Academic literature on the topic 'Heavy Metals; Atomic Weight; Technology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Heavy Metals; Atomic Weight; Technology"
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Rudy, Sri Utami, Wahyu Harso, Ramadanil, Moh Iqbal, and Prismawiryanti. "Fitoremediasi Air Tercemar Nikel (Ni) dan Merkuri (Hg) Menggunakan Tanaman Azolla filiculoides Lam." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 10, no. 2 (2024): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2024.v10.i2.17343.
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Water pollution from settlements, agriculture, and industry is a significant issue, as it introduces pollutants like heavy metals into water bodies, harming both humans and aquatic ecosystems. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective, eco-friendly technology for reducing heavy metals in water bodies. This study aimed to assess Azolla filiculoides plants' ability to absorb heavy metals nickel and mercury. The plants were grown in a hydroponic solution contaminated with 0.25 ppm of nickel and 0.5 ppm of mercury. The growth of the plants was measured based on their wet and dry weight, and the nickel and mercury content in the plant tissue was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The study found that the growth of A. filiculoides plants was unaffected by the concentration of either nickel or mercury. The amount of nickel absorbed by the plants was 0 µg/g plant dry weight, while for mercury, it was 1654.82 µg/g. Based on the results, A. filiculoides plant is more promising for use as a phytoremediation agent for water bodies contaminated with mercury heavy metals rather than nickel heavy metals.
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Esther, Isabella Eucharista. "HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN TIRUCHENDUR TALUK AND SRIVAIKUNDAM TALUK." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 2 (2017): 252–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.345682.
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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. The maximum Zn concentration was noticed in the year 2012 as 24.47±0.57µg/l in the water bodies of Tiruchendur and Srivaikundam taluk at station X. The highest Zn concentration was obtained in the water sediments as 272.33±5.01 µg/g at station 1 in the year 2012 and the concentration was high in the phytoplankton as 34.314±4.239 µg/g at station V in the year 2011. During the year 2012, the cu was found high as 22.53±15.70 µg/l at station III in the water bodies. In the sediments it was high as 63.03±13.85 µg/l at station XI during 2011. In the phytoplankton the maximum concentration was noticed at station VIII as 13.564±2.797 µg/g during 2011. During the year 2011 the highest concentration of Pb was emphasized at station VI as 11.31±1.63 µg/l in the water bodies. In the water sediments it was high at station V as 64.11±11.96 µg/g during 2011. In the phytoplankton, the concentration was measured highest at station II as 4.343±0.976 µg/g dry weight in the year 2012. All the heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Pb were exceeded the Shale reference background value. This review provides an analysis of their environmental occurrence and potential for human exposure.
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Patel, Harvi Arvindbhai, and Susmita Sahoo. "A Review of Water Quality Improvement with the Help of Aquatic Macrophytes." Current World Environment 15, no. 3 (2020): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.3.04.
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Metallic elements in the water have been rapidly increased due to the high population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Metals which have high density and high atomic weight are non-degradable, they persist in various environs, have the potentiality to enter the food chain or food web. Due to their toxic nature, heavy metallic contamination has become the most hazardous pollutant in the growing world. Therefore, reduce or remove water contamination is the predominant importance. Utilization of plants to refine water quality is a green technology, which is an effective method, environment-friendly and consumes fewer energy inputs, and also carried out less amount of cost. In this review article, we enlighten the potential of various aquatic macrophytes to reduce or remove the heavy metal contaminants from the aquatic eco-system.
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Fierro, Pablo, Jaime Tapia, Carlos Bertrán, Cristina Acuña, and Luis Vargas-Chacoff. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Two Edible Fish Species and Water from North Patagonia Estuary." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062492.
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Estuaries worldwide have been severely degraded and become reservoirs for many types of pollutants, such as heavy metals. This study investigated the levels of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in water and whole fish. We sampled 40 juvenile silversides Odontesthes regia and 41 juvenile puye Galaxias maculatus from the Valdivia River estuary, adjacent to the urban area in southern South America (Chile). Samples were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In water samples, metals except Zn were mostly below the detection limits and all metals were below the maximum levels established by local guidelines in this estuary. In whole fish samples, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cd were significantly higher in puyes than in silversides. Additionally, Zn, Pb, and Mn were correlated to body length and weight in puyes, whereas Cd was correlated to body length in silversides. The mean concentration of heavy metals in silverside and puyes were higher than those reported in the literature. In silversides, all heavy metal levels were below the limits permitted by current legislation (FAO), whereas in puyes Pb and Cd levels were above the recommended maximum level established by international guidelines, therefore putting the human population at risk.
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Korzhenevska, P., O. Marenkov, I. Borovyk, and V. Sondak. "Levels of accumulation of heavy metals and activity of radionuclides in narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., no. 4(66) (December 28, 2023): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.61976/fsu2023.04.049.
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Purpose. To determine the content of heavy metals as well as natural and artificial radionuclides in muscle tissue and carapaces of narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs. Methodology. The material for the study were narrow-clawed crayfish collected in the spring period (March-April) 2021 in the coastal zone of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs. The collection of material was carried out with standard open-type crayfish traps with a mesh size No. 20, manual collection in the littoral zone as well as with the help of special baited traps. Carapaces and muscle tissue of crayfish were used to determine the content of heavy metals and radionuclides. Preparation of samples for measuring the content of heavy metals and radionuclides was carried out by separating crayfish tissues with subsequent homogenization and concentration (drying and incineration) of the collected material. The samples were dried at a temperature of +105°С to a constant weight, and then incinerated at a temperature of +450°С to obtain white ash. The content of radionuclides was determined on a gamma-beta spectrometer SE-BG-01 “AKP”. The content of heavy metals was determined on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer C115-M1 with a flame analyzer. Findings. Zn, Fe, and Cu were actively accumulated in the muscle tissue of crayfish of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs. This fact is explained by the intensive accumulation of elements in crayfish body that actively occurred in the course of physiological processes. Heavy metals such as Mn, Pb, Co were the most accumulated in crayfish carapace. The minimum content of heavy metals was found for Сd. It was found that Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd contents exceed the MACs in muscles of crayfish of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir by 8, 6, 6.2 and 1.65 times, respectively. The norms for the content of heavy metals in the muscle tissue of river crayfish have not been established in Ukraine today, however, a comparison of the data we obtained with the norms for live fish shows a significant excess for almost all heavy metals examined. It was found that the level of radionuclide activity of in the muscle tissue of decapods of both investigated reservoirs was due to 40K, in the carapaces - 226Ra; 90Sr activity was minimal in muscles, and 226Ra activity in carapaces. Accumulation of studied radionuclides in crayfish did not exceed the MACs for crayfish as a food product. Originality. For the first time, the levels of accumulation of heavy metals and the activity of radionuclides in the muscle tissue and carapace of narrow-clawed crayfish of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs were determined. The content of toxic elements that are subject to control in food raw materials and food products according to the MACs in crayfish of the Kamianske and Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoirs was determined. Practical value. The results of the work can be used during monitoring of the ecotoxicological and radioecological conditions of the aquatic environment. Also, the obtained results can be applied in the study of narrow-clawed crayfish of the Dnieper River basin. Keywords: heavy metals, radionuclides, accumulation coefficient, MAC, crayfish, Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) Reservoir, Kamianske Reservoir.
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Sharma, Deepali, and Gita Bisla. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Bareilly Local Market, Uttar Pradesh State, India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (2022): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40307.
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Abstract: Heavy metals are among the contaminating agents of our food supply, and the main source of metals or the media through which living beings get exposed to various toxic metals is food and water. The concentration of heavy metals in plants is essential for good health and growth of human and animals but should be within permissible limits. Various natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible for excess metal concentration in crops. Dietary heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury can be harmful to biota as their excessive accumulation in human body can lead to systematic health problems. Fruits and vegetables are main component in diet after cereals. Hence the present study aimed to determine Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) content in mostly consumed vegetables (onion, potato, taro root, spinach, taro root leaves, beans, jackfruit and pumpkin) and fruits (blackberry, mango and pears) during summers in Bareilly City, Uttar Pradesh. These food samples were collected from local vendors and shops from four different market sites of the city. The samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the obtained results were compared with safe limits set by different national and international agencies. Based on the data we conclude that concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) of As, Pb and Hg for all samples and Al and Cd for most of the food stuffs were found exceeding the allowable limits causing potential health risk to consumers of present study area. Elevated levels of these metals in food stuffs might be due to various factors such as usage of industrial and disposal waste water for irrigation, municipal and urban runoff, fertilizers, pesticides, that contaminates the soil and hence crops absorb those metals. Some cultivation areas get exposed to atmospheric pollution found near highways, in form of metal containing aerosols. Other factors can be exposure to pollution during transportation and marketing. The prolonged consumption of unsafe concentration of metals is an alarming public health concerns, considering that metals can accumulate in organism and show negative effects by causing various disruptions of numerous biochemical processes and therefore leading to acute and chronic health outcomes. Such foodstuffs should be avoided in the diet and a regular monitoring is required to avoid the health risk among humans. Keywords: heavy metal, contamination, concentration, food sample, human, toxicity
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Saadaoui, Wassim, Hamurabi Gamboa-Rosales, Claudia Sifuentes-Gallardo, et al. "Effects of Lead, Copper and Cadmium on Bioaccumulation and Translocation Factors and Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments in Vicia faba L. (Broad Beans) at Different Stages of Growth." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (2022): 8941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12188941.
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Trace elements in the environmental media contribute to toxicities of different types. Their presence in the arable pedosphere is a human-health risk factor. This study focused on Vicia faba represented by two Tunisian varieties of bean (Mamdouh) and faba bean (Badii). The objective was to analyze the effects of lead, copper and cadmium on their growth, chlorophyll-content and carotenoids-content, as well as the bioaccumulation and translocation factor, at different stages of growth. For each metal, the concentrations the plants were subjected to were 6, 0.3 and 0.03 mg/L of the metal in the compound for lead nitrate, copper nitrate and cadmium acetate, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), encompassing all the parts of the plant. The authors detected a perceptible decrease in the fresh weight of roots and shoots, as well as a drop in the chlorophyll and carotenoid, for all the three heavy metals. Cadmium turned out to be the most toxic of the three metals and copper (which is incidentally an essential micronutrient for plant growth) the least. As far as the bioaccumulation factor was concerned, bean and faba bean exhibited different behaviours, both with regard to the growth stages and the heavy metal absorbed. During the vegetative growth stage, both were accumulators of all the three heavy metals (a translocation factor less than unity). However, in the flowering stage, faba bean was a hyper-accumulator of copper (TF > 1); while the bean plants accumulated a lot of lead in the pods-stage (TF > 1). It is worthwhile to pose new research questions and try to answer them in this study, if legumes are accumulator or hyper accumulator plants in which stage and in where organ accumulate more HMs.
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Pha, Tran Thi, Tran Hai Dang, Ban Thi My, Oleg B. Rudakov, and Elena A. Khorokhordina. "Application of crushed shells Cristaria plicata to separation cadmium and chromium from polluted water by static sorption." Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы 20, no. 5 (2020): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2020.20/3047.
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Cristaria plicata is a species of freshwater mollusk in the genus Cristaria of the family Unionidae. Cristaria plicata shells are available natural raw materials in Vietnam for the production of sorbents that can absorb many pollutants from wastewater. The most important pollutants are heavy metals. The aim of the study was to study the possibility of using powders from Cristaria plicata shells to purify contaminated water from heavy metals such as Cd and Cr by sorption method. A technology for obtaining a sorbent has been developed. After collection, the shells were washed, dried and ground to a size of no more than 0.5 mm, then the powder was soaked in distilled water for 10 hours, dried to a constant weight and sieved through sieves, collecting a fraction with a particle size of about 0.5 mm. Microscopic studies showed that the sorbent parti-cles from the shells of Cristaria plicata contained pores with a diameter of 4.5 to 8.2 microns and a length of 15.9 to 27.6 microns. The static sorption method was used. The Cd and Cr content in water samples before and after sorption was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It is shown that the sorbent from the shell material of Cristaria plicata can be used quite effectively for wastewater treatment from Cd and Cr. It was found that with an increase in the mass fraction of the powder in the treated water, the concentration of Cr and Cd in this water noticeably decreases. The Cr content drops by 29.5-45.5% after shaking for 60 minutes, while the Cd content drops by 91.6-96.9%. The absorption capacity of the sorbent from the shells of Cristaria plicata depends on the initial concentrations of Cr and Cd, the higher the initial concentration, the more pollutants are absorbed by the sorbent. The best effect of sorption purification is observed at the initial concentrations of Cd 1 mg/l and Cr 20 mg/l. For maximum Cd allocation, the recommended processing time is 40÷60 minutes, and for Cr-80÷100 minutes.
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Giuliani, Chiara, Ilaria De Stefano, Mariateresa Mancuso, et al. "Advanced Electrospun Composites Based on Polycaprolactone Fibers Loaded with Micronized Tungsten Powders for Radiation Shielding." Polymers 16, no. 18 (2024): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16182590.
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Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause acute, long-term health effects, such as acute radiation syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This is an important occupational hazard in different fields, such as the aerospace and healthcare industry, as well as a crucial burden to overcome to boost space applications and exploration. Protective bulky equipment made of heavy metals is not suitable for many advanced purporses, such as mobile devices, wearable shields, and manned spacecrafts. In the latter case, the in-space manufacturing of protective shields is highly desirable and remains an unmet need. Composites made of polymers and high atomic number fillers are potential means for radiation protection due to their low weight, good flexibility, and good processability. In the present work, we developed electrospun composites based on polycaprolactone (polymer matrix) and tungsten powder for application as shielding materials. Electrospinning is a versatile technology that is easily scalable at an industrial level and allows obtaining very lightweight, flexible sheet materials for wearables. By controlling tungsten powder size, we engineered homogeneous, stable and processable suspensions to fabricate radiation composite shielding sheets. The shielding capability was assessed by an in vivo model on prototype composite sheets containing 80 w% of W filler in a polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous matrix by means of irradiation tests (X-rays) on mice. The obtained results are promising; as expected, the shielding effectivity of the developed composite material increases with the thickness/number of stacked layers. It is worth noting that a thin barrier consisting of 24 layers of the innovative shielding material reduces the extent of apoptosis by 1.5 times compared to the non-shielded mice.
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Tuli, Munirah, Citra F. Panigoro, Funco Tanipu, and Novianti Walangadi. "Analysis Of Mercury (Hg) In Mujair Fish (Oreochromis mosambicus) In Limboto Lake, Gorontalo Province." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 13, no. 2 (2024): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v13i2.23959.
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The occurrence of silting of the lake and sedimentation in Limboto Lake has become a place for the deposition of heavy metals, especially mercury. In recent years it has been known that the water of Lake Limboto has been polluted by mercury based on data from the Agency for the Environment, Research and Technology (Balihristi), Gorontalo Province in 2007.This study aims to analyze the mercury (Hg) content of mujair fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) in Limboto Lake. This research was conducted in November 2018- June 2019. The method used in this research is descriptive method. Sampling of water and fish was carried out by purposive sampling by dividing the research location into 2 stations, namely Station I in the floating net cages and Station II outside the KJA Measurement of mercury content (Hg) was carried out at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Quality Development and Testing (LPPMHP) Gorontalo City using the Atomic Absorbtin Spectrophotometer (AAS). From the results of the study, it was found that, the Mercury (Hg) Content in Lake Limboto Waters, Stasion I was 0.0014 ppm and Station II was 0.0007 ppm, and for mujair fish organs the highest was in meat, namely outside KJA 0.0037 ppm and in meat, the lowest was in KJA 0.0035 ppm.. Nakoe et al. (2014) examined the risk of exposure to mercury (Hg) in humans who consume Mujair (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Limboto using the Limboto approach. Limboto using an environmental health analysis approach with a variable test method of body weight, consumption level and frequency. Concentration mercury levels of tilapia in Lake Limboto are between 0.007 - 0.089 mg/kg while the mercury levels in the lake are between 0.0014 mg/L. lake is around 0.0014 mg/L.
Book chapters on the topic "Heavy Metals; Atomic Weight; Technology"
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Rama Jyothi, Narjala. "Heavy Metal Sources and Their Effects on Human Health." In Heavy Metals - Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95370.
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Heavy metals are defined in many ways, based on various factors such as density and atomic weight. Some of the heavy metals are essential as nutrients for humans such as iron, cobalt and, zinc in small quantities but are toxic in higher quantities. But few metals, such as lead, cadmium and, mercury are poisonous even in small quantities. The toxicity of heavy metals is depending on concentration,period of exposure and route of exposure. Heavy metal exposure takes place on human beings through inhalation from the atmosphere, intake through drinking water and, ingestion through the skin by dermal contact. The present chapter describes the definition of heavy metals, sources of these heavy metals, toxicity and, their impact on various environmental segments, such as air, water and, soil.
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Rama Jyothi, Narjala. "Heavy Metal Sources and Their Effects on Human Health." In Heavy Metals - Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95370.
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Heavy metals are defined in many ways, based on various factors such as density and atomic weight. Some of the heavy metals are essential as nutrients for humans such as iron, cobalt and, zinc in small quantities but are toxic in higher quantities. But few metals, such as lead, cadmium and, mercury are poisonous even in small quantities. The toxicity of heavy metals is depending on concentration,period of exposure and route of exposure. Heavy metal exposure takes place on human beings through inhalation from the atmosphere, intake through drinking water and, ingestion through the skin by dermal contact. The present chapter describes the definition of heavy metals, sources of these heavy metals, toxicity and, their impact on various environmental segments, such as air, water and, soil.
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Banaee, Mahdi. "Perspective Chapter: Exploring the Toxicity Effect of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Organisms – A Comprehensive Analysis." In Heavy Metals in the Environment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006890.
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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with high atomic weight and density, and they are toxic to aquatic species even at low concentrations. They enter aquatic ecosystems through natural processes like rock weathering and volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities such as industrial processes and the use of fertilizers. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, heavy metals accumulate in the environment, affecting their reactivity, bioavailability, and toxicity. These metals can cause oxidative stress, enzyme inhibition, and DNA damage in aquatic organisms, leading to bioaccumulation, histopathological changes, reproductive toxicity, and behavioral alterations. This chapter explores heavy metals’ sources, pathways, and toxicological effects in aquatic ecosystems, aiming to understand their ecological and health impacts.
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Pandit, Gaurav Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Tiwari, Ashutosh Kumar, Veer Singh, Nidhi Singh, and Vishal Mishra. "Biosensors For Monitoring Heavy Metals Contamination In The Wastewater." In Recent Advances in Biosensor Technology. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123739123010013.
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Several anthropogenic activities, chemical manufacturing, mining, nuclear waste, painting, metal processing, agricultural activities, cosmetic products and industrial activities are associated with heavy metal contamination in the wastewater. Heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead mercury and nickel, are nonbiodegradable and highly toxic. They can directly or indirectly enter the food chain and cause several health issues, such as cancer, liver and kidney, asthma and mental retardation. Analytical methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and chromatography are widely used for heavy metal monitoring in heavy metal contaminations. These methods provide a sufficient level of sensitivity and selectivity, but these methods are costly, time-consuming and require sample preparation. Currently, biosensors are considered an alternative to conventional heavy metal monitoring methods due to high sensitivity, selectivity, inexpensiveness and simplicity. Herein, the authors report several biosensors and their application in monitoring heavy metal contaminations.
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Bora, Jutishna, Masum Kumari, Ipsita Panda, et al. "Health Effects of Heavy Metals Contamination in Children." In Nanotechnology Applications and Innovations for Improved Soil Health. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1471-5.ch012.
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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with a high atomic weight and a minimum density five times greater than that of water. Many heavy metals are known to be highly toxic and can be absorbed by humans through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, leading to various health issues. Children are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of heavy metal exposure compared to adults. The detrimental impact of these elements on children's health encompasses conditions such as intellectual disabilities, neurocognitive impairments, behavioural issues, respiratory ailments, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. Given their potent toxicity, extensive utilization, and widespread occurrence, heavy metals warrant significant attention. This review thus investigates the pathways of exposure and health ramifications associated with mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and barium (Ba) in children, elucidating their toxic effects. In addition, different treatment methods are being discussed.
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Sharma, Pramisha, and Ashima Sharma. "Heavy Metals in Ground Water Affect the Human Health Global Challenge." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9831-3.ch007.
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This chapter is based on a review of heavy metals, high atomic weight, and high-density naturally occurring elements transition elements. In the periodic table, about 80 elements of them are called metals. These metals can be further classified into two categories, those that are essential for survival such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, etc. and those that are nonessential such as lead, mercury, bismuth, and cadmium. These nonessential metals are known as toxic metals. Trace elements such as selenium, zinc, copper, etc. are necessary for maintaining the human body metabolism. These essential elements can be toxic if present at high concentrations. On the other hand, some elements like Hg, Cd, Pb, Bi, Cr, As, etc. are usually toxic to the living organisms when absorbed in small quantities. The source of heavy metals is natural as well as manmade. The toxicity of heavy metals causes carcinogenic effects in human beings related to organ, renal, hepatic, neural, skeletal, and glandular problems.
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"Nanoremediation: An Approach of Nanotechnology for Remediation of Heavy Metals." In Nanotechnology: Journey from Laboratory to Society, edited by Vandna Kumari and Narendra Kumar. New India Publishing Agency, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59317/978935887385613.
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Rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent times have led to the emission of around 10 million tons of untreated hazardous chemicals every year into the environment from various sources such as metallurgical, mining, nuclear energy, and chemical manufacturing units (Bhatt et al. 2022). These are mainly pesticides, antibiotics, chlorinated phenols, steroids, azo dyes, and heavy metals are among the pollutants that contaminate the environment. Among these xenobiotics, heavy metals cause serious concern due to their toxicity, lethal effect on long-term exposure, and persistency in the environment which passes across the food chain (Lall et al., 2022). Heavy metals (HMs) are defined either due to their high atomic weight or because of their high density, among those that are more common in our everyday life and have a density greater than 5 g/cm3 are Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Cadmium, Tin, Platinum, Gold, Mercury, Lead, Nickel, etc. (Briffa et al. 2020). Pollution due to these chemicals ranks second among the most hazardous pollutions and more lethal than chief hazardous pollutants notably sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and pesticides (Ahmad et al., 2021). These metals enter our body in four proposed ways i) ingestion of contaminated food ii) inhalation from the atmosphere iii) drinking contaminated water iv) direct skin contact from agriculture, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, and industrial areas which leads to bioaccumulation which causes biological and physiological complications as shown in Figure 1 (Kumar et al., 2018; Masindi and Muedi., 2018; Walker et al., 2012).
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R.V. Bandara, Kumudu, and Pathmalal M. Manage. "Heavy Metal Contamination in the Coastal Environment and Trace Level Identification." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106653.
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Heavy metal pollution in the coastal environment is a great concern as its adverse effects on marine health. Heavy metals are a group of persistent organic pollutants and last for years in the environment. Due to their widespread distribution, high hydrophobicity, prolonged persistence, and negative effects on the environment and human health, these chemicals have raised attention. Due to a lack of research and advanced detection techniques, heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of some Asian countries is critical. Scientists have developed several methods for detecting heavy metals in the environment, including atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma massspectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical or UV-Vis-detectors. However, a newly optimized, sensitive, cost-effective, and precise technology for detecting heavy metals at ultra-trace levels is solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. As a result, the book chapter will describe the theoretical, practical approach, and modern technology for detecting and quantifying heavy metal contaminations in the marine ecosystem, including the effects of heavy metals on the marine animals, human and environmental health, and challenges and future perspectives of heavy metal degradation using a green approach, as well, the effects of heavy metals on the marine animal, human, and environmental health.
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Mariglia, Mario, and Edineldo Lans-Ceballos. "Removal of Heavy Metals and Purification of Surface Waters." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005095.
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In many parts of the world, the removal of heavy metals and turbidity in surface waters for potabilization is a focus of study, as it has become a public health problem. Many researchers develop methodologies for the removal of heavy metals; however, these are generally difficult to implement in rural areas due to the danger associated with the use of chemical reagents by individuals with little or no education. That is why this chapter aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review, including an original research project developed by our working group, to identify affordable methods for the potabilization of surface waters in small communities with minimal technology. Additionally, it aims to provide data for better understanding. These economical, sustainable, and efficient methods will help improve the treatment of surface waters for human consumption, using plants and their extracts for the removal of turbidity and various heavy metals. The methods proposed in this chapter for the potabilization of natural water are a contribution to green analytical chemistry. The objective of this chapter is to present metals, removal techniques, and evaluate the efficiency of removing Fe and Mn during phytoremediation processes. To carry out this work, three stages were considered. In the first stage, the quantity of plant material required for the process is selected. In the second stage, the metal removal capacity is determined with the selected mass, and in the third stage, the aim is to understand the removal levels of extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica and Hylocereus triangularis to compare it with Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The determination of metals was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy with a previously validated method. The Hydrilla exhibited a 100% removal of Fe and Mn, as well as a reduction in turbidity and color of 92% and 94%, respectively. The Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Opuntia ficus-indica are plants that can be used for the removal of Fe, Mn, turbidity, and color in natural waters. The Hylocereus triangularis did not show efficient results in removing these metals in natural waters. Similar to Hylocereus and Hydrilla, Opuntia can be used for the removal of turbidity from natural waters, which is useful for rural communities.
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Giang, Pham Thi Kim, and Dang Xuan Thu. "Spectrophotometric Atomic Absorption Assessment of Trace Amounts of Arsenic and Some Heavy Metals in Their Treatment Technology by Iron Powder." In Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacb/v6/8293d.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Heavy Metals; Atomic Weight; Technology"
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Sirait, Makmur, Karya Sinulingga, and Nurdin Siregar. "The Effect of Zeolite Particle Size on Adsorption on Heavy Metals." In The 4th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-we7xof.
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Zeolite Pahae an adsorbent material by activating physical and chemical processes has been synthesized. The methods used are ball milling and coprecipitation methods. Zeolite was ball milling and activated, then sieved using 100 mesh and 200 mesh sieves. To obtain nanozeolite, a ball mill and coprecipitation were carried out to obtain a size of 9.08 nm. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed that the zeolite structure is tetragonal. Zeolite is used as a heavy metal adsorbent. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method can determine how much zeolite can absorb heavy metals. The results of the AAS test showed that the absorption of nanozeolite to heavy metals was Pb of 99.81%; Fe is 99.99% and Mn is 96.87%. The absorption of 200 mesh zeolite is Pb of 99.45%; Fe is 99.99% and Mn is 99.61%. The absorption of 100 mesh zeolite is Pb of 99.66%; Fe is 99.98%, and Mn is 99.68%. From these results obtained zeolite particle size affects the absorption of heavy metals.
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Sumanathilake, R. M. S. B. D., N. Jegatheeswaran, K. G. M. Pabanda, and A. V. P. Vijitha. "Heavy metals in agricultural soils and level of contamination with crop production." In International Symposium on Earth Resources Management & Environment - ISERME 2023. Department of Earth Resources Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/iserme.2023.25.
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Heavy metals (HM) can be defined as metallic elements that are greater than 40 in atomic weight and above 5 g/cm3 in specific gravity and cause abnormal effects on the biota at low concentrations. This study aimed to assess the levels of HM contamination in soils and unpolished rice grains (Oryza sativa) at three separated paddy cultivation fields in Anuradhapura, Gampaha, and Jaffna over one consecutive season. The concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the results, HM concentrations of As and Pb in the soil for all studied fields were below the maximum permissible limits (MPL) set by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). However, Pb content in rice grains was high in all stations relative to the MPL for crops given by WHO/FAO. The results revealed that Cd has exceeded MPL of both soil and grains in the Jaffna paddy field according to the WHO/FAO guidelines and Cd has a high transfer factor (TF>0.27) from soil to grain among all concerned agricultural lands. Other heavy metals have lower TF values (0.001 to 0.131). Regarding the contamination factor, As, Cd and Pb showed a moderate level of contamination severity over three regions.
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Zaleska, Martina, Milena Pavlikova, Adam Pivak, Zbysek Pavlik, and Jana Nabelkova. "IMMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS IN PORTLAND CEMENT-MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION ASH MATRIX." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s26.38.
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A novel composite matrix composed of Portland cement (PC) and municipal solid waste incineration ash (MSWIA) was developed for the simultaneous immobilization of three heavy metals - Ba, Pb and Zn. The main motivation for the research was to exploit and reuse MSWIA to design alternative composite matrix with the ability to immobilize hazardous pollutants, such as heavy metals, which might be used as filler for the cement-based construction materials. In composition of prepared composite matrix, MSWIA was used as addition to PC in the amount of 10 wt%. Silica sand of 0-2 mm fraction was used as aggregate. Water/binder ratio was 0.61. It was adjusted to obtain workable fresh mixture. Soluble heavy metal salts (BaCl2, Pb(NO3)2, ZnCl2) were added to batch water at a rate of 2.5% of the individual heavy metal by weight of the PC. The assessment of developed matrices included basic structural and mechanical properties. To evaluate the immobilization of the studied heavy metals in the prepared composites, the leaching test was performed with a ratio of liquid to solid of 10 l/kg. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to analyze the concentration of Ba, Pb and Zn in leachates. The presence of heavy metal salts negatively affected the strength of both composite matrices. Nevertheless, the addition of MSWIA improved both flexural and compressive strength in comparison to reference composite matrix. The increase in the flexural strength was 21.4% and 32.4% in the compressive strength. The concentrations of all examined heavy metals studied in the leachates from the developed composite matrices were very low, indicating that they were completely solidified and immobilized in the matrix. Moreover, the application of MSWIA reduced the leaching of Pb and Zn.
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Hidayati, Nur, and Mardiyono. "The utilization of guava leaves extract (Psidium Guajava L.) to reduce the levels of chrome and nickel heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry." In 12TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON NEW PARADIGM AND INNOVATION ON NATURAL SCIENCES AND ITS APPLICATIONS (12TH ISNPINSA): Contribution of Science and Technology in the Changing World. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0213711.
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Stepanova, Natalya, Emiliya Valeeva, Amr S. Elbahnasawy, Oxana Sinitsyna, Suryana Fomina, and Aizat Basyyrov. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CITY ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF THE SNOW COVER STUDY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s19.56.
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Analysis of the air environment and atmospheric emissions is an efficient method for assessing the ecological situation in cities. Assessment of the chemical composition of deposit environments (soil, snow) shows long-term contamination. The snow cover (SC), being a natural accumulating plate, reflects environmental contamination with heavy metals (HM) caused by entry from various sources. The work aims to study the three-dimensional dynamics of large city contamination with HM. Sampling (in 2019 - 100, in 2020-100, in 2021 - 280) was performed in the first decade of March. The samples were analyzed for the HM content by atomic absorption method on apparatus AAS 3. Simultaneously, the content of Cd, Cu, Zn,/, Ni, and Mn in the solid residue (mg/kg of dust), along with the HM fallout density per unit area for dissolved and solid phases (mg/m2) during winter period were calculated. The average daily dust load on the city territory was confirmed by relatively weak temporal variation, the difference in dust release during the winter seasons of the years 2019-2021 did not increase by 20%. In 2019, the SC dust level was characterized mainly as low (85.5 kg/km2/day). High dust level was observed only at the sites adjacent to large industrial enterprises (816 kg/km2 -day). In 2020, the dust level of the city of SC was the lowest (40.8 kg/km2/day). Along with the decrease of the total dust weight, which entered the SC, a decrease of HM entry as part of dust was registered too. The element-by-element analysis showed that Fe (80-87%), Zn (5-6.8%), Mn (3.45-3.6%), and Cu (1.3-2.7%) made the highest proportion in the dust. Ranking in value of the concentration coefficient (C-) was as follows: Cd 327 > -u 51 > Zn 38 > / 18 > / 13 > Ni 11 > n 1.3. The spread of Cd data in selected measurement points in dust fallouts on SC was achieved 900 times. In urbanized systems, the Cd behavior is regulated by the transformation of hydrocarbons, which involves the structure of atmospheric emissions in the city of Kazan. Correlation between the HM content as part of liquid and solid phases of the city SC indicates a statistically significant relationship with their technogenic entry into the atmosphere from one or several sources, and the composition of HM geochemical association in SC depends largely on the set and relationship of elements in other components of the urban environment. The assumption of the integrity of -d, Pb, Cu, and Zn source of entry (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.55-0.92) was confirmed. Data on the SC contamination not only deepen our knowledge, reflecting peculiarities of the atmospheric pollution spread, but also allow preventing the contamination of water bodies and soils.
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Kuganathan, Sivashanthini, Dhanushka Dilini Jayaweera Shivatharshini Yohi, and Kuttithamby Gunaalan. "Quantitative Analysis Of Trace Metal In Water And Soft Tissues Of Balanus Amphitrite In Nandikadal Lagoon, Sri Lanka." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrset.2019.11.778.
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Due to long–term military activities carried out in Nandikadal lagoon situated at Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka, there are high possibilities to impact water and biota with heavy metals. Balanus amphitrite (Barnacles) has been found as a strong candidate for biomonitoring of trace metals. Therefore, the present study describes the impacts of trace metal pollution on water and the soft tissues of Balanus amphitrite. Water samples and barnacles were collected from two locations of the lagoon for four months during the dry and wet seasons. Quantitative analysis of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn) were detected in the water and tissue samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu found in tissues of barnacles were several times higher than the International recommended level except for Zn. The concentration of Pb in tissues of barnacles showed a significant (p < 0.05) spatial variation. The Cd and Cu concentrations obtained in soft tissues showed significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variations. The concentration of Cr in water showed a significant (p < 0.05) spatial variation and other trace metals (Pb,Cd) except Zn, showed significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variations. There were significant positive correlations between water and soft tissues with respect to Cd (p=0.000 & r = 0.893) and Pb (p=0.002 & r=0.435). Zn found in samples showed negative correlation between water and soft tissues. According to this results Balanus amphitrite has an ability to accumulate trace metals several times greater than in the lagoon water. Therefore, Balanus amphitrite is a strong net–accumulator of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr. Hence, it is a good choice to be used as a bioindicator organism to find the level impact of trace metal contamination.
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Saponja, J., C. Coyes, and M. Conner. "Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic (FRTP) Sucker Rods Providing High Strength Light Weight Low Cost and Environmentally Responsible Artificial Lift Efficiencies." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23949-ms.
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Abstract Sucker rods are an essential component for rod pumping or rod lifting of oil and gas wells, but they have been limited by the use of metals and thermoset based non-metal composites (i.e., existing fiberglass sucker rods). Steel (metal) sucker rods have been limited by a low corrosion resistance, a low strength to weight ratio (i.e., too heavy), a low fatigue endurance limit and a relatively poor environmental, social and governance (ESG) rating during its lifecycle. Composite thermoset glass fiber (fiberglass) sucker rods have been limited by a low tensile modulus of elasticity (i.e., too stretchy relative to steel), a high cost (i.e., higher cost relative to steel), and a low toughness (i.e., low tolerance to compressional loads or high impact forces). Metal end fittings have also been a costly challenge for thermoset composite rods. Composite thermoset sucker rods using carbon fibers have offered a tensile modulus of elasticity comparable to steel but have been limited primarily by a very high relative cost to steel sucker rods. Rod lifting has been further challenged by unconventional reservoirs and associated well designs comprised of vertically deep and long horizontal wellbores, where production is commonly comprised of high gas to liquid ratios and high initial liquid rates but with associated high decline rates. Electrical submersible pumps and gas lifting artificial lifting system are commonly used during the initial high production rate phase but eventually the well is transitioned to lower operating expense (OPEX) sucker rod pumping. Being able to transition to rod pumping as early as possible and at the highest production rate possible often provides the most attractive well economics. Unfortunately, high rate deep rod pumping has been challenged by excessive failure frequencies, mostly related to sucker rod failures. It is apparent that a cost effective and high reliability solution for deep high rate rod pumping is needed. An ideal sucker rod for resolving its current limitations and application challenges has been defined and characterized as follows: High strength to weight ratio,High tensile modulus,High toughness and fatigue/endurance limit,High corrosion tolerance,Cost comparable to low carbon steel alloys (i.e., KD rod), andHigh ESG sustainability rating being recyclable and manufactured with a relatively low carbon footprint. A composite material was identified, and it was hypothesized that it had the potential to satisfy development of an ideal sucker rod. Unidirectional fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) composite materials have gained significant attention in recent years due to their high strength/toughness, lightweight, excellent corrosion resistance, being partially recyclable with a relatively good lifecycle ESG rating and having comparable costs to steel sucker rods. This paper focuses on the development of fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) sucker rods, highlighting their potential advantages and challenges, for rod pumping (in general) and for offering an earlier transition from ESP pumping or gas lifting to reliable deep high rate rod pumping. The development of fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) sucker rods involves the integration of unidirectional high-performance fibers, such as carbon or glass, into a semi-ductile thermoplastic matrix. This is vastly different from thermoset composites, which use a hard and relatively brittle epoxy matrix around the fibers. A major and unique feature of an FRTP composite rod is its remarkably high shear failure resistance as compared to a thermoset composite rod. A high shear failure resistance means the rods have compressional loading tolerance and that an entire sucker rod string could be comprised of FRTP sucker rods. The design process, prototyping/testing and recent well trials/results show promise for FRTP sucker rods. This paper explores the development of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sucker rods as a promising alternative for overcoming the limitations of steel sucker rods and thermoset fiberglass sucker rods.
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Min, Byung Youn, Wang Kyu Choi, Ki Won Lee, Kune Woo Lee, and Un Soo Chung. "Decontamination of Radioactive Concrete Wastes by Thermal and Mechanical Processes." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40221.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide the results of a series of volume reduction tests conducted in thermal and mechanical processes. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institutes (KAERI) has developed volume reduction technology applicable to an activated heavy concrete waste generated by dismantling the South Korea Research Reactor (KRR-2) and the uranium-contaminated light weight concrete produced from a uranium conversion plant (UCP). The volume reduction rate could achieve above 70% by heating following a mechanical separation process. Demonstration tests were performed with concrete waste generated from KRR-2 and UCP by thermal and mechanical process. The developed processes were quite effective for the volume reduction of radioactively contaminated dismantled concrete waste.
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Choi, Wang Kyu, Byung Youn Min, and Kune Woo Lee. "Volume Reduction of Radioactive Concrete Wastes by Thermal and Mechanical Treatments." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75917.
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The decommissioning of nuclear facilities produces a large amount of radioactive wastes and most of them are concrete waste. In Korea, two decommissioning projects such as the decommissioning of the retired research reactors (KRR-1 & 2) and a uranium conversion plant (UCP) at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has been carried out. By dismantling KRR-2, more than 260 tons of radioactive concrete wastes were generated among the total 2,000 tons of concrete wastes and more than 60 tons of concrete wastes contaminated with uranium compounds have been generated for the UCP decommissioning up to now. The volume reduction and recycling of the wastes is essential to reduce the waste management cost with expectation that an approximate disposal cost for the low level radioactive waste will be more than 5,000 US dollars per 200 liter waste drum in Korea. Therefore, we have developed the volume reduction technology applicable to an activated heavy weight concrete generated by dismantling KRR-2 and the uranium contaminated light weight concrete produced from the UCP decommissioning. We have investigated the characteristics of a separation of the aggregates and the distribution of the radioactivity into the aggregates from the volume reduction point of view using an activated heavy weight concrete taken from the KRR-2 and uranium contaminated light weight concrete from the UCP. It could be concluded that the radioactivity is mainly concentrated in the porous fine cement powder below the size of 1mm and the appropriate heating temperature for the treatment of concrete waste is in the range of 450°C to 500°C. The volume reduction rate could be achieved above 70% by a heating followed by a mechanical separation process. A fine cement radioactive produced during the course of the mechanical treatment process was immobilized and reduced in volume by a slagging using a direct current graphite arc melting system which resulted in a volume reduction factor of about 3.4.
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Satija, Narendra Kumar, Har Bhajan Singh, Anjana Grover, and Ram Mohan Rai. "COAGULATION ABNORMALITIES IN LEAD EXPOSED RATS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643072.
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The accelerated rate of development of modern technology has greatly expanded the range of health hazards. Lead, a widely used industrial material, is a significant environmental pollutant that contaminates food, water, soil and air. Although much progress has been made in elucidating its adverse effects on various systems of the body like hepatic, CNS, renal etc., its effect on coagulation remains to be established. In view of this an experimental study was carried out in animals to understand how lead influences hemostasis.Male albino rats were exposed to lead either acutely by administering 20 mg lead acetate per kg body weight daily i.p. for 3 days or chronically by administering lead through drinking water containing 5 ppm lead for 150 days. Acute exposure to lead caused severe coagulopathy characterized by significant prolongation of plasma recalcification time, decrease in platelet count and decreased wall adherence of blood, decreased fibrinogen and euglobulin lysis time and significant increase in prothrombin time, thrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time. Similar observations were found in chronically exposed animals. It is concluded that exposure to heavy metals like lead may lead to a state of hypocoagulability.