção de matéria seca do caupi apresentou melhores resultados na dose equivalente a 75 Mg ∙ ha-1, não sofrendo influência das estirpes inoculadas. Essa dose também se mostrou promissora no aumento da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), Ca, Mg e Na no solo, sem gerar riscos, a curto prazo. A matéria fresca dos nódulos apresentou-se em maior abundância na dose equivalente a 25 Mg ∙ ha-1. A estirpe EI-6 apresentou maior matéria fresca dos nódulos. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto e o uso das estirpes NFB 700 e BR 4406 apresentam potencial para produção de grãos no caupi
The intense urban growth, production of domestic and industrial residues has been increased, mainly sewage sludge. This residue has high amount of pathogenic organisms and heavy metals. The viable alternative for this residue destination is its use in agriculture improving the chemical, physical and biological soil characteristics. Allied of the capacity of some plants, Leguminosae order, to carry through symbiosis with microorganisms, generically called rhizobia, which are capable of increase nitrogen uptake in soil. The present work had as objective the evaluation of different levels of sewage sludge that make possible the best interaction with fixing nitrogen bacteria in the productivity of cowpea, aiming at to maximize the agricultural production inside of the concept of sustainable development, supplying an ambiently safe destination for the solid residues with its potential in agriculture recycling. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA), with experimental design adopted of randomized blocks (four blocks) containing five strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI-6, NFB 700, BR 2001, BR 4406 and BR 3267) and sewage sludge in four different levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg ∙ ha-1) including control (without inoculation of the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 0 Mg ∙ ha-1). The sewage sludge proceeding from Sewage Treatment Station from Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporated in the soil, from IPA Experimental Station in Itapirema/PE. The cowpea, cultivar IPA 206, used was inoculated by a bacterial suspension with 109 CFU ∙ mL-1. Plants were harvested at 45 days, to measure shoot and root dry matter (SDM and RDM), nodule fresh matter (NodFM), total nitrogen (NTR and NTS) and leghemoglobin content (LHb). The cowpea dry matter showed higher results with the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 75 Mg ∙ ha-1, however were not affected inoculated strains. This equivalent level of sewage sludge demonstrated content increment of CEC (cation exchange capacity), Ca, Mg, and Na in the soil after application. The nodule fresh matter was presented in higher quantity of equivalent level of sewage sludge 25 Mg ∙ ha-1. The strains EI-6 presented higher nodule fresh matter. The application of this residue as fertilizer and the use of the strains NFB 700 and BR 4406 showed that these treatments can be used for seeds production in cowpea
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NISTI, MARCELO B. "Lixiviação de metais e radionuclídeos em solos tropicais condicionados com fosfogesso." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27137.
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O fertilizante fosfatado brasileiro é obtido pela reação por via úmida da rocha fosfática de origem ígnea com ácido sulfúrico concentrado, obtendo como produto final, o ácido fosfórico e como resíduo, o fosfogesso, que é estocado em pilhas, a céu aberto, junto às instalações produtoras. Parte do fosfogesso vem sendo utilizada na agricultura como condicionador de solos, devido a sua alta solubilidade, podendo melhorar a estrutura do solo, reduzir a erosão do solo, aumentar os níveis de enxofre e fósforo disponíveis e melhorar a composição dos fertilizantes. Mas a presença de radionuclídeos e metais no fosfogesso impõem restrições sobre o uso na agricultura. Para garantir uma utilização segura, é importante estimar a lixiviação dos radionuclídeos e metais presente no fosfogesso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a disponibilidade dos radionuclídeos relevantes do ponto de vista radiológico (238U, 232Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po) e dos metais (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Se, Hg e Pb) presentes no fosfogesso de procedência brasileira, levando em consideração sua aplicação em solo agricultável. Para esta finalidade, foi desenvolvido um protocolo experimental em escala de laboratório, no qual colunas foram preenchidas com misturas de solos arenosos e argilosos típicos brasileiros condicionados com fosfogesso. A essas colunas foi adicionada água, a fim de se alcançar uma extração branda desses elementos. Foi implantado um procedimento analítico para a determinação sequencial dos radionuclídeos de interesse na solução obtida na lixiviação. As frações disponíveis foram obtidas utilizando-se a razão entre as concentrações dos radionuclídeos no lixiviado e as concentrações dos radionuclídeos nas amostras de solo, solo condicionado com fosfogesso e fosfogesso. Os valores de concentração dos radionuclídeos 238U, 232Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po obtidos no fosfogesso das duas procedências variaram de 86 Bq kg-1 a 352 Bq kg-1. As concentrações de 226Ra e 228Ra obtidas no fosfogesso ficaram abaixo do limite máximo permitido pela resolução da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, atendendo às condições necessárias para o seu uso na agricultura. Os resultados obtidos para os metais As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se e Hg no fosfogesso foram inferiores ao limite máximo para condicionador de solo e para fertilizantes estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, atendendo às condições necessárias para o seu uso na agricultura. Os radionuclídeos 226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po e 228Ra apresentaram frações disponíveis nos solos e solos condicionados com fosfogesso variando de 0,05% a 1,2%; para o 238U e 232Th as frações disponíveis apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,05%. Os metais apresentaram frações disponíveis nos solos e solos condicionados com fosfogesso variando de 0,05% a 1,07%. Os resultados obtidos para a fração disponível de metais e radionuclídeos no solo condicionado com fosfogesso demostraram que mesmo utilizando concentrações de fosfogesso dez vezes acima da dose recomendada, a disponibilização foi desprezível. Pode-se concluir que a utilização do fosfogesso como condicionador de solos é viável, no que concerne a disponibilidade dos metais e radionuclídeos estudados.
Tese (Doutorado em tecnologia Nuclear )
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Huotari, N. (Noora). "Recycling of wood- and peat-ash – a successful way to establish full plant cover and dense birch stand on a cut-away peatland." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295324.
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Abstract Mechanical harvesting of peat changes the original mire ecosystem completely, and without active measures these areas may remain non-vegetated even for decades. Afforestation is one of the most popular after-use options for cut-away peatlands in Finland since it has both economic and aesthetic values. Recycling of wood-ash as a fertilizer has been studied extensively in peatlands drained for forestry. Wood-ash is reported to promote tree growth in these areas without any significant negative impact to the environment and could, therefore, be a suitable option also on cut-away peatlands. However, the environmental effects of ash-fertilization on cut-away areas and on ground vegetation are not fully understood. The impact of wood- and peat-ash application on the early establishment of ground vegetation and downy birch (Betula pubescens) seedlings and on post-fertilization element concentrations in plants and peat substrate were studied in a cut-away peatland. Six treatments of wood-ash, peat-ash, biotite or Forest PK-fertilizer were replicated in three blocks in different mixtures and quantities corresponding to 50 kg ha-1 of phosphorus. All the fertilizers accelerated the revegetation of the bare peat surface significantly, whereas the establishment of plants in the unfertilized area was non-existent even several years after the peat harvesting had ceased. The most striking difference between the wood- and peat-ash-fertilizers and the commercial Forest PK-fertilizer was the extensive coverage of fire-loving moss species in all the areas where ash was spread. Wood- and peat-ash application also accelerated the germination and early establishment of downy birch seedlings more efficiently than the PK-fertilizer. Ground vegetation proved to be highly important in increasing the early biomass production and carbon sequestration on ash-fertilized cut-away peatland. In addition, the below-ground biomass was equal to the above-ground biomass, or even greater. Both wood- and peat-ash fertilization ensured an adequate level of nutrients for the early establishment of ground vegetation and birch seedlings in a cut-away peatland. The mosses and herbaceous plants proved to have a major role in retaining the nutrients and heavy metals that otherwise might have leached away from the ash-fertilized cut-away site during the early stages of the afforestation. Although both wood- and peat-ash proved to be suitable for the initial fertilization of afforested cut-away peatlands, a later application of nutrients may be needed to guarantee the growth in a energy-wood stand of downy birch over its entire rotationTiivistelmä Turvetuotannon päätyttyä jäljelle jäävä suopohja on aluksi täysin paljas ja vailla maaperän siemenpankkia. Kasvipeitteen luontainen uudistuminen voi viedä jopa vuosikymmeniä. Ympäristönhoidollisesti onkin tärkeää, että suopohjat otetaan uuteen käyttöön mahdollisimman nopeasti tuotannon päätyttyä. Metsitys on tällä hetkellä suosituin suopohjien jälkikäyttömuoto Suomessa. Suopohjan turpeessa on tyypillisesti runsaasti typpeä, mutta niukasti muita kasvuun tarvittavia ravinteita. Puutuhka on osoittautunut pitkäaikaisissa metsäojitettujen turvemaiden tutkimuksissa kilpailukykyiseksi vaihtoehdoksi kaupallisille lannoitteille. Energiantuotannon sivutuotteena syntyvä puu- ja turvetuhka voisi soveltua hyvin myös suopohjien lannoitteeksi. Tuhkan käytöstä lannoitteena turvetuotannosta vapautuneilla suopohjilla ei kuitenkaan ole riittävästi tutkimustietoa. Tässä työssä tutkittiin puu- ja turvetuhkan vaikutuksia turvetuotannosta vapautuneen suopohjan kasvittumiseen ja puun taimien alkukehitykseen viiden ensimmäisen kasvukauden ajan. Lisäksi tutkittiin kasvillisuuden ravinne- ja raskasmetallipitoisuuksien muutoksia sekä turpeen ravinteisuutta lannoituksen jälkeen. Kaikki lannoitteet nopeuttivat merkittävästi kasvillisuuden muodostumista paljaalle suopohjalle, kun taas lannoittamaton alue pysyi kasvittomana. Tuhkalannoitetuille alueille syntyi nopeasti laajoja palopaikoilla viihtyvien pioneerisammalten kasvustoja, jotka peittivät ja samalla sitoivat paljaan ja irtonaisen turvemaan pinnan. Tuhkalannoitus edisti myös koivun taimien alkukehitystä tehokkaammin kuin kaupallinen Metsän PK-lannoite. Sammalista ja ruohovartisista kasveista muodostuva aluskasvillisuus ylitti puuntaimet selvästi biomassan määrässä ja toimi metsityksen alkuvaiheessa puuntaimia merkittävämpänä hiilensitojana. Lisäksi kasvien maanalainen biomassa oli maanpäällistä biomassaa suurempi. Sekä puu- että turvetuhka takasivat riittävän määrän ravinteita energiapuumetsikön alkukehitykselle. Aluskasvillisuus osoittautui tärkeäksi tuhkasta liukenevien ravinteiden ja raskasmetallien sitojaksi metsityksen alkuvaiheessa. Vaikka sammalten kadmiumpitoisuudet nousivat tuhkalannoituksen seurauksena, ne olivat kuitenkin alhaisia Suomessa aiemmin mitattuihin sammalten yleisiin pitoisuuksiin suhteutettuna. Tuhkalannoitus ei lisännyt haitallisten raskasmetallien pitoisuuksia koivun taimien ja ruohovartisten kasvien lehdissä ja varsissa. Tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat puu- ja turvetuhkan käyttöä energiapuumetsiköiden alkuvaiheen lannoitteena turvetuotannosta vapautuneilla suopohjilla
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AYO-BALI, ABIODUN Emmauel. "Geochemical Analysis of the Environmental Phases of La Barra de Santiago Estuary, El Salvador." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1556804693894507.
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Jing-Han, Wu, and 吳景翰. "Soluble heavy metal and rice uptake from a serpentine soil with different fertilizer treatments." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21455469282064113522.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Serpentinitic soils are concentrated in the eastern areas of Taiwan, which are rich in heavy metal such as Cr, Ni, and Co with potential risk to crop growth and the eco-environment. This study used a serpentinitic Vertisol for the pot experiment by paddy rice (Kaohsiung No. 45) amended with different fertilizer treatments in the open field. All treatments were: unfertilized control (Blank), full recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (CF), half recommended dose of chemical fertilizer + 2.5 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (1/2 CF + 2.5 OC), 5.0 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (5.0 OC), and 10 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (10 OC), respectively. Six single extractions, including H2O, HCl, NaNO3, CaCl2, EDTA, and DTPA, were performed for the treated soils. The experimental results indicated that Cr and Ni were concentrated in the root of rice, and Mn was in the stalk parts. The concentration of all metals in the rice tissues were higher than those in general plants (1~2 mg/kg), and thus the Cr and Ni levels in the brown rice were up to 4.48 mg/kg and 6.71 mg/kg. However, the Cr and Ni levels in this study were within the normal ranges of rice grain in Taiwan. The amounts of heavy metal using the single extraction were always higher in the soils with fertilizer treatments than the initial soils, suggesting the solubility of heavy metal increased with the planting rice in the soils. In the oilseed compost treatments, the metal contents in soil and plant were high, due to the strong acidity of the compost in reducing soil pH. Additionally, no difference was found in heavy metal levels of soil solution between all treatments.
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"Growth and heavy metal uptake by cynodon dactylon grown in sludge-amended soil substrates." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887739.
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by Ngar, Yuen-ngor.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-196).
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction Page
Chapter 1.1 --- Sludge as a waste problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- The degraded geological environment of Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Use of weathered granitic material and sand as planting media --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Need of soil improvement material --- p.4
Chapter 1.5 --- Potential for land application of sewage sludge --- p.5
Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of study --- p.6
Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of study --- p.6
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review
Chapter 2.1 --- Soil organic amendment for vegetation establishment --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- Types and properties of sewage sludge --- p.10
Chapter 2.3 --- Guidelines for land application of sludge --- p.12
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cation exchange capacity --- p.13
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Zinc equivalent concept --- p.14
Chapter 2.4 --- Effects of sludge on soil chemical and physical properties --- p.15
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Chemical properties --- p.15
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Physical properties --- p.18
Chapter 2.5 --- Effects of sludge application on vegetation --- p.19
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Germination --- p.19
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Grass growth --- p.20
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Choice of heavy metals for study --- p.21
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Factors governing heavy metal availability --- p.25
Chapter 2.6.3 --- Effects of lime on sludge-amended soil and the heavy metal availability --- p.26
Chapter 2.6.4 --- Assessing available sludge-borne heavy metals --- p.27
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Germination and seedling growth of bermudagrass in sludge-amended sand and CDG
Chapter 3 .1 --- Introduction --- p.30
Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental design --- p.31
Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental results --- p.34
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Seed germination --- p.34
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Seedlings and biomass growth --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.3 --- DTPA-Extractable heavy metals --- p.39
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Total heavy metals in plant tissue --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Chemical properties of the soil substrates --- p.49
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Germination --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Nutrient effect --- p.56
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Heavy metal availability from substrates --- p.59
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Heavy metal uptake by the seedlings --- p.61
Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Metal uptake efficiency --- p.61
Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Amount of heavy metal uptake --- p.63
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Textural characteristics --- p.66
Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.67
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Growth and heavy metal uptake by bermudagrass grown in sludge-amended substrates
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70
Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental design --- p.71
Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Biomass growth --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Heavy metal content of plant tissues --- p.82
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Heavy metal content of the shoot --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Heavy metal content of the root --- p.89
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparing the heavy metal levels in the shoot and root portions --- p.93
Chapter 4.3.4 --- DTPA-extractable heavy metal content in soil substrates --- p.94
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Chemical properties of the substrates --- p.100
Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.103
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Shoot biomass (First clipping) --- p.104
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Shoot biomass (Second clipping) --- p.105
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Shoot biomass ratio between the two clippings --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Total shoot biomass --- p.108
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Root biomass and root: shoot ratios --- p.112
Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- Nutrient effect --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- Heavy metal phytotoxicity --- p.115
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Total biomass production --- p.117
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.118
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effect of lime on the growth and heavy metal uptake of bermudagrass in sludge-amended substrates
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.121
Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental design --- p.123
Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.125
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Biomass growth --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.2 --- DTPA-extractable heavy metals --- p.133
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Heavy metal uptake by the shoot portion --- p.138
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Heavy metal uptake by the root portion --- p.147
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Comparing metal uptake between shoot and root portions --- p.151
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Chemical properties of substrates --- p.155
Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.157
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Effect of sludge and lime treatments on pH --- p.158
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Patterns of DTPA-extractable metals and plant uptake --- p.159
Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Variation of heavy metal levels with liming rates --- p.160
Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Variation of heavy metal levels with sludge loading rates --- p.161
Chapter 5.4.2.3 --- Bermudagrass as metal accumulator --- p.162
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Metal uptake by the root and shoot --- p.162
Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Antagonistic interactions --- p.163
Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- Parititioning of heavy metals in shoot and root --- p.163
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Poor biomass growth --- p.166
Chapter 5.4.4.1 --- Heavy metal toxicity --- p.166
Chapter 5.4.4.2 --- Effect of poor soil conditions --- p.167
Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusions --- p.177
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions
Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.179
Chapter 6.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.180
Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations --- p.182
Chapter 6.4 --- Suggestions for further studies --- p.184
References --- p.186
Appendix
25
Kuo, Ya-Wen, and 郭雅紋. "The studies of rapid methods to determine heavy metal contents in organic fertilizers." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29675957899306193054.
Full text
26
Chen-Yue and 陳玥. "Heavy metals uptake of paddy rice on serpentine soils with different fertilizer treatments." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12162590572668287305.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
101
Serpentinitic soils are high in Cr and Ni which may have the potential risk to crop growth and eco-environment, and groundwater contamination. This study used 2 serpentinitic soil samples (WR and TA) from eastern Taiwan to cultivate paddy rice by pot experiment amended with different fertilizer treatments in the open field. All treatments included control (blank), 120-60-60 kg/ha (NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.17 g, and KCl 0.14 g per pot), 120-90-60 kg/ha ((NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.26 g, KCl 0.14 g per pot), and 120-120-60 kg/ha ((NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.35 g, KCl 0.14 g per pot). The experimental results indicated that WR and TA soils pH gradually decreased during rice growth, due to acidity of the chemical fertilizer addition. Addititonally, no difference was found in Cr heavy metal level in the soil solution. Fe and Mn concentrations were higher in the TA soil than in the WR soil. Iron plaque on rice roots, in the different fertilizer treatments the order of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co accumulated concentration was: Fe> Mn> Ni> Co> Cr. The results show that Fe, Cr, Ni, Co were concentrated in the root of rice, and Mn concentrations (757.5 mg/kg) in the stalk part was higher than in the root. The concentrations of all metals in the rice tissues were higher than those in general plants, and thus the Cr and Ni concentrations in the rice were up to 1.16 mg/kg and 8.57 mg/kg.
27
Yang, Hsiao-Ju, and 楊曉茹. "Evaluation and establishment of the analysis method on determination of heavy metal contents in organic fertilizers." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47840285122783170539.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系
92
Suitable use of organic fertilizers usually can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, and also can reach the goals of recycle and reuse of resources, however, some organic fertilizers contain excess amount of heavy metals lead to reduce the qualities of soil and crop. At present, the Chinese National Standards(CNS) method for determining the content of heavy metals in organic fertilizers used by Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection(BSMI) are distributed in different sections and chapters. In addition, there are different digestion methods for different heavy metals cited in CNS standards. The analysis methods used by Taiwan Agriculture Research Institude(TARI) and Soil Survey and Testing Center(SSTC) are also different from that used by the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection(BSMI).Therefore, it is easy to result in confusion and argument about data between inspectors and fertilizer manufactures. The purposes of this study are to compare the results obtained by three organizations(BSMI, TARI and SSTC) for the contents of heavy metal in ten organic fertilizers, and to compare the effectiveness and suitability of CNS, acid digestion(HNO3-HClO4-HCl) and dry ash methods to determine the content of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb for five animal composts and two other composts using Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In addition, the effects of matrix in samples on the analysis method were evaluated by spike addition with standard heavy metal solution. For development a suitable test method on determination of heavy metal contents, a factor experimental designs using acid digestion method was conducted, including four amounts of sample(0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.6 g ), two concentrations of HCl(2N and 3N), three mixture of acids of HNO3-HClO4 (5:1, 5:2, and 7:1) and two digestion times (8 hour and clarification condition). Result showed that different test values of heavy metals of the same ten organic fertilizers were found even using acid digestion, obtained from the result of the three organizations. The method of acid digestion was found to be the most suitable and correct method to measure the heavy metal contents in organic fertilizers due to higher percentage of recovery in spiking test and more clarified solution were obtained, however, the amount of sample used was less than other methods. After evaluation, the acid digestion method using ICP-AES determination was recommended to be used to measure the contents of heavy metal in organic fertilizers, and four analysis conditions were suggested as follows: (1)sample size is 0.4 g, (2)the ratio of acid is HNO3:HClO4=5:1, (3)the concentration of HCl is 2 N and (4)the digestion time is heat required to sample until almost clarification.
28
Lee, Ming-Fang, and 李明芳. "Assessment of heavy metal uptake by corn seeding on serpentine soil amended with different chemical fertilizers." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87065202165258886338.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Serpentinite is one of ultramafic rocks. The serpentinitic soils are characterized as following: (1) Ca/Mg < 1.0, soils fertility is relatively low, such as low availability of N, P and K and unbalance in nutrition, (2) lithiogenic enrichment of heavy metals like Ni, Cr, Mg, Fe, and Co, (3) talc fiber derived from serpentinitic rocks is easily released into the environment to cause the damage of ecological and human health. In this study, three serpentinitic areas having a total of seven soils, in Coastal Range of eastern Taiwan. They are (Wm1 and Wm2), (St3 and St4) , and (Ta2, Ta3, and Ta4). The aims of this study are apply DTPA extraction and pot experiments (amended with different chemical fertilizers) to explore the soils characteristics, and heavy metals, to assess their effect grow on the serpentine soil in the shoot of plant and to accumulate heavy metals. Results show that the amended with different chemical fertilizers in the corn seedling on the different growth number of days relations of the heavy metal concentration, The corn will be longer along with the growth time causes hard, in the shoot of corn were uptake more concentrations of Fe, Mn and Ni. Between the concentrations in shoot of corn and the dry weigh, Fe, Mn and Ni(mg/plant) were increase with the growth time, between the concentration (mg/plant) of Fe have good correlation. next respectively is Ni, Co and Mn. No significant correlation between DTPA extraction of heavy metals and the concentrations of heavy metals in corn absolute absorption capability.
29
Mahony, Christopher Paul. "Effects of native ectomycorrhizal fungi on aspen seedlings in greenhouse studies inoculation methods, fertilizer regimes, and plant uptake of selected elements in smelter-impacted soils /." 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/mahony/MahonyC0505.pdf.
Full text
30
Sattouf, Mamdoh. "Identifying the origin of rock phosphates and phosphorus fertilisers using isotope ratio techniques and heavy metal patterns /." 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/543855309.pdf.
Full text
31
Meerkotter, Maryke. "Sources of heavy metals in vegetables in Cape Town and possible methods of remediation." Thesis, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5235_1332924778.
Full textAbstract:
Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.
32
Dauda, Idris Oladimeji. "Phytoremediation potential of sweet sorghum in mercury-contaminated soil." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27740.
Full textAbstract:
The continuity of the menace of mercury (Hg) is due to the continuous production and use of Hg and Hg containing products. Toxicity is just an outfall of use and exposure. Anthropogenic activities such as coal combustion and artisanal and small-scale gold mining have led to increasing Hg contamination and is the major source of Hg pollution into the environment that needs to be remediated. This study aimed to assess the phytoextraction capability of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under different fertiliser treatments in Hg-contaminated soil. The potted experiment in a controlled environment included control S. bicolor and three phytoremediation treatments, i.e., Hg only; the addition of 4:1 green compost and; the addition of 0.2% NPK fertiliser. There were conspicuous signs of Hg phytotoxicity in plants with Hg only, namely wilting, senescent, inhibition of growth, and photosynthesis. There was stunted growth, but healthy plants observed in the treatment with the addition of green compost towards the end (day 60) of exposure. However, S. bicolor grew well until the last day of exposure in the treatment with the addition of 0.2% NPK fertiliser. Thus, this treatment showed the most effective phytoextraction potential of S. bicolor in Hg-contaminated soil. The effectiveness of S. bicolor in reducing the level of mercury was best assessed in the Hg bioavailable concentration in the spiked soil in which the Hg + NPK treatment has the lowest (0.77 mg kg−1). That resulted in the highest uptake (84.31%) percentage of Hg concentration recorded in the treatment with the addition of 0.2% NPK fertiliser compared to the other two treatments. The results suggest that the proportion of phosphate in the NPK fertiliser used, plays a huge role in the phytoextraction of Hg in the contaminated soil by S. bicolor. The Translocation Factor (TF) and Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), although higher within Days 20 and 40, was greater than 1 at the end of the exposure period suggesting a high probability that Hg was significantly transferred to the aerial parts of the plants. This is regarded as typical hyperaccumulator plant species. While S. bicolor was able to reduce the level of Hg in all three treatments, Hg + NPK treatment gave overall best results in physiological growth, the uptake, and reducing the level of Hg bioavailable in the spiked soil in terms of the effectiveness of phytoremediation method.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)