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Berdichevsky, Dina. "The Long Endless Railroads, the Blowing of Winds, and the Invention of the Hebrew Mood." Comparative Literature 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8738862.
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AbstractThis article explores the moment of “invention” of the Hebrew mood. Around the year 1900 a new expression for mood appeared in Hebrew: matsav ruah. The articulation of a new linguistic expression was paralleled by the rise of an original atmospheric prose, mood prose, in Hebrew. By analyzing these parallel events, the article suggests that the matsav ruah of the early 1900s was a new form of self-experience and that this new form stimulated original poetic language created by a cohort of Hebrew, East European writers, including Yosef Hayim Brenner, Uri Nissan Gnessin, and others. The author suggests that, with mood, Hebrew prose figuratively stretched language itself, giving form to a new sense of “being there.” Furthermore, this poetics of mood offered authors an alternative to psychological realist prose and to the fixed subject position it implied. Thus, this article suggests that Hebrew phrasing and poetics of mood offer a potent concept for the analysis of epistemological foundations of early twentieth-century modernism in Hebrew literature while drawing an outline for a wider, comparative view on early twentieth-century European modernism in light of the concept of mood.
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Bitton, Yonatan, Raphael Cohen, Tamar Schifter, Eitan Bachmat, Michael Elhadad, and Noémie Elhadad. "Cross-lingual Unified Medical Language System entity linking in online health communities." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 10 (September 10, 2020): 1585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa150.
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Abstract Objective In Hebrew online health communities, participants commonly write medical terms that appear as transliterated forms of a source term in English. Such transliterations introduce high variability in text and challenge text-analytics methods. To reduce their variability, medical terms must be normalized, such as linking them to Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concepts. We present a method to identify both transliterated and translated Hebrew medical terms and link them with UMLS entities. Materials and Methods We investigate the effect of linking terms in Camoni, a popular Israeli online health community in Hebrew. Our method, MDTEL (Medical Deep Transliteration Entity Linking), includes (1) an attention-based recurrent neural network encoder-decoder to transliterate words and mapping UMLS from English to Hebrew, (2) an unsupervised method for creating a transliteration dataset in any language without manually labeled data, and (3) an efficient way to identify and link medical entities in the Hebrew corpus to UMLS concepts, by producing a high-recall list of candidate medical terms in the corpus, and then filtering the candidates to relevant medical terms. Results We carry out experiments on 3 disease-specific communities: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and depression. MDTEL tagging and normalizing on Camoni posts achieved 99% accuracy, 92% recall, and 87% precision. When tagging and normalizing terms in queries from the Camoni search logs, UMLS-normalized queries improved search results in 46% of the cases. Conclusions Cross-lingual UMLS entity linking from Hebrew is possible and improves search performance across communities. Annotated datasets, annotation guidelines, and code are made available online (https://github.com/yonatanbitton/mdtel).
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Bohadana, Abraham, Hava Azulai, Amir Jarjoui, George Kalak, Ariel Rokach, and Gabriel Izbicki. "Influence of language skills on the choice of terms used to describe lung sounds in a language other than English: a cross-sectional survey of staff physicians, residents and medical students." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e044240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044240.
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IntroductionThe value of chest auscultation would be enhanced by the use of a standardised terminology. To that end, the recommended English terminology must be transferred to a language other than English (LOTE) without distortion.ObjectiveTo examine the transfer to Hebrew—taken as a model of LOTE—of the recommended terminology in English.Design/settingCross-sectional study; university-based hospital.Participants143 caregivers, including 31 staff physicians, 65 residents and 47 medical students.MethodsObservers provided uninstructed descriptions in Hebrew and English of audio recordings of five common sounds, namely, normal breath sound (NBS), wheezes, crackles, stridor and pleural friction rub (PFR).Outcomes(a) Rates of correct/incorrect classification; (b) correspondence between Hebrew and recommended English terms; c) language and auscultation skills, assessed by crossing the responses in the two languages with each other and with the classification of the audio recordings validated by computer analysis.ResultsRange (%) of correct rating was as follows: NBS=11.3–20, wheezes=79.7–87.2, crackles=58.6–69.8, stridor=67.4–96.3 and PFR=2.7–28.6. Of 60 Hebrew terms, 11 were correct, and 5 matched the recommended English terms. Many Hebrew terms were adaptations or transliterations of inadequate English terms. Of 687 evaluations, good dual-language and single-language skills were found in 586 (85.3%) and 41 (6%), respectively. However, in 325 (47.3%) evaluations, good language skills were associated with poor auscultation skills.ConclusionPoor auscultation skills surpassed poor language skills as a factor hampering the transfer to Hebrew (LOTE) of the recommended English terminology. Improved education in auscultation emerged as the main factor to promote the use of standardised lung sound terminology. Using our data, a strategy was devised to encourage the use of standardised terminology in non-native English-speaking countries.
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Levene, D. "Word-Smithing: Some Metallurgical Terms in Hebrew and Aramaic." Aramaic Studies 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147783510400200203.
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Levene, Dan, and Beno Rothenberg. "Word-Smithing: Some Metallurgical Terms in Hebrew and Aramaic." Aramaic Studies 2, no. 2 (2004): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000004781540353.
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Abstract The collaboration between Dr Dan Levene and Prof. Beno Rothenberg on a project that aims to identify references to metals and metalworking techniques in what are primarily Judaic sources has been a bringing together of two different approaches to studying the past: philology and archaeometallurgy. This paper highlights the way in which the lexicography of certain terms must inevitably rely on knowledge of the relevant technology and its history. To illustrate this point two terms are examined: 1. the word srp and the shifting meanings of some of its cognates across time; and 2. the word 'nk, that appears in Amos 7.7-8.
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Sutherland-Smith, Wendy. "Spoken Narrative and Preferred Clause Structure." Studies in Language 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.20.1.07sut.
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This study examines the spontaneous oral narrative of three native speakers of Hebrew for overall clause structure in terms of number and type of arguments per clause, following DuBois' (1985) theory of Preferred Argument Structure. The results indicate that there exists a preferred shape for narrative clauses in Hebrew and that it strongly parallels that which has been found in the ergative Mayan language, Sacapultec, upon which Du Bois' study is based. As Hebrew is a nominative-accusative language, the results point to the universality of pragmatic-cognitive factors and information flow in discourse.
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Glazer, Steven A. "Language of Propaganda: The Histadrut, Hebrew Labor, and the Palestinian Worker." Journal of Palestine Studies 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2007.36.2.25.
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This article examines the terminology used in the Hebrew Labor picketing campaign of the 1920s and 1930s. It considers the framework within which the Histadrut conceived its efforts——using metaphors of war, religion, morality, and medicine and illness——and surveys the terms used to describe the Palestinian worker. Finally, the language of Hebrew Labor opponents——grove owners and parties to the left of the mainstream Labor Zionists——is examined in the context of rebuttals to Histadrut claims and charges.
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Irmay, Ron. "Technological and Scientific Hebrew Terminology." Terminologie hébraïque 43, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003227ar.
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Abstract The author describes the procedures and mechanisms used by Israel's Central Committee for Technological Terminology (CCTT), a branch of the Academy of the Hebrew Language at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, in the development and maintenance of standard Hebrew terminology in science and technology. Lexicographic and sociolinguistic processes involved in the formation of new scientific terms in Hebrew, such as the effect of synonyms, transliteration, international terms and linguistic structure, fuzzy usage, pressure of countries of origin, etc., are referred to along with a broad survey of the Central Committee's printed and computerized output over the years. In order to provide an updated terminological service that is easily accessible to the public, CCTT's Office at Technion is developing a computerized dictionary database for local and net-based multiuser environments.
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Mizrachi, Avi. "A note on Modern Hebrew voicing assimilation." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101004.
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Abstract In Hebrew, consecutive obstruents that differ in voicing can be produced with the same voicing. This process is regressive as the first obstruent assimilates to the obstruent following it. It is also an optional process as it is dependent on the rate of speech and the formality of the utterance (Bolozky 1978, 1997). Using elicited data, an acoustic study on intervocalic obstruent sequences in Hebrew (Mizrachi 2016) has recently shown that assimilation-to-voiceless is more frequent than assimilation-to-voiced. Moreover, not only does devoicing assimilation occur more often, but it also occurs progressively—at least in terms of vocal fold vibration—in more cases than suggested in previous work.
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HACOHEN, AVIYA, and JEANNETTE SCHAEFFER. "Subject realization in early Hebrew/English bilingual acquisition: The role of crosslinguistic influence." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10, no. 3 (October 25, 2007): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907003100.
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This study reports on the use of (c)overt subjects and subject–verb agreement in Hebrew in the spontaneous speech of a child, EK, acquiring Hebrew and English simultaneously from birth and of five slightly younger Hebrew monolingual controls. Analysis shows that EK's production of pragmatically inappropriate overt subjects is more than three times that of the controls, while she resembles the controls in terms of subject–verb agreement, a purely syntactic phenomenon. These results strongly suggest that influence from English is restricted to phenomena that involve the syntax/pragmatics interface, supporting Hulk and Müller's (2000) hypothesis that crosslinguistic influence in early bilingual acquisition is a predictable and systematic phenomenon.
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Birnboim, Smadar. "Acquired surface dyslexia: The evidence from Hebrew." Applied Psycholinguistics 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400006433.
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ABSTRACTMost research on dyslexia deals with native speakers of English. This study, however, investigates the specific symptoms of acquired surface dyslexia in Hebrew. It is assumed that Hebrew has a number of distinctive properties that would affect the definition of symptoms differently from those in English. In this study, four acquired surface dyslexic adults were compared with eight normal second graders in terms of reading strategy. The comparison was carried out mainly to discover whether certain symptoms were specific to surface dyslexia or whether they were normal in reading acquisition and thus could be defined in terms of a general non-lexical strategy of reading. Two main conclusions emerged from this research study. (1) Homophones and homographs were a major source of difficulty for native Hebrew surface dyslexic readers; vowel misreadings were the most common error. These phenomena were not common to English surface dyslexia, where difficulty with irregular words is the main symptom and regularization errors are the most frequent. It should be noted, however, that difficulty with homophones also occurs in English surface dyslexia. (2) The normal second graders tended to read using a non-lexical strategy. Their reading was similar to that of surface dyslexic subjects.
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Soesman, Aviva, and Joel Walters. "Codeswitching within prepositional phrases: Effects of switch site and directionality." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 747–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211000855.
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Aims and Research Questions: Codeswitching (CS) was investigated among English-Hebrew bilingual preschool children in a sentence repetition task focusing on switching at different points in prepositional phrases (PPs). We asked the extent to which sentence repetition accuracy differed (1) as a function of the switch site in the PP and (2) as a function of directionality, English-to-Hebrew versus Hebrew-to-English CS. Design/Methodology: English/first language (L1)-Hebrew/second language (L2), sequential bilingual children ( N = 65), ages 5;5–6;5, participated. Thirty-six English and 36 Hebrew stimulus sentences were matched for semantic content and syntax. English stimulus sentences contained switches to Hebrew; Hebrew stimuli contained switches to English. Six ‘switch’ conditions were examined: a single codeswitched noun (N), a determiner–noun switch (DET+N), a codeswitched preposition (P), a preposition–determiner switch (P+DET), a switch of the entire PP (P+DET+N), and a no-switch condition. Data and Analysis: Audio recordings were transcribed and coded. Full sentence repetition was coded as correct/incorrect. The number of errors and the proportion of CS errors were computed. A 6 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance examined the effects of switch site within the PP and directionality (L1-to-L2 versus L2-to-L1). Findings/Conclusions: Accuracy was highest for the non-switched, N, and P+DET+N conditions. Accuracy was lowest for DET+N switches in English sentences, and for P switches in Hebrew sentences, and these two conditions showed the highest proportion of CS errors. The findings show evidence for a hierarchy of processing costs and directionality differences, which are interpreted in terms of contrastive typological features, particularly definiteness marking in the two languages, English by a free morpheme, and Hebrew by a bound clitic.
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Rodriguez-Arribas, Josefina. "Astronomical and Astrological Terms in Ibn Ezra's Biblical Commentaries: A New Approach." Culture and Cosmos 13, no. 1 (June 2009): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0113.0203.
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Abraham ibn Ezra (Tudela, 1089/1092-1164/1167) was the most important writer of scientific treatises in Hebrew in the twelfth century; prior to him and his predecessor, Abraham bar Hiyya (d. after 1136), Arabic was the only language of scientific knowledge among Jews. After Ibn Ezra’s work, Hebrew became a language of science, and eventually of research, among the Jews of the Iberia Peninsula and Europe. This fact makes Ibn Ezra’s language, his choice of technical terms, and his linguistic agenda fascinating subjects that deserve more attention than received so far. Our purpose in this article is to distinguish Ibn Ezra’s strategies in coining technical terminology in the context of his biblical commentaries. The presence of astronomy and astrology in religious exegetical texts is not a feature exclusive to Ibn Ezra, but he is surely the most inclined (and effective) to find astronomical and astrological meanings in the biblical words
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Raichlin, Rina, Joel Walters, and Carmit Altman. "Some wheres and whys in bilingual codeswitching: Directionality, motivation and locus of codeswitching in Russian-Hebrew bilingual children." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 2 (March 18, 2018): 629–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918763135.
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Aims and objectives: Differences in directionality, motivations and locus of codeswitching have been reported for children’s codeswitching, but these constructs have not been subjected to experimental study in order to examine how they may interact. This study investigated these variables in bilingual preschool children’s codeswitching. Methodology: Thirty-two Russian-Hebrew bilingual children (mean age 6;3) performed two tasks: Retelling of narratives manipulated for setting/topic and listener and Conversation with a bilingual adult. Retelling conditions included a Russian story retold to a Hebrew-speaking puppet, a Hebrew story retold to a Russian speaking puppet and a Mixed language story retold to a bilingual puppet. The Conversation task involved responses to questions in Russian, Hebrew and codeswitched speech about holidays and activities at home and in preschool. Data and Analysis: All children’s speech was audio recorded and transcribed using CHILDES conventions for data transcription. Codeswitched utterances were coded for the following: Directionality (Hebrew-to-Russian/Russian-to-Hebrew); Motivation (psycholinguistic/sociopragmatic); and Locus (intra-utterance/cross-speaker). Results: Overall children produced more codeswitching from Russian to Hebrew and did so more for psycholinguistic motivations (to maintain fluency or to overcome difficulties in lexical access). Originality: High rates of codeswitching occurred in this study, ranging from 15% to 22% for Conversation and Retelling, respectively (calculated as codeswitched instances per utterance). This high rate may be attributed to the experimental nature of the tasks, which intended to elicit codeswitching in children’s speech. Significance: Drawing from Green and Wei’s processing model, findings regarding directionality and motivation are discussed in terms of connectivity and activation.
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Ал, Тавил Солаф. "PLANT NAMES IN ANCIENT AND MODERN HEBREW." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 4(109) (January 26, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.109.4.001.
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В статье рассматриваются названия растений в древнееврейском языке (включая библейский, постбиблейский и средневековый) и в современном иврите. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы исследовать названия растений, упоминаемых в Библии, и их семантические изменения в постбиблейской и средневековой еврейской литературе и в современном иврите. Исследование ботанических терминов осуществлялось на материале текстовых корпусов на иврите разных эпох развития языка в контекстном, семантическом и сравнительном аспектах. Как известно, библейская лексика в части названий растений является динамичной, поскольку большинство фитонимов в библейском языке не имеет однозначной ботанической идентификации, и многие неясности остаются до сих пор. В современном иврите многие из библейских названий растений изменили свои значения с течением времени и сегодня отличаются от исходных. Кроме того, многие растения, упомянутые в Библии, не произрастают сегодня в ареале Ближнего Востока, или, наоборот, появились новые виды растений, которые не были известными ранее. Таким образом, исследование ботанических терминов в разные эпохи развития еврейского языка дает нам представление о развитии семантики данных терминов и о факторах, влияющих на него. The article discusses the names of plants in ancient Hebrew (biblical, post-biblical, and medieval) and modern Hebrew. The purpose of this article is to investigate the names of plants mentioned in the Bible and their semantic changes in post-biblical, in medieval Jewish literature, and in modern Hebrew. The study of botanical terms was carried out on the material of text corpora in Hebrew of different epochs of the language development in contextual, semantic and comparative aspects. It is a common fact that the biblical vocabulary of plant names is dynamic, since most plant names in the biblical language do not have a clear botanical identification, and many of them remain in question until now. In modern Hebrew, many of the biblical names of plants have changed their meanings over time and they differ today from the ancient language. In addition, many plants mentioned in the Bible do not exist today in the realities of the Middle East, or vice versa, new plant species have appeared that were not known before. Thus, the study of botanical terms in different epochs of the development of the Hebrew language gives the information on the semantic development of these terms and the factors that affect them.
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Casanellas, Pere. "The Use of the Expressions ‘Prophetic Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Targum and the Dating of the Targums." Aramaic Studies 11, no. 2 (2013): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-13110203.
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Among different expressions used by the targums to translate the Hebrew word meaning ‘spirit’, the terms ‘prophetic spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ stand out. I will try to demonstrate (contra P. Schäfer, ‘Die Termini “Heiliger Geist” und “Geist der Prophetie” in den Targumim und das Verhältnis der Targumim zueinander’, VT 20 (1970), pp. 304–314) that both terms often have a basis in the Hebrew text (namely, the word רוח), that both can have a similar relationship to prophecy and that the expression ‘Holy Spirit’ is as old as ‘prophetic spirit’ or even older. I will also outline the semantic contexts that underlie the use of one or other expression, which has nothing to do with the antiquity of either term.
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ARMON-LOTEM, SHARON. "Between L2 and SLI: inflections and prepositions in the Hebrew of bilingual children with TLD and monolingual children with SLI." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 1 (November 26, 2012): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000487.
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ABSTRACTVerb inflectional morphology and prepositions are loci of difficulty for bilingual children with typical language development (TLD) as well as children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). This paper examines errors in these linguistic domains in these two populations. Bilingual English–Hebrew and Russian–Hebrew preschool children, aged five to seven, with TLD, and age-matched monolingual Hebrew-speaking children with SLI, were tested using sentence completion and sentence imitation tasks in their L2 Hebrew. Our findings show that, despite the similarity in the locus of errors, the two populations can be distinguished by both the quantity and the quality of errors. While bilingual children with TLD had substitution errors often motivated by the first language, most of the errors of monolingual children with SLI involved omission of the whole morpheme or feature reduction. This difference in the nature of the errors is discussed in terms of bilingual processing vs. impaired representation.
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Schaper, Joachim. "Elements of a History of the Soul in North-West Semitic Texts." Vetus Testamentum 70, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341427.
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Abstract Amongst Hebrew Bible scholars the question of the understanding of biblical key terms and concepts pertaining to the human condition has attracted a fair amount of interest. And amongst those key terms and concepts it is the concept of nefeš that has proved to be particularly attractive and challenging. New light is thrown on the biblical concept by the recent discovery of the Katumuwa stele in Zincirli. The present article examines the evidence and draws conclusions with regard to the history of the concept of nefeš in the Hebrew Bible and in North-West Semitic literature and religion generally.
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Nir, Bracha, and Ruth A. Berman. "Parts of speech as constructions." Constructions and Frames 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 242–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.2.2.05nir.
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The paper re-appraises accepted classifications of linguistic elements into word-level constructions on the one hand and in terms of Parts-of-Speech systems on the other from the point of view of Construction Grammar (CxG). We focus on a particular adverbial construction in Hebrew, with the surface form PrepOC, where “Prep” is one of the four basic prepositions in the language and OC stands for fixed forms of a lexically restricted group of Nouns, Verbs, or Adjectives. We analyze these constructions as having an “intermediate” status, in terms of elements lying between those that express concrete conceptual content and those that activate an abstract grammatical schema. The special nature of these and other intermediate word-level constructions in Hebrew is demonstrated experimentally in sentential contexts, and their functional, structural, and distributional properties are analyzed in the discursive context of a large corpus of authentic texts, both oral and written. Evidence from on-line processing strategies and speaker judgments combines with discourse based usage to confirm the special status of Hebrew PrepOC expressions as word-level constructions occupying neither the atomic-substantive nor the complex-schematic end of the syntax-lexicon continuum. Furthermore, we propose that these constructions analyzed here as “pragmatically/discoursally motivated”, along with other “intermediate” constructions, function as textually motivated Parts-of-Discourse rather than as semantically autonomous or structurally dependent Parts-of-Speech.
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Meir, Irit. "Morphological levels and diachronic change in Modern Hebrew plural formation." Studies in Language 30, no. 4 (August 30, 2006): 777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.4.04mei.
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Modern Hebrew (MH) is undergoing a change in its morphological structure. Unlike earlier periods of the language, in which all nominal suffixation processes resulted in stress shift to the suffix, MH has a few suffixes that exhibit variable behavior. When attached to canonical bases, they pattern with other suffixes in that they attract stress and may cause phonological changes to the base. When attached to non-canonical bases, they do not attract stress and cause no phonological changes to the base. Additionally, stress neutral suffixation is much more regular and productive than stress attracting suffixation in its morphology, distribution and semantics. I argue that these two different patterns can be accounted for in terms of morphological levels within the theoretical framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (Kiparsky 2000, 2002, to appear). The different phonological behavior is accounted for in terms of different ranking of two constraints, applying at stem level vs. word level. The morphological and semantic correlates are attributed to the different properties of stem vs. word-level morphology. The diachronic change, namely the activation of word level for nominal suffixation, triggered further changes in MH’s morphological system: the development of several default suffixes, and the emergence of two distinct subgrammars, which differ from each other in gender assignment and the correlation between gender and inflectional class (in the sense of Aronoff 1994).
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Klein, Jared S. "HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS AND BIBLICAL HEBREW: AN INDO-EUROPEANIST’S VIEW." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2559.
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Rezetko and Young’s Historical linguistics and Biblical Hebrew: steps toward an integrated approach brings variation analysis to bear on the question of the periodisation of Biblical Hebrew. However, this methodology is at best microdiachronic, dealing with variation in synchronic terms. In order to answer the question they pose, a language with a history as long as Biblical Hebrew requires macrodiachronic techniques which look at real linguistic processes. Several such processes are discussed in this paper, and though they collectively converge in pointing to a late date for Qoheleth, they are insufficient to establish a linguistically-based entity “Late Biblical Hebrew”. At the present time, one can at best apply this term in a non-linguistic sense to the Hebrew of those books known on extra-linguistic grounds to have been chronologically late.
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Gollan, Tamar H., and Nina B. Silverberg. "Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4, no. 1 (April 2001): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890100013x.
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Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) in proficient Hebrew–English bilinguals were compared to those of age-matched monolinguals. Monolinguals retrieved words in English, and bilinguals retrieved words from both languages. Results showed an increased TOT rate in bilinguals. However, bilinguals demonstrated comparable rates of spontaneous resolution, and similar ability to access partial information about target words. Interestingly, bilinguals named the same number of targets as monolinguals when naming an item in either language was counted as a correct response. Besides bilingualism, other factors that predicted TOT rate included word frequency (only for bilinguals), and age (younger participants had more TOTs). Unexpectedly, TOTs for Hebrew targets were not characterized by increased access to grammatical gender and number of syllables relative to control states, thus contrasting notably with TOTs for Italian and English targets respectively. We discuss these results in terms of their relevance for constraining models of bilingual lexical access and models of TOT.
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Elior, Ofer. "The Hebrew Translations of Euclid's Elements By Moses IBN Tibbon and by Jacob Ben Makhir–A Study of Differences in Book I." Journal of Semitic Studies 64, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 481–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgz005.
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Abstract This study investigates differences between the Hebrew translation of Euclid's Elements made by Moses Ibn Tibbon and completed in 1270, and the Hebrew translation of the same work produced by Ibn Tibbon's nephew, Jacob ben Makhir, and completed in 1289. Focusing on Book I, the study shows that these differences extend to technical terms and make Ben Makhir's translation more accurate and more nuanced than Ibn Tibbon's. The greater accuracy of Ben Makhir's translation pertains also to his Hebrew formulations. Furthermore, apparent in his formulations is an attempt to make the Hebrew Elements more concise than the Arabic. On the basis of these findings, it is argued that Ben Makhir's translation is a reworking of Ibn Tibbon's, made with the aim of making the latter more succinct as well as more precise. A critical edition and an English translation of Ben Makhir's preface to his translation are presented in the Appendix.
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Ìkò̩tún, Reuben Olúwáfé̩mi. "The Semantic Expansion of ‘Wife’ and ‘Husband’ among the Yorùbá of Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Language and Education 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-4-36-43.
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Although one of the existing studies on Nigerian or African kinship terms has argued that semantic expansion of such words constitutes an absurdity to the English society, none has argued for the necessity of a specialized dictionary to address the problem of absurdity to the English society, the custodian of the English language. This is important especially now that the language has become an invaluable legacy which non-native speakers of the language use to express their culture as well as the fact that the English people now accept the Greek and Hebrew world-views through Christianity. This paper provides additional evidence in support of semantic expansion of kingship terms like ‘wife’ and ‘husband’ not only in a Nigerian or an African language but also in Greek and Hebrew languages. The paper argues that if English is to play its role as an international language, it will be desirable if our lexicographers can publish a specialized dictionary that will take care of kinship terms, as it is the case in some other specialized dictionaries on the different professions such as medicine, nursing, linguistics and agriculture, to mention but a few, so as to guide against ambiguity or absurdity that may arise in language use in social interactions.
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Berman, Ruth A., Ronit Nayditz, and Dorit Ravid. "Linguistic diagnostics of written texts in two school-age populations." Written Language and Literacy 14, no. 2 (September 8, 2011): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.2.01ber.
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The paper considers the writing abilities of Hebrew-speaking grade school and middle school students from mid-high compared with low SES backgrounds, as reflected in stories and compositions they wrote on the topic of friendship. A range of linguistic means of expression were employed as diagnostic of school-age written text construction, focusing on the lexicon and including both devices applicable in different languages (overall text length in words and clauses, syntactic clause density, and lexical diversity and density as reflected in proportions of content words) as well as Hebrew-specific features (verb-pattern morphology and construct-state noun compounds). Analyses showed these features to differentiate across the independent variables of the study-age-schooling level, and SES background, and text genre (narrative vs. expository). In terms of genre, expository-type essays usually had denser and more lexically diverse texture than stories. In developmental perspective, lexical diagnostics improved in the texts produced by 13–14 year-olds in comparison with those of 9–10 year-olds. Finally, texts produced by middle-class children attending well-established schools were in general of better lexical quality than those produced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds attending low-achieving schools. Keywords:linguistic usage; school-age language development; SES background; discourse genre; clause length; text length, lexical quality; Hebrew
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Baker, Zachary. "Some Problems of Ladino/Judezmo Romanization." Judaica Librarianship 9, no. 1 (December 31, 1995): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14263/2330-2976.1184.
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While ALA/LC standards have been developed for the Romanization of Hebrew and Yiddish for bibliographic purposes, the lack of such a standard for the Romanization of Ladino/Judezmo impedes access to materials in that language. The distinctiveness of Ladino/Judezmo argues that it be treated on its own terms, and not as merely derivative of its principal components, Spanish and Hebrew. This article establishes the rationale for an ALA/LC standard for the Romanization of Ladino/Judezmo and suggests sources that could serve as its basis.
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ullendorff, edward. "a tigrinya letter from an eritrean notable." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 2 (June 2005): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000145.
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tigrinya (t[schwa]gr[schwa]ňňa) is, next to amharic, the most widely spoken semitic language in ethiopia, mainly in the tigre province and in eritrea. in most respects it is closer to the orthodox semitic typology than amharic. in terms of the number of semitic language speakers in general it follows arabic and amharic and surpasses hebrew by those who speak that language indigenously.
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Sbaihat, Ahlam, and Nama' Albanna. "Yathrib Jews’ Language(s): A Study Based on Authentic Ḥadiṯs." Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 327–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.552.327-356.
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A controversial topic of research was the language of the Jews of Yathrib, this research tries to shed light on the controversial issue. Muslim and non-muslim scholars give different explanations. However, none of these theories could determine whether this language is spoken or written. Hadiths of Prophet Muḥammad indicate three languages; Hebrew, Aramaic and Syriac. For the purpose of this study, the researchers have gathered a repertoire of the authentic hadiths of the prophet related to the topic, accredited and then analyzed them. The results indicate that the Prophet asked Zayd, his translator, to learn Hebrew, which is the language of correspondence and worship of the Jews of Yathrib. Furthermore, the study shows that the language of everyday communication of the Jews of Yathrib was Arabic, which borrowed some worship-related Hebrew terms.[Topik riset ini mencoba mengangkat beberapa isu kontroversi yang terkait dengan bahasa orang Yahudi di Yathrib (Medinah). Berbagai teori dan penjelasan dari akademisi muslim atau Orientalis masih memperdebatkan apakah bahasa tersebut merupakan bahasa lisan atau tulis. Secara eksplisit dalam hadis Nabi terindikasi adanya tiga bahasa yaitu: Ibrani, Aramaik dan Syria. Dalam tulisan ini, peneliti akan mengumpulkan, akreditasi dan analisis hadits Nabi yang autentik terkait dengan topik ini. Kesimpulannya menunjukkan bahwa Nabi memerintahkan Zayd, penerjemahnya, untuk belajar bahasa Ibrani yang mana merupakan bahasa surat – menyurat dan ritual orang Yahudi di Medinah. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa komunikasi sehari-hari orang Yahudi di Medinah adalah bahasa Arab yang diantaranya meminjam beberapa istilah dalam bahasa Ibrani.]
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AL-SADOON, Hadeel Salwan Sami. "THE STYLE OF THE SEPTUAGINT TRANSLATION OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE NEW TESTAMENT ) LITERATURE, CRITICISM AND TRANSLATION AXIS)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.2-3.12.
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The Hebrew Torah of the Old Testament, is the first text sacred Known by history. Is the Septuagint translation for the Hebrew text of the oldest and most important translation was adopted by the Bible and the Religious language that borrowed directly to the Christian religion rituals and services. Also it considered later the main base for important translations in the old era , and still even now occupies a role important in the field of monetary, interpretive and historical studies. The original Hebrew contain more than one book, the septuagenarian translation, separated between them and made each book stand on its own. Our research deals with the Historical introduction to the Septuagint translation , The language of the Septuagint translation , The Septuagint Style ,The most important manuscripts of the Septuagint translation.The content and status of the Septuagint to the Jews and Christ, Difference and similarity with the original Hebrew text of the Old Testament in terms of the order , number and names of the books and we Shedding light on the most important translations of the Bible from the beginning of the Septuagint to the present day.
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Maschler, Yael, and Bracha Nir. "Complementation in linear and dialogic syntax: The case of Hebrew divergently aligned discourse." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 523–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0029.
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AbstractThis study investigates the interaction between linear and dialogic syntax in Hebrew conversation. Analyzing resonance in divergently aligned contexts, we examine a particular dialogic modification of complex syntactic constructions: the embedding of one construction within the scope of another. Specifically, we examine a family of constructions which, in the terms of linear syntax, are analyzed as forms of complementation (via the complementizer še- ‘that’, via a question word, or via the conditional conjunction 'im ‘if ’). However, the dialogic alignment of these forms with their preceding utterances reflects a complex picture, in which some patterns are still definable by linear syntax, but others are not accounted for by these traditional terms. Rather, the application of the Dialogic Syntax framework calls into question defining such constructions from a purely structural perspective and supports a more fluid, Emergent Grammar approach. Moreover, we illustrate how dialogic actions in fact motivate the interaction-based grammaticization of new constructions, culminating, in the case of the constructions examined here, in the emergence of discourse markers.
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Levie, Ronit, Elitzur Dattner, Racheli Zwilling, Hadas Rosenstein, Shirly Eitan Stanzas, and Dorit Ravid. "Complexity and density of Hebrew verbs in preschool peer talk." Mental Lexicon 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 237–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00006.lev.
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Abstract Hebrew verbs were analyzed in the peer talk produced by 36 Hebrew-speaking children in two age/schooling groups (4;0–5;0 and 5;0–6;0 years), and from two socio-economic backgrounds (SES), mid-high and low. Each of the four age/SES groups consisted of nine children in three triads, where each triad was recorded for 30 minutes while playing. The interface of lexical and morphological growth was demonstrated in the developing organization of verbs in terms of roots, binyan conjugations and derivational families. SES was found the major source of variation in all measures, indicating a smaller and less specific verb lexicon in the low SES groups. Network analyses, a novel methodological approach, revealed the internal structure of the verb category in each age/SES cell, pointing to a scarce and less complex verb lexicon of the low SES groups. These measures also accounted for the growth potential of the network, increasing from the younger low SES group at one pole and peaking in the older mid-high SES at the other pole. These quantitative and qualitative differences in the morphological make-up of the verb lexicon and its usage patterns in preschool peer talk have implications for the impact of SES on verb learning in Hebrew.
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HERZIG SHEINFUX, LIVNAT, NURIT MELNIK, and SHULY WINTNER. "Representing argument structure." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 04 (July 5, 2016): 701–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226716000189.
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Existing approaches to the representation of argument structure in grammar tend to focus either on semantics or on syntax. Our goal in this paper is to strike the right balance between the two levels by proposing an analysis that maintains the independence of the syntactic and semantic aspects of argument structure, and, at the same time, captures the interplay between the two levels. Our proposal is set in the context of the development of a large-scale grammar of Modern Hebrew within the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). Consequently, an additional challenge it faces is to reconcile two conflicting desiderata: to be both linguistically coherentandrealistic in terms of the grammar engineering effort. We present a novel representation of argument structure that is fully implemented in HPSG, and demonstrate its many benefits to the coherence of our Hebrew grammar. We also highlight the additional dimensions of linguistic generalization that our proposal provides, which we believe are also applicable to grammars of other languages.
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Klingbeil, Gerald. "ALTARS, RITUAL AND THEOLOGY—PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CULT AND RITUAL FOR A THEOLOGY OF THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES." Vetus Testamentum 54, no. 4 (2004): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568533042650886.
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AbstractIsraelite religion is characterized by manifold references (both prescriptive and descriptive) to the cult and its smaller building blocks, rituals. Utilizing a mainly diachronic and historical approach, past generations of theologians of the Hebrew Scriptures have often relegated these texts to the margin or an early primitive phase of the Hebrew religion or just simply ignored these texts altogether. However, with the renewed interest in ritual studies and a more balanced understanding of the importance of public (and also private) rituals in the context of the cultic experience of ancient Israel, more theological studies are at least including a section on ritual/cult. This study firstly reviews the treatment of cult/ritual in the discussion of recently published theologies, thus describing the status quo. Secondly, basic principles for the fruitful integration of results stemming from ritual text research into theological work of the Hebrew Scriptures will be outlined. Finally, in the form of a trial cut, several Pentateuchal texts describing altar construction rituals will be studied in terms of their theological significance and contribution.
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ASHKENAZI, Orit, Steven GILLIS, and Dorit RAVID. "Input–output relations in Hebrew verb acquisition at the morpho-lexical interface." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000540.
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AbstractThis study examined early Hebrew verb acquisition, highlighting CDS–CS relations across inflectional and derivational verb learning. It was carried out on a corpus of longitudinal dense dyadic interactions of two Hebrew-speaking toddlers aged 1;8–2;2 and their parents. Findings revealed correlated patterns within and between CDS and CS corpora in terms of verbs, structural root categories, and their components (roots, binyan conjugations, and derivational verb families), and clear relations between lexical-derivational development and inflectional growth in input–output relations, measured by MSP. It also showed that both corpora had few, yet highly semantically coherent, derivational families. Lexical learning in Hebrew was shown to be morphologically oriented, with both inflectional and derivational learning supporting and being supported by the development of the verb lexicon. These findings support findings in the general literature regarding the close relationship between parental input and child speech, and the affinity between lexical and grammatical growth.
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Meredith, Christopher. "The Conundrum of ḥtr in Jonah 1:13." Vetus Testamentum 64, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12301143.
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Abstract In this short note I wish to suggest that all the most obvious suggestions as to the significance of חתר in Jonah 1:13 make the verse more, not less, curious, and that the use of חתר in this context is not simply over-ebullient writing or a clunky metaphor (as commentators tend to suggest) but a genuine lexical conundrum with literary implications for the chapter. The extant Hebrew term is relatively unusual, not directly descriptive of the action of rowing (a function which several more common Hebrew terms for digging would perform nicely), and cuts across the other nautical knowledge evidenced in the chapter. Is there a literary explanation for the word choice that does not do violence to the chapter or stretch readerly credulity?
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Sebba, Mark. "The visual construction of language hierarchy." Journal of Language and Politics 12, no. 1 (May 13, 2013): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.1.05seb.
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This paper analyses the way in which the text displayed on bilingual and multilingual currency (banknotes and coins) and stamps constructs and reproduces linguistic hierarchies, reflecting the relative status of the languages within the issuing country. The paper briefly discusses the selection of languages which appear on stamps and money, which is nearly always in accordance with the dominant language ideologies. It then goes on to show how the choice of language and the relative positioning and size of texts in those languages constructs the languages involved as of equal or unequal status. Two case studies are considered: the construction of equality between English and Afrikaans in South Africa on stamps and banknotes of the period 1910 to 1994, reflecting the constitutional requirement that those languages be treated ‘on a footing of equality’; and the construction of linguistic inequality in the stamps of Palestine and Israel, where first English (under the British Mandate) was displayed as dominant over Arabic and Hebrew, and later Hebrew (in Israel) was shown to dominate over the other two. The paper argues for a dual analysis of text in public texts like stamps and banknotes: on the one hand text is language, and is subject to a (socio)linguistic analysis, while on the other, text has a physical form and dimensions which means that texts are interpreted in terms of their visual features and spatial relationships to other texts. The language hierarchies which are reproduced and transported by stamps and money are thus discursively constructed through a combination of text as language and text as image.
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Nir, Bracha. "Clause combining across grammars." Reflections on Constructions across Grammars 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 232–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.6.2.05nir.
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The goal of the present study is to examine whether clause-combining rhetorical preferences that differentiate between Hebrew and English are maintained across grammars, specifically, in the context of text production in a non-native language. It examines the usage of various bi-clausal constructions marking different levels of event integration in texts written by advanced speakers of English, all native monolingual Hebrew speakers. The data analyzed consist of personal experience narratives that were collected from high-school and university-level students. These texts are compared to narratives that were collected from native speakers of both languages following the same design of study. Quantitative and qualitative analyses show differences and similarities between the three populations in terms of clause-combining strategies. They reveal that not only the constraints of the L1 but mainly those of the L2 guide non-native speakers in their choice of bi-clausal constructions, as devices expressing event integration. Results further show that event integration is reflected by constructions at different levels of the grammatical system, and that constraints on bi-clausal constructions at the more local, morpho-syntactic level are echoed by constraints at the level of discourse itself as a construction.
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Herman, Shael. "Rashi’s Glosses Belaaz: Navigating Hebrew Scripture under Feudal Lanterns." Review of Rabbinic Judaism 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 102–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700704-12341279.
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Amid sporadic anti-Jewish violence whipped by a crusading frenzy, Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki (“Rashi”) composed a commentary on the Hebrew Bible that was destined to become a vast navigational aid for God’s scriptural plan. Many of Rashi’s glosses invited medieval Jews on a spiritual pilgrimage that would dispel their sense of subjugation to temporal Christian powers. From the advent of Christianity, Jewish communities increasingly steered a course between Jewish autonomy and welfare, on one hand, and accommodation of Christian and feudal strictures, on the other. Wondering whether the cataclysmic destruction of the Second Temple in 70 c.e. signaled God’s abandonment of his people, medieval Jews’ scriptural interpretations intensified the themes of survival and internal social cohesion. To guide medieval Jewry through a middle ground between a characteristically triumphant scriptural landscape and the dispiriting Christian counterpart, Rashi frequently incorporated into his glosses French terms he transliterated into Hebrew characters. This incorporation of French was both purposeful and well-informed. As a minority community in Rashi’s Troyes, Jews lived two distinct experiences: in one, they spoke vernacular French with Christian neighbors, while, in the other, they prayed and studied the Pentateuch and Prophets in Hebrew. In this setting, the laazim communicated to Jewish readers in a specialized language akin to a password or a special handshake. Yet the glosses, because they were enveloped in Hebrew commentaries and disguised in Hebrew letters, would have eluded French-speaking Christians who could not have identified fragments of their own language hiding in plain sight.
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Keohane, Oisín. "Bodin on Sovereignty: Taking Exception to Translation?" Paragraph 38, no. 2 (July 2015): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2015.0161.
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This article analyses the definition of sovereignty that Bodin provides in his 1576 Six livres de la république, which outlines sovereignty using French, Greek, Latin, Italian and Hebrew terms. It argues that, despite this attention to more than one language, Bodin wishes to present sovereignty as an unbound ideality beyond any and every language. Nevertheless, it is argued that Bodin in fact privileges the French souveraineté as that which sets up the analogical continuity between Greek, Latin, Italian and Hebrew. Accordingly, the article tracks the importance of French for Bodin in the wake of the 1539 Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, as well Bodin's claim that one of the ‘true marks of sovereignty’ is the power of the sovereign to change the language of his subjects. It ends by suggesting that the status of the exception in translation is not a species of sovereign exception, as Jean-Luc Nancy proposes, but a matter of linguistic justice.
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Silber Varod, Vered, Ingo Siegert, Oliver Jokisch, Yamini Sinha, and Nitza Geri. "A cross-language study of speech recognition systems for English, German, and Hebrew." Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management 9, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36965/ojakm.2021.9(1)1-15.
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Despite the growing importance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), its application is still challenging, limited, language-dependent, and requires considerable resources. The resources required for ASR are not only technical, they also need to reflect technological trends and cultural diversity. The purpose of this research is to explore ASR performance gaps by a comparative study of American English, German, and Hebrew. Apart from different languages, we also investigate different speaking styles – utterances from spontaneous dialogues and utterances from frontal lectures (TED-like genre). The analysis includes a comparison of the performance of four ASR engines (Google Cloud, Google Search, IBM Watson, and WIT.ai) using four commonly used metrics: Word Error Rate (WER); Character Error Rate (CER); Word Information Lost (WIL); and Match Error Rate (MER). As expected, findings suggest that English ASR systems provide the best results. Contrary to our hypothesis regarding ASR’s low performance for under-resourced languages, we found that the Hebrew and German ASR systems have similar performance. Overall, our findings suggest that ASR performance is language-dependent and system-dependent. Furthermore, ASR may be genre-sensitive, as our results showed for German. This research contributes a valuable insight for improving ubiquitous global consumption and management of knowledge and calls for corporate social responsibility of commercial companies, to develop ASR under Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms
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Cohen-Hanegbi, Naama. "Jean of Avignon: Conversing in Two Worlds." Medieval Encounters 22, no. 1-3 (May 23, 2016): 165–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342220.
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The intra-religious dialogue of medieval converts from Judaism to Christianity is evident in the works of the fourteenth-century Sevillian physician Jean of Avignon (known in Hebrew as Moshe ben Shmuel of Roquemaure). Jean, a translator of Bernard of Gordon’s Lilium medicine into Hebrew and the author of Sevillana medicina, was recurrently engaged in translating, transmitting, and debating religious notions and terms to his readers of both faiths. The medical arena in which this religious encounter took place, a common ground in many ways, enabled conveying and contemplating religious knowledge and practices. Sentiments of discord between faiths and societies alongside attempts to resolve such conflicts emerging in both of these works; the texts seem to evoke Jean’s complex inner vicissitudes between the two worlds. This essay discusses the personal religious tension in Jean’s works, granting significant attention to the special value of the medical context in serving as a terrain upon which the religious dialogue is worked through.
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Muhammad, Zulfikri. "التقابل اللغوي بين اللغة العربية و الإنجليزية." Imtiyaz : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Bahasa Arab 2, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/im.v2i1.1258.
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Although Arabic and English comes from a different clumps, Arabic is included in the Semitic language family and still related to the Hebrew language, while English is included in Germanic or better known as Anglo Saxons, but there are also points of similarity between Arabic and English. The comparison between Arabic and English is more famous in the world and interested to discuss in order to facilitate Language Learning. In this article the author discusses the similarities and differences between Arabic and English in terms of pattern or structure of sentence formation
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BERENT, IRIS, and JOSEPH SHIMRON. "Co-occurrence restrictions on identical consonants in the Hebrew lexicon: are they due to similarity?" Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2003): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001949.
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It is well known that Semitic languages restrict the co-occurrence of identical and homorganic consonants in the root. The IDENTITY HYPOTHESIS attributes this pattern to distinct constraints on identical and nonidentical homorganic consonants (e.g. McCarthy 1986, 1994). Conversely, the SIMILARITY HYPOTHESIS captures these restrictions in terms of a single monotonic ban on perceived similarity (Pierrehumbert 1993; Frisch, Broe & Pierrehumbert 1997). We compare these accounts by examining the acceptability of roots with identical and homorganic consonants at their end. If well-formedness is an inverse, monotonic function of similarity, then roots with identical (fully similar) consonants should be less acceptable than roots with homorganic (partially similar) consonants. Contrary to this prediction, Hebrew speakers prefer root final identity to homorganicity. Our results suggest that speakers encode long-distance identity among root radicals in a manner that is distinct from feature similarity.
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Tatlock, Jason. "The Deuteronomistic Endorsement of Sacrificing Errant Individuals as Reflected by the Hebrew Terms Ḥērem and Biʽēr." Journal of Semitic Studies 65, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa023.
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Abstract Despite the efforts of some scholars, biblical denunciations of one form of human sacrifice cannot be taken as condemnations of all types. Thus, while the writers of the Deuteronomistic History clearly regarded the slaying of children at the Jerusalem Tophet adversely, they accepted the legitimacy of sacrificing religiously errant individuals like murderers and others who went against their form of Yahwism. Such an endorsement is particularly represented by the biblical Hebrew ideas of sacrificial dedication (ḥērem) and burning up/consuming contamination (biʽēr). In the wake of Judah's fall and Jerusalem's destruction, the Deuteronomists promoted human sacrifice as a means to maintain or establish the purity of the Israelite community and the land of Canaan while delineating the limits of their version of a Yahwistic group.
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Adawi, Mohammad, Howard Amital, Mahmud Mahamid, Daniela Amital, Bishara Bisharat, Naim Mahroum, Kassem Sharif, et al. "Searching the Internet for psychiatric disorders among Arab and Jewish Israelis: insights from a comprehensive infodemiological survey." PeerJ 6 (March 14, 2018): e4507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4507.
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Israel represents a complex and pluralistic society comprising two major ethno-national groups, Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs, which differ in terms of religious and cultural values as well as social constructs. According to the so-called “diversification hypothesis”, within the framework of e-health and in the era of new information and communication technologies, seeking online health information could be a channel to increase health literacy, especially among disadvantaged groups. However, little is known concerning digital seeking behavior and, in particular, digital mental health literacy. This study was conducted in order to fill in this gap. Concerning raw figures, unadjusted for confounding variables (time, population size, Internet penetration index, disease rate), “depression” searched in Hebrew was characterized by 1.5 times higher search volumes, slightly declining throughout time, whereas relative search volumes (RSVs) related to “depression” searched in Arabic tended to increase over the years. Similar patterns could be detected for “phobia” (in Hebrew 1.4-fold higher than in Arabic) and for “anxiety” (with the searches performed in Hebrew 2.3 times higher than in Arabic). “Suicide” in Hebrew was searched 2.0-fold more than in Arabic (interestingly for both languages search volumes exhibited seasonal cyclic patterns). Eating disorders were searched more in Hebrew: 8.0-times more for “bulimia”, whilst “anorexia” was searched in Hebrew only. When adjusting for confounding variables, association between digital seeking behavior and ethnicity remained statistically significant (p-value < 0.0001) for all psychiatric disorders considered in the current investigation, except for “bulimia” (p = 0.989). More in details, Israeli Arabs searched for mental health disorders less than Jews, apart from “depression”. Arab and Jewish Israelis, besides differing in terms of language, religion, social and cultural values, have different patterns of usage of healthcare services and provisions, as well as e-healthcare services concerning mental health. Policy- and decision-makers should be aware of this and make their best efforts to promote digital health literacy among the Arab population in Israel.
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Ayyad, Ahmad Y. "Uncovering ideology in translation." Translation and the Genealogy of Conflict 11, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.11.2.05ayy.
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This paper examines aspects of political ideology as realised through translation in the context of a case study, the translations of the Roadmap Plan. The Roadmap is one of several peace plans or initiatives that have been launched in the last decades to resolve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Originally drafted in English in 2003 by the Quartet, the plan was subsequently translated into Arabic and Hebrew by different institutions and news media. This paper begins by examining the textual profiles of the different Arabic and Hebrew versions, focusing on their functions and principles of audience design. This study then moves on to establish how ideological factors inform translational choices as well as the interpretation of translated texts by readers. The main body of the analysis, informed by concepts and methods of descriptive translation studies and critical discourse analysis, focuses on the translator’s mediation of proper names (including protagonists of the conflict and toponyms); instances of deliberately ambiguous or vague drafting; and politically sensitive terms (e.g. ‘normalisation’ or ‘curfew’). The concluding section accounts for the findings of the analysis in terms of the social, political, and ideological constraints shaping the different language versions of the document under scrutiny.
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Strömqvist, Sven, Victoria Johansson, Sarah Kriz, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, Ravid Aisenman, and Dorit Ravid. "Toward a cross-linguistic comparison of lexical quanta in speech and writing." Written Language and Literacy 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2002): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.5.1.03str.
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The present study presents contrastive analyses of task-oriented spoken and written discourse in terms of lexical diversity, lexical density, and word length. In an age-matched within-language comparison (Swedish), written discourse consistently scored higher on these measures. It is suggested that the same type of differences will hold for any language, because of the difference between speech and writing in processing constraints. The absolute scores, however, can vary substantially for reasons of language typology. An extended, cross-linguistic analysis (English, Hebrew, Icelandic, Swedish), focusing on word length, was made to substantiate that claim. Further, cross-age-group comparisons of lexical quanta indicated a dynamic interaction between speech and writing in development. Spoken discourse eventually comes to “learn” from the development of writing.
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Finsterbusch, Karin, and Norbert Jacoby. "אשר-Zitateinleitungssätze in Jeremia und 1QM. Anmerkungen zu 1QM 10:6, zu der hebräischen Vorlage von lxx-Jer 26:13; 49:19 sowie zu mt-Jer 14:1; 46:1; 47:1; 49:34." Vetus Testamentum 65, no. 4 (October 28, 2015): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12301245.
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In mt-Jer there are four cases of a peculiar אשר clause, which seems to be syntactically isolated (mt-Jer 14:1; 46:2; 47:1 und 49:34). However, the existence of three similar cases has been hitherto overlooked (two in the supposed Hebrew Vorlage of the lxx-Jer and one in 1QM). In this paper, we shall argue that the function of this אשר clause is to introduce a quotation. In syntactical terms, the relative clause is the predicate and the quotation the subject of a nominal clause.
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Haykal, Aḥmed. "Al-Afrād (Word Choice) in Uri Rubin's Hebrew Translation of the Qur'an." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 210–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2017.0293.
Full textAbstract:
Al-afrād are Qur'anic words which always carry their original meaning in the language, departing from such meanings in only one situation where they take on another specific meaning. The first scholar to address the subject of al-afrād was Muqātil b. Sulaymān, whose comments on this phenomenon are interspersed throughout his tafsīr. Abū’l-Ḥusayn al-Malaṭī cited a number of these in his al-Tanbīh wa'l-radd ʿalā ahl al-ahwāʾ wa'l-bidʿ, while Aḥmad b. Fāris composed a muṣannaf entitled al-Afrād, which likewise benefits from Muqātil's work and in which he dealt with 34 of these terms. Al-Zarkashī quoted al-Afrād in its entirety in his al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, and added a further ten terms of his own. In his al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī also quoted Ibn Fāris’ list, as well as the majority of those mentioned by al-Zarkashī, to which he adds another four words. These observations form the starting point of this study. The introduction reviews Uri Rubin's choice of words in his Hebrew translation of the Qur'an (Tel Aviv, 2005) with a view to analysing the Hebrew equivalents to the Qur'anic terms chosen by the translator. This will be done by comparing them to the words used in the Qur'an, and with reference to the tafsīr and the wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir. On the basis of this, we are able to gauge the extent to which the translator has succeeded in offering relevant equivalents to the singular meaning intended in the Qur'an, and correct it if needed. This study will be confined to the following afrād: al-burūj, al-barr, al-baḥr, jithiyyan, rayb, al-ṣawm, al-ẓulumāt, al-nūr, al-qunūt, liʾalā, miṣbāḥ, al-rijz, al-rajm, al-zakāt, al-Shayṭān, al-ṣalāt, al-ʿadhāb, al-nikāḥ, and al-zūr.
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ALTMAN, CARMIT, SHARON ARMON-LOTEM, SVETA FICHMAN, and JOEL WALTERS. "Macrostructure, microstructure, and mental state terms in the narratives of English–Hebrew bilingual preschool children with and without specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 1 (December 9, 2015): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000466.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTChildren's bilingual status is important because the interest here is in narrative performance in both languages of bilingual children, in particular the within-subject, cross language comparisons. As Paradis (2010) has argued, there are some structures where performance differences will point to a temporary lack of opportunity for mastery, whereas other structures will be markers of underlying difficulties. We expect the discriminators to be language specific, depending on attested vulnerabilities for each of the languages involved. Narratives were examined for macrostructure (goals, attempts, and outcomes), microstructure (e.g., length, lexis, and morphosyntax), and mental state terms (MSTs). Thirty-one preschool children (TLD = 19, SLI = 12) retold stories accompanied by six pictures that were matched across content (Baby Birds/Baby Goats) and to the extent possible across languages (first language/second language) for macrostructure, microstructure, and MSTs in the framework of the Working Group on Narrative and Discourse Abilities in COST Action 0804 Language Impairment in a Multilingual Society: Linguistic Patterns and the Road to Assessment. The macrostructure results confirmed previous findings showing similar performance in both languages for children with TLD and those diagnosed with SLI. Consistent with previous findings on narrative abilities among bilingual children, microstructure analysis of verbal productivity, length of communication units, and lexical diversity distinguished children with TLD from those with SLI. An analysis of MSTs yielded more MSTs in children's second language, in particular more mental verbs. The most prevalent MSTs used in all narratives were early acquired perceptual and motivational verbs (“see” and “want”). Overall, distinctions between narratives of children with TLD and SLI were found primarily for microstructure features, where error analysis was particularly important in uncovering possible markers, especially in second languages.