Journal articles: 'HEDP's'

1

Fernández-Zapico, E., J. Montejo-Bernardo, J. R. García, and S. García-Granda. "Synthesis and structural characterization of [H3N(CH2)4NH3]Y[hedpH][hedpH2]." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (August 22, 2011): C639—C640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311083814.

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Fernández-Zapico, E., L. Roces, S. García-Granda, J. R. García, F. Liu, and J. Rocha. "Structural study of the lanthanide phosphonate family [H3N(CH2)4NH3]Ln[hedpH][hedpH2]." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 63, a1 (August 22, 2007): s183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767307095876.

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Peterson, Julian. "Hedy's Folly [Book Review]." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 33, no. 4 (2014): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mts.2014.2366922.

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Moheddin, Kurdistan Rafiq, and Dr Kawa Abdulkareem Sherwani. "Hedges used in Kurdish Political Discourse." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190354.

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Roces, L., S. García-Granda, J. R. García, F. Liu, L. D. Carlos, and J. Rocha. "Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of a new family of lanthanide phosphonates: [H3N(CH2)4NH3]Ln[hedpH2][hedpH]." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 62, a1 (August 6, 2006): s268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767306094645.

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Song, Hui-Hua, Li-Min Zheng, Zheming Wang, Chun-Hua Yan, and Xin. "Zinc Diphosphonates Templated by Organic Amines: Syntheses and Characterizations of [NH3(CH2)2NH3]Zn(hedpH2)2·2H2O and [NH3(CH2)nNH3]Zn2(hedpH)2·2H2O (n= 4, 5, 6) (hedp = 1-Hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate)." Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 19 (September 2001): 5024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic010033v.

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Gardner, Martin, Tom Christian, William Hinchliffe, and Rob Cubey. "Conservation Hedges:." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 17 (February 5, 2019): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2019.268.

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In May 2014, the first planting of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) conservation hedge took place, when the Reverend Anne Brennan planted a tree which had originated as a cutting from the ancient and historic European yew, Taxus baccata, in the churchyard of her church at Fortingall, Perthshire. This is one of almost 2,000 plants that will eventually form a conservation hedge of significant scientific and conservation value. The International Conifer Conservation Programme (ICCP), based at RBGE, has actively sought other opportunities to establish conservation hedges via its network of ‘safe sites’, using a range of different conifer species. This initiative is being driven by the potential for relatively large numbers of genotypes from a single threatened species to be stored in a linear space. It is well established that seed banks have a great capacity to store large amounts of genetic diversity, so we should simply consider conservation hedges in a similar manner. These super-hedges cram relatively large amounts of genetic material into a small space, capturing a great range of wild traits and potentially contributing to the restoration of wild populations. To date, conservation hedges have been planted at five separate locations at RBGE’s Edinburgh Garden as well as at four ICCP external ‘safe sites’. Although this article focuses on the establishment of conservation hedges using conifers, we have also highlighted some conservation hedges that comprise non-coniferous species.

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Benner, Ron, Cindy Lee, and Stuart Wakeham. "John I. Hedges." Organic Geochemistry 33, no. 11 (November 2002): 1205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(02)00143-2.

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Zou, Zhendong, Yajun Yang, and Guo Qiu. "Quantifying the Evapotranspiration Rate and Its Cooling Effects of Urban Hedges Based on Three-Temperature Model and Infrared Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020202.

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The evapotranspiration (ET) of urban hedges has been assumed to be an important component of the urban water budget and energy balance for years. However, because it is difficult to quantify the ET rate of urban hedges through conventional evapotranspiration methods, the ET rate, characteristics, and the cooling effects of urban hedges remain unclear. This study aims to measure the ET rate and quantify the cooling effects of urban hedges using the ‘three-temperature model + infrared remote sensing (3T + IR)’, a fetch-free and high-spatiotemporal-resolution method. An herb hedge and a shrub hedge were used as field experimental sites in Shenzhen, a subtropical megacity. After verification, the ‘3T + IR’ technique was proven to be a reasonable method for measuring the ET of urban hedges. The results are as follows. (1) The ET rate of urban hedges was very high. The daily average rates of the herb and shrub hedges were 0.38 mm·h−1 and 0.33 mm·h−1, respectively, on the hot summer day. (2) Urban hedges had a strong ability to reduce the air temperature. The two hedges could consume 68.44% and 60.81% of the net radiation through latent heat of ET on the summer day, while their cooling rates on air temperature were 1.29 °C min−1 m−2 and 1.13 °C min−1 m−2, respectively. (3) Hedges could also significantly cool the urban underlying surface. On the summer day, the surface temperatures of the two hedges were 19 °C lower than that of the asphalt pavement. (4) Urban hedges had markedly higher ET rates (0.19 mm·h−1 in the summer day) and cooling abilities (0.66 °C min−1 m−2 for air and 9.14 °C for underlying surface, respectively) than the lawn used for comparison. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to quantitatively measure the ET rate of urban hedges, and our findings provide new insight in understanding the process of ET in urban hedges. This work may also aid in understanding the ET of urban vegetation.

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Herzig, Norbert, and Peter Mauritz. "Ökonomische Analyse von Konzepten zur Bildung von Bewertungseinheiten: Micro-Hedges, Macro-Hedges und Portfolio- Hedges — wünschenswert im deutschen Bilanzrecht?" Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 50, no. 2 (February 1998): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03371496.

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11

Polkowski, Lech, and Maria Semeniuk-Polkowska. "Boundaries, Borders, Fences, Hedges." Fundamenta Informaticae 129, no. 1-2 (2014): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2014-966.

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Adler, Michael, and Bhaskar Prasad. "On Universal Currency Hedges." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 27, no. 1 (March 1992): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2331296.

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&NA;. "Hedges Named to IOM." Emergency Medicine News 23, no. 3 (April 2001): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200104000-00014.

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Magnifico, Cédric, and Bart Defrancq. "Hedges in conference interpreting." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 19, no. 1 (May 8, 2017): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.19.1.02mag.

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This paper, part of a project on gender differences in simultaneous interpreting, analyzes possible gender-related trends in the use of hedges by professional interpreters and examines two hypotheses: (1) simultaneous interpretations, because of processing constraints, contain fewer hedges than the original speeches; (2) consistent with gender differences in spontaneous speech, women interpreters use more hedges than men. The research draws on Ghent University’s EPICG corpus of speeches at the European Parliament and their interpretations. Here, French speeches recorded in 2008 were compared with their English and Dutch interpretations in respect of hedging frequency. Statistical comparison was based on the chi-squared test. With regard to the first hypothesis, comparison of normalized frequencies (occurrences per 1000 words) shows that the interpreters in both language combinations used significantly more hedges than the speakers. The second hypothesis was tested by comparing data according to interpreters’ gender, factoring in the frequency of hedges in the source texts: women interpreters hedged more than men in both target languages, significantly so in Dutch. Regarding strategies that might account for the interpreters’ use of hedges (omission, translation, addition), the women interpreters made more additions than the men. Possible reasons for these patterns are discussed.

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Putri, Claudia Herzegovina. "HEDGES DALAM BAHASA JEPANG." IZUMI 7, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.7.1.35-41.

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Hedges is a restriction used by a person for protecting themselves or an effort of a face saving act. The hedges sign in Japanese has a uniqueness due to have a different pattern of sentences that differs from other language, that make us interested in examining the hedges sign in Japanese as a pragmatic study. The author collect the data using “simak-catat” method, then it was analyzed using descriptive method. The result is presented using informal method. The result is the hedges sign in Japanese is divided into four maxims. The hedges sign that meets the maxim of quantity is soukai, iyo iyo “eventually”, while the maxim of quality are tabun “perhaps", kamoshirenai “perhaps”, sou “seems”, dekirudarou “perhaps can”, the maxim of manner is ~tara ~omotteimasu “I suppose…if…”, and the last maxim is maxim of relenvance ~kedo “but, however…”.

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16

Adamczyk, Magdalena. "Do hedges always hedge?" Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.3.01ada.

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One of the canonical uses of jakby in Polish is that of the Lakoffian hedge, which modifies the propositional content of an utterance by pointing to its fuzziness, inexactitude or approximation. In conversational speech the word is frequently put to excessive use, which appears to significantly deviate from the prescribed one, and as such deserves closer attention. The aim of the present study, which makes use of corpus linguistics tools to collect naturally-occurring data and discourse analysis framework to manually examine them, is twofold. Initially, it sets out to examine the linguistic contexts of jakby, which are assumed to furnish valuable guidelines for sifting out the prototypical uses of the word from the innovative ones. Next, the focus shifts onto indentifying context-sensitive functions of the latter in highly diversified stretches of discourse. The research findings demonstrate that the cotextual settings of the non-canonical jakby exhibit a number of distinctive characteristics, such as frequent co-occurrence of the word with pragmatic markers, reflexive discourse and unfilled pauses, all indicative of its relatively tenuous link with the neighbouring portions of text. As regards the functions of the unconventional jakby, the word emerges as a pragmatically multifunctional yet no longer hedging device, capable of, among others, facilitating floor-holding/-grabbing, helping to plan discourse, marking register clash and introducing elaboration on prior thought. Rich in pragmatic functions and syntactically more detached from the adjacent textual material than its canonical base, the investigated jakby appears to fit into the category of propositionally empty yet strategically salient pragmatic markers.

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17

Crismore, Avon, and William J. Vande Kopple. "Rhetorical contexts and hedges." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773949009390869.

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18

Richardson, Julie. "HIGH HEDGES—NEW LAWS." Arboricultural Journal 26, no. 1 (April 2002): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2002.9747318.

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19

Ríos, Carmen. "Hedges and All That." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.43.1.02rio.

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Summary The following is a study of a set of various linguistic items, from the so-called discourse particles to whole clauses, which perform the pragmatic function of compromising. We discuss them here under the common heading "hedge". A revision of the literature on English hedges precedes what appear to be their semantic and pragmatic equivalents in Spanish, as illustrated by their distribution in the translation into Spanish of Julian Barnes' novel Talking It Over (Hablando del Asunto) and the English and Spanish editions of the Mediterranean Magazine, which are the reference points for the whole discussion. The formal divergences in the translation of hedges reflected in Hablando del Asunto converge upon the difficulty of rendering compromising attitudes, on the part of the speaker, by linguistic means which differ in the two languages. Whilst there is usually formal equivalence between English and Spanish as far as clause-terminal tags and disclaimers are concerned, the difficulties seem to be that the latter possesses a wider range of semantically equivalent verbs whereas the former resorts mainly to modal expressions and detensifying adverbs. Following Hübler's (1981) distinction between internal and external gradators, we envisage the differences in the distribution of hedges as being in strict correlation with a greater flexibility in the Spanish syntactic structure. The fact that the Spanish version lacks hedging devices present in the original leads us to consider the role of pragmatics in translation in order to account for vagueness as a linguistic phenomenon that reflects compromising attitudes on the part of the speaker which should be conveyed into the target language, if not by semantically equivalent phrases, at least by pragmatically equivalent means. Résumé L'article qui suit est une étude des différents termes linguistiques, allant de ce qu'on appelle des particules de discours jusqu'aux propositions entières, qui remplissent la fonction pragmatique de compromis. Nous les discutons ici sous le titre commun de "hedge". Une révision de la littérature concernant les "hedges" anglais précède ce qui semble être leurs équivalents sémantiques et pragmatiques en espagnol, comme l'illustre leur présence dans la traduction en espagnol du roman de Julian Barnes Talking It Over ainsi que les éditions anglaises et espagnoles du Mediterranean Magazine, qui sont les ouvrages de référence pour la discussion. Les divergences formelles dans la traduction des "hedges" reflétées dans Talking It Over convergent sur la difficulté d'interprétation des attitudes de compromis, de la part de l'orateur, par des moyens linguistiques qui sont différents dans les deux langues. Tandis qu'il y a généralement une équivalence formelle entre l'anglais et l'espagnol en ce qui concerne les "tags" en fin de proposition et les "disclaimers", la difficulté semble être que l'espagnol possède une plus grande gamme de verbes sémantiquement équivalents alors que l'anglais a principalement recours à des expressions modales et des adverbes de non-intensification. Suivant la distinction de Hiibler (1981) entre les graduants internes et externes, nous envisageons les différences dans 1'occurence des "hedges" comme étant en stricte corrélation avec une plus grande flexibilité de la structure syntaxique espagnole. Le fait que la version espagnole manque de termes de compromis présents dans l'original nous amène a considérer le rôle de la pragmatique dans la traduction afin d'exprimer le vague en tant que phénomène linguistique qui reflète des attitudes de compromis de la part de l'orateur. Celles-ci devraient être transmises dans le langage ciblé, si non par des expressions sémantiquement équivalentes, au moins par des moyens pragmatiquement équivalents.

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Ojajärvi, Jussi. "Benson & Hedges -sytyttimellä." AVAIN - Kirjallisuudentutkimuksen aikakauslehti, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30665/av.74871.

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21

Park, Jeong Yun, Donald J. Mullineaux, and It-Keong Chew. "Are REITs inflation hedges?" Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 3, no. 1 (March 1990): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00153708.

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22

Chandramohan, Aarthi, and M. V. C. Rao. "Novel, useful, and effective definitions for fuzzy linguistic hedges." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2006 (2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ddns/2006/46546.

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The main emphasis of this paper is on fuzzy linguistic hedging, used to modify membership functions. This paper investigates the issues of obtaining new definitions for hedges which exceed the traditional definitions given by Zadeh (and others), particularly seeing that the effect of applying these hedges does not cross beyond the reasonable limits of membership values[0,1]and is still meaningful from the point of view of magnitude of membership value and hence be really effective for an application. Some of the most commonly used hedges are presented, these hedges are very, positively, negatively, slightly more, and slightly less. The effects of these hedges on numeric examples are charted.

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Zhang, Luying, and Yang Chen. "Strategic Pro-environmental Persuasion: Use of Hedges in Chinese Environmental Commentary." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 6, no. 3 (September 2020): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2020.6.3.268.

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Rida, Asfina, A. Effendi Kadarisman, and Utari Praba Astuti. "HEDGES USED BY INDONESIAN ELT STUDENTS IN WRITTEN AND SPOKEN DISCOURSES." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9815.

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Hedging expression is considered an important interactional metadiscourse device which shows the writer’s/speaker’s degree of confidence in the truth of a proposition and his/her attitude to the readers or listeners in academic discourse. Although considerable research on hedges has been undertaken, there have been virtually no studies on hedges in spoken discourse in educational contexts. To fill this gap, this study aims at describing and comparing the use of hedges by Indonesian ELT students in written and spoken discourses. This study is descriptive qualitative in nature. The research subjects were 20 ELT graduate students registered in 2015 at a state university in East Java, Indonesia. The sources of data were the students’ thesis proposals and thesis proposal presentations, particularly the ‘background of the study’ section. As such, the study used a corpus-based approach which utilized concordance software, i.e. AntConc (3.4.4), to examine the frequency of hedges based on types. The use of hedges was categorized on the basis of hedges taxonomy adapted from Salager-Meyer (1994) and Hyland (2005). The findings of this study revealed that (i) in terms of types and frequency, the patterns of the use of hedges types (from the most to the least frequently used) by ELT students in both corpora were almost similar: WD: S–Ap–Em–Ex–Ch, and SD: S–Ap–Ex–Em–Ch (see Table 2 for legends); (ii) ELT students employed more hedges in written discourse than in spoken discourse; and (iii) approximately 65% of hedges variants provided in the taxonomy were employed by ELT students in written and spoken discourses. On the basis of the results of the study, the discourse mode (written or spoken) can be a factor that affects the use of hedges in academic discourse.

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25

Toffoli, Roberto. "The Importance of Linear Landscape Elements for Bats in a Farmland Area: The Influence of Height on Activity." Journal of Landscape Ecology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2016-0004.

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Abstract In the past 50 years, widespread removal of hedges and hedgerows in many European regions, with a consequent reduction in biodiversity, has occurred as a result of farming intensification. Acknowledging the ecological importance of linear farmland landscape elements, many agro-environmental schemes provide financial support for the management, conservation and reconstruction of hedges and hedgerows. The efficacy of such initiatives, also aimed at bat conservation, could be enhanced by including the role of hedges and hedgerows correlated to the variability of their physical structure and to the surrounding landscape context. Linear landscape elements are in fact of great importance to bats, whose flight activity tends to increase in proximity to hedges and hedgerows, used both during foraging and as commuting routes. Nevertheless, information concerning the correlation between various physical structures of hedges and flight and foraging techniques in bats is still lacking. The present study analyses the activity of bats along two different hedge types, with and without trees, and in open spaces, in an area of the Padana plane (North-western Italy) as a function of different flight behaviours. Activity in bats appears higher along hedges than in open spaces but no significant differences are noted between the various hedge types under investigation. Foraging behaviour is primarily detected along hedges with trees but is lower along hedges without trees and in open spaces. This is particularly evident in bat species that have adapted to foraging in closed spaces surrounded by foliage (Myotis and Plecotus genera) or at the periphery of these environments (Pipistrellus genus), whereas it not seen species that forage in open spaces (Nyctalus genus). Hedge reconstruction aimed at bat conservation ought to, therefore, favour tall hedges with trees as opposed to low hedges without trees.

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26

Yasmin, Tayyabba, Muhammad Asim Mahmood, Sadaf Jabeen, and Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui. "Hedging as a Marker of Variation in Pakistani Research Dissertations of Sciences and Social Sciences." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v3i3.70.

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Perspicuous organization and persuasion are required in academic writing for creating unity, making claims, sequencing, and eloquence. Hedging is a distinctive aspect of academic writing. Hedging can be employed as a communicative strategy to decrease or enhance the strength of claims (Hyland, 1998). This research study explores the frequencies and grammatical categories of hedges in the research dissertations written by Pakistani authors. The corpus of the study contains 150 research dissertations of sciences and social sciences. The frequencies and forms of hedges are examined by utilizing Varttala’s (1999) classification of Hedges. Lists of hedges have been developed to identify the different categories of hedges. Instances of hedges have been extracted from the corpora with the help of AntConc 3.5.8 (2019) software. The results reveal that the authors from the field of social sciences are more careful and cautious in making their claims as compared to the sciences.

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Wałaszewska, Ewa. "How to Signal Lexical Concept Adjustment: A Relevance-Theoretic Perspective on Hedging." International Review of Pragmatics 6, no. 2 (2014): 240–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00602003.

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The goal of the paper is to show that relevance theory provides a theoretically sound framework for describing properties of expressions traditionally known as hedges in a consistent manner. In relevance-theoretic terms, hedges may be regarded as special linguistic expressions developed to guide hearers in the interpretation process, indicating the need for adjusting lexically encoded concepts. A closer look at several representative hedges: sort of, like, typical, regular and real, reveals that hedges may be re-classified according to how they interact with ad hoc concepts. Whether they are conceptual or procedural, hedges may signal: broadening (sort of, regular, real), narrowing (typical) or either of these processes (like). With regard to broadening, it turns out that at least two different types of this process may be distinguished, illustrated by the hedges sort of and regular/real, which introduce approximations and metaphors, respectively. It is also proposed that the classification should be expanded to accommodate Lasersohn’s “slack regulators” such as exactly (and possibly very) as expressions encoding a procedure to restrict the extent of broadening. Finally, properties and behaviour of different types of hedges may shed some light on the nature of procedural meaning.

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Hasanah, Uswatun, and Ribut Wahyudi. "MEANING-MAKING OF HEDGES IN THE GOSSIP COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST." Jurnal Humaniora 27, no. 2 (January 9, 2016): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v27i2.8717.

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The present study investigates the use of hedges (vague language) as the meaning-making practice in the gossip column of the Jakarta Post. The daily newspaper is chosen due to pragmatic purposes, accessibility, and its national coverage. Adapting the framework of Lakoff (1973), Holmes (1990) and Hyland (1996a-b), this study focuses on the hedges’ functions and meanings in a gossip column (informal context), apart from an academic discourse (formal context) in which hedges are frequently discussed. This possibly leads to the diverse functions and meanings of the hedges’ occurrences within the discourse: through the employment of ‘epistemic modal’ (the expression of uncertainty) and ‘affective’ (the expression of solidarity) function. Further, the mostly-found hedges are the epistemic modal ‘about’ (five times) and the affective modal ‘think’ (four times) from six hedge categories. Eventually, it is also revealed that hedges used in the gossip column are to enhance the self-image and trend-setting identity of the celebrities, who indeed are involved in the discourse.

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Fitri, Nidya, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satywati, and Sawirman. "Pragmatic Hedges in Court Trial: Indonesian Case." English Language Teaching 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n8p106.

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The usage of hedges in trial discourse context is interested to be explored. This paper presents a description of phenomena related to the use of hedges by witnesses and experts in Indonesian court trial. It focuses on the usage of hedges in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and utterances in court trial context. Conversation among participants in court was taken as a corpus of this study. From the corpus, the data were collected in the form of transcription. Three-levels of hedges that classified by Lakoff (1973), Prince, et al. (1982), and Fraser (2010) were used to analyze the data. The analysis was also related to quantity maxim and quality maxim proposed by Grice maxim (1975). This study has shown that the usage of hedges in Indonesian was classified into propositional, approximator, and adjective hedges. They were used to show politeness as well as to hide the real meaning of their utterance.

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Lauwereyns, Shizuka. "Hedges in Japanese conversation: The influence of age, sex, and formality." Language Variation and Change 14, no. 2 (July 2002): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394502142049.

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Hedges in Japanese conversation are discussed in relation to three social variables: age, sex, and formality. In the present study, hedges are defined as expressions of uncertainty, possibility, or tentativeness, all of which convey a sense of vagueness. I quantified the use of 26 Japanese hedges (e.g., toka ‘or something’, kana ‘I wonder’, nanka ‘like’, and tabun ‘probably’). Three hypotheses were posited to investigate the effect of the social variables: hedges are used (1) more often by younger speakers than by older speakers; (2) more often by women than by men; (3) more often in casual speech than in formal speech. Data of 20 single-sex dyads were collected from two age groups and from both sexes. The data supported hypotheses (1) and (2), but not (3). Most notably, younger female speakers use hedges often. Social factors of the speaker as well as context play an important role in the use of hedges in Japanese conversation.

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Belohlavek, Radim, and Vilem Vychodil. "Fuzzy Concept Lattices Constrained by Hedges." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 6 (July 20, 2007): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0536.

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We study concept lattices constrained by hedges. The principal aim is to control, in a parameterical way, the size of concept lattices, i.e. the number of conceptual clusters extracted from data. The paper presents theoretical insight, comments, and examples. We introduce new, parameterized, concept-forming operators and study their properties. We obtain an axiomatic characterization of the concept-forming operators. Then, we show that a concept lattice with hedges is indeed a complete lattice which is isomorphic to an ordinary concept lattice. We describe the isomorphism and its inverse. These mappings serve as translation procedures. As a consequence, we obtain a theorem characterizing the structure of concept lattices with hedges which generalizes the well-known main theorem of ordinary concept lattices. Furthermore, the isomorphism and its inverse enable us to compute a concept lattice with hedges using algorithms for ordinary concept lattices. Further insight is provided for boundary choices of hedges. We demonstrate by experiments that the size reduction using hedges as parameters is smooth.

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Isti'anah, Arina, and Anindita Dewangga Puri. "Hedges in Students’ Reflective Feedback: Evidence from an Online Class during COVID-19 Outbreak." Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.86-96.

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Scholars have observed hedges in academic writing, yet the examination of hedges in students’ reflective feedback is scarcely found. During the Covid-19 pandemic, both teachers and students face difficulty engaging themselves in online classes. To figure out how students show their attitude, among others, is through reflective feedback. One of the language features pivotal in reflective feedback is ‘hedge’, a pragmatic feature representing a speaker’s tentativeness and possibility in communication (Lakoff, 1973). This paper addresses two questions: (1) what types of hedges are used in the students’ reflective feedback in online class during the covid-19 outbreak? and (2) what are the functions of the hedges? This paper took 151 samples of students’ reflective feedback in the introduction to English linguistics class at Sanata Dharma University to answer those problems. Findings reveal that the students dominantly used modal auxiliaries and epistemic adverbs as the types of hedges as a politeness technique to convey their anxiety and hesitation during an online class.Keywords: hedges, reflective feedback, online class

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Bradley, Susan M. "Examination of the Clinical Queries and Systematic Review “hedges” in EMBASE and MEDLINE." Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association / Journal de l'Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada 31, no. 2 (July 21, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5596/c10-022.

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Introduction – This investigation sought to determine whether the methodological search filters in place as Clinical Queries limits in OvidSP EMBASE and OvidSP MEDLINE had been modified from those written by Haynes et al. and whether the translations of these in PubMed and EBSCO MEDLINE were reliable. The translated National Library of Medicine (NLM) Systematic Reviews hedges in place in OvidSP MEDLINE and EBSCO MEDLINE were also examined. Methods – Search queries were run using the Clinical Queries and Systematic Reviews hedges incorporated into OvidSP EMBASE, OvidSP MEDLINE, PubMed, and EBSCO MEDLINE to determine the reliability of these limits in comparison with the published hedge search strings. Results – Five of the OvidSP EMBASE Clinical Queries hedges produced results that were different from the published search strings. Three of the EBSCO MEDLINE and five of the PubMed translated Clinical Queries hedges yielded markedly different results (>10% difference) than those obtained using the OvidSP MEDLINE hedge counterparts. The OvidSP MEDLINE Systematic Reviews subject subset hedge was found to have a major error, which has been corrected. Discussion – Translations of hedges to appropriate syntax for other database platforms may result in significantly different search results. The platform searched should ideally be the one for which the hedges were written and tested. Regardless, the hedges in place may not be the same as the published hedge search strings. Quality control testing is needed to ensure that the hedges in place as limits are the same as those that have been published.

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Koch, Celine, Marcel Wilhelm, Stefan Salzmann, Winfried Rief, and Frank Euteneuer. "A meta-analysis of heart rate variability in major depression." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 1948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001351.

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AbstractBackgroundMajor depression (MD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) has been observed in MD. Given the predictive value of HRV for cardiovascular health, reduced HRV might be one physiological factor that mediates this association.MethodsThe purpose of this study was to provide up-to-date random-effects meta-analyses of studies which compare resting-state measures of HRV between unmedicated adults with MD and controls. Database search considered English and German literature to July 2018.ResultsA total of 21 studies including 2250 patients and 1982 controls were extracted. Significant differences between patients and controls were found for (i) frequency domains such as HF-HRV [Hedges' g = −0.318; 95% CI (−0.388 to −0.247)], LF-HRV (Hedges' g = −0.195; 95% CI (−0.332 to −0.059)], LF/HF-HRV (Hedges' g = 0.195; 95% CI (0.086–0.303)] and VLF-HRV (Hedges' g = −0.096; 95% CI (−0.179 to −0.013)), and for (ii) time-domains such as IBI (Hedges' g = −0.163; 95% CI (−0.304 to −0.022)], RMSSD (Hedges' g = −0.462; 95% CI (−0.612 to −0.312)] and SDNN (Hedges' g = −0.266; 95% CI (−0.431 to −0.100)].ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that all HRV-measures were lower in MD than in healthy controls and thus strengthens evidence for lower HRV as a potential cardiovascular risk factor in these patients.

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Ganshorn, Heather. "Translation of Hedges in Medical Databases to Other Platforms’ Syntax May Cause Significantly Different Search Results." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8r32c.

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Objective – To determine whether the methodological search filters in OvidSP MEDLINE and OvidSP EMBASE also known as Clinical Queries hedges had been modified from the originals which were written by the McMaster University Health Information Research Unit Hedges Group (the Haynes Group) and whether the translations of these hedges by the National Library of Medicine used in PubMed and EBSCO MEDLINE were reliable. The hedges examined are for the clinical categories of diagnosis, therapy, etiology, prognosis, clinical prediction guides, and reviews. The author also examined the translated National Library of Medicine (NLM) Systematic Reviews hedges in OvidSP MEDLINE and EBSCO MEDLINE. Design – Validity of hedges used in various databases. Setting – OvidSP MEDLINE, OvidSP EMBASE, EBSCO MEDLINE and PubMed were studied. Subjects – The Clinical Queries hedges designed to facilitate enhanced retrieval of particular types of studies in the above-mentioned databases were compared. Methods – The author ran the Clinical Queries hedges in OvidSP MEDLINE, OvidSP EMBASE and PubMed. Next, she manually entered the original Haynes Group published hedge search strings for each clinical query in these databases, and compared the results to the Clinical Queries. The author also compared the results obtained from the Ovid MEDLINE Clinical Queries versus the hedges in PubMed and EBSCO MEDLINE. The percentage difference in number of hits between the Ovid platform and the other platform was calculated. Where the difference was greater than 10%, the author modified the search string and re-tested it. There was no gold standard for comparison, so it was not possible to make calculations such as sensitivity, specificity, precision, or accuracy. For the testing of the Review hedges, the author used the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews as a gold standard to compare search results. She also compared the results in OvidSP MEDLINE to the results in EBSCO MEDLINE and PubMed. Main Results – Comparing the 27 OvidSP Clinical Queries limits to the equivalent Haynes search strings, the author found identical results, suggesting that the OvidSP hedges have not been changed from Haynes’ original search strings. However, when the OvidSP MEDLINE hedges were compared to PubMed and EBSCO, there were discrepancies. If the hedges were translated exactly, one should expect the result sets to be nearly identical, with the exception of records that had not yet been uploaded to OvidSP and EBSCO (PubMed contains records that are not yet fully indexed). However, other problems became evident. While the majority of searches yielded similar numbers of records, there were discrepancies of >10% in the number of hits for five of the Clinical Queries. Some of the hedges involved truncated search terms that, in PubMed, generated a message indicating that only the first 600 variations of the word root would be used. The author modified these hedges in order to obtain potentially more accurate results, though as she does not have a gold standard set for comparison, the modified hedges could not be thoroughly evaluated. Three of the EBSCO MEDLINE Clinical Queries hedges also generated significantly different results from OvidSP MEDLINE. The author was able to modify these hedges to generate similar results to those found in PubMed. The author’s examination of the various systematic review hedges identified other problems. For these hedges, it was possible to use the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews as a simple gold standard to assess the reliability of these filters. The Haynes Clinical Queries Review hedge is used in OvidSP EMBASE. The author found that this hedge’s sensitive filter retrieved 100% of the Cochrane Reviews, while the optimized filter retrieved all reviews but one. However, the specific filter retrieved only 16% of the Cochrane reviews. The author notes that the Haynes hedges were developed using a subset of journals that did not include the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The Clinical Queries Review hedge in MEDLINE appeared to have better results. In OvidSP, the sensitive and optimized hedges found all but one record, while the specific hedge found 83% of the records, a result that was mirrored in EBSCO MEDLINE and PubMed. Conclusion - Users of OvidSP MEDLINE can be confident that the Clinical Queries limits are true translations of the hedges published by Haynes et al., as they were found to give identical results to manual entry of these hedges. However, users cannot be confident that these queries will give the same results in PubMed, due to differences in syntax between the two interfaces. Users of EBSCO MEDLINE can be less confident that the Clinical Queries have been perfectly translated from the original Haynes queries, as three of these queries were found to yield significantly different results from the OvidSP MEDLINE search. The author recommends that OvidSP be the search interface of choice when using these hedges in MEDLINE. The National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) Systematic Reviews hedge has been translated into OvidSP and EBSCO, but has never been validated. The author found significant errors in this hedge in the OvidSP version, which were rectified after she contacted Ovid. However, Ovid was reluctant to share its translation of the hedge, as this is proprietary information. The author recommends that for this reason, it is best to use PubMed to search for systematic reviews, as the search string for its hedge is publicly available. The author also notes that this issue of proprietary information is very problematic for librarians, as it makes it impossible for them to assess the hedges they are using from vendors, or to identify the source of the problem when they get unusual results.

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Buddhima Karunarathna, J. A. M. "Improving the Use of Language Hedges in Academic Writing through Reading Journal Articles." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.3p.17.

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In the arena of English for academic purposes, many nonnative speakers of English in different contexts find it difficult to perform well, because academic genre is alien to them. Current study was based on improving writing skills with a special focus on writing of language hedges in argumentative essays through reading journal articles. The study focused on the two research questions; 1.) Is there a significant improvement in using language hedges in academic writing through reading journal articles? 2.) What are the perceptions of students in reading journal articles to improve academic writing? Methodology of the study was based on quasi experimental and longitudinal design. Mixed method was utilized in collection of data. Participants of the study were 32 first year undergraduates of an English Language Teaching degree programme of a vocational technological university in Sri Lanka. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire and intervention through reading journal articles. Qualitative data was collected by interviewing 12 selected participants of the study. Two subject expertise evaluators and AntConc (2019), SPSS (23), MS Excel (Office 365) and thematic analysis were used to analyse data. Findings of the study reveal that there is a significant improvement in using language hedges by reading journal articles in the five categories of language hedges concerned; epistemic hedges, lexical hedges, lexical verbs, modal verbs and possibility hedges according to the descending order of the usage and the rate of improvement. Further, it can be concluded that pleasure and conscious reading of journal articles provide both cognitive and affective insights for novice academic writers of English. Two major implications for further research were drawn; to study the effect of language hedges in the culture of first language affects the usage of language hedges among undergraduates, and to study on the other stance features and engagement features in academic writing among the undergraduates in the Sri Lankan context.

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Constance Omo, Ikosomi, and Destiny Idegbekwe. "Pragmatic Hedges in Editorials: A Focus on Vanguard, Guardian and Sun Newspaper Editorials in 2017." Journal of Translation and Language Studies 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jtls.v1i1.11.

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Many studies have been carried out on the operations of hedges in different language discourse especially in scientific reports and academic writing. Amongst these studies, none has focused on the operations, functions and layout of hedges in Nigerian newspapers. It is on this basis therefor that the current study pays attention to the nature and pragmatic functions which hedges are deployed in Nigerian newspaper editorials. It is the academic gap which the present study unravels. The study used the categorisation of hedges provided by Salager Meyer (1994) as the theoretical framework. The study sampled six editorials each from the 2017 editorials of the Vanguard, Guardian and Sun newspapers, making a total of 18 editorials for analysis. At the end, the study present amongst other findings that the shield hedges are the more frequently used hedges in the newspaper editorials as all the newspapers used it. On the other hand, the study found out that no newspaper editorial used the compound hedge as there was none found in the sampled data.

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Sepehri, Mehrdad, Mehrnnoosh Hajijalili, and Ehsan Namaziandost. "Hedges and boosters in medical and engineering research articles: A comparative corpus-based study." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v9i4.4342.

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This study aimed to compare the use of hedges and boosters in medical sciences and engineering research articles. To fulfil this objective, the researcher provided 30 medical and 30 engineering research articles to identify the hedging and boosting devices used in them. The research articles were analysed according to lexical devices classification, focusing on hedges and boosters. The AntConc concordance software was used to identify the instances of hedges and boosters in both disciplines. Frequency, percentage and the Chi-square test were run to analyse the data. The results indicated that the difference between the frequency of hedges and boosters in medical sciences and engineering research articles was significant and meaningful. Moreover, the outcomes indicated that the most frequent hedges were epistemic modality verbs, quantifiers and nouns and the most frequent boosters were nouns, lexical verbs, modal verbs and adjectives. These discoveries of this paper may have some implications for the teaching of academic writing, especially to EFL learners. Keywords: Boosters, engineering research articles, hedges, medical research articles

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Crowther, Meagan E., Sally A. Ferguson, Grace E. Vincent, and Amy C. Reynolds. "Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Chronic Disease Risk Factors and Sleep in Shift Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Clocks & Sleep 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 132–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep3010009.

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Shift work is associated with adverse chronic health outcomes. Addressing chronic disease risk factors including biomedical risk factors, behavioural risk factors, as well as sleep and perceived health status, affords an opportunity to improve health outcomes in shift workers. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review, qualitative synthesis, and meta-analysis of non-pharmacological interventions targeting chronic disease risk factors, including sleep, in shift workers. A total of 8465 records were retrieved; 65 publications were eligible for inclusion in qualitative analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis were conducted for eight eligible health outcomes, including a total of thirty-nine studies. Interventions resulted in increased objective sleep duration (Hedges’ g = 0.73; CI: 0.36, 1.10, k = 16), improved objective sleep efficiency (Hedges’ g = 0.48; CI: 0.20, 0.76, k = 10) and a small increase in both subjective sleep duration (Hedges’ g = 0.11; CI: −0.04, 0.27, k = 19) and sleep quality (Hedges’ g = 0.11; CI: −0.11, 0.33, k = 21). Interventions also improved perceived health status (Hedges’ g = 0.20; CI: −0.05, 0.46, k = 8), decreased systolic (Hedges’ g = 0.26; CI: −0.54, 0.02, k = 7) and diastolic (Hedges’ g = 0.06; CI: −0.23, 0.36, k = 7) blood pressure, and reduced body mass index (Hedges’ g = −0.04; CI: −0.37, 0.29, k = 9). The current study suggests interventions may improve chronic disease risk factors and sleep in shift workers; however, this could only be objectively assessed for a limited number of risk factor endpoints. Future interventions could explore the impact of non-pharmacological interventions on a broader range of chronic disease risk factors to better characterise targets for improved health outcomes in shift workers.

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Al Salami, Lecturer Akram Nadhim Raheem. "A Socio-pragmatic Study of Hedging in Iraqi Arabic." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 3599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1314.

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Among the different types of linguistic means are the expressions of fuzziness and uncertainty which are used by speakers widely. These types of expressions are called hedges. Many scholars have studied this phenomenon from both semantic and pragmatic perspectives. Hyland (1998:1) defines hedges as Devices used to convey tentativeness to reflect uncertainty. Lakoff, Brown and Levinson (1987) develop different perspectives on the basis of speech act theory and consider hedges as strategies for minimizing the threat to face.Hedges are considered a very important part in languages and they play an effective role in communication. Hedges are universal, that is, they are found in all languages and according to this type of expressions Many Iraqi people use them in their daily speech and we are unaware of the use of this phenomenon in Iraqi language. e.g / what are the functions, the strategies or the types that are used the most.To The best of the researcher's knowledge, hedges have not been dealt with in Iraqi Arabic. Hence, this study addresses the following questions:How do Iraqi people use hedges? And What type of hedges do Iraqi people use the most?This study aims atthe identification of the pragmatic types of hedging, shedding light on the functions of such a pragmatic phenomenon. Therefore, it is hypothesized thatIt is hypothesized that: hedging is used in Iraqi Arabic serving identifiable pragmatic functions. As far as the use of hedging is concerned, the present study is limited to the use of hedges in Iraqi Arabic. To serve the aims of the study, a data including a number of educated and uneducated Iraqis is chosen is selected for this purpose.

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Harutyunyan, Nona. "Hedging in Modern English." Armenian Folia Anglistika 9, no. 1-2 (11) (October 15, 2013): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2013.9.1-2.093.

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The article aims to investigate the functional value of hedges and to trace their development process in linguistic literature and scientific discourse. An attempt is made to provide a short definition of hedges, to identify its types and to indicate the main fields of their use. Hedges can express politeness, uncertainty, mitigation, indecisiveness thereby decreasing the responsibility of the speaker for his demands and suggestions.

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Haufiku, Naftal K. T., and Jairos Kangira. "An Exploration of Hedging and Boosting Devices Used in Academic Discourse Focusing on English Theses at the University of Namibia." Studies in English Language Teaching 6, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v6n1p1.

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<p><em>This paper explored the application of hedges and boosters in all ten theses of the Master of Arts in English Studies submitted and examined at the University of Namibia between 2014 and 2015. A mixed research approach was chosen because of the descriptive nature of this study. This method also gave an in-depth understanding of issues such as why research writers prefer some types of hedging and boosting devices over the others, and why some theses chapters have certain types of hedges and boosters. The study only examined three chapters of the theses: the Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion. Hyland’s (2004) taxonomy of hedges and boosters was used to analyse the types of hedges and boosters used. Kaplan’s (1997) Contrastive Rhetoric Theory was used to explain how researchers use hedges and boosters to express their uncertainties and certainties respectively. The study revealed that writers prefer Type 3 of hedges and boosters in all the three chapters. It further revealed that there is an unequal distribution of hedges and boosters among writers. Finally, the paper concluded that the preference of Type 3 may have been caused by the fact that since Type 3 does not have boosting devices writers find it less threatening to employ it in order to conform to the accepted academic writing style. The unequal distribution may also suggest that writers in academic discourse are not proficient in the English language.</em></p>

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Smith, Frances L., Axel Hübler, and Axel Hubler. "Understatements and Hedges in English." Language 62, no. 2 (June 1986): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414698.

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So-Woo Chung and Kim, Eun-ju. "Gender, Education, and the Hedges." Discourse and Cognition 20, no. 1 (April 2013): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15718/discog.2013.20.1.161.

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Widiawati, Yogi. "Hedges in Scientific EFL Writing." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 5, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2018.v05.i01.p02.

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The main purpose of the academic writing is to inform other researchers about writers’ findings in certain research. In this case, writer will propose claims. For non-native English speaker like Indonesian, this is the tough work to do. L2 learners find difficulty to write for academic purposes or make claims. One of the strategies that L2 learners do is by using hedging devices. Hedges are used to present findings cautiously with leaving room for readers to have their own interpretation. This argument is also supported by Ken Hyland (1996) stated that academic writing is full of hedges. This study aims to find the hedges in academic writing used by Indonesian researchers or writers. According to Levinson (1987) with his theory of FTA (Face Treathening Act), those words mostly function as a tool for speakers or writers to make them comfortable and save negative face. It means that the writers should choose the correct words to achieve the communicative goal. The data is taken from 10 dissertations written in English. The method used is decriptive-qualitative analysis. The study focuses on 2 kinds of hedging strategies proposed by Hyland (1996). They are writer-oriented hedges and reader-oriented hedges. The first strategy consists of (1) passive voice, (2) dummy subjects, and (3) abstract rhetors. The latter consists of (1) personal attribution and (2) conditionals. The results reveal that writer-oriented hedges are the most frequent hedging device utilized by Indonesian researchers, such as: passive construction and dummy subjects. The conclusion of this study is that the use of passive constructions and modality (can, may, might, should) are highly desireable by Indonesian researchers. It means that Indonesians like to let the data talk by themselves in order to avoid a potential conflict and hence to maintain the harmony between writers and readers.

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Ma, Christopher K., and M. E. Ellis. "Selecting industries as inflation hedges." Journal of Portfolio Management 15, no. 4 (July 31, 1989): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1989.409224.

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Litterman, Robert. "Hot Spots™ and Hedges." Journal of Portfolio Management 23, no. 5 (December 31, 1996): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1996.052.

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Bray, Michael. "The Hedges that Are Set." Epoché 11, no. 1 (2006): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche200611124.

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Nayak, Subhankar, and Jacques A. Schnabel. "Futures Hedges under Basis Heteroscedasticity." ISRN Economics 2012 (December 12, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/481856.

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Minimum variance and mean-variance optimizing hedges are developed when basis risk exhibits heteroscedasticity; that is, the variance of the difference between spot and futures prices is not constant but rises with the level of spot prices. Two different hedging objectives are modeled and optimized. The resulting optimality conditions are then interpreted both analytically and intuitively. Simulations are run to determine whether the model proposed here is superior to the traditional model in terms of minimizing the hedger’s terminal wealth. The resulting hedge ratios are shown to differ from those that are obtained for the traditional homoscedastic basis case, but consistent with the extant theoretical paradigm, the demand for futures contacts is dichotomized into pure hedging and pure speculative components. The simulations demonstrate that, under the statistical assumptions invoked, the proposed model implies uniformly less hedging and a lower variance of terminal wealth compared with the traditional model.

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Koenker, Diane P., and Faith Wilson Stein. "Jane T. Hedges, 1951-2015." Slavic Review 74, no. 4 (2015): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.74.4.977.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HEDP's'

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