Journal articles: 'Helmet law in Kansas'

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Taggi, Franco. "SAFETY HELMET LAW IN ITALY." Lancet 331, no. 8578 (January 1988): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92754-7.

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Ho, E. "Louisiana Motorcycle Fatalities Linked to Helmet Use and Regional Helmet Law." Academic Emergency Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 418—b—419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/aemj.9.5.418-b.

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Enserink, M. "Hats off to Vietnam's helmet law." Science 345, no. 6202 (September 11, 2014): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6202.1261.

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Chiu, Wen-Ta. "The Motorcycle Helmet Law in Taiwan." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 12 (September 27, 1995): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530120033027.

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Turner, Patricia A., and Christopher Hagelin. "Motorcycle Helmet use and Trends before and after Florida's Helmet Law Change in 2000." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1922, no. 1 (January 2005): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192200123.

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The Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida conducted this study for the Florida Department of Transportation to analyze motorcycling trends in Florida before and after the July 2000 change to the motorcycle helmet law. The change permits motorcyclists 21 years of age and older to ride without a helmet if they carry at least $10,000 in insurance to cover medical costs incurred as a result of a crash. This paper discusses study findings on motorcycle trends before and after the Florida change related to observed and reported motorcycle helmet use, number and severity of motorcycle crashes, and number and severity of injuries sustained in motorcycle crashes. Additionally, national and Florida data related to vehicle miles of travel (VMT), registrations, crashes, injuries, fatalities, and helmet use are presented, and recommendations for future motorcycle research are made. Findings show that Florida's observed helmet use rate declined from 99.5% in 1998 to 52.7% in 2002. Sport bike riders were among those most likely to be helmeted, whereas lack of helmet use typically was associated with riders on cruiser-style motorcycles. Declines in observed helmet use rates in Florida are comparable to declines in other states with recently amended universal helmet laws. Helmet use among crash-involved motorcycle operators continues to decline even among younger riders required by law to wear helmets. Crash rates and injury rates per registered motorcycle and per motorcycle VMT declined following the helmet law change, with the exception of fatal crash rates.

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Ni, Hanyu. "Evaluation of a Statewide Bicycle Helmet Law Via Multiple Measures of Helmet Use." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 151, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170380063010.

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Nolte, Kurt B., Colleen Healy, Clifford M. Rees, and David Sklar. "Motorcycle Policy and the Public Interest: A Recommendation for a New Type of Partial Motorcycle Helmet Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703324.

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Motorcycle helmet laws are perceived to infringe upon individual rights even though they reduce mortality and health care costs. We describe proposed helmet legislation that protects individual rights and provides incentives for helmet use through a differential motorcycle registration fee that requires higher fees for those who wish to ride without a helmet.

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MAYHEW, PAT, RONALD V. CLARKE, and DAVID ELLIOTT. "Motorcycle Theft, Helmet Legislation and Displacement." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 28, no. 1 (February 1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1989.tb00631.x.

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Nolén, Sixten, and Kent Lindqvist. "A local bicycle helmet ‘law’ in a Swedish municipality – the effects on helmet use." Injury Control and Safety Promotion 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/icsp.11.1.39.26314.

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Hyder, A. A., H. Waters, T. Phillips, and J. Rehwinkel. "Exploring the Economics of Motorcycle Helmet Laws — Implications for Low and Middle-Income Countries." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 19, no. 2 (June 2007): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395070190020401.

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This paper reviews economic evaluations of motorcycle helmet interventions in preventing injuries. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the e fectiveness of motorcycle helmet use, and on mandatory helmet laws and their enforcement was done. When helmet laws were lifted between 1976-80, 48 states within the USA experienced a cost of $342,047 per excess fatality of annual net savings. Helmet laws in the USA had a benefit-cost ratio of 1.33 to 5.07. Taiwan witnessed a 14% decline in motorcycle fatalities and a 22% reduction of head injury fatalities with the introduction of a helmet law. In Thailand, where 70-90% of all crashes involve motorcycle, after enforcement of a helmet law, helmet-use increased five-fold, the number of injured motorcyclists decreased by 33.5%, head injuries decreased by 41.4%, and deaths decreased by 20.8%. There is considerable evidence that mandatory helmet laws with enforcement alleviate the burden of tra fic injuries greatly. For low and middle-income countries with high rates of motorcycle injuries, enforced, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are potentially one of the most cost-e fective interventions available. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19(2): 16—22.

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Jones, Michael D., Joel G. Eastes, Damjan Veljanoski, Kristina M. Chapple, James N. Bogert, and Jordan A. Weinberg. "Burden of motorcyclists without helmets in a state without a universal helmet law: a propensity score analysis." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 5, no. 1 (November 2020): e000583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000583.

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BackgroundAlthough helmets are associated with reduction in mortality from motorcycle collisions, many states have failed to adopt universal helmet laws for motorcyclists, in part on the grounds that prior research is limited by study design (historical controls) and confounding variables. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association of helmet use in motorcycle collisions with hospital charges and mortality in trauma patients with propensity score analysis in a state without a universal helmet law.MethodsMotorcycle collision data from the Arizona State Trauma Registry from 2014 to 2017 were propensity score matched by regressing helmet use on patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, alcohol intoxication, illicit drug use, and comorbidities. Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the impact of helmet use.ResultsOur sample consisted of 6849 cases, of which 3699 (54.0%) were helmeted and 3150 (46.0%) without helmets. The cohort was 88.1% male with an average age of 40.9±16.0 years. Helmeted patients were less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (20.3% vs. 23.7%, OR 0.82 (0.72–0.93)) and ventilated (7.8% vs. 12.0%, OR 0.62 (0.52–0.75)). Propensity-matched analyses consisted of 2541 pairs and demonstrated helmet use to be associated with an 8% decrease in hospital charges (B −0.075 (0.034)) and a 56% decrease in mortality (OR 0.44 (0.31–0.58)).DiscussionIn a state without mandated helmet use for all motorcyclists, the burden of the unhelmeted rider is significant with respect to lives lost and healthcare charges incurred. Although the helmet law debate with respect to civil liberties is complex and unsettled, it appears clear that helmet use is strongly associated with both survival and less economic encumbrance on the state.Level of evidenceLevel III, prognostic and epidemiological.

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Merrill-Francis, Molly, Jon S. Vernick, and Keshia M. Pollack Porter. "Local All-Age Bicycle Helmet Ordinances in the United States: A Review and Analysis." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, no. 2 (2019): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519857283.

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Bicycle helmets protect against head injury. Mandatory helmet laws likely increase their use. Although 21 states and Washington, DC have mandatory helmet laws for youth (variously defined) bicyclists, no U.S. state has a mandatory helmet law that applies to all ages; however, some localities have all-age helmet laws for bicyclists. This study abstracted local helmet laws applicable to all-ages to examine their elements.

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Chen, Chin-Shyan, and Tsai-Ching Liu. "Medical Cost and Motorcycle Helmet Law in Taiwan." Economics Research International 2012 (May 20, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/920901.

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The objective of this study was to examine whether the implementation of the helmet law had reduced the likelihood of head injury and the associated medical cost in Taiwan. Data were taken from the 1996 and 1998 population-based data. In total, 888,179 and 921,058 effective samples were used in the study from the two years. Two different types of regression model were adopted to evaluate the impact of the motorcycle helmet use law on incidences of head injury and associated medical cost and hospital length of stay. The results reveal that medical cost is down by 11.5 percent and hospital LOS has fallen by 18.58 percent. Thus, with the introduction of the motorcycle helmet use law having had a demonstrably positive influence on motorcycle head injuries and fatalities, significant savings are clearly being achieved, not only in terms of economic and social costs, but also with regard to medical cost.

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Muller, Andreas. "Florida’s Motorcycle Helmet Law Repeal and Fatality Rates." American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 4 (April 2004): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.4.556.

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Tsai, M. C., and D. Hemenway. "Effect of the mandatory helmet law in Taiwan." Injury Prevention 5, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.5.4.290.

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Molina-García, Javier, and Ana Queralt. "The Impact of Mandatory Helmet-Use Legislation on the Frequency of Cycling to School and Helmet Use Among Adolescents." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 6 (June 2016): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0566.

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Background:This paper analyzes changes in the frequency of cycling to school and helmet wearing after the introduction of a mandatory helmet law, and attempts to identify factors associated with the acceptance of helmet use.Methods:A mixed-method study was designed with a 7-month follow-up period (April 2014 to November 2014). The initial sample included 262 students (aged 12 to 16 years) from Valencia, Spain. The data were collected by questionnaire and 2 focus-group interviews were conducted.Results:No significant changes in cyclingto-school behavior were found during the study period. Cycle helmet use improved, especially among boys, those who used their own bike, and among adolescents who lived within 2 km of school (P < .05 in all cases). The most common reasons given for not using a helmet were social factors. Peer-group pressure had a negative influence on helmet use among adolescents. Participants also indicated that helmet use is inconvenient, in particular among students who used the public bicycle-sharing program.Conclusions:The implementation of the helmet-use law did not have a negative impact on the frequency of cycling to school. Our findings provide an empirical basis for designing educational interventions and programs to increase helmet use among adolescents.

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Pike, Jeff M. "Kansas." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, no. 3 (December 2020): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i3.6.

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2019 provided no shortage of excitement, as there were more oil and gas opinions issued by the Kansas Supreme Court than in a usual year. These cases will be the main focus of this Survey, as there are no major legislative developments to report for this year. The first case decided whether the common-law rule against perpetuities should be applied to exceptions of defeasible term mineral interests. The second case is “yet another round in [a] high-dollar subsurface prize fight” about who has the right to gas that has escaped from an under- ground natural gas storage facility. The third case analyzes whether the misappropriation of royalty payments gives rise to a claim of adverse possession. Additionally, the Kansas Court of Appeals released an oil and gas opinion, which will be briefly discussed.

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Karl, Florian M., Jennifer Smith, Shannon Piedt, Kate Turcotte, and Ian Pike. "Applying the health action process approach to bicycle helmet use and evaluating a social marketing campaign." Injury Prevention 24, no. 4 (August 5, 2017): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042399.

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BackgroundBicycle injuries are of concern in Canada. Since helmet use was mandated in 1996 in the province of British Columbia, Canada, use has increased and head injuries have decreased. Despite the law, many cyclists do not wear a helmet. Health action process approach (HAPA) model explains intention and behaviour with self-efficacy, risk perception, outcome expectancies and planning constructs. The present study examines the impact of a social marketing campaign on HAPA constructs in the context of bicycle helmet use.MethodA questionnaire was administered to identify factors determining helmet use. Intention to obey the law, and perceived risk of being caught if not obeying the law were included as additional constructs. Path analysis was used to extract the strongest influences on intention and behaviour. The social marketing campaign was evaluated through t-test comparisons after propensity score matching and generalised linear modelling (GLM) were applied to adjust for the same covariates.Results400 cyclists aged 25–54 years completed the questionnaire. Self-efficacy and Intention were most predictive of intention to wear a helmet, which, moderated by planning, strongly predicted behaviour. Perceived risk and outcome expectancies had no significant impact on intention. GLM showed that exposure to the campaign was significantly associated with higher values in self-efficacy, intention and bicycle helmet use.ConclusionSelf-efficacy and planning are important points of action for promoting helmet use. Social marketing campaigns that remind people of appropriate preventive action have an impact on behaviour.

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Turner, Patricia A., and Christopher A. Hagelin. "Novelty Helmet Use by Motorcycle Riders in Florida." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1734, no. 1 (January 2000): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1734-11.

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Although Florida law requires all motorcyclists to wear helmets, 16 percent of all motorcycle drivers and 30 percent of all their passengers killed in motorcycle crashes in 1996 were not wearing protective helmets. In addition, the use of novelty helmets may be on the rise in states with universal helmet laws. The objectives of this research were to determine motorcycle helmet use rates on Florida roadways and to estimate the level of novelty helmet use by motorcycle occupants. A total of 2,498 motorcyclists in 13 Florida counties were observed over a 2-month period. Data were collected on helmet use and type, motorcycle type, gender, and use of other safety equipment. Almost all motorcycle occupants wore some type of helmet; the observed state-level usage rate was 99.5 percent. However, a significant number of these helmets were novelty helmets. The type of helmet motorcyclists choose to wear may be related to the type of motorcycle driven and the gender of the driver and passenger. Overall, novelty helmet use was higher for passengers than for drivers, and the majority of observed novelty helmets were on motorcycle occupants riding cruiser-type motorcycles. Moreover, females exhibited lower rates of compliance than males, especially when associated with cruiser-type motorcycles. Although the survey did not collect information about the reasons for the increase in novelty helmet use, possible explanations may be that novelty helmets are more readily available at lower cost, and that there is an overall perceived lack of enforcement of the motorcycle helmet use law.

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Radun, Igor, and Jake Olivier. "Bicycle helmet law does not deter cyclists in Finland." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 58 (October 2018): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.022.

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Kraus, J. F., C. Peek, and A. Williams. "Compliance with the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law." American Journal of Public Health 85, no. 1 (January 1995): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.1.96.

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Bledsoe, Gregory H., and Guohua Li. "Trends in Arkansas Motorcycle Trauma After Helmet Law Repeal." Southern Medical Journal 98, no. 4 (April 2005): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000154309.83339.c0.

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Hothem, Zachary, Robert Simon, Wesley Barnes, Azmath Mohammad, Shruti Sevak, Kathryn Ziegler, Anthony Iacco, and Randy Janczyk. "Effects of repealing the motorcycle helmet law in Michigan." American Journal of Surgery 214, no. 3 (September 2017): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.09.052.

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Chapman, Alistair J., Rachel Titus, Hannah Ferenchick, Alan Davis, and Carlos Rodriguez. "Repeal of the Michigan helmet law: early clinical impacts." American Journal of Surgery 207, no. 3 (March 2014): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.12.001.

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Carter, Kelly A., Kori L. Brewer, and Herbert G. Garrison. "Awareness of the Bicycle Helmet Law in North Carolina." North Carolina Medical Journal 68, no. 4 (July 2007): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.68.4.225.

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Mayrose, James. "The effects of a mandatory motorcycle helmet law on helmet use and injury patterns among motorcyclist fatalities." Journal of Safety Research 39, no. 4 (January 2008): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.07.001.

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Buckley, Lisa, C. Raymond Bingham, Carol A. Flannagan, Patrick M. Carter, Farideh Almani, and Jessica B. Cicchino. "Observation of motorcycle helmet use rates in Michigan after partial repeal of the universal motorcycle helmet law." Accident Analysis & Prevention 95 (October 2016): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.009.

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German, Christopher A., Kaewalee Soontornmon, Phathai Singkham, Lokachet Tanasugarn, Ratanachote Thienmongkol, Natirath Weeranakin, Hiroshi Tamura, and Akihiro Nishi. "A Systematic Review on Epidemiology and Promotion of Motorcycle Helmet Use in Thailand." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, no. 5 (July 2019): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519860733.

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Background. Road traffic accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in the entire population, and the first among the youth (ages 15-19 years) in Thailand. The situation in Thailand is worse than in neighboring low- to middle-income countries in the Southeast Asia region. Seventy-three percent of the deaths in the country are motorcycle drivers or passengers. Although motorcyclists (both drivers and passengers) have been obligated to wear helmets by law, the prevalence of helmet use nationwide is not high (43.7% in 2010). Methods. We performed a systematic review to examine potential social determinants of helmet use behavior (observational studies) and to summarize previous intervention studies to promote helmet use (interventional studies) in the country. Studies were identified in PubMed and Web of Science, and by additional review of Thai-written literature. Results. We identified 16 relevant studies for social determinants of helmet use and 5 relevant studies for promoting helmet use in Thailand. Our review shows that several factors such as teens and children (age), women (gender), rural areas (geography), and alcohol drinking (interaction with another behavior) are associated with non-helmet use. We also identified 4 interventional studies implemented in Thailand: 1 law enforcement program and 4 community-based educational programs. Although all the studies improved the prevalence of helmet use after the interventions, only 2 studies exceeded 50%. Conclusion. There is consistent evidence that being younger, being a woman, living in non-Bangkok areas, and drinking alcohol are associated with non-helmet use among motorcycle users in Thailand. We also observed that the effect of past intervention programs is limited.

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Uthkarsh, Pallavi Sarji, Ashok Jayaram, G. Gururaj, MS Rajanna, and Uthkarsha Lokesh. "244 Helmethon: success of helmet campaign in aiding the helmet law enforcement in a district of South India." Injury Prevention 22, Suppl 2 (September 2016): A89.2—A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042156.244.

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Merrill, David. "Richard Dien Winfield, Law in Civil Society (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995)." Hegel Bulletin 22, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200001725.

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Khan, Rizwan, Nadia Krishnan, Manju Dhandapani, and Sivashanmugam Dhandapani. "Helmet Use among Two Wheeler Female Riders." Indian Journal of Neurosurgery 08, no. 01 (March 2019): 034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686963.

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Abstract Introduction The frequency of traffic collisions in India is among the highest in the world with more than 135,000 traffic collision-related deaths occurring every year. The “Global Status Report on Road Safety” listed by the World Health Organization identified the major causes of injury as driving over the speed limit, driving under the influence, and not using helmets and seat belts. Women face unique challenges after traumatic brain injury, due to differential laws and their enforcement. Objectives To assess the use of helmet among female hospital workers (nurses, hospital attendants, sanitary attendants, and security guards) and their attitude toward helmet wearing. Methods Purposive sampling was done among female two-wheeler-riding hospital workers. A questionnaire was developed to study the use of helmet and an attitude Likert scale for assessing attitude toward wearing helmet. Data were collected, coded, and analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Results Of the total 89 women enrolled, 46.4% were mostly pillion riders, and 33% were mostly drivers. Only 19% were using helmet consistently, despite 93% owning it. Eighty-eight percent of the regular users were younger than 25 years, while 80% of the non-users were above 25 years. Even among regular drivers, 40% never wore helmet. Eighty-two percent of the non-users were merely casual despite knowing about its advantages. Conclusion Helmet use is very poor among women (both drivers and pillion riders), despite working in hospital environment and owning helmet. Stricter enforcement of helmet law is needed, as education and knowledge per-se may not instil helmet use.

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Wonghabut, P., J. Kumphong, T. Satiennam, R. Ung-arunyawee, and W. Leelapatra. "Automatic helmet-wearing detection for law enforcement using CCTV cameras." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 143 (April 2018): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/143/1/012063.

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Bledsoe, G. H. "Alcohol, Motorcycle Fatalities, and the Arkansas Motorcycle Helmet Law Repeal." Academic Emergency Medicine 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2004.02.031.

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Servadei, F. "Effect of Italy's motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries." Injury Prevention 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.3.257.

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Sieg, Gernot. "Costs and benefits of a bicycle helmet law for Germany." Transportation 43, no. 5 (June 30, 2015): 935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9632-z.

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Striker, Rebecca H., Alistair J. Chapman, Rachel A. Titus, Alan T. Davis, and Carlos H. Rodriguez. "Repeal of the Michigan helmet law: the evolving clinical impact." American Journal of Surgery 211, no. 3 (March 2016): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.11.004.

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Akl, Ziad, Mona Akl, Charli Eriksson, Mervyn Gifford, and Dalal Koustuv. "Evaluating Helmet Use Among Motorcycle Drivers in Lebanon." Open Public Health Journal 11, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010393.

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Background: The impact of the use of helmet by motorcyclists on motorcycle injuries is enormous. The primary focus of this study was to asses the helmet use among motorcycle riders as well as the helmet quality. Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative studies had been done. Nine observational studies have been done over nine different years between 1997 and 2017 in the same spots. In addition to one qualitative study done in May 2017. Results: The results of the observational studies show a clear fluctuation in the use of helmets (6 - 42%). Whenever there is law enforcement, the percentage of users increases. Upon cessation of enforcement, the percentage of helmet use reduces. About 64% of the helmets inspected did not appear to have a certification, which indicates that the helmet did not meet international standards. Those who had spent less than US$15 on buying their helmets were found wearing a non-certified helmet. Conclusion: Lebanon has failed to pursue a successful and sustainable implementation of the enforcement of helmet use. Although strict enforcement measures are vital, it is almost as important to ban the import of poor quality helmets to the Lebanese market and to make sure that taxation is lower on helmets to enable consumers to buy good quality helmets at a lower price.

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Lepard, Jacob R., Riccardo Spagiari, Jacquelyn Corley, Ernest J. Barthélemy, Eliana Kim, Rolvix Patterson, Sara Venturini, et al. "Differences in outcomes of mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation by country income level: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): e1003795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003795.

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Background The recent Lancet Commission on Legal Determinants of Global Health argues that governance can provide the framework for achieving sustainable development goals. Even though over 90% of fatal road traffic injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) primarily affecting motorcyclists, the utility of helmet laws outside of high-income settings has not been well characterized. We sought to evaluate the differences in outcomes of mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation and determine whether these varied across country income levels. Methods and findings A systematic review and meta-analysis were completed using the PRISMA checklist. A search for relevant articles was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from January 1, 1990 to August 8, 2021. Studies were included if they evaluated helmet usage, mortality from motorcycle crash, or traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidence, with and without enactment of a mandatory helmet law as the intervention. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to rate study quality and funnel plots, and Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to assess for small study bias. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were stratified by high-income countries (HICs) versus LMICs using the random-effects model. Twenty-five articles were included in the final analysis encompassing a total study population of 31,949,418 people. There were 17 retrospective cohort studies, 2 prospective cohort studies, 1 case–control study, and 5 pre–post design studies. There were 16 studies from HICs and 9 from LMICs. The median NOS score was 6 with a range of 4 to 9. All studies demonstrated higher odds of helmet usage after implementation of helmet law; however, the results were statistically significantly greater in HICs (OR: 53.5; 95% CI: 28.4; 100.7) than in LMICs (OR: 4.82; 95% CI: 3.58; 6.49), p-value comparing both strata < 0.0001. There were significantly lower odds of motorcycle fatalities after enactment of helmet legislation (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61; 0.83) with no significant difference by income classification, p-value: 0.27. Odds of TBI were statistically significantly lower in HICs (OR: 0.61, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.69) than in LMICs (0.79, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.86) after enactment of law (p-value: 0.0001). Limitations of this study include variability in the methodologies and data sources in the studies included in the meta-analysis as well as the lack of available literature from the lowest income countries or from the African WHO region, in which helmet laws are least commonly present. Conclusions In this study, we observed that mandatory helmet laws had substantial public health benefits in all income contexts, but some outcomes were diminished in LMIC settings where additional measures such as public education and law enforcement might play critical roles.

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Bunker, Matthew D. "Application of Libel Law Principles by Kansas Editors." Newspaper Research Journal 13, no. 3 (June 1992): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299201300303.

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Carter, Patrick M., Lisa Buckley, Carol A. C. Flannagan, Jessica B. Cicchino, Mark Hemmila, Patrick J. Bowman, Farideh Almani, and C. Raymond Bingham. "The Impact of Michigan’s Partial Repeal of the Universal Motorcycle Helmet Law on Helmet Use, Fatalities, and Head Injuries." American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 1 (January 2017): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303525.

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Drysdale, Thomas A. "Helmet-to-Helmet Contact: Avoiding a Lifetime Penalty by Creating a Duty to Scan Active NFL Players for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy." Journal of Legal Medicine 34, no. 4 (October 2013): 425–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2013.859969.

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Vishwanath, N. S. "(P2-87) Policy Study of the Helmet Legislation in Kerala, India and its Implications." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11005322.

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BackgroundWhen implemented properly, universal helmet law increases helmet use substantially, bringing along a reduction in mortality and morbidity due to head injuries. Kerala has seen tremendous success in regards to various indicators for health within India. But when it comes to wearing helmets, the state lags behind others with reported rates as less as 27%.MethodA cross-sectional survey of 300 two-wheel drivers in Thiruvananthapuram City was preformed, which looked into helmet wearing patterns, their determinants, and the risk perception among the respondents. Further, a content analysis of newspaper reports pertaining to helmet legislation from the Thiruvananthapuram edition of two leading newspapers was performed. The reports included were from the periods of July 2003 to June 2005 and July 2008 to June 2010. Lastly, in-depth interviews were conducted with informants from among the key stakeholders in helmet policy of the state.ResultsThe study found 36.8% of the respondents wear a helmet. A scale to measure risk perception was developed for the purpose of this study. The four-item scale has been found to have internal consistency with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.74. The risk perception measured by using this scale has significant relation with helmet-wearing behavior. The content analysis helped in deriving a historical perspective of the policy along with the themes of reporting. The informant interviews provided expert opinions, problem identification, and specific recommendations.DiscussionThe practice of wearing a helmet is low, and people with lower risk perception have greater tendency not to wear helmets. Other findings also show that there are gaps in policy and lack of visionary leadership as far as the policy toward helmet legislation and its implementation.

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Wen, Wei Cai, and Dong Ming Fu. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Density of EPS Buffer Layer on the Cushioning Property of Motorcycle Helmet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 455 (November 2013): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.455.539.

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Build the model of motocross-style helmet with a dual - density and series-parallel EPS buffer layer and trial-produce helmet samples. Establish the impact experiment of the helmet model and obtain the values of HIC and Peak ACC based on the testing regulations of ECE R22.05. According to the analysis of the test results, the influence law of different EPS material densities to cushioning effect of the helmet was analyzed specifically. Experimental results show that the minimum values of HIC and Peak ACC can be obtained when the density of EPS is designed to be 0.06g/cm3; a dual - density and series - parallel EPS buffer layer has higher than 76 % of the energy absorption efficiency, and this buffer structure well reduces the values of HIC and Peak ACC, and provides effective protection for the head.

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Lober, William B., and Daniel G. Judkins. "48. Age, Sex, Ethanol Levels, and Helmet Use Among Injured Motorcyclists." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, S2 (September 1996): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00045696.

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Introduction: Previous studies of motorcycle injuries show that helmet use is associated with a decrease in head trauma. Understanding patterns of helmet use is important in selecting and assessing injury prevention strategies.Methods: All 470 motorcyclists presenting to either of two regional Level I trauma centers from 7/93 through 12/95 comprise this case series. Thirty-three patients were excluded due to unknown helmet use or outcome, and 50 due to age under 18 years (for whom helmet use was required by state law).Results: Of 386 patients, 42% wore helmets, and 58% did not, with no difference in the mean ages of the groups. 13% of patients were women (n = 50), and 10% were passengers (n = 38). Women were 25 times more likely than men to be passengers (95% CI: 11 to 50), and passengers were 5 times more likely than drivers to not wear a helmet (95% CI: 2 to 16). Helmet use was not related to sex, even when the data were controlled for driver vs. passenger. Of 265 patients assayed for ethanol, 30% had >100 mg/dL, 7% had <100 mg/dL, and 63% had none. Non-helmeted patients were 3.6 more likely than helmeted ones to have detectable ethanol (95% CI: 2.0 to 6.5), but there was no association with sex or age. The mean ethanol level was 80 mg/dL in non-helmet users, and 24 mg/dL in helmet users (p <0.001). 39% of non-helmeted patients were legally intoxicated (ethanol > 100 mg/dL), compared to 11% of helmeted ones.

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Leonard, Elizabeth Weeks. "Teaching Health Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 1 (2009): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00358.x.

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In long Midwestern winters, two things are certain: snow and basketball. But two things that you cannot count on are snow day school closures and a home-team collegiate basketball championship. In Kansas last winter, we had both. Winter precipitation was much above average, resulting in a rare invocation of the University's inclement weather policy to cancel classes in early February. And the Kansas Jayhawks basketball team brought home the National Collegiate Athletic Association championship trophy for the first time in two decades. The Chancellor commemorated the achievement with a campuswide celebration, including all-day class cancellation. This is all well and good. I am all for respecting Mother Nature's forces and celebrating remarkable athletic accomplishments.But the combination of events does leave law professors nearing the end of the semester in a bit of a quandary. How to make up the cancelled classes to ensure compliance with American Bar Association accreditation instructional hours requirements? How to cover the missed course content? How to find mutually agreeable make-up class times and locations with a group of busy, upper-level law students?

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Brock, Deon, Suzanne Klaus, Lisa Harbour, and Tammy Nash. "Stress and Police in Kansas." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 75, no. 1 (March 2002): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x0207500104.

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This study examines law enforcement-related stress for the officers of one county in southwestern Kansas. The authors intend to uncover the potential sources of officer and/or family stress and identify how this might impact on overall family life/harmony. We intend to discover which independent variables (shift work, crowd control, press problems, etc.) exhibit the strongest relationship with the officer's perception of stress and his/her perception of its association with family stress. All officers of all law enforcement agencies of the county will be provided a survey.

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Pervin, Aaron. "Viet Nam’s mandatory motorcycle helmet law and its impact on children." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.057109.

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Scuffham, Paul, Jonathan Alsop, Colin Cryer, and John D. Langley. "Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law." Accident Analysis & Prevention 32, no. 4 (July 2000): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00081-0.

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Halpern, Lucy Wang. "Rollback of Michiganʼs Motorcycle Helmet Law Results in More Head Injuries." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 117, no. 3 (March 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000513274.45764.f0.

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Robinson, D. L. "Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law." Accident Analysis & Prevention 33, no. 5 (September 2001): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(00)00073-7.

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