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Journal articles on the topic 'Height-cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

TAN, WILLIE. "Construction cost and building height." Construction Management and Economics 17, no. 2 (1999): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461999371628.

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Vacca, G. "ESTIMATING TREE HEIGHT USING LOW-COST UAV." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-1-2023 (April 21, 2023): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-1-2023-381-2023.

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Abstract. Precision agriculture (PA) is defined as an agricultural management based on the observation, measurement, and response of a set of quantitative and qualitative variables that affects agricultural production. The first step in the approach to precision agriculture is, therefore, the acquisition and collection of data from optical, multispectral, geophysical sensors, etc. aimed at obtaining knowledge and monitoring of the crop. In recent years UAVs are assuming an important role in precision agriculture. The possibility of mounting RGB, multispectral, LiDAR sensors on them make these

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3

KIRN, TIMOTHY F. "Steroids Cost Children Height, Not Bone Mass." Rheumatology News 5, no. 3 (2006): 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1541-9800(06)70985-1.

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4

Tanya, Rani, and Agarwal Shagun. "Factors impacting construction cost of high-rise building in India." Journal of Housing and Advancement in Interior Designing 8, no. 1 (2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15369703.

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<em>The construction of high-rise buildings in India is a critical aspect of urban development, driven by rapid urbanization, population growth, and the increasing demand for residential and commercial spaces. However, the cost of constructing these towering structures remains a significant challenge, influenced by a multifaceted set of factors. Understanding these determinants is essential for effective project planning, cost control, and sustainable development. High-rise construction is a complex and resource-intensive process influenced by numerous cost-driving factors, particularly in a d

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5

Hetzler, R. K., R. Seip, E. M. Haskvitz, and A. Weltman. "EFFECT OF HEIGHT ON THE METABOLIC COST OF WALKING." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (1989): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00158.

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Hull, Maury L., and Hiroko K. Gonzalez. "The Effect of Pedal Platform Height on Cycling Biomechanics." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6, no. 1 (1990): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.6.1.1.

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Using a five-bar linkage model of the leg/bicycle system in conjunction with experimental kinematic and pedal force data, the inverse dynamics problem is solved to yield the intersegmental moments. Among the input data that affect the problem solution is the height of the pedal platform. This variable is isolated and its effects on the total joint moments are studied as it assumes values over a ±4-cm range. Platform height variation affects the total joint moment peak values by up to 13%. Relying on a cost function derived from the hip and knee moments, it is found that the platform height tha

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Dean, Thomas J. "The role of height increment and marginal height cost in the production ecology of Eucalyptus plantations." Forest Ecology and Management 532 (March 2023): 120846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120846.

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Martikkala, Antti, Joe David, Aapo Ylä-Autio, Olli Wiikinkoski, Essi Linnosmaa, and Iñigo Flores Ituarte. "Cost-effective strategies for multi-layer height detection in LWDED." IET Conference Proceedings 2024, no. 11 (2024): 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2024.3489.

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Kempa, Meidy, Andi Andi, and Lie Arijanto. "ANALISIS BIAYA ELEMENTAL UNTUK PERENCANAAN BIAYA PROYEK APARTEMEN." Dimensi Utama Teknik Sipil 1, no. 1 (2014): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/duts.1.1.27-35.

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Apartment’s project cost planning involves a Quantity Surveyor to determine the target cost (budget) for the owner. Target cost must included all elements of the existing building. This study aims to determine the format and price range of each building element in the elemental cost analysis for apartment’s project cost planning.The data were obtained by looking at historical data of the middle class apartment’s projects Bill of Quantity in area of Surabaya, Solo and Semarang with reference to the format NPWC List of Elements, Australia.The results of the data analysis showed that the format o

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Lee, Kim, Kang, and Kim. "Determining the Optimized Hub Height of Wind Turbine Using the Wind Resource Map of South Korea." Energies 12, no. 15 (2019): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152949.

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Although the size of the wind turbine has become larger to improve the economic feasibility of wind power generation, whether increases in rotor diameter and hub height always lead to the optimization of energy cost remains to be seen. This paper proposes an algorithm that calculates the optimized hub height to minimize the cost of energy (COE) using the regional wind profile database. The optimized hub height was determined by identifying the minimum COE after calculating the annual energy production (AEP) and cost increase, according to hub height increase, by using the wind profiles of the

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Gu, Y. D., and Z. Y. Li. "Effect of Shoes' Heel Height on the Energy Cost during Jogging." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 6, no. 9 (2013): 1531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.6.3864.

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Lindley, Ben, Peter Wilkinson, Adrien Couet, and Farshid Shahrokhi. "Telescopic control rod for significant reduction in HTR height and cost." Annals of Nuclear Energy 169 (May 2022): 108953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108953.

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Welsh, S. E., G. G. Simoneau, and P. E. Papanek. "METABOLIC COST OF VARYING WALKER HEIGHT DURING UNILATERAL WEIGHT-BEARING AMBULATION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00215.

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Khan, Khalid S. "Symphysis fundal height measurement: appeals to ignorance incur an opportunity cost." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 123, no. 7 (2016): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13906.

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15

Guerlet, Bernard. "Innovative manufacturing process reduces width, height and cost of LEM gaskets." Sealing Technology 2010, no. 4 (2010): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4789(10)70193-8.

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Yang, Han, Jin Chen, and Xiaoping Pang. "Wind Turbine Optimization for Minimum Cost of Energy in Low Wind Speed Areas Considering Blade Length and Hub Height." Applied Sciences 8, no. 7 (2018): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8071202.

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In recent years, sites with low annual average wind speeds have begun to be considered for the development of new wind farms. The majority of design methods for a wind turbine operating at low wind speed is to increase the blade length or hub height compared to a wind turbine operating in high wind speed sites. The cost of the rotor and the tower is a considerable portion of the overall wind turbine cost. This study investigates a method to trade-off the blade length and hub height during the wind turbine optimization at low wind speeds. A cost and scaling model is implemented to evaluate the

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Beck, Owen N., Paolo Taboga, and Alena M. Grabowski. "Prosthetic model, but not stiffness or height, affects the metabolic cost of running for athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 1 (2017): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00896.2016.

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Running-specific prostheses enable athletes with lower limb amputations to run by emulating the spring-like function of biological legs. Current prosthetic stiffness and height recommendations aim to mitigate kinematic asymmetries for athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations. However, it is unclear how different prosthetic configurations influence the biomechanics and metabolic cost of running. Consequently, we investigated how prosthetic model, stiffness, and height affect the biomechanics and metabolic cost of running. Ten athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations each perform

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Krug, Brian A., Brian E. Whipker, Ingram McCall, and John M. Dole. "Comparison of Flurprimidol to Ancymidol, Paclobutrazol, and Uniconazole for Tulip Height Control." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (2005): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0370.

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Preplant bulb soaks of ancymidol, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole; foliar sprays of flurprimidol; and substrate drenches of flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole were compared for height control of `Prominence' tulips (Tulipa sp.). Height control was evaluated at anthesis in the greenhouse and 10 days later under postharvest conditions. Substrate drenches of ancymidol, flurprimidol, and paclobutrazol resulted in adequate control using concentrations of 0.5, 0.5, and 1 mg/pot a.i. (28,350 mg = 1 oz), respectively. At these concentrations, ancymidol drenches cost $0.06/pot an

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Zhong, Jianhui. "Theoretical Analysis of Truss Height-to-span Ratio Selection." Transactions on Engineering and Technology Research 4 (December 20, 2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.62051/tf9d3s38.

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Trusses are widely used in the field of bridge nowadays, and have the advantages of fast construction speed. However, the current researches on trusses are limited. This paper mainly studies the problem of trusses height-to-span ratio. In this paper, a single simple truss bridge with a span of 80 meters is taken as an example, and the model is established by using the structural mechanics solver. In the case of changing the height-to-span ratio, the same load is applied to the truss. The relationship between the height-to-span ratio and the maximum axial force of the truss members is analyzed,

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Saputro, E., B. A. Sanjoyo, and W. Ramadhanti. "Cost Estimation of Distillation Unit at Dimethyl Ether Plant Based on Production Capacity." Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Journal (BIOMEJ) 2, no. 1 (2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/biomej.v2i1.39.

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The aim of this research is to determine the impact of production capacity in determining distillation cost estimation on the dimethyl ether plant design. The estimation of equipment costs are determined using the CEPCI cost index. The calculation of the equipment specification was done with 4 different production capacities. The number of column height and diameter will increase when the production capacity is increased. The increase in equipment cost is directly proportional to the increase in production capacity. The greater the production capacity, the larger the height column and diameter

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Bednárová, Zuzana, Viliam Geffert, Carlo Mereghetti, and Beatrice Palano. "The size-cost of Boolean operations on constant height deterministic pushdown automata." Theoretical Computer Science 449 (August 2012): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2012.05.009.

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Hämmerle, Martin, and Bernhard Höfle. "Mobile low-cost 3D camera maize crop height measurements under field conditions." Precision Agriculture 19, no. 4 (2017): 630–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-017-9544-3.

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23

Zhao, Yiqiu, Xiaodong Zhang, Jingjing Sun, et al. "Low-Cost Lettuce Height Measurement Based on Depth Vision and Lightweight Instance Segmentation Model." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (2024): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091596.

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Plant height is a crucial indicator of crop growth. Rapid measurement of crop height facilitates the implementation and management of planting strategies, ensuring optimal crop production quality and yield. This paper presents a low-cost method for the rapid measurement of multiple lettuce heights, developed using an improved YOLOv8n-seg model and the stacking characteristics of planes in depth images. First, we designed a lightweight instance segmentation model based on YOLOv8n-seg by enhancing the model architecture and reconstructing the channel dimension distribution. This model was traine

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Bitella, Giovanni, Rocco Bochicchio, Donato Castronuovo, et al. "Monitoring Plant Height and Spatial Distribution of Biometrics with a Low-Cost Proximal Platform." Plants 13, no. 8 (2024): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13081085.

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Measuring canopy height is important for phenotyping as it has been identified as the most relevant parameter for the fast determination of plant mass and carbon stock, as well as crop responses and their spatial variability. In this work, we develop a low-cost tool for measuring plant height proximally based on an ultrasound sensor for flexible use in static or on-the-go mode. The tool was lab-tested and field-tested on crop systems of different geometry and spacings: in a static setting on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and in an on-the-go setting on chia (Salvia hispanica L.), alfalfa (Medicago

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Mohammed, Hassan J., and Ammar S. Khazzl. "Optimum Design of Tunnels." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 3 (2007): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.14.3.03.

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This study is an application of optimization method to the structural design of tunnels, considering the total cost of the tunnels as an objective function with the properties of the tunnel and soil unit weight, height of soil above tunnel, height of water above tunnel and tunnel radius, as design variables. A computer program has been developed to solve numerical examples using the ACI code equations , requirements and criteria in concrete design. The results shown that the minimum total cost of the tunnel increases with the increase of the soil unit weight and tunnel radius, and decreases wi

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26

Attia, Amany Ibrahim Mohamed Mohamed, Abeer Atef, Nora Badawi, et al. "Growth Velocity and Economic Aspects of Human Growth Hormone Treatment in an Egyptian Cohort with Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: A Retrospective Minireview." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (2022): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9060.

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Abstract  Background: Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) is a chronic lifelong disease. Human recombinant growth hormone (hGH) treatment is the optimal therapy for short stature in children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency in patients with MPHD and can effectively increase growth velocity (GV) to attain adult heights within the target range. Objective: to assess the GV during hGH treatment of children with MPHD, to analyze the characteristics of patients and to investigate the possible factors that might affect their height gain. Methods: Data from 18 (8 females) children an

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Liu, Xinyi, Li He, Zhengwei He, and Yun Wei. "Estimation of Broadleaf Tree Canopy Height of Wolong Nature Reserve Based on InSAR and Machine Learning Methods." Forests 13, no. 8 (2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081282.

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Tree height is an important parameter for calculating forest carbon sink and assessing forest carbon cycle. In order to obtain forest tree height over a large area both efficiently and at a low cost, this study proposed an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) combined with a machine learning method to estimate the tree canopy height. The forest height in the study area was obtained using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, which was considered to be the true canopy height. Two machine learning methods (Random Forest, Multi-layer perceptron) were used to establish the rela

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Beck, Owen N., Paolo Taboga, and Alena M. Grabowski. "Reduced prosthetic stiffness lowers the metabolic cost of running for athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 4 (2017): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2016.

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Inspired by the springlike action of biological legs, running-specific prostheses are designed to enable athletes with lower-limb amputations to run. However, manufacturer’s recommendations for prosthetic stiffness and height may not optimize running performance. Therefore, we investigated the effects of using different prosthetic configurations on the metabolic cost and biomechanics of running. Five athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations each performed 15 trials on a force-measuring treadmill at 2.5 or 3.0 m/s. Athletes ran using each of 3 different prosthetic models (Freedom Innovat

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Larrinaga, Asier R., and Lluis Brotons. "Greenness Indices from a Low-Cost UAV Imagery as Tools for Monitoring Post-Fire Forest Recovery." Drones 3, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3010006.

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During recent years unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly used for research and application in both agriculture and forestry. Nevertheless, most of this work has been devoted to improving accuracy and explanatory power, often at the cost of usability and affordability. We tested a low-cost UAV and a simple workflow to apply four different greenness indices to the monitoring of pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra) post-fire regeneration in a Mediterranean forest. We selected two sites and measured all pines within a pre-selected plot. Winter flights were carried out at each of

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Bekdaş, Gebrail, Celal Cakiroglu, Kamrul Islam, Sanghun Kim, and Zong Woo Geem. "Optimum Design of Cylindrical Walls Using Ensemble Learning Methods." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042165.

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The optimum cost of the structure design is one of the major goals of structural engineers. The availability of large datasets with preoptimized structural configurations can facilitate the process of optimum design significantly. The current study uses a dataset of 7744 optimum design configurations for a cylindrical water tank. Each of them was obtained by using the harmony search algorithm. The database used contains unique combinations of height, radius, total cost, material unit cost, and corresponding wall thickness that minimize the total cost. It was used to create ensemble learning mo

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Smith, Richard C., William B. Kurtz, and Thomas E. Johnson. "Cost Efficiency of Pruning Black Hills Ponderosa Pine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 1 (1988): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/3.1.10.

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Abstract Trees pruned in stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) managed at several growing stock levels were used to determine the number of years for pruning wounds to heal. The mean time for pruning wounds to heal was 11 years. Costs and returns from pruning the butt log of trees to be retained to final harvest were analyzed. Pruning to a height of 8.5 ft cost $0.58 per tree; pruning to a height of 17.5 ft cost $1.78 per tree. Trees pruned to 17.5 ft for production of clear grades of lumber in 16-ft lengths would earn real internal rates of return ranging from 7.8 to 14.0% for several st

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Albuquerque, Rafael Walter, Marcelo Hiromiti Matsumoto, Miguel Calmon, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, Daniel Luís Mascia Vieira, and Carlos Henrique Grohmann. "A protocol for canopy cover monitoring on forest restoration projects using low-cost drones." Open Geosciences 14, no. 1 (2022): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0406.

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Abstract Remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) are becoming well-known for monitoring forest restoration (FR). Canopy cover percentage on a restoration site is a major indicator for the early phases of FR. We present a protocol to evaluate canopy cover using low-cost RPA and a friendly computational environment. We tested the protocol in six FR projects in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. After processing the images automatically to generate the digital surface model and the digital terrain model, the canopy cover is measured in QGIS by considering height thresholds in the canopy height model. The r

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Barrett, T. M. "Optimizing efficiency of height modeling for extensive forest inventories." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 9 (2006): 2259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-128.

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Although critical to monitoring forest ecosystems, inventories are expensive. This paper presents a generalizable method for using an integer programming model to examine tradeoffs between cost and estimation error for alternative measurement strategies in forest inventories. The method is applied to an example problem of choosing alternative height-modeling strategies for 1389 plots inventoried by field crews traveling within an 82.5 × 106 ha region of the west coast of North America during one field season. In the first part of the application, nonlinear regional height models were construct

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Fitriani, Ratih, Yusuf Latief, and Putut Marhayudi. "The Security Cost as Part of Construction Safety Cost: Case Study of Flats Construction." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 12, no. 1 (2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.120106.

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Indonesia is currently experiencing a rapid increase in infrastructural development, including the construction of flats. This has led to a rise in construction-related accidents due to the lack of an appropriate safety budget for projects and further worsened by the separatist movement, theft, and vandalism, specifically in the eastern part of Indonesia. Therefore, this research aims to prove that factors, such as construction location and building height, affect construction safety costs in flats. The research found that safety costs consist of 3 parts, namely general, specific, and security

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Oh, Sungchan, Jinha Jung, Guofan Shao, Gang Shao, Joey Gallion, and Songlin Fei. "High-Resolution Canopy Height Model Generation and Validation Using USGS 3DEP LiDAR Data in Indiana, USA." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040935.

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Forest canopy height model (CHM) is useful for analyzing forest stocking and its spatiotemporal variations. However, high-resolution CHM with regional coverage is commonly unavailable due to the high cost of LiDAR data acquisition and computational cost associated with data processing. We present a CHM generation method using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) LiDAR data for tree height measurement capabilities for entire state of Indiana, USA. The accuracy of height measurement was investigated in relation to LiDAR point density, inventory height, and the timing of data

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Schulz, H. M., S. C. Chang, B. Thies, and J. Bendix. "Automatic cloud top height determination using a cost-effective time-lapse camera system." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 3 (2014): 2783–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2783-2014.

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Abstract. A new method for the determination of cloud top heights from the footage of a time-lapse camera is presented. Contact points between cloud tops and underlying terrain are automatically detected in the camera image based on differences in the brightness, texture and movement of cloudy and non-cloudy areas. The height of the detected cloud top positions is determined by comparison with a digital elevation model projected to the view of the camera. The technique has been validated using data about the cloud immersion of a second camera as well as via visual assessment. The validation sh

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Shao, Tianyi, Yonghua Qu, and Jianqing Du. "A low-cost integrated sensor for measuring tree diameter at breast height (DBH)." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 199 (August 2022): 107140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107140.

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Montazeaud, Germain, Christophe Langrume, Simon Moinard, et al. "Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements." Smart Agricultural Technology 1 (December 2021): 100022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2021.100022.

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Sotner, Roman, Ladislav Polak, and Jan Jerabek. "Low-cost remote distance and height sensing analog device for laboratory agriculture environments." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 6 (2022): 065903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac543c.

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Abstract This paper introduces a novel simple readout system for infrared distance measurement and transmission in closed environments, for instance small-area agriculture, employing transformation of distance on settable duty cycle variation. This simple analog system utilizes active devices fabricated in 0.35 μm 3.3 V I3T25 ON Semiconductor complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Analog system generates and transmits the information in form of the duty cycle of square wave signal with frequency of 3 kHz up to 46.6 kHz in full range (duty cycle approximately between 10% and 90%) or h

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Lipman, Terri H. "Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Height Screening Programmes During the Primary School Years." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 33, no. 3 (2008): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmc.0000318360.31353.fe.

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Riley, Timothy C., Theodore A. Endreny, and John D. Halfman. "Monitoring soil moisture and water table height with a low-cost data logger." Computers & Geosciences 32, no. 1 (2006): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.05.009.

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Herrero-Huerta, Mónica, Beatriz Felipe-García, Soledad Belmar-Lizarán, David Hernández-López, Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, and Diego González-Aguilera. "Dense Canopy Height Model from a low-cost photogrammetric platform and LiDAR data." Trees 30, no. 4 (2016): 1287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-016-1366-9.

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Reusser, Dominik E., and Erwin Zehe. "Low-cost monitoring of snow height and thermal properties with inexpensive temperature sensors." Hydrological Processes 25, no. 12 (2010): 1841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7937.

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Bertschy, Montgomery, Herlandt Lino, Laura Healey, and Wouter Hoogkamer. "Effects of midsole stack height and foam on the metabolic cost of running." Footwear Science 15, sup1 (2023): S180—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2023.2202942.

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Sizirici, Banu, and Ibrahim Yildiz. "Organic matter removal via activated sludge immobilized gravel in fixed bed reactor." E3S Web of Conferences 191 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019103006.

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In this study, the adsorption capability of the activated sludge immobilized gravel as a low-cost and efficient adsorbent to remove organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic wastewater was investigated using fixed bed columns. The effects of parameters including column pack height and influent COD concentrations on removal efficiencies were assessed through breakthrough curves. It was found that the removal efficiency increased when fixed bed height was increased and influent COD concentration was decreased. The maximum COD removal rate of 36.35%, was obtained for

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Han, Yangang, Zeyong Lei, Albert Ciceu, Yanping Zhou, Fengyan Zhou, and Dapao Yu. "Determining an Accurate and Cost-Effective Individual Height-Diameter Model for Mongolian Pine on Sandy Land." Forests 12, no. 9 (2021): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091144.

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Height-diameter (H-D) models are important tools for forest management practice. Sandy Mongolian pine plantations (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) are a major component of the Three-North Afforestation Shelterbelt in Northern China. However, few H-D models are available for Mongolian pine plantations. In this paper we compared different equations found in the literature for predicting tree height, using diameter at breast height and additional stand-level predictor variables. We tested if the additional stand-level predictor variable is necessary to produce more accurate results. The dominant

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Cui, Hong Jun, Xiao Jing Shen, Yu Liu, and Xi Xin Sun. "The Reconstruction Scheme Design and Experiment of the Height-Adjustable W-Beam Guardrail." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 2676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.2676.

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Pave overlay to the freeway repeatedly causes the guardrail’s height lower and lower, which seriously influences its performance in protection and safety. The paper aims to work out a height-adjustable W-beam guardrail which is economic, feasible and safe to solve the shortage in barrier’s height causes from paving overlays by computer simulation tests and full-scale crash tests, which will improve the roadside safety of the guardrail and save the reconstruction cost.

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Mohammad Al-Badri, Hasan Jasim. "Estimation of minimum Cost of Circular Grain Silo." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (2005): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.12.4.02.

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This study is an application of optimization method to the structural design of circular silo, considering the total cost of the silo as an objective function of the properties of the silo and stored materials (unit weight of stored materials, angle of inclination of hopper wall, height of silo, height of hopper and silo diameter), as a design variables. A computer program has been written to solve numerical examples using the ACI code equations and all new requirements and criteria in concrete design. It has been proved that the minimum total cost of the silo increases with the increase of th

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Lagerev, Alexander V., and Igor A. Lagerev. "Optimal design of the cable car line." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 406–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1302241.

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The task of cable transport system «Kanatnoe metro» towers distance, towers height, nonlinear conditional optimization in case of strong urbanized city environment is under consideration in this article. The analysis of landscape influence on towers distance and total cost was made during this research. In the design of the cable car lines with the help of this optimization model, the analysis of the influence of a significant number of cost, structural and geometric factors on the optimal placement, height and number of intermediate supports can be performed and to determine the m

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Le, Thi Hong Phuong, and Ta-Chung Chu. "Novel Method for Ranking Generalized Fuzzy Numbers Based on Normalized Height Coefficient and Benefit and Cost Areas." Axioms 12, no. 11 (2023): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12111049.

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This paper proposes a method for ranking generalized fuzzy numbers, which guarantees that both horizontal and vertical values are important parameters affecting the final ranking score. In this method, the normalized height coefficient is introduced to evaluate the influence of the height of fuzzy numbers on the final ranking score. The higher the normalized height coefficient of a generalized fuzzy number is, the higher its ranking. The left and right areas are presented to calculate the impact of the vertical value on the final ranking score. The left area is considered the benefit area. The

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