Journal articles: 'Helical spring'

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Muralidharan, M., R. Aravinth, J. Gafferkhan, and R. Gandhi. "Comparative Design and Analysis of Helical and Wave Spring." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19224.

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This paper is a comparative between two springs such as helical and wave spring. Wave springs are precise flat wire compression springs that fit into assemblies that other springs cannot. These are used as an alternative spring for helical spring. Wave springs provide 50% reduction in spring height and axial space. They possess the same force and deflection as coil springs. They have reduced material requirements. They provide improved cost reduction. The Wave Spring has been subjected to Compression Test, Modal Analysis and Equivalent Elastic Strain Test and then compared to Helical Spring which again was subjected to the above same tests under the same conditions and parameters. The design of helical spring and wave spring has been done in CREO Parametric 4.0 and analysed in ANSYS R 18.1. The results are then compared.

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Khaykovich, Boris, Natalia Kozlova, Wonshik Choi, Aleksey Lomakin, Chintan Hossain, Yongjin Sung, Ramachandra R. Dasari, Michael S. Feld, and George B. Benedek. "Thickness–radius relationship and spring constants of cholesterol helical ribbons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (August 26, 2009): 15663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907795106.

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Using quantitative phase microscopy, we have discovered a quadratic relationship between the radius R and the thickness t of helical ribbons that form spontaneously in multicomponent cholesterol–surfactant mixtures. These helical ribbons may serve as mesoscopic springs to measure or to exert forces on nanoscale biological objects. The spring constants of these helices depend on their submicroscopic thickness. The quadratic relationship (R ∝ t2) between radius and thickness is a consequence of the crystal structure of the ribbons and enables a determination of the spring constant of any of our helices solely in terms of its observable geometrical dimensions.

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WANG, Yuan, Qingchun WANG, and Zehao SU. "Numerical Studies on the Stiffness of Arc Elliptical Cross-section Helical Spring Subjected to Circumference Force." Mechanics 27, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.24907.

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Due to its excellent properties, elliptical cross-section helical spring has been widely used in automobile industry, such as valve spring, arc spring used in Dual Mass Flywheel and so on. Existing stiffness formulae of helical spring remain to be tested, and stiffness property of elliptical cross-section arc spring has been little studied. Hence, study on the stiffness of elliptical cross-section helical spring is significant in the development of elliptical cross-section helical spring. This paper proposes a method to study the stiffness property of elliptical cross-section helical spring that the experiment design method is adopted with finite element analysis. Firstly, the finite element analysis method was used to verify the cylindrical (circular cross-section and elliptical cross-section) springs. Then, the regression formula was designed and derived compared with the reference springs’ stiffness formulae by experimental design. Last, regression formula was verified with existing experiment data. The novelty in this paper is that simulation technology of arc spring was investigated and a stiffness regression equation of arc elliptical cross-section spring was obtained using orthogonal regression design, with significance in wide use of the arc elliptical cross-section helical spring promotion.

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Razooqi, Ahmed Ibrahim, Hani Aziz Ameen, and Kadhim Mijbel Mashloosh. "Compression and impact characterization of helical and slotted cylinder springs." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2492.

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Helical and slotted cylinder springs are indispensable elements in mechanical engineering. This paper investigates helical and slotted cylinder springs subjected to axial loads under static and dynamic conditions. The objective is to determine the stiffness of a circular cross-section helical coil compression spring and slotted cylinder springs with five sizes and dynamic characteristics. A theoretical and finite element models are developed and presented in order to describe the various steps undertaken to calculate the springs stiffnesses. Five cases of the springs geometric are presented. A finite element model was generated using ANSYS software and the stiffness matrix evaluated by applying a load along the springs axis, then calculating the corresponding changes in deformation. The stiffness is obtained by solving the changes of load and deformation. The natural frequencies, mode shapes and transient response of springs are also determined. Finally, a comparison of the stiffnesses are obtained using the theoretical methods and those obtained from the finite element analysis were made and good agreement are evident and it can be found that the stiffness of spring for the slotted cylinder spring is much larger than that for helical spring and the stiffness for slotted cylinder spring increases with the number of slots per section. Natural frequencies, mode shape and transient response of helical spring and slotted cylinder spring have been represented in ANSYS software and results have been compared and it found that the natural frequency has also increased in the same proportion of stiffness because the natural frequency is directly proportional to the stiffness for all the cases that have been studied. Keywords: ANSYS, Finite Element Analysis, Helical Spring, Slotted Cylinder Spring, Stiffness.

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Bagaria, William J., Ron Doerfler, and Leif Roschier. "Nomograms for the design of light weight hollow helical springs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 23 (August 25, 2016): 4388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216665416.

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The helical spring is a widely used element in suspension systems. Traditionally, the springs have been wound from solid round wire. Significant weight savings can be achieved by fabricating helical springs from hollow tubing. For suspension systems, weight savings result in significant transportation fuel savings. This paper uses previously published equations to calculate the maximum shear stress and deflection of the hollow helical spring. Since the equations are complex, solving them on a computer or spreadsheet would require a trial-and-error method. As a design aid to avoid this problem, this paper gives nomograms for the design of lightweight hollow helical springs. The nomograms are graphical solutions to the maximum stress and deflection equations. Example suspension spring designs show that significant weight savings (of the order of 50% or more) can be achieved using hollow springs. Hollow springs could also be used in extreme temperature situations. Heating or cooling fluids can be circulated through the hollow spring.

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Li, Xue Bin, Xiao Long Chen, and Jian Zhang. "The Research on Working Performance of Annular Valve Spring Based on Solidworks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.171.

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According to the problem of cylindrical helical compression springs deformation and fracture in the process of using. come up with a Solution that use conical helical spring instead of it, validate the improvement measure with relevant simulation and test analysis, draw a conclusion that the working performance of conical helical spring is better than the cylinder, this paper has some guiding effect on the selection of Annular valve spring.

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7

Jiang, W., W. K. Jones, T. L. Wang, and K. H. Wu. "Free Vibration of Helical Springs." Journal of Applied Mechanics 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897154.

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This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the coupled extensional-torsional vibration of helical springs. The study shows that two types of periodic wave will propagate through the spring, one characterizing the extensional-compressive deformation and the other one, the torsional deformation. The shapes of the individual waves are simple, but the oscillation of the spring is complex due to the interaction and superposition of the component waves.

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Kobelev, Vladimir. "Elastic–plastic deformation and residual stresses in helical springs." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 16, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 448–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2019-0085.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the method for the calculation of residual stress and enduring deformation of helical springs. Design/methodology/approach For helical compression or tension springs, a spring wire is twisted. In the first case, the torsion of the straight bar with the circular cross-section is investigated, and, for derivations, the StVenant’s hypothesis is presumed. Analogously, for the torsion helical springs, the wire is in the state of flexure. In the second case, the bending of the straight bar with the rectangular cross-section is studied and the method is based on Bernoulli’s hypothesis. Findings For both cases (compression/tension of torsion helical spring), the closed-form solutions are based on the hyperbolic and on the Ramberg–Osgood material laws. Research limitations/implications The method is based on the deformational formulation of plasticity theory and common kinematic hypotheses. Practical implications The advantage of the discovered closed-form solutions is their applicability for the calculation of spring length or spring twist angle loss and residual stresses on the wire after the pre-setting process without the necessity of complicated finite-element solutions. Social implications The formulas are intended for practical evaluation of necessary parameters for optimal pre-setting processes of compression and torsion helical springs. Originality/value Because of the discovery of closed-form solutions and analytical formulas for the pre-setting process, the numerical analysis is not necessary. The analytical solution facilitates the proper evaluation of the plastic flow in torsion, compression and bending springs and improves the manufacturing of industrial components.

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Wang, Nan Nan, You Fu Hou, and Zu Zhi Tian. "Nonlinear Vibration Characteristics of Helical Spring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1317.

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A helical spring has large deformation under the condition of near resonance, in order to obtain the nonlinear vibration characteristics, the single-integral constitutive relations of helical spring based on nonlinear theory are discussed firstly, then nonlinear dynamic characteristics of helical spring are analyzed based on finite element technology. Finally, the dynamic simulation associated with flexible characteristics for helical spring is studied in ADAMS. The results show that the maximum stress of helical spring appears at transition region between different radius which is consistent with fracture position actually. Flexible dynamic response of helical spring mainly behaves low frequency vibration which is different from rigid body dynamics response.

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Li, Xiaoyong, Liang Liang, and Shijing Wu. "Analysis of mechanical behaviors of internal helically wound strand wires of stranded wire helical spring." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 6 (March 7, 2017): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217696517.

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A stranded wire helical spring is a cylindrical helical spring, which is usually composed of an optional core wire and several layers of twisted external wires. The mechanical behavior of the internal helically wound strand wire is critical to determining the spring performance. Based on the previous studies of the mechanical properties of wire rope, a mathematical model to calculate the curvature of the helically wound strand wires, twist, and contact force among the adjacent wires of strand wires spring is established when the spring is subjected to axial load. The proposed kinematics is based on the assumption that there is no friction among the adjacent wires. Furthermore, a parametric study of factors influencing the curvature, twist, and contact force, such as the helix angle of spring and strand and deformation types, is committed for understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the helically wound strand wires with different geometric parameters. It is found that the curvature and twist are strongly dependent upon the two angles. Moreover, this study can provide significant reference for the design and manufacturing of the spring to control the contact force among external wires.

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11

Li, Wan Xia, Yang Kun Xu, Jing Cai, Chen Chen Zhang, and Jian Feng Ke. "Study on Helical Cylindrical Spring and Presentment of a New Design Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.428.

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Studied the main theory about helical cylindrical spring design, based on the existing theory,found the parameters that affect helical spring's stiffness, size, stroke, and also how much they effect the parameters. Draw the curve which can be a reference for helical cylindrical spring design, put forward a method of cylindrical helical spring design, which is according to the installation dimensions and working stroke and applicable to the design of cylindrical helical spring when is given workspace and stroke. Provided a new reference for the design of cylindrical helical spring, with important significance to engineering design.

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Hara, T., T. Tanaka, T. Tanabe, X. M. Mare´chal, K. Kumagai, and H. Kitamura. "SPring-8 twin helical undulator." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597015719.

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There are several ways of producing circularly polarized light, such as using asymmetric devices, crossed undulators etc. The SPring-8 helical undulator introduces a simple way of producing both horizontal and vertical fields in one undulator. All the magnet arrays are arranged above and below the plane of the electron orbit, so there is no limitation of access from the sides of the undulator. For the SPring-8 BL25SU, two helical undulators will be installed in tandem, and the helicity of the polarization can be switched at up to 10 Hz using five kicker magnets.

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Mayers, Walter T. "Helical coil spring damper assemblies." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, no. 5 (November 1986): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394345.

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Becker, L. E., and W. L. Cleghorn. "The Buckling Behavior of Rectangular-Bar Helical Compression Springs." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901479.

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Geinitz, Veronika, and Ulf Kletzin. "Heat Treatment of Cold Formed Springs Made from Oil Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Wire." Materials Science Forum 892 (March 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.892.16.

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The heat treatment after cold forming is used to decrease the residual stresses of springs, but the mechanical characteristics of the spring steel wires alters, too. This presentation describes the influence of the heat treatment technology (oven equipment, temperature, duration,…) to the properties and quality of helical compression springs made from oil hardened and tempered spring steel wire.

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Bohun, Lidia, Eduard Pleshakov, and Sergiy Shvachko. "Failure analysis of a motor vehicle suspension helical spring." Ukrainian journal of mechanical engineering and materials science 6, no. 1 (2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ujmems2020.01.072.

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The purpose of this work is to reveal the cause of the failure of the motor vehicle rear suspension barrel-shaped spring with the progressive elasticity characteristic and predict measures to increase the lifetime of springs of this type. The fracture of the spring occurred on the middle coil, which operates under conditions of more severe stress in comparison with other coils. The chemical composition of the spring material, determined by X-ray fluorescence spectral and microstructural analyzes, corresponded to chromium-silicon steel 54SiCr6. In terms of structure and mechanical properties, the spring material met the standards. No traces of decarburization were detected, and no crack initiation, caused by non-metallic inclusions, was found in the material of the fractured spring. Macroscopic examination of the spring surface did not reveal any cracks, scratches, dents, traces of blows with stones and marks of spring coiling tool. Instead, extensive areas of exfoliation of the protective coating were found. The metallographic analysis revealed selective corrosion in the form of pitting damage in places of exfoliation of the protective coating. The fatigue crack propagates from the certain deep pit with the reorientation of the crack plane along the spiral surface to the central axis of the coil wire. After depletion of the safety margin, the spring broke down quickly. The fast fracture zone contains steps of the river pattern formed due to the spiral reorientation of the fracture surface. The research can be used to understand the importance of adhesive strength and wear resistance of protective coatings on the spring surface. Their local exfoliation causes subsequent corrosion damage to the spring, which stimulates its fatigue fracture.

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Lin, Yuyi, and Albert P. Pisano. "The Differential Geometry of the General Helix as Applied to Mechanical Springs." Journal of Applied Mechanics 55, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173729.

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In order to improve the performance of helical springs, such as increasing the fatigue life and suppressing resonance, variable pitch angle and variable helix radius may be incorporated into the helical spring geometry. Employing the tool of differential geometry, new and complete formulae of curvature, torsion, and spring force are derived. It is shown that these formulae are more general and accurate than Kelvin’s curvature and torsion formulae, than commonly used force formulae (Wahl, 1963). Possible simplifications to the complete formulae and the corresponding errors introduced are both discussed and compared with experimental data.

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Liu, Feng Chen, and Lei Geng. "The Variation Coefficient Method for Reliability Sensitivity Analysis of Cylindrical Helical Spring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.285.

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For mechanical reliability design with more random variable parameters, if the parameters are queued with their impact on the sensitivity of mechanical reliability, which will be as random variables with relatively high impact, while low-impact will be determined variables, thus would simplify reliability analysis due to the random variable number reduced. With cylindrical helical spring as an example, applying the variation coefficient method, the reliability sensitivity calculation of shear stress and deformation is discussed, and the impact on the reliability of cylindrical helical spring by changing the random variables is also studied. Using the variation coefficient method we can obtain the reliability sensitivity of cylindrical helical spring quickly and accurately, which provides a theoretical basis for the reliability design of cylindrical helical spring, and has greatly improved the reliability analysis efficiency of cylindrical helical spring.

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Wagh, Hemant Krishnarao, Girish R. Desale, and Kartikeya Tripathi. "Role of helical spring locked washer in bolted joint analysis: a review." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2015-0012.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction of helical spring locked washer along with extensive literatures survey on role of helical spring locked washer in bolted joint analysis. It is very small component of bolted joint assembly, but it play vital role in holding the assembly components together. Helical shape of it produces spring effect in the assembly which is used for keeping the assembly in tension and that is lock the assembly under dynamic loading due to vibrations to avoid the accident. Design/methodology/approach – The critical literatures survey identifies role of helical spring locked washer in different areas such as design optimization, mechanism of loosening-resistant components, bolted joint analysis, finite element-based modeling, analysis and simulation. The related literatures show contribution of helical spring washers in evaluation of anti-loosening performance of assemblies as compare to other types of washers. Findings – It proposed that design optimization of helical spring locked washer is needed as it improves the performance in the form of load-deflection characteristics, load bearing capacity and provides the best locking force for optimize functionality. Originality/value – The originality or value of this paper is to finding research gaps in literatures by dividing literatures into seven different research areas and concentrating the only on role of helical spring locked washer in bolted joint analysis.

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CHEN, Li. "Reliability Design of Helical Compression Spring." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers, no. 39 (1994): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1994.41.

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Idiris, Alimjan, Mohammad Taufiq Alam, and Atsushi Ikai. "Spring mechanics of α-helical polypeptide." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 13, no. 11 (November 2000): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/13.11.763.

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., Sangmesh Pattar. "STATIC ANALYSIS OF HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRING." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 15 (May 25, 2014): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0315158.

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WAHL, A. M. "NEW HELICAL SPRING FORMULAS AND TABLES." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 44, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1932.tb05100.x.

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Růžička, M., and K. Doubrava. "Loading regimes and designing helical coiled springs for safe fatigue life." Research in Agricultural Engineering 51, No. 2 (February 7, 2012): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4902-rae.

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Springs are loaded by harmonic forces very often. High cycles fatigue damage and failure can be found during its service loading. This paper shortly describes stress concentration factor for helical springs on the inner diameter of the spring wire and its evaluation by using FE Method. These results have been compared with correction functions published in the literature. The fatigue safety factor has been derived for three typical loading regimes of springs. All cases are demonstrated in the Haigh diagram. It has been showed that loading cases with constant operational prestress give lowest safety factor then the proportional or constant middle stress regimes.

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Kobelev, V. "Effect of static axial compression on the natural frequencies of helical springs." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 10, no. 3 (October 7, 2014): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-12-2013-0078.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the practically important problem of the load dependence of transverse vibrations for helical springs. At the beginning, the author develops the equations for transverse vibrations of the axially loaded helical springs. The method is based on the concept of an equivalent column. Second, the author reveals the effect of axial load on the fundamental frequency of transverse vibrations and derive the explicit formulas for this frequency. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the spring depends on the variable length of the spring. The reduction of frequency with the load is demonstrated. Finally, when the frequency nullifies, the side buckling spring occurs. Design/methodology/approach – Helical springs constitute an integral part of many mechanical systems. A coil spring is a special form of spatially curved column. The center of each cross-section is located on a helix. The helix is a curve that winds around with a constant slope of the surface of a cylinder. An exact stability analysis based on the theory of spatially curved bars is complicated and difficult for further applications. Hence, in most engineering applications a concept of an equivalent column is introduced. The spring is substituted for the simplification of the basic equations by an equivalent column. Such a column must account for compressibility of axis and shear effects. The transverse vibration is represented by a differential equation of fourth order in place and second order in time. The solution of the undamped model equation could be obtained by separation of variables. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations depends on the current length of the spring. Natural frequency is the function of the deflection and slenderness ratio. Is the fundamental natural frequency of transverse oscillations nullifies, the lateral buckling of the spring with the natural form occurs. The mode shape corresponds to the buckling of the spring with moment-free, simply supported ends. The mode corresponds to the buckling of the spring with clamped ends. The author finds the critical spring compression. Findings – Buckling refers to the loss of stability up to the sudden and violent failure of seed straight bars or beams under the action of pressure forces, whose line of action is the column axis. The known results for the buckling of axially overloaded coil springs were found using the static stability criterion. The author uses an alternative approach method for studying the stability of the spring. This method is based on dynamic equations. In this paper, the author derives the equations for transverse vibrations of the pressure-loaded coil springs. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column is proved to be the certain function of the axial force, as well as the variable length of the spring. Is the fundamental natural frequency of transverse oscillations turns to be to zero, is the lateral buckling of the spring occurs. Research limitations/implications – The spring is substituted for the simplification of the basic equations by an equivalent column. Such a column must account for compressibility of axis and shear effects. The more accurate model is based on the equations of motion of loaded helical Timoshenko beams. The dimensionless for beams of circular cross-section and the number of parameters governing the problem is reduced to four (helix angle, helix index, Poisson coefficient, and axial strain) is to be derived. Unfortunately, that for the spatial beam models only numerical results could be obtained. Practical implications – The closed form analytical formulas for fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column as function of the axial force, as well as the variable length of the spring are derived. The practically important formulas for lateral buckling of the spring are obtained. Originality/value – In this paper, the author derives the new equations for transverse vibrations of the pressure-loaded coil springs. The author demonstrates that the fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column is the function of the axial force. For study of the stability of the spring the author uses an alternative approach method. This method is based on dynamic equations. The new, original expressions for lateral buckling of the spring are also obtained.

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Pasha, Mustafa. "Design of Axially Loaded Helical Spring Isolation Systems." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.560.

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Engineering metals have a desirable property of absorbing energy especially when they are manufactured into helical springs. This ability has been utilized favorably in the design of isolation systems. The material and spring behavior prolongs the time period of excitation thereby decreasing the frequency and acceleration of the shock into the structure. This paper presents the design and behavioral response of a steel spring isolation system subjected to shock excitation as experienced in real world applications. The isolation discussed is for the support motion where the shock excitation originates outside the structure. In particular the focus is on undamped single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. The goal is to design a passive isolation system in the form of helical steel springs. The system must limit the instance of high acceleration energy transferred into the structure in a very short time frame. A transmissibility algorithm is developed and presented. A test case is designed and manufactured based upon the design data simulated from the algorithm. A comparative study is presented to validate the accuracy of the algorithm and isolation system against empirical results from the test case using a drop testing apparatus. The shock response spectra commonly used in problems of shock excitation to a half sine wave is presented.

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Mohazzabi, P., and J. P. McCrickard. "On the spring constant of a close‐coiled helical spring." American Journal of Physics 57, no. 7 (July 1989): 639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15962.

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Németh, Géza. "Possible materials and production technologies for a Special Purpose Helical Torsion Spring." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 8, no. 2 (May 12, 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2014.2.66-71.

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There are a huge number of ideas at the area of traction drives and also at that of the epicyclic or by other words, planetary drives. The majority of these designs, contain solely rigid wheels, and the contact forces that are proportional to the transmitted torque are produced by separate clamping devices. The author introduced an innovative design, which integrates some elements with merging functions. A part of the contacting rollers are elastic ones and their shape assures the requirement of uniform strength. The curiosities of the elastic rollers are their shapes. Observing both their shapes and loads, they are helical torsion springs. They can be made of pure metals and composites, so of spring steel and also from fiber-reinforced plastics. There is a wide range of production technology considered depending on individual or mass production. The author has received some ideas from the areas of helical spring bearings, the machined torsion springs and the fiber-reinforced tubes. He also find a method to coil helical torsion spring of uniform strength from sheet metal, making the pre-manufactured “wire” of changing width by laser cutting, and to cut tubes by spark cutting.

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Lin, Yuyi, P. H. Hodges, and A. P. Pisano. "Optimal Design of Resonance Suppression Helical Springs." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919202.

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Based on a previously developed and verified helical spring dynamic model, optimization and FFT subroutines have been added to the spring dynamic model as controlling and postprocessing units to form a computer-based optimal design tool. The objective function minimized is the amplitude of spring resonance. Design variables are the coefficients of a polynomial which describes the variation of the diameter of the spring wire along the spring helix. Constraints are the maximum fatigue stress at any location of the spring wire, the minimum and maximum wire diameter, and the maximum required spring force. In a case study for an automobile engine valve spring, resonant harmonic power has been reduced by 47 percent, given the newly designed spring a potential to be used at 8.3 percent higher engine speed before potential valve toss occurs.

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Lin, Yuyi, and Albert P. Pisano. "General Dynamic Equations of Helical Springs With Static Solution and Experimental Verification." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173138.

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The general dynamic equations of helical compression springs with circular wire cross section, variable pitch angle, and variable helix radius are derived. The equations are formulated by Hamilton’s principle and a variational method. In contrast to previous studies, the effects of coil flexure bending, variable pitch angle and variable helix radius are taken into account. The general equations are shown to agree with dynamic equations found in literature when the general equations are reduced to simplified forms. For a specific helical spring and static loading, the equations are solved with both the predicted radial expansion and the predicted longitudinal spring compression force in excellent agreement with experimental data.

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MIZUTANI, Motohiko, Kazunori TSUSHIMA, and Takahiko KUNOU. "Production of Helical Compression Springs with Synchronous Cutting Machine. 1st Report, Working Characteristics of Solid Helical Spring." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 57, no. 539 (1991): 2435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.57.2435.

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Zhang, Jian, Zhaohui Qi, Gang Wang, and Shudong Guo. "High-Efficiency Dynamic Modeling of a Helical Spring Element Based on the Geometrically Exact Beam Theory." Shock and Vibration 2020 (June 19, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8254606.

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This paper presents a modeling study of the dynamics of a helical spring element with variable pitch and radius considering both the static stiffness and dynamic response by using the geometrically exact beam theory. The geometrically exact beam theory based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam hypothesis is described, of which the shear deformations are ignored. Unlike the traditional spliced curved beam element method, the helical spring element is described with curvature vector and axial strain by establishing and spline-interpolating a function of the radius, the height, the polar angle, and the torsion angle of the whole spring. In addition, a model smoothing method is developed and applied in the numerical analysis to filter the high-frequency oscillation component of the flexible multibody systems, so as to correct the system dynamic equations and improve the calculation efficiency when solving the static equilibrium of the spring. This study also carries out five numerical trials to validate the above dynamic procedure of the helical spring element. The example of the spring static stiffness design shows that the proposed helical spring procedure enables one to deal with practical engineering applications.

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Sarkate, Tukaram S. "A Finite Element Approach for Analysis of a Helical Coil Compression Spring Using CAE Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.703.

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Springs is defined as an elastic body that can reserve high level of potential energy, have various important role in industries. Helical spring is the most common element that has been used in car suspension system. Spring steel is low carbon alloy, medium carbon steel or high carbon steel with very high yield stress related to light vehicle suspension system. In this research paper AISI 9255, (containing 1.5%-1.8% silicon, 0.7%-1.0%manganese and 0.52%-.6% carbon) under the effect of a uniform loading has been studied. .The FE model of the helical spring has been generated in Pro-E Wildfire 5.0 software and imported in ANSYS-10 for finite element analysis, which are most popular CAE tools. Also finite element analysis has been compared with analytical solution for different loads under the same conditions to conclude.

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34

Honců, J. "The spring of internal combustion engine valve mechanism." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 4 (February 8, 2012): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4943-rae.

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This article deals with computational research of piston engine valve train including helical spring with variable number of active coils. This engine is destined for passenger car and therefore is featured by wide range of operational speed.

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Ekanthappa, J., G. S. Shiva Shankar, B. M. Amith, and M. Gagan. "Fabrication and experimentation of FRP helical spring." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 149 (September 2016): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/149/1/012098.

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Sigaeva, Taisiya, Alexey Kolesnikov, and Les Sudak. "Deformation of a closed hyperelastic helical spring." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 110 (April 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2019.01.005.

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Vebil, Yildirim. "A Closed-Form Buckling Formula for Open-Coiled and Properly Supported Circular-Bar Helical Springs." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2018-0025.

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AbstractAs a continuation of the author’s previous studies on the buckling analysis of helical springs, a closed-form formula having been obtained with the help of the artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed and discussed in detail for the first time for a cylindrical close/open-coiled helical spring with fixed ends and having a solid circular section. As far as the author knows there is no such a formula in the open-literature to consider the effects of all stress resultants (torsional and bending moments, axial and shearing forces), large helix pitch angles together with the axial and shear deformations on the buckled state. The present formula may be used in a wide range of the total number of active turns, the ratio of the free axial length to the mean helix diameter, and the spring index. It is yet again revealed that it is not appropriate to use the elementary theory to determine the critical buckling loads for open-coiled springs. The present formula may allow the deeper understanding of spring buckling mechanism and to be used directly and safely in the design processes of such closely/open-coiled springs.

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WATANABE, Kotaro, and Takahiko KUNOH. "Spring Characteristic and Stress of Rectangular Wire Helical Springs with Pitch Angle." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 69, no. 678 (2003): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.69.322.

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Wang, Shilong, Yu Zhao, Jie Zhou, Chuan Li, and Xiaoyong Li. "Static response of stranded wire helical springs to axial loads: A two-state model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 7 (November 1, 2012): 1608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212466520.

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Stranded wire helical springs are fundamental mechanical components used in high-end vibration absorption systems. The static axial response model is an important tool for the design and manufacturing of the spring. The wires within the spring have been assumed to be in contact with each other when the spring is unloaded by commonly used models for modelling the static axial response; hence, significant error has been introduced. To improve the estimation accuracy of the static axial response, this article proposes a two-state model by assuming that the spring possesses two states during the loading process. Moreover, in this model, the friction between adjacent wires is neglected and the spring is unwound to be a straight strand in the initial step of the analysis. The model is almost piecewise linear and is able to model the nonlinearity of the load–strain relationship of the spring. Adopting the proposed model, the dependence of the stiffness of the spring on the spring geometries is analysed. To evaluate the presented model, the compression experiments are carried out. Compared to a commonly used static response model, the proposed two-state model features better accuracy that is validated by the experimental results.

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Santhanam, R., Y. Krishna, and M. S. Sivakumar. "Behaviour of NiTi SMA Helical Springs under Different Temperatures and Deflections." ISRN Materials Science 2013 (July 11, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/320370.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the most widely used smart materials in many applications because of their shape memory effect property. In this work, the behaviour of NiTi SMA helical spring was evaluated through isothermal force-displacement experiment (IFDE) and shape recovery force experiment (SRFE). The transformation temperatures of SMA spring were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. In situ heating of SMA spring by direct electric current was used instead of conventional furnace heating. The continuous measurement of temperature of SMA spring during heating and cooling was ensured with attaching the thermocouple by heat shrinkable sleeve. From IFDE, the force-deflection behaviour under different constant temperatures and from SRFE and the force-temperature behaviour under different constant deflections are obtained. The results of IFDE show that the force increases and the residual displacement decreases with an increase in the temperature, and the stiffness of the spring at austenite state is greater than that at martensitic state. The results of SRFE show that the shape recovery force increases more or less linearly with an increase in the initial deflection for the same temperature range. But the shape recovery forces are not similar during heating and cooling stages. This paper presents the experimental setup, experimental procedures, and the observed behaviour of SMA helical springs under different temperatures and deflections.

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Krishnamoorthy, A., and R. Karthik. "Study of Composite Helical Spring Using Glass Fibre with Araldite LY556 and XY54." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.523.

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This paper titled “Study of composite helical spring using glass fibre with Araldite LY556 and XY54”. Currently, the composite materials in the automobile sector are used for construction of the body, interiors, chassis, hoods, electrical components etc...these components are in simplest form and also they are regular in shape and easy to manufacture. However the design of suspension system and complicated structures in the automobile are quite difficult to bring out the same shape and performance. The most important no gap of steel springs suspension are limited corrosion resistance, long-lasting manufacturing process and weight. This paper brings out incredibly a simple method to prepare the composite helical spring for any dynamic application. The glass fibre and resin mixed with 70:30 ratio and it is tested by compression testing machine as per ASTM. The mechanical properties, such as maximum load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness Youngs’modulus, Shear stress and strain energy are determined using compression testing machine. The objective of this study is to reduce the weight of the spring, to obtain good surface finish, similar to steel spring, novel manufacturing methodology and identification of failure point rather than the maximum load.

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Khan, Esuff, and Sivakumar M. Srinivasan. "A New Approach to the Design of Helical Shape Memory Alloy Spring Actuators." Smart Materials Research 2011 (December 26, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/167195.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that have the ability to recover their original shape by eliminating residual deformations, when subjected to adequate temperature rise (Shape memory effect). This special behavior attracts the use of SMAs as efficient stroke/force actuators. Most of the engineering applications require helical springs as actuators and proper design of SMA helical spring actuators is very important. In the traditional design approach of SMA spring (Waram, 1993), only strain between linear zones was considered in order to simplify the design and to improve the fatigue life. Only modulus difference between high-temperature and low-temperature phase was utilized, and the transformation strain was not considered as the total transformation strain will be more and will degrade the performance of actuator. In the present design, we have shown that transformation strain can be restricted by using hard stops and the partial transformation strain can be used to improving the capacity of SMA spring actuator. A comparison of the traditional design approach of SMA spring and the proposed design procedure has been made to give an idea of its effect on the design and the related parameters.

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Brunner, Isabell, Desislava Veleva, Jörg Beyer, and Matthias Oechsner. "VHCF Strength of Helical Compression Springs - Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature before Shot Peening." Key Engineering Materials 664 (September 2015): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.664.140.

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Previous fatigue tests show that the heat treatment temperature has a significant influence on high cycle fatigue behaviour of helical compression springs. In order to investigate the effect of the heat treatment temperature on the fracture behaviour and the cyclic life, fatigue tests in the very high cycle regime (VHCF) were conducted.The tested springs were manufactured from oil hardened and tempered SiCr-alloyed valve spring steel wire with a diameter of d = 1.6 mm. After winding and grinding of the spring endings, the springs were heat treated at either 360°C or 400°C for 30 minutes. In order to generate compressive residual stresses in the surface area, the springs were shot peened. After shot peening, the springs were again annealed at 240°C for 30 minutes.Fatigue tests were conducted at 40 Hz using a special spring fatigue device. Up to 900 springs were tested simultaneously at various stress levels to 5∙108or 109cycles. Fractured springs were investigated by means of a stereomicroscope as well as a scanning electron microscope to analyse the fracture behaviour and failure mechanisms. The vast majority of the springs show crack initiation at the surface at the inner side of the coil. Less frequently, crack initiation occurs at subsurface locations. Our results show that heat treatment at a temperature of 360°C leads to four times more subsurface cracks than at a temperature of 400°C and reduces the overall fatigue life time.

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Ciupitu, Liviu, and Ion Simionescu. "Optimum Design of Balancing Systems with Cylindrical Helical Extension Springs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 656 (October 2014): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.656.232.

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The static balancing of the weight forces is necessary to any mechanical system which is not working in horizontal plane. The effect is the decrease (until to vanishing) of the acting power. From practical point of view two main ways of static balancing could be taken into consideration: by mass redistribution of components or/and by adding counterweights, and by elastic forces of the springs or of the gases. The first solution is not always possible due to the dimensions of mechanical systems and due to increasing of the dynamic stresses of components. Second solution is more and more used to various mechanical systems.The complexity of balancing systems with springs comes from the need of using zero-free length springs. In any case the mathematical model has not a unique solution. Present paper is an extension of a paper of first author [1] and is presenting a method to find the optimum solution of the simplest elastic system which is using a real helical extension spring with finite-free length. Design variables are the position of spring’s joints, as well as the constructional parameters of a extension spring. Finally some examples are presented.

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Nemeth, Geza. "Analysis of Helical Torsion Spring for Epicyclic Traction Drive." Solid State Phenomena 261 (August 2017): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.261.408.

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Let us consider a simple epicyclic traction drive containing a sun wheel, an annular wheel, planetary wheels and a planet carrier. The annular wheel is substituted by a helical torsion spring with rectangular cross section. The spring has initial tensioning, tightened to the planetary wheels. When the number of coils is z and the number of planet wheels is N, there are zN piece of concentrated forces acting to the spring from inside towards outside. The main load of the spring is bending, it is computable along the spring wire. The bending moment is limited by the spring material and the cross section of spring. The radial forces acting to the spring are governed by the constraint of stress equality, the deflections of the contacting parts are determined by the radial (and slightly the tangential) forces. An initial shape of the spring that assures the proper operation of the drive after the assembly, is calculated by elementary mechanical calculation methods. The main goal is the developing of a traction drive in which the clamping force is proportional to the torque which should be transmitted, for the sake of the favourable life rating and the efficiency.

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Shi, Jun, Ya Yu Huang, Bin Xing Hu, and Xiang Ping Hu. "The Reliability Analysis of Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring of Various Design Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2050.

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When designing the cylindrical helical compression spring, many designers use high- strength materials or various strengthening technology approaches in order to improve the reliability of spring. These approaches increase the costs and reduce economy. With the help of MATLAB software, this paper analyzes how the chosen design parameters of the cylindrical helical compression spring influence its reliability based on stress-strength interference model with the way of controlling variables method when the fatigue life of spring is longer than one million cycles. It is shown that changing the spring design parameters, instead of using valuable or rare materials, can achieve high reliable level especially when the reliability of spring can't reach the requirement and hence can get a better economic benefit.

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Hamed, Hadeer Abdul Rasol, Mahmud Rasheed Ismail, and Abdul Rahman Najam. "Design, Analysis and Manufacturing Polymer Fiber Reinforced Composite Helical Spring." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 23, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.23040338.

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In this work it had been focused on the possibility of replacement of steel spring in suspension system by fiber reinforced polymer composite that is responsible for light weight of spring which leads to reduces the weight of vehicle and improve fuel efficiency. This type of spring used in motor cycles, light weight vehicle. The design will be simulated by ANSYS workbench. Then, E-Glass fiber has been used to fabricate helical compression spring of 40% fiber volume fraction of glass. with polyester resin. The deflection of glass reinforced composite spring is more than steel spring but within permissible limit. weight of composite spring is reduced by 57% than of steel.

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Soler, J. M., and R. H. Rangel. "Geometrical characterization of canted coil springs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes156.

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This article presents a geometrical description of canted coil springs as a particular type of space curve. The influence of the canted angle on the geometrical curvature and torsion is investigated in order to characterize the three-dimensional geometry of the springs. Geometrical descriptions of helical spring rings generated by joining together the two ends of a rectilinear-axis spring as well as several types of spring rings, obtained from rectilinear-axis canted coil springs, are proposed. To create such ring geometries, conservation of length of wire is assumed and approximate relations are derived in order to simplify computations. These geometrical descriptions are then applied to generate appropriate three-dimensional models. Such models can be further imported to computer-aided design and finite-element analysis programmes in order to estimate the mechanical response of such springs.

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Taktak, Mohamed, Khalifa Omheni, Abdessattar Aloui, Fakhreddine Dammak, and Mohamed Haddar. "Dynamic optimization design of a cylindrical helical spring." Applied Acoustics 77 (March 2014): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.08.001.

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Zhao, Shi Jian, Wei Min Cui, and Wei Tian. "Optimal Design of Cylindrical Helical Torsional Spring Including Fatigue Reliability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.862.

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To get a way of calculating the reliability of fatigue life of torsion spring, the paper discussed the optimal design of fatigue reliability for cylindrical helical torsional spring with Monte-Carlo method, and tried to build a new method to analyze the fatigue reliability of cylindrical helical torsional spring. The new method could test different values of parameters of a spring, and it could calculate the fatigue reliability of the spring in every parameter value with about 100 thousand test points with Monte-Carlo method, which can be set to get a better result, and it gave the comparison and selection to designers finally. The method was run with the software-MATLAB. The paper gave an example at last, and it compared the new methods results with ones of traditional design and discussed the differences.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Helical spring'

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