Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hellenistic coinage

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Hellenistic coinage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Hellenistic coinage"

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Gatzke, Andrea. "Heracles, Alexander, and Hellenistic coinage:." Acta Classica 64, no. 1 (2021): 98–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/acl.2021.0009.

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Trivedi, Bimal. "COINAGE OF THE INDO-GREEKS CHALLENGES OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE SOLUTIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-93-104.

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When Alexander had to leave his conquest of India midway, some of his generals stayed back to rule the conquered north-west India the part which was known as Bactria. These Kings and generals held sway and minted their coins with pure Hellenistic motifs, scripts/legends, and styles. By the middle of the 2nd century BCE, by the inclusion of the Indian script Kharoshthi, Indian elements started appearing and became mainstream. Not only the legend but the weight standard was changed and the Indian standard was adopted. This was the most important change. Problems: The vast sum of Indo-Greek coinage has been unearthed so far but had remained under-studied for more than one reason. As it remains, the problem areas have remained unaddressed and unanswered. This has mainly happened due to the study of coinage in isolation far away from the find spots and devoid of stratigraphy and ignoring local knowledge of the subject. This situation has been aggravated by political turmoil and insulating archaeological finds and records by limiting the access combined with poor local scholarly work or absence of scientific approach due to poor economic conditions and access to modern methods and technology to approach, enhance, and understand the historically very important Indo-Greek coinage. Unfortunately, Indo-Greek coinage study is clubbed with Hellenistic outlook and mostly aggravated by vogue historicity. Scope of Study: This paper highlights challenges in studying Indo-Greek coinage and other factors that have not been addressed and difficulties in the way of scholarly pursuit. A modern tech-driven approach is recommended for addressing the challenges. Scientific Evaluation: A more technology-driven approach to study the Indo- Greek coinage will unravel the mysteries and remove the historical blind spots. Exclusively treating the subject of Indo-Greek coinage and thus providing recognition it deserves as unique, de-bracketed from Hellenistic coinage. Conclusions: The modern technology-driven data management scientifically adopted archaeological exploration and excavation paired with the latest Information Technology tools including the use of social media platforms can be networked effectively to build up a fresh modern repository of findings that will help historians, archaeologists, scholars, students, and numismatists/collectors.
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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "On the Reattribution of Some Byblos Alexanders to Arados II." American Journal of Numismatics 32 (2020) (December 30, 2020): 31–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5812434.

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This study makes the case for the reattribution from Byblos to a second mint at Arados (Arados II) of the coinage of Alexander the Great bearing the   ligate AP mint mark. The majority of the early output from this mint was gold staters. Most probably the mint was established to accommodate the expansion of gold coinage production from c. 328/7 BC, while silver Alexandrine coinage remained the priority of the first mint (Arados I), which had its origins in the old Achaemenid mint at Arados. After the initial striking of a substantial gold stater coinage, accompanied by a minor silver tetradrachm mintage, Arados II then issued a sizeable silver tetradrachm coinage. Both mints at Arados produced Macedonian imperial coinage until c. 321/0 BC at which time Arados I ceased operation. Based on the hoard record, it is likely that Arados II continued to strike Alexander tetradrachms until around 301/0 BC when the city passed from Antigonid to Seleukid control following the Battle of Ipsos.
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Frédérique, Duyrat. "Bibliographie numismatique de la Syrie, I. Périodes achéménide et hellénistique (1995-2000)." Syria 80, no. 2003 (2020): 237–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3765174.

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Marinescu, Constantin. "The Lysimachi Coinage of Perinthus." Bulgarian Numismatic Journal 1, no. 2 (2023): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10435170.

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The article presents a die study of the gold and silver coinage minted by the city of Perinthus using the types of king Lysimachus of Thrace, struck from about 270 to 160 BC. What will become readily apparent is that this coinage closely follows the minting pattern of its more prominent neighbour, the city of Byzantium, their dies sharing a common style and being unquestionably produced by the same workshop. The output at Perinthus was considerably smaller than that of its prominent neighbour, suggesting a modest need for such coins.
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Markou, Evangeline. "The Coinage of the Kings of Cyprus From Achaemenid to Hellenistic Rule: An Autonomous Royal Coinage?" Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914298.

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Abstract: This article tackles the monetary particularities of the Cypriot kings within the larger frame of the Achaemenid empire throughout the archaic, classical, and early Hellenistic periods, up to the demolition of the kingdoms and local kingship by the Successors of Alexander around 306 b.c.e. Abstract: Cet article s'attaque aux particularités monétaires des rois chypriotes dans le cadre plus général de l'empire achéménide à travers les périodes archaïque, classique, et hellénistique ancien, jusqu'à l'abolition des royaumes et des royautés locales par les successeurs d'Alexandre vers 306 a. C.
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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "Susa ­mint:­ 311-301­BC." KOINON The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies III (November 2, 2020): 18–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7265930.

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This paper is the final component in a trilogy that documents a die study of the large denomination coinage issued from the Susa mint prior to 300 BC. It examines the Alexandrine coinage of Seleukos struck in the period 311/0-304/3 BC, prior to the introduction of coinage bearing his own name. Three groups (Groups 5-7) are recognized in this coinage. Groups 5 and 6, bear a laurel wreath symbol, which in the case of Group 6 is accompanied by a range of other symbols. These two groups were struck simultaneously during the Babylonian War in the period c. 311/0-309/8 BC. Group 7 post-dates the Babylonian War. It is characterised by the presence of the anchor symbol, which displaced the laurel wreath as the primary symbol on the coinage. On the last reverse dies of Group 7 this anchor symbol was erased, a phenomenon previously identified on coinage from the mints of Babylon II and Uncertain Mint 6A (Opis), dated to c. 305/4-304/3 BC. This was a synchronous event across Seleukos's mints operating in Babylonia and Susiana, one that provides a firm chronological peg for the last of the Susa issues (Group 7) in the name of Alexander, an updating of a decade relative to that proposed in Seleucid Coins.
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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "A Newly Identified Mint Control Link in the Coinage of Andragoras and Sophytes." KOINON The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies V (2022) (November 9, 2022): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7312783.

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This paper outlines the significance of a control and die linked Andragoras-Sophytes Series 4 (Zeus/eagle) diobol, which confirms the inference that the kerykeion mint control was introduced after the grape vine branch that accompanies it, prior to the complete displacement of the latter by the kerykeion. The presence of the kerykeion mint control on Series 4 increases the level of control linkage and and validates the previously inferred relative chronology in the Andragoras-Sophytes coinage. Most significantly it is now established that the Series 4 issues provided the prototype for an imitative coinage of the same iconography - a finding of chronological significance.  http://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/koinon/article/view/1655/1306
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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "Birds of Feather, Brothers in Arms: The Coinage of Andragoras and Sophytes." American Journal of Numismatics 31 (2019) (December 2, 2019): 21–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4470271.

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Analysis of the owl, eagle and cockerel coinage previously attributed to Sophytes indicates that it is most probably associated with that of Andragoras, the Seleucid satrap of Parthia who led the secession of the province from the Seleucid realm. The numismatic evidence suggests that following the death of Andragoras, the leadership of Parthia was assumed briefly by Sophytes before the province was completely overrun by the nomadic Parni around 238 BC. This coinage has a number of unusual characteristics. It was struck across eleven typological series in the period c. 250-238 BC. It is composed of a comprehensive range of silver denominations, including uniquely in the Hellenistic east, the didrachm. Nominally struck on a reduced Attic weight standard, defined by a tetradrachm of about 16.8 grams, each smaller denomination was weight adjusted to include a progressively increasing fiduciary component of value. These characteristics are indicative of a local coinage, motivated by political expediency in meeting a monetary necessity arising from Seleucid neglect.
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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "The Susa Wreath Group Alexanders: The First Step in the Transformation of an Anchor Seal to a Dynastic Emblem." KOINON II (2019) (November 1, 2019): 63–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5746178.

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A tetradrachm die study of the Susa wreath group (Susa Group 5) of Alexanders (Price 3853-60) attributed to the satrapy of Aspeisas in the period 316/5-312/1 BC, indicates that the coinage should be downdated to the period 311/0-309/8 BC, the earliest coinage of Seleukos from the mint. A newly identified component of the coinage, die linked to the wreath group while bearing an anchor recut over the wreath, represents the first appearance on coinage of what was to become the primary Seleukid dynastic emblem. It sheds light on the origin and timing of placement of Seleukos's personal insignia, or seal, on his coinage, and its subsequent development into a dynastic emblem. The Susa Wreath Group Alexanders: The First Step in the Transformation of an Anchor Seal to a Dynastic Emblem. Koinon II (2019): 63-82
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hellenistic coinage"

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Lagos, Constantinos. "A study of the coinage of Chios in the Hellenistic and Roman periods." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4848/.

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The central part of the thesis consists of the chronological arrangement and discussion of the coin series struck by the Chian mint from the beginning of the Hellenistic period (c 332 BC) down to its demise during the late Roman Imperial period (c 270 AD). After establishing a sequence of issue for the individual series I consider other aspects of the coinage, such as patterns of issue, links with the economy, and developments in typology and denominations. These topics are presented and discussed in general chapters following that of the coin series. The study of coin typology has contributed to our knowledge of Chian society and economy of the period. For example the adoption and permanent use of sphinx type on the obverse of the coinage offered the opportunity to trace the development of the main civic symbol of an ancient Greek city over a continued period of six centuries. The wine amphora appearing on the reverse of most coins revealed that this jar was manufactured locally at Chios throughout the Roman period, which archaeology has failed to record. This finding has repercussions on our idea of contemporary Chian economy since it constitutes strong evidence that the export of wine -known to have been an important economic activity for Chios in earlier periods- continued after Roman domination. A separate chapter on the denominational system at Chios proved of particular importance for understanding the denominations used in the Eastern Greek world in general, since Chian coinage of the Roman period is one the few bearing marked denominational values. Numismatic findings have also contributed much to the meager information we have on the local history during Hellenistic and Roman periods. The last chapter discusses the Chian issues as economic objects and their circulation overseas. The study has established a link between the Chian trade pattern and foreign finds of this coinage during the same period.
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Nurpetlian, Jack A. "Coinage in late Hellenistic and Roman Syria : the Orontes Valley (1st century BC-3rd century AD)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57324/.

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The thesis studies the coins minted by the cities in the Orontes Valley of Syria during the late Hellenistic and Roman periods: Apamea, Larissa, Raphanea, Emesa and Laodicea ad Libanum. All the various aspects of these coinages are presented and comparisons are drawn between the results hereby obtained with those from the surrounding region. The research was conducted by recording as many specimens as possible from public and private collections, in addition to published material and those available online. The thesis starts with an introduction to the geography and history of the region followed by a catalogue, which is presented at the beginning of the thesis to introduce the structure of the coinages. This is followed by discussions on production, circulation, metrology, denominations and iconography in detail. Die studies were also conducted to complement the arguments presented in each of the chapters. Plates illustrating the best preserved specimen of each type and their variants are placed at the end. The discussions of these coinages, based on the compiled data and the proposed structure, have shown that not only were the coinages of each of the cities of the Orontes Valley distinct from those of neighboring regions, they are also different from one another. No compatibility was found between the denominations and currency systems, nor was there any conclusive evidence for the coins of one city circulating in the territory of another. The mints of northern Syria have been previously studied, in addition to several mints of the Phoenician territories to the south; however, regarding the mints of the Orontes Valley, a gap has remained in the study of Roman provincial coins, as none of the mints under discussion have been published and discussed in full. It is hoped that this research will fill that gap and complement the study of Roman provincial coins in general, and that of Roman Syria in particular.
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Glenn, Simon. "Royal coinage in Hellenistic Bactria : a die study of coins from Euthydemus I to Antimachus I." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5af5c51b-b1dc-4eb5-b33b-b27a9958a9f9.

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The history of Hellenistic Bactria (northern Afghanistan, and areas of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) is particularly obscure and its reconstruction contentious. Unlike other Hellenistic kingdoms very little evidence survives from literary sources and inscriptions; the best primary source is the large quantity of coins issued under the Graeco-Bactrian kings who ruled the area from the third century to the mid first century BC. With limited details of the find spots of the coins and only a few published hoards, their use has often been limited to a superficial analysis of their iconography. This thesis presents the results of a die study, an approach to studying the coins that can give many insights into the way they were produced. The coins of six kings (Euthydemus I, Demetrius I, Euthydemus II, Pantaleon, Agathocles, and Antimachus I) are included. Different mints and rhythms of production can be identified, and the overall size of the coinages estimated. Using a thorough understanding of their production this thesis proposes a new, soundly-based, history of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom under these kings.
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Arikan, Erciyas Deniz Burcu. "STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HELLENISTIC PONTUS: THE SETTLEMENTS, MONUMENTS, AND COINAGE OF MITHRADATES VI AND HIS PREDECESSORS." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin997452720.

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Erciyas, D. Burcu Arikan. "Studies in the archaeology of Hellenistic Pontus the settlements, monuments, and coinage of Mithradates VI and his predecessors /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin997452720.

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Wojan, Franck. "Les Eléens (IVe siècle a.C.-IIIe siècle p.C.) : Recherche de numismatique et d'histoire." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR2029.

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Cette thèse de doctorat traite du monnayage et de l’histoire des Éléens entre les années 360 a.C. (guerre avec les Arcadiens) et le règne de Septime Sévère (193-211 p.C.). Le monnayage des Eléens est présenté sous la forme d’un catalogue des émissions monétaires. Il est suivi d’une discussion sur l’apport des trésors et des monnaies de fouilles, puis d’une analyse des caractéristiques de l’atelier monétaire éléen. Cette histoire monétaire sert de fil conducteur à la seconde partie, qui traite successivement de la constitution tardive de l’identité et de la cité des Eléens, des événements historiques, et qui s’achève par un portrait de la vie économique de cette région excentrée du Péloponnèse<br>The ancient Peloponnesian city of Elis issued a coinage between the half of the fourth century BC and the Roman Era. The first part of this PhD is a corpus of the 2508 coins I know. Then, we can have a look at the hoards and the excavations’ coins, and we can discuss about the monetary production and the characteristics of the Elean monetary workshop. The second part presents the formation of the city and the identity of the Eleans during the Hellenistic period,the history of the Eleans and, to finish, some remarks about the economic activities
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Books on the topic "Hellenistic coinage"

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Mousheghian, Anahit. Hellenistic and Roman Armenian coinage (1st. c. BC - 1 st. c. AD). Moneta, 1999.

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Philip, Grierson, and Westermark Ulla, eds. Early Hellenistic coinage: From the accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.). Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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The silver coinage of Istros during the hellenistic period. Moneta, 2014.

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Money and Power in Hellenistic Bactria: Euthydemus I to Antimachus I. American Numismatic Society, 2020.

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Thonemann, Peter. The Hellenistic Age: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198746041.001.0001.

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Drawing on inscriptions, papyri, coinage, poetry, art, and archaeology, The Hellenistic Age: A Very Short Introduction opens up the history and culture of the vast Hellenistic world, from the death of Alexander the Great (323 bc) to the Roman conquest of the Ptolemaic kingdom (30 bc). It navigates the power struggles and wars in the three centuries that followed the conquests of Alexander. In this age of cultural globalization, a single language carried you from the Rhône to the Indus. Narrative close-ups of individual cities, including the Greek city-states with the earliest federal governments, and kings from Sicily to Tajikistan who struggled to meet the challenges of ruling multi-ethnic states, are provided.
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Thonemann, Peter. Hellenistic World: Using Coins As Sources. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2016.

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Thonemann, Peter. Hellenistic World: Using Coins As Sources. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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Thonemann, Peter. Hellenistic World: Using Coins As Sources. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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Thonemann, Peter. Hellenistic World: Using Coins As Sources. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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BildWert: Nominalspezifische Kommunikationsstrategien in der Münzprägung hellenistischer Herrscher : Kolloquium vom 17.-18. Juni 2010 in Münster. Habelt-Verlag, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hellenistic coinage"

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Hoover, Oliver D. "Coinage in Hellenistic Syria." In The Oxford Handbook of the Hellenistic and Roman Near East. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190858155.013.64.

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Abstract The territory of Greater Syria—Syria proper, Phoenicia, and Coele Syria—developed its own patterns of coin production and monetization, often in relation to the great empires of the Seleucids and the Ptolemies, and later to Rome. Syria became an important center of Seleucid coin production, especially at Antioch as the western and eastern portions of the Seleucid empire were lost. Under the Ptolemies the mints of Phoenicia and Coele Syria were used primarily to finance wars with the Seleucids before their absorption into the Seleucid Empire. The tension between civic and royal identities and aspirations took visible form on the coinage in the second century bc, with the introduction first of quasi-municipal and then of fully civic coins making no reference to the authority of the crumbling Seleucid dynasty.
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de Lisle, Christopher. "Coinage." In Agathokles of Syracuse. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861720.003.0005.

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The only truly contemporary source material that we have for Agathokles is his coinage and it has a number of stories to tell that no other source offers. The circulation patterns of Agathokles’ coinage show that Syracuse’s economic interactions with the wider world under Agathokles were similar to those which took place under his predecessor Dionysios. Quantification of Agathokles’ coinage allows us to compare his economic resources with those of his predecessors and contemporaries. The iconography of Agathokles’ coinage shows the same effort to connect Agathokles to both his Sicilian predecessors and Macedonian contemporaries. The idea that the legends and iconography of Agathokles’ coins illustrate a transition from tyrant to Hellenistic king is challenged.
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Meadows, Andrew. "Money, Freedom, And Empire In The Hellenistic World." In Money And Its Uses In The Ancient Greek World. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199240128.003.0005.

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Abstract Martin tackled head-on the relationship between king and subjects, coinage and sovereignty, in the classical Greek world. Taking as his focus the coinage of Thessaly before, during, and after the Macedonian conquest in the fourth century BC, he found no evi dence for the subjection of the region to the Macedonian kings having had any effect on the ability of the Thessalians to produce coin. In a summary review of the other coinages of Greece at the same rime he perceived a similar pattern. His conclusion was unequivocal: ‘It is my contention that the numismatic, historical, documentary, and literary evidence uniformly fails to support the idea that there was operative in rhe classical Greek world a strongly tt’lt connection between an abstract notion of sovereignty and rhe right of coinage which implied the necessity to enforce a uniform monetary circulation.’2 Such a conclusion, if correct, is of fundamental importance for two reasons: first, for our appre ciation of rhe abstract concept or concepts of sovereigntyi and the place of coin issue in the rhetoric of imperialism in the Greek world; and, second, for the practical numismatic purpose of dating many coinages of ancient Greek states. Among numismatists, as well as historians working in all periods of Greek history, it has been common to invoke what Martin has dubbed the lex Seyrig, a “law’ which dictates that no state issued coin in its own name if it was ruled by another.
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"Population – production – taxation – coinage: a model for the Seleukid economy." In Hellenistic Economies. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203995921-14.

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Bobou, Olympia. "Parthian Art and Coinage." In The Oxford Handbook of the Hellenistic and Roman Near East. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190858155.013.69.

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Abstract Despite the attempts by Rostovtzeff to define Parthian art in 1935, it still remains the least well-studied art from one of the ancient superpowers. The lack of archaeological evidence from its various royal capitals and the abundance of material from areas belonging either to local rulers or allied states makes it easier to talk of the art of the various Parthian centers. This paper presents some of the material discovered in Parthian towns and attempts to sketch some common trends and ideological concepts behind the art and coinage of the Parthians.
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Neumann, Kristina M. "Coinage in Roman Syria." In The Oxford Handbook of the Hellenistic and Roman Near East. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190858155.013.84.

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Abstract This chapter surveys the diverse coins minted and excavated within Roman Syria with a specific focus on the complex and evolving relationships of civic communities with the imperial administration. After conquering the province, the Romans did not immediately streamline its fragmented currency system; instead, they allowed local minting of both bronze coins and silver tetradrachms to continue with minimal effect on civic iconography, oversight, and circulation. The messaging of these coins was gradually reoriented to include the emperor alongside local celebration, though cities retained significant agency in production and regulation of their own currency. At the same time, the Roman administration experimented with traditional systems through introducing a standardized provincial bronze coinage, consolidating and expanding provincial silver production, and leveraging mints like Antioch to strike imperial coins.
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Plantzos, Dimitris. "Gods and Humans." In Hellenistic Engraved Gems. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150374.003.0007.

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Abstract Excluding royal portraiture, the bulk of Hellenistic glyptic comes as a barely structured, anonymous, and often disparate, mass of material. A portrait, even in those cases when intaglio portraits are difficult if not impossible to identify, or are the results of mass production, bears the significance of its function, regardless of artistic merit. With the long series of gods, goddesses, humans, and mythological persons depicted repetitiously by Hellenistic gem-cutters one often is unable to bestow more than an assessment of their iconography and an appreciation of their craftsmanship. In some cases iconography, and to a lesser extent local stylistic preferences, might offer substantial indications of provenance and date. Portraiture and once again coinage help quite often; sculpture to a lesser degree, owing to the uncertainty concerning its own chronology.
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Metcalf, William E. "Regionalism in the Coinage of Asia Minor." In Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Ausonius Éditions, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.1256.

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Ashto, R. H. J. "The Coinage Of Rhodes 408-C.190 Bc." In Money And Its Uses In The Ancient Greek World. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199240128.003.0007.

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Abstract synoccizcd in 408/7, the new coinage ofrhc unified state bore little resemblance to the disparate coinages which the three old cities had produced in silver and ckctrum from the late sixth century until, probably, the third quarter of the fifth.z The rose, the punning reverse design, had already appeared on fractions from Kamiros (B,\1C r4) and lalysos (BMC 9), bur not as a dominant type.i The heads of Helios and of the nymph Rhodos, the obverse types of almost all the late classical and Hellenistic coinage of Rhodes, do not occur on the coinages of the three old cities, and illustrate the adoption of Helios as the patron deity of the newly unified state.Moreover, whereas Jalysos had used an apparently individual weight standard, Kamiros the Aeginetan, and Lindos the Milcsian, the new state adopted the ‘C.hian’ weight standard, based on a tetradrachm of about r5.3 g. and so called because it is first attested in slightly heavier (c.r5.6 g.) form on Chios in the sixth cenrury.Since the rapid spread of this standard throughout western Asia Minor during the fourth century may have been due in part to Rhodian influence, it is often termed Rhodian, but to avoid ambiguity it will here be called Chian. As we shall see, a reduced standard based on a didrachm of c.6.Sg. was introduced in the late 340s: I shall call this the Rhodian standard.
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Oliver, Graham. "The politics of coinage: Athens and antigonus gonatas." In Money And Its Uses In The Ancient Greek World. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199240128.003.0004.

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Abstract structure but a fluid and dynamic organism which was always the sum of its constituent parts, namely its citizens. The life and freedom of the politai of the poleis in th&amp;lt;..: l lcllcnistic period arc generally cast in a negative light; some have cwn suggested that the polis had disappcan.:d by this timt:. For many modern commentators the ideas of freedom and autonomy had become so devalued during the Hcllcni;,tic age that promises of cleutheria and autonomia had become mere slogans. Historians of the Hellenistic period need to revise their perceptions of these term;,. What was really understood in ancient sources by eleuthrria and autonomia? This chapter highlights the need for clarification about what ancient pold.1 understood by terms like freedom and autonomy. How did the decision-making processes and the control of the poli tai over their internal affairs and relation;, with the outside world develop? What did it mean to be free in the Grcekpoli.1 during the Hellenistic period? ·rhcsc arc big questions. Although they cannot be answered in depth here, it will be important to keep them in mind.
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