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Yani, Sri Ida. "HUBUNGAN SANITASI DENGAN INFEKSI TELUR CACING PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR." Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory 9, no. 1 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33992/m.v9i1.1344.
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Worm infections in humans are caused by intestinal nematode worms, namely Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH), which are transmitted through contaminated soil through direct contact with parasite eggs or larvae in the soil. School-age children are a group that has a high risk of STH infection because they are often exposed to soil, contaminated water, and lack of awareness of personal hygiene. Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) transmission through eggs is excreted in the form of feces or urine which contaminates soil and water that has poor sanitation and water supply. Worm infection in children of basic age can cause stunted growth and development of children, disability, and blindness. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation and infection of intestinal worm eggs (Soil Transmitted Helmint) in elementary school children in Bangli Regency. Respondents who were examined were 30, namely elementary school students in Bangli Regency starting from grades 1-6. School environmental sanitation data obtained by a questionnaire with the observation method. The data on worms for the respondents were obtained by taking fecal samples and examined using the direct method at the Parasitology Laboratory of STIKes Wira Medika Bali. The results showed that the overall sanitation condition of the school environment in Bangli Regency was 90% good and the prevalence of worm infections in elementary school children in Bangli Regency was 3.3%. There is no relationship between environmental sanitation and infection of intestinal worm eggs (Soil Transmitted Helmint) in elementary school children in Bangli Regency (p-value 0.05).. Keywords: Soil Transmitted Helmints, elementary school children, direct slide method, Necator americanus
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Berdibaev, Shakarboev, Akhunova, and Golovanov. "HELMINTS OF FOXES OF KARAKALPAKSTAN." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.46-52.
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The species composition of the helminths of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) on the territory of Karakalpakstan was studied. The material for this work was the collection of helminths from 27 foxes (13♂ and 14♀), procured on the territory of Muinak, Kanlykul, Kegeyli and Beruny districts of Karakalpakstan, as well as the Karakalpak part of Kyzylkum in different seasons of 2017–2019 years. The research results show that a fox in the territory of Karakalpakstan registered 35 species of helminths, including 9 species of cestodes, 4 species of trematodes, 3 species of acantocephalus and 19 species of nematodes belonging to 29 genera, 21 families, 14 suborders, 4 classes and 3 types fauna. Helminths are localized in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems. Most cases of invasion have been reported in associative form. Some helminths cause serious illness in humans and live-stock animals. 35 species of helminths were found in a fox in Karakalpakstan. The total extent of foxes is 100% helminthic. The basis of this community was cestodes (25.7%) and nematodes (54.3%), of which Dirofilaria immitis, Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis dominated in all quantitative indicators. The proportion of trematodes and acantocephalus is – 20.0%.
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Umar, Zaidina. "Perilaku Cuci Tangan Sebelum Makan dan Kecacingan pada Murid SD di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 2, no. 6 (2008): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v2i6.244.
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Di Indonesia penyakit cacingan tersebar luas di pedesaan dan di perkotaan dengan prevalensi semua umur 40%-60% dan murid SD 60-80%. Survei Depkes RI di 10 propinsi di Indonesia menemukan prevalensi kecacingan di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan tahun 2003 (85, 8%) dan tahun 2005 (51,4% ) lebih tinggi dari kabupaten lain. Angka infeksi kecacingan tinggi dipengaruhi oleh kebersihan diri, sanitasi lingkungan dan kebiasaan penduduk. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan perilaku cuci tangan dengan kejadian kecacingan pada murid SD Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional ini menggunakan data sekunder hasil survei kecacingan Depkes RI tahun 2005, jumlah sampel 257 orang. Diagnosis penyakit kecacingan ditegakkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan telur cacing pada tinja dengan metode Katto-Katz. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perilaku cuci tangan memakai air dan sabun sebelum makan terbukti berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian kecacingan (OR=2,35, 95% CI=1,40-3,94), variabel lain yang berhubungan bermakna adalah perilaku BAB tidak dijamban dengan nilai OR = 2,64 (95%CI=1,46-4,77) dan perilaku jajan bukan di warung sekolah (OR =1,96 (95% CI=1,06-3,65). Murid SD dan masyarakat disarankan mencuci tangan sebelum makan dengan air dan sabun. Di samping pengobatan, perlu dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan dan peningkatan PHBS pada murid dengan pemeriksaan berkala perilaku dan kebersihan diri di sekolah.Kata kunci : Cuci tangan, kecacingan, kebersihan diri, sanitasi lingkunganAbstractIn Indonesia, helminth infection spread out at rural and urban community with prevalence at elementary school of 60% - 80% and for all age of 40%-60%. Helminths prevalence in Pesisir Selatan district is higher than that of other districts which was 85, 8 % on 2003 and 51,4 on 2005. Helmints infection depends on personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and residential habit. The objective of the this study is to know relationship between hand washing behaviour before eating with helminths occurrence among elementary school students in Pesisir Selatan. This research uses cross sectional design, using secondary data of helminths survey of Ministry of Health RI on 2005, with total sample of 257 students. Helminths disease diagnosis was based on laboratory examination of helminth eggs in human feces using Katto-Katz methods. Research’s results showing that hand washing behaviour before eating is related to helminths occurrence (OR= 2,35, 95% CI = 1,40-3,94), other variables with statistically significant relationship to helminths occurrence is defecation behavior not at the toilet (OR = 2,64; (95% CI OR =1,46-4,77) and eating snacks in small shop at school (OR= 1,96 ;95% CI=1,06-3,65). It is recommended to elementary school student and society to familiarize to hand washing before eating with water and soap. In order to prevent and eradicate helminths disease, beside curative effort, there is a need to do health counseling about healthy and clean living (PHBS), undertaking periodical evaluation on behaviour and personal hygiene of student at school.Keywords : Hand washing, helminths, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation
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Kreisinger, Jakub, Géraldine Bastien, Heidi C. Hauffe, Julian Marchesi, and Sarah E. Perkins. "Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1675 (2015): 20140295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0295.
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The gut microbiota is vital to host health and, as such, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms altering its composition and diversity. Intestinal helminths are host immunomodulators and have evolved both temporally and spatially in close association with the gut microbiota, resulting in potential mechanistic interplay. Host–helminth and host–microbiota interactions are comparatively well-examined, unlike microbiota–helminth relationships, which typically focus on experimental infection with a single helminth species in laboratory animals. Here, in addition to a review of the literature on helminth–microbiota interactions, we examined empirically the association between microbiota diversity and composition and natural infection of multiple helminth species in wild mice ( Apodemus flavicollis ), using 16S rRNA gene catalogues (metataxonomics). In general, helminth presence is linked with high microbiota diversity, which may confer health benefits to the host. Within our wild rodent system variation in the composition and abundance of gut microbial taxa associated with helminths was specific to each helminth species and occurred both up- and downstream of a given helminth's niche (gut position). The most pronounced helminth–microbiota association was between the presence of tapeworms in the small intestine and increased S24–7 (Bacteroidetes) family in the stomach. Helminths clearly have the potential to alter gut homeostasis. Free-living rodents with a diverse helminth community offer a useful model system that enables both correlative (this study) and manipulative inference to elucidate helminth–microbiota interactions.
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Marques, Adson Ribeiro, Wládia Patricia Cavalcante da Cunha, Ruben Horn Vasconcelos, et al. "PESQUISA DE HELMINTOS EM POMBOS URBANOS E DE CATIVEIRO (COLUMBA LIVIA)/RESEARCH OF HELMINTS IN FERAL AND RACING PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA)." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 10 (2020): 74725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n10-048.
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Dovgyi, Y., L. Shendrik, D. Feschenko, O. Boyko та L. Faly. "Нематоди диких копитних України". Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 2, № 2 (2011): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021125.
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Strongylata, Rhabditata and Ascaridata eelworms were found in wild hoofs (roe deers and wild boars) in Ukraine. Strongylata are presented by Globocephalus sp., Dictyocaulus viviparous (Bloch), D. еckerti Skrjabin, Muellerius sp., Cystocaulus sp., Protostrongylus sp., Haemonchus contortus Rundolphi, Marshallagia marshalli (Ransom), Nematodirus oiratianus Rajevskaja, Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold), Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet), Oesophagostomum venulosus (Rudolphi), O. dentatm (Rudolphi) and Chabertia ovina (Raill.). The helmints Strongyloides papillosus Wedl, S. ransomi Scwartz et Al. and Ascaris suum (Goeze) were identified for Rhabditata and Ascaridata.
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Jegede, O. C. "Anthelmintic Activities (In Vitro And In Vivo) of Some Plant Extracts – A Review." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 2, no. 2 (2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/9102.20.0251.
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Several plants are found to possess potent medicinal and phytochemical compounds used globally for the treatment of diseases and the discovery of new drugs. Plants with anthelmintic properties have attained a great interest due to their usage in treatment of parasitic (helminthic) diseases that cause major economic loss, resulting to reduced livestock production capacity of farmers. The major impediment in the livestock subsector is the increasing problems of development of resistance to synthetic drugs by the helminths and or high cost of commercially produced anthelmintics and their resultant side effects than the treatment efficacy in the host. Helminthosis is a clinical condition that represents one of the commonly encountered and most important diseases in ruminant farming. This clinical condition is aggravated by indiscriminate use of anthelmintics in an attempt to control the infection, thereby causing resistance of the parasitic helminths to synthetic drugs. This has led to the screening of plant extracts for their anthelmintic properties thereby serving as alternative strategies against gastrointestinal parasitic resistance. However, eighty percent of the world populations use natural plant compounds as anthelmintics for treatment of parasitic infections. Hence, the folkloric claims of the anthelmintic properties of plants extracts for the treatment of helminthes is necessarily important and of great interest. Therefore, this review unveils previous pharmacological and preliminary studies on plants as anthelmintics able to reduce helmintic infections and overcoming helminth parasite resistance.
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Jasman, Rian Primadi, Rahmadani Sitepu, and Selly Oktaria. "PERBEDAAN SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS (STH) PADA SAYURAN DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DAN PASAR MODERN." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 6, no. 1 (2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jikk.v6i1.944.
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Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helmiths (STH) masih merupakan masalah di banyak daerah di dunia, terdapat lebih dari 1,5 milyar orang atau 2,4% dari populasi dunia terinfeksi kecacingan yang ditularkan melalui tanah.Distribusi STH di Indonesia mencakup seluruh pulau yang ada di Indonesia, dimana prevalensi tertinggi terdapat di Papua dan Sumatera Utara dengan prevalensi antara 50% hingga 80%. Salah satu sumber penularannya adalah air dan lumpur yang digunakan dalam budidaya sayuran. Kontaminasi cacingan dapat terjadi terutama pada sayuran yang menjalar di permukaan tanah atau ketinggiaannya dekat dengan tanah. Penelitian yang akan dilakukan adalah penelitian analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional (potong melintang). Sampel penelitian ini berupa sayuran yang terdiri dari selada, daun bawang, kol, bayam, dan sawi sebanyak 50 sampel yang di ambil dari pasar tradisional dan pasar modern di Kota Medan. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa hasil STH positif tertinggi di pasar tradisional sebanyak 10 sayuran atau (40%) dan hasil STH positif terendah di pasar modern sebanyak 3 sayuran atau (25%).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan STH dari sayuran yang dijual di pasar tradisional dengan pasar modern yang dibuktikan dengan nilai p pada perbandingan ini adalah p=0,035, jadi terdapat perbedaan kontaminasi Soil Transmitted Helmints antara pasar tradisional dan pasar modern.
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Yurchenko, I. S., and E. I. Anisimova. "Special composition of helmints of the raccoon dog in the Polesie Radioecological Reserve." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 1 (2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-1-76-81.
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It has been established that the racoon dog is a definitive host of epidemic and epizootic significance types of helminths, as a result of which on the territory of the Poles State Radiation and Environmental Reserve formed natural pockets of alariosis, thrichinellosis, sparganosis, opistorhosis, paragonimosis, etc.
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Zvegintsova, N. S., M. Yu Treus, and T. A. Kuzmina. "Helminths of saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica L.) in the “Askania Nova” Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine." Helminthologia 52, no. 3 (2015): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0036.
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Abstract Analysis of the species composition and community structure of helminths in saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) was performed using multi-year (1979-2013) data collected from the “Askania Nova” Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine. During this period, 31 saiga antelopes of different ages (7 calves, 24 adults) were examined; totally, more then 63,900 helminth specimens were collected and identified by morphological criteria. Levels of saiga infection by nematodes were from 39 to 671 EPG (207±132 SD); seasonal fluctuations in saiga infections were insignificant (Mann-Whitney test; p>0.05).Nineteen helminth species were found in saigas in the “Askania Nova”: 3 species of Cestoda (Avitellina centripunctata, Moniezia expansa and Taenia hydatigena) and 16 species of Nematoda (Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Cooperia oncophora, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Aonchotheca bovis, Skrjabinema ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. probolorus, Ostertagia ostertagi, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, Nematodirus spp., Trichurus ovis). From 2 to 13 species per one host were observed. Nematodes dominated within the parasite community and composed more then 99 % of the total helminths found. Significant differences were found in helminth diversity between young and adult saigas (p<0.05). Prevalence- frequency distribution revealed multimodal structure of helminth community with dominant, subdominant, background and rare species. The highest number of helminthes (14 species and 50 % of the total amount) inhabited the small intestine; 11 species (45 %) were found in the abomasum and 9 species (5 %) in the large intestine. The Bray-Curtis cluster analysis revealed significant differences within the helminth communities in saigas from the “Askania Nova” Biosphere Reserve and saigas from Kazakhstan, Dagestan and Kalmykia.
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Trismiharto, Akbar Haryo Widhi, Suzanita Utama, Koesnoto Supranianondo, Djoko Poetranto, Setiawan Koesdarto, and Muchammad Yunus. "Identification of Worm Eggs in Faeces of Egrets (Egretta sp.) in Surabaya." Journal of Parasite Science 2, no. 2 (2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v2i2.16399.
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The aim of this research was to identify worm eggs species that infected Egrets in Surabaya. A total of 40 samples were taken and faecal examination was conducted in the Laboratory by means of native, sedimentation, and floating methods, In floating method saturated brown sugar solution was used as floating media because brown sugar solution was faster in floating worm eggs. Then further examination of the worm eggs species were matched by microscopic taxonomy and textbook comparison observation. Eggs of three classes of helmints, Trematode, Cestode, and Nematode were found in faeces of Egrets in Surabaya. Species of the Nematode eggs found were Ascaris sp., Ascaridia galli, , Capillaria sp., Toxocara cati. Species of Cestode class egg found were Raillietina sp, from Trematode class were Echinostoma revolutum.
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Ramayanti, Indri, Jundi Zahid Ghufron, and Sheilla Yonaka Lindri. "PREVALENSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTS (STH) PADA MURID SD NEGERI 149 DI KECAMATAN GANDUS KOTA PALEMBANG." Syifa' MEDIKA: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 11, no. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/sm.v11i2.2720.
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Ibrahimova, R. Sh, and N. M. Rzayev. "Measures against the influence of helmints of pets on the productivity of ruminants in Azerbaijan." "Veterinary Medicine" Journal 25, no. 4 (2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.4.45-49.
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Zaman, Rimi Farhana, Ameena Khatun, Shahela Alam, Farhana Muznebin, and Hamida Khanum. "Comparative incidence of Helminth parasites in domestic fowl, white leg horne, layer and cock." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (2017): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v44i2.32764.
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Investigation on gastrointestinal helminths was conducted on 20 domestic fowl, 20 white leghorn, 20 layer and 20 cock of Dhaka city. Six species of helminth belonging to trematode, cestode and nematode were found to infect the different parts of alimentary canal of domestic fowl. The prevalence of helminths in domestic fowl were as follows: Catatropis verrucosa (25%), Amoebotaenia sphenoides (10%), Hymenolepis cantaniana (35%), Rallietina echinobothrida (55%), Ascardia galli (70%) and Heterakis gallinarum (30%) whereas, in white leghorn the prevalence of Rallietina echinobothrida (20%) and Ascardia galli (35%) were recorded. In layer, higher prevalence of Rallietina echinobothrida (55%) and Ascardia galli (60%) were recorded; in cock the prevalence of specific helminthes were as follows: Hymenolepis cantaniana (10%), Rallietina echinobothrida (40%), Cotugnia digonopora (20%), Ascardia galli (60%) and Heterakis gallinarum (25%). Along with the prevalence and intensity of infestation of different species of parasites, intensity were also recorded. Highest number of parasites were collected from intestine.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(2): 245-254, 2016
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Torre, I., A. Arrizabalaga, C. Feliu, and A. Ribas. "The helminth infracommunities of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) two years after the fire in Mediterranean forests." Helminthologia 50, no. 1 (2013): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-013-0104-8.
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AbstractParasites have been recognized as indicators for natural or man-induced environmental stress and perturbation. In this article, we investigated the role of two non-exclusive hypotheses on the response of helminths of wood mice to fire perturbation: 1) a reduction of the helminth infracommunity (species richness) in post-fire areas due to the temporal lack of worms with indirect (complex) life cycles linked to intermediate hosts that are more specialized than the final host, and 2) an increase of the abundance of helminths with direct (simple) life cycles as a response of increasing abundances of the final host, may be in stressful conditions linked to the post-fire recolonization process.We studied the helminth infracommunities of 97 wood mice in two recently burned plots (two years after the fire) and two control plots in Mediterranean forests of NE Spain. Species richness of helminths found in control plots (n = 14) was twice large than in burned ones (n = 7). Six helminth species were negatively affected by fire perturbation and were mainly or only found in unburned plots. Fire increased the homogeneity of helminth infracommunities, and burned plots were characterised by higher dominance, and higher parasitation intensity. We found a gradient of frequency of occurrence of helminth species according to life cycle complexity in burned areas, being more frequent monoxenous (66.6 %), than diheteroxenous (33.3 %) and triheteroxenous (0 %), confirming the utility of helminths as bioindicators for ecosystem perturbations. Despite the short period studied, our results pointed out an increase in the abundance and prevalence of some direct life cycle helminths in early postfire stages, whereas indirect life cycle helminths were almost absent. A mismatch between the final host (that showed a fast recovery shortly after the fire), and the intermediate hosts (that showed slow recoveries shortly after the fire), was responsible for the loss of half of the helminth species.
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Martin, J. E., and V. Roca. "Helminth infracommunities of a population of the Gran Canaria giant lizard Gallotia stehlini." Journal of Helminthology 78, no. 4 (2004): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2004260.
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AbstractA survey of gastro-intestinal helminth communities of Gallotia stehlini (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Gran Canaria island (Canary Archipelago, Spain), was conducted to determine the prevalence, abundance and species diversity of intestinal parasites in these lizards. Pharyngodonid nematodes were the most common intestinal helminths, three species being Gallotia specialists. Helminth infracommunities of G. stehlini were rich and appear to be closer to the interactive end of the continuum isolationist–interactive helminth communities, according to the high values of helminth diversity. It is the first case of a saurian reptile showing this kind of diverse helminth infracommunity, produced by a large size, a wide-ranging plant diet and exposure to helminths with direct life-cycles.
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Degarege, A., A. Animut, G. Medhin, M. Legesse, and B. Erko. "The association between multiple intestinal helminth infections and blood group, anaemia and nutritional status in human populations from Dore Bafeno, southern Ethiopia." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 2 (2013): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000855.
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AbstractIn this cross-sectional study, the associations between helminth infections and ABO blood group, anaemia and undernutrition were investigated in 480 febrile outpatients who visited Dore Bafeno Health Centre, southern Ethiopia, in December 2010. Stool specimens were processed using the Kato–Katz method and examined for intestinal helminth infections. Haemoglobin level was measured using a HemoCue machine and blood group was determined using an antisera haemagglutination test. Nutritional status of the study participants was assessed using height and weight measurements. Among the study participants, 50.2% were infected with intestinal helminths. Ascaris lumbricoides (32.7%), Trichuris trichiura (12.7%), Schistosoma mansoni (11.9%) and hookworm (11.0%) were the most frequently diagnosed helminths. The odds of infection and mean eggs per gram of different intestinal helminth species were comparable between the various blood groups. Among individuals who were infected with intestinal helminth(s), the mean haemoglobin level was significantly lower in individuals harbouring three or more helminth species and blood type AB compared to cases with double or single helminth infection and blood type O, respectively. The odds of being underweight was significantly higher in A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infected individuals of age ≤ 5 and ≥ 20 years, respectively, when compared to individuals of the matching age group without intestinal helminths. In conclusion, infection with multiple intestinal helminths was associated with lower haemoglobin level, which was more severe in individuals with blood type AB. Future studies should focus on mechanisms by which blood group AB exacerbates the helminth-related reduction in mean haemoglobin level.
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Li, Yue, Hung-lin Chen, Nadine Bannick, et al. "Intestinal Helminth Colonization Regulates Lethal Graft Versus Host Disease and Preserves Graft Versus Tumor in Bone Marrow Transplanted Mice." Blood 124, no. 21 (2014): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1102.1102.
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Abstract Introduction.Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a frequent and severe complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Novel and less toxic treatment regimens are needed to suppress GVHD and preserve graft versus tumor (GVT). Self-limited intestinal helminth colonization stimulates host regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets. The intestine is a prime organ in GVHD generation, with Tregs playing a pivotal role in controlling GVHD. Treg-mediated suppression of GVHD preserves GVT. We hypothesized that self-limited intestinal colonization with helminths protects BMT mice from lethal acute GVHD and preserves the GVT. Methods. Three weeks after administering 3rd stage adult Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae into 5-6 week old male WT Balb/C recipient mice (H2d), we initiated H2b→H2d MHC I/II mismatch model of acute GVHD by total body irradiation (TBI; 850 cGy) and administration of total splenic T cells and T cell depleted (TCD) bone marrow (BM) cells from male C57BL/6 WT (MHC: H2b) donors into uninfected control and helminth-infected male wild-type (WT) Balb/C (MHC: H2d) bone marrow recipients. In certain experiments, we used donor T cells from TGFβ RII dominant negative (DN) (TGFβ RII DN) mice (MHC: H2b) whose T cells are unresponsive to TGFβ-mediated immune regulation due to over-expression of a truncated TGFβ receptor II. Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα) cytokine generation was analyzed by ELISA. Splenic and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were stained for H2b, H2d, T cell surface markers and FoxP3. Tissues were analyzed for GVHD-related inflammation. GVT was assessed in uninfected and helminth-infected BMT recipients by administration of luciferase expressing A20 leukemia/lymphoma cells (A20-luc; H2d) and IVIS imaging. Statistical and survival difference between groups was determined by Student’s t-test and Kaplan Meier curves, respectively. Results. Helminths increased ~3-fold CD4 T cell and FoxP3+ Treg TGFβ generation (p<0.01 btw uninfected and helminth-infected). Helminths suppressed donor T cell Th1 cytokine production (p<0.05 btw control and helminth-infected mice (N=3)) and regulated clinical as well as histopathological (colon and lung) GVHD score (p<0.05 between control and helminth-infected, for each parameter from multiple experiments). Helminths promoted the survival of recipient T cells after TBI (Spleen control: 1.4±0.9 x 104 vs. helminth-infected: 11.0±6.9 x 104 CD3+ T cells (N=8; p<0.05); MLN control: 0.09±0.09 x 104 vs. helminth-infected: 6.0±5.2 x 104 (N=8; p<0.001)). Surviving T cells in H. polygyrus-colonized mice were enriched for FoxP3+ Tregs (spleen: 1.16±0.6 x 104 and MLN: 0.65 ±0.56 x 104 FoxP3+ Tregs). Recipient T cells enriched for Tregs survived during GVHD, as analyzed 6 days after BMT (3.3±1.1% of splenic and 15.9±3.5% of MLN host T cells being FoxP3+ Tregs). The number of recipient T cells in uninfected BMT mice was low for further Treg analysis. Helminths increased the number of GVHD-regulating donor-derived H2b+ FoxP3+ Tregs (Spleen: 66±32 x 103 (control) vs. 206±73 x 103 (helminth-infected) Tregs per mouse (p<0.05; N=6); MLN: 1.6 ±1.1 x 103 (control) vs. 4.9±2.0 x 103(helminth-infected) Tregs per mouse (p<0.05; N=4). Helminth infection was associated with >15 weeks survival of 40% of recipients, while all uninfected BMT recipient mice died of GVHD (p<0.01 between uninfected (N=10) and helminth-infected (N=10) WT recipients). Helminths did not promote the survival of recipients, when T cells unresponsive to TGFβ were used as donor lymphocytes. Helminths preserved the GVT in BMT mice transferred A20-luc. All uninfected and helminth-infected TCD BM transferred recipients died within few weeks displaying significant luciferase activity, while no luciferase signal was evident at day 70 in surviving (5/9) helminth-infected mice administered TCD BM and splenic T cells along with A20-luc. Uninfected mice (9/9) transferred splenic T cells, TCD BM and A20-luc died of GVHD without showing luciferase activity. Conclusions. Our results show that (1) helminths stimulate TGFβ producing host T cells and FoxP3+ Tregs that survive BMT conditioning with TBI; (2) helminths regulate GVHD by inducing donor Tregs and in a TGFβ dependent manner; (3) helminths preserve GVT. With a safe side-effect profile, helminths or helminth products have the potential to be investigated as an alternative strategy to prevent or treat GVHD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Smales, L. R., and D. M. Spratt. "Helminth assemblages of Uromys spp. (Muridae : Hydromyinae) from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua Indonesia and comparison with assemblages in Melomys spp." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 2 (2008): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08011.
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This study documents the helminth assemblages of Uromys caudimaculatus (Krefft, 1867) from Papua New Guinea and Australia as well as listing helminths found in U. anak Thomas, 1907 from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and U. hadrourus (Winter, 1984) from Queensland Australia. In total, 36 species of helminth, comprising one acanthocephalan, three cestodes (excluding unidentifiable fragments) and 32 nematodes (including two not identified to genus) from 65 hosts were found. The Trichostrongylina nematodes were the dominant group of helminths, the most prevalent species being Odilia uromyos (Mawson, 1961), found in each of the species of Uromys across all regions, and O. melomyos (Mawson, 1961), occurring in U. caudimaculatus from Papua New Guinea and Australia. The helminth species assemblage from U. caudimaculatus, 14 species of helminth from 11 hosts from Papua New Guinea and 23 species of helminth from 51 hosts from Australia, had high species richness but was relatively equitable overall (1/SI = 0.92). The differences found between the helminth assemblages of U. caudimaculatus from Papua New Guinea and Australia suggest that U. caudimaculatus may have travelled to Australia from New Guinea with a small pool of helminth species that was subsequently added to by host switching from sympatric rodent hosts. Alternatively, U. caudimaculatus may have lost many of the helminths that travelled with it following arrival in Australia.
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Cardoso, Thiago dos Santos, Caryne Aparecida de Carvalho Braga, Carla Elizabeth Macabu, et al. "Helminth metacommunity structure of wild rodents in a preserved area of the Atlantic Forest, Southeast Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 4 (2018): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180066.
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Abstract The helminth fauna and metacommunity structure of eight sympatric sigmodontine rodents were investigated at the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, an Atlantic Forest reserve located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Rodents of the species Abrawayaomys ruschii, Akodon montensis, Blarinomys breviceps , Delomys dorsalis, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Oxymycterus quaestor and Thaptomys nigrita were found infected with helminths. Akodon montensis presented the highest total helminth species richness, with six different species of helminths. The nematode Stilestrongylus lanfrediae was the most abundant and prevalent helminth species observed. The host-parasite network analysis showed little interactions among host species. Akodon montensis seems to act as a keystone-species in the rodent community. This species shared the nematodes Stilestrongylus aculeata with A. ruschii and Protospirura numidica criceticola with T. nigrita, and the cestode Rodentolepis akodontis with D. dorsalis. The congeners host species O. flavescens and O. nigripes shared the nematodes Guerrerostrongylus zetta and S. lanfrediae. The rodents B. breviceps and O. quaestor did not share any helminths with other hosts. The helminth metacommunity showed a random pattern on both infracommunity and component community levels, indicating different responses by each helminth species to the environmental gradient.
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Mosconi, Ilaria, Lalit Kumar Dubey, Beatrice Volpe, et al. "Parasite Proximity Drives the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells in Peyer's Patches following Intestinal Helminth Infection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 9 (2015): 3657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00266-15.
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Helminth infections are typically chronic in nature; however, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these parasites promote or thwart host immunity remain unclear. Worm expulsion requires the differentiation of CD4+T cells into Th2 cells, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) act to dampen the extent of the Th2 response. Priming of T cells requires drainage or capture of antigens within lymphoid tissues, and in the case of intestinal helminths, such sites include the mucosa-associated Peyer's patches (PPs) and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). To gain insight into when and where the activation of the adaptive T cell response takes place following intestinal helminth infection, we analyzed Th2 and Treg responses in the PPs and MLN following infection with the murine intestinal helminthHeligmosomoides polygyrusbakeri. Protective Th2 responses were observed to be largely restricted to the MLN, while a greater expansion of Tregs occurred within the PPs. Interestingly, those PPs that formed a contact with the parasite showed the greatest degree of Treg expansion and no evidence of type 2 cytokine production, indicating that the parasite may secrete products that act in a local manner to selectively promote Treg expansion. This view was supported by the finding thatH. polygyrusbakerilarvae could promote Treg proliferationin vitro. Taken together, these data indicate that different degrees of Treg expansion and type 2 cytokine production occur within the PPs and MLN following infection with the intestinal helminthH. polygyrusbakeriand indicate that these organs exhibit differential responses following infection with intestinal helminths.
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Foronda, P., J. C. Casanova, E. Figueruelo, N. Abreu, and C. Feliu. "The helminth fauna of the barbary partridgeAlectoris barbarain Tenerife, Canary Islands." Journal of Helminthology 79, no. 2 (2005): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2005277.
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AbstractThe helminth fauna of the barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) in Tenerife Island (Canary Archipelago) was studied from 2001 to 2002, as there were no records of helminths from this host in the Canary Islands. Seven helminth species were identified: two cestodesChoanotaenia infundibulumandLyruterina nigropunctata, and five nematodesAonchotheca caudinflata,Baruscapillaria obsignata,Eucoleus annulatus,Ascaridia galliandHeterakis gallinarum.Lyruterina nigropunctata,A. galli and E. annulatusare recorded for first time inA. barbara. An analysis of available data onAlectorisspp. reveals the importance of intermediate hosts such as arthropods and earthworms in the diet of partridges. Terrestrial helminths are dominant species, with monoxenous and heteroxenous species being present in similar numbers in differentAlectorisspecies along their geographical distribution. Helminth species found in Tenerife fromA. barbaraare poor indicators of the host colonization from North Africa because these helminths are species that are commonly found in fowl with a cosmopolitan distribution.
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Brosschot, Tara P., Katherine M. Lawrence, Brandon E. Moeller, et al. "Impaired host resistance to Salmonella during helminth co-infection is restored by anthelmintic treatment prior to bacterial challenge." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (2021): e0009052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009052.
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Intestinal helminth infection can impair host resistance to co-infection with enteric bacterial pathogens. However, it is not known whether helminth drug-clearance can restore host resistance to bacterial infection. Using a mouse helminth-Salmonella co-infection system, we show that anthelmintic treatment prior to Salmonella challenge is sufficient to restore host resistance to Salmonella. The presence of the small intestine-dwelling helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus at the point of Salmonella infection supports the initial establishment of Salmonella in the small intestinal lumen. Interestingly, if helminth drug-clearance is delayed until Salmonella has already established in the small intestinal lumen, anthelmintic treatment does not result in complete clearance of Salmonella. This suggests that while the presence of helminths supports initial Salmonella colonization, helminths are dispensable for Salmonella persistence in the host small intestine. These data contribute to the mechanistic understanding of how an ongoing or prior helminth infection can affect pathogenic bacterial colonization and persistence in the mammalian intestine.
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Chikhlyaev, Igor V., and Alexander B. Ruchin. "Ecological Analysis and Biodiversity of the Helminth Community of the Pool Frog Pelophylax lessonae (Amphibia: Anura) from Floodplain and Forest Water Bodies." Diversity 14, no. 4 (2022): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14040247.
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This work presents an ecological analysis of the community and biodiversity of helminths of Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) from floodplain and forest reservoirs of the European part of Russia. The material for the work was personal collections of helminths made from 2018–2021 in the National Park “Smolny” (Republic of Mordovia). Two hundred and thirty-five amphibian specimens were examined from nine reservoirs and three types of hydrobiocoenoses: (1) floodplains of a medium-sized river (in terms of catchment area); (2) floodplains of a small river; (3) a number of isolated forest reservoirs. Twenty-four species of helminths have been registered: Trematoda (20) and Chromadorea (4). Similar features (common species of trematodes and nematodes) were determined as well as differences in the composition and structure of the helminth fauna, the level of infestation by individual species and groups of helminths, diversity, and community structure. Amphibians of the river floodplain have a richer helminth fauna, they are more infected with a large number of helminths, and their community is more complex. Amphibians of isolated forest ponds, on the contrary, have fewer helminths, they are generally less infected, and their community is simplified (reduced). Having intermediate indicators of composition, structure, and degree of infestation, frogs from the forest floodplain of the small river—differ in the most diverse and maximally evenness community of helminths. The results of the study demonstrate the influence of biotopic factors on the formation of an amphibian helminth community.
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FENTON, ANDY. "Dances with worms: the ecological and evolutionary impacts of deworming on coinfecting pathogens." Parasitology 140, no. 9 (2013): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000590.
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SUMMARYParasitic helminths are ubiquitous in most host, including human, populations. Helminths often alter the likelihood of infection and disease progression of coinfecting microparasitic pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), and there is great interest in incorporating deworming into control programmes for many major diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis, malaria). However, such calls are controversial; studies show the consequences of deworming for the severity and spread of pathogens to be highly variable. Hence, the benefits of deworming, although clear for reducing the morbidity due to helminth infection per se, are unclear regarding the outcome of coinfections and comorbidities. I develop a theoretical framework to explore how helminth coinfection with other pathogens affects host mortality and pathogen spread and evolution under different interspecific parasite interactions. In all cases the outcomes of coinfection are highly context-dependent, depending on the mechanism of helminth-pathogen interaction and the quantitative level of helminth infection, with the effects of deworming potentially switching from beneficial to detrimental depending on helminth burden. Such context-dependency may explain some of the variation in the benefits of deworming seen between studies, and highlights the need for obtaining a quantitative understanding of parasite interactions across realistic helminth infection ranges. However, despite this complexity, this framework reveals predictable patterns in the effects of helminths that may aid the development of more effective, integrated management strategies to combat pathogens in this coinfected world.
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Ruyssers, Nathalie E., Benedicte Y. De Winter, Joris G. De Man, et al. "Worms and the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Are Molecules the Answer?" Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/567314.
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The lack of exposure to helminth infections, as a result of improved living standards and medical conditions, may have contributed to the increased incidence of IBD in the developed world. Epidemiological, experimental, and clinical data sustain the idea that helminths could provide protection against IBD. Studies investigating the underlying mechanisms by which helminths might induce such protection have revealed the importance of regulatory pathways, for example, regulatory T-cells. Further investigation on how helminths influence both innate and adaptive immune reactions will shed more light on the complex pathways used by helminths to regulate the hosts immune system. Although therapy with living helminths appears to be effective in several immunological diseases, the disadvantages of a treatment based on living parasites are explicit. Therefore, the identification and characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the protective effect could lead to new therapeutic approaches in IBD and other immune diseases.
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Kirin, Diana, and Mariya Chunchukova. "Helminths and helminth communities of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) from the Panicheri Reservoir, Aegean Water Basin, Bulgaria." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 31 (2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.31.008.
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Ecologoparasitological research was done based on the helminths and helminth communities of the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) from the freshwater ecosystem of the Panicheri Reservoir, Aegean Water Basin, Bulgaria. As a result of the examined nine specimens of the Prussian carp, two species of helminths were found: Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), larvae and Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller, 1776). The dominant structure of the helminth communities was determined. The Panicheri Reservoir is a new habitat in Bulgaria of P. laevis and L. intestinalis from C. gibelio. C. gibelio is a new host record for L. intestinalis in Bulgaria. The two helminth species are core species for the helminth communities of the examined species of the freshwater fish. P. laevis was distinguished with higher prevalence and mean intensity (P%=33.34; MI=1.34) than L. intestinalis (P%=22.23; MI=1.0). The circulatory pathways of the helminth flow were traced.
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Majewska, Ania A., Tao Huang, Barbara Han, and John M. Drake. "Predictors of zoonotic potential in helminths." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (2021): 20200356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0356.
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Helminths are parasites that cause disease at considerable cost to public health and present a risk for emergence as novel human infections. Although recent research has elucidated characteristics conferring a propensity to emergence in other parasite groups (e.g. viruses), the understanding of factors associated with zoonotic potential in helminths remains poor. We applied an investigator-directed learning algorithm to a global dataset of mammal helminth traits to identify factors contributing to spillover of helminths from wild animal hosts into humans. We characterized parasite traits that distinguish between zoonotic and non-zoonotic species with 91% accuracy. Results suggest that helminth traits relating to transmission (e.g. definitive and intermediate hosts) and geography (e.g. distribution) are more important to discriminating zoonotic from non-zoonotic species than morphological or epidemiological traits. Whether or not a helminth causes infection in companion animals (cats and dogs) is the most important predictor of propensity to cause human infection. Finally, we identified helminth species with high modelled propensity to cause zoonosis (over 70%) that have not previously been considered to be of risk. This work highlights the importance of prioritizing studies on the transmission of helminths that infect pets and points to the risks incurred by close associations with these animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
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DUNDAS, NAUDIA S., DANIEL M. FITZPATRICK, JOHN S. McKIBBEN, VICTOR A. AMADI, and RHONDA D. PINCKNEY. "Identification of Helminth Parasites from Selar crumenophthalmus in Grenada, West Indies." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 7 (2019): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-470.
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ABSTRACT Grenada is a tropical island country reliant on local fish for food and export. Specifically, Selar crumenophthalmus, known locally as jacks or bigeye scad, is commonly consumed by residents and visitors to the island. To date, there are no data about the prevalence of different helminths in S. crumenophthalmus in Grenada. In particular, it was unknown if Anisakis, a genus containing parasitic nematodes, implicated in both fish and human disease, is of concern for local fish and human health. In this study, 39 samples of S. crumenophthalmus were dissected and assessed for helminth infection. Of these fish, 26 (67%) contained helminths in and around the internal organs (mean, 3.6 helminths per infected fish). DNA was extracted from each helminth, followed by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, or Sanger sequencing or a combination of them to identify the parasites. Results confirmed that 89 (96%) of 93 helminths identified were Anisakis typica, and the remaining four helminths were likely acanthocephalans. Neither is considered pathogenic to humans, livestock, or companion animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of either type of helminth in fish in Grenada. Future studies are needed to ascertain the role of A. typica and acanthocephalans in fish health in Grenada, including any association with observed fish kills. Additional studies are also needed to identify other helminths found in S. crumenophtalamus, which may be of importance to its health and also human health. HIGHLIGHTS
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BEHNKE, J. M., C. EIRA, M. ROGAN, et al. "Helminth species richness in wild wood mice,Apodemus sylvaticus, is enhanced by the presence of the intestinal nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyrus." Parasitology 136, no. 7 (2009): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006039.
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SUMMARYWe analysed 3 independently collected datasets of fully censused helminth burdens in wood mice,Apodemus sylvaticus, testing thea priorihypothesis of Behnkeet al.(2005) that the presence of the intestinal nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyruspredisposes wood mice to carrying other species of helminths. In Portugal, mice carryingH. polygyrusshowed a higher prevalence of other helminths but the magnitude of the effect was seasonal. In Egham, mice withH. polygyrusshowed a higher prevalence of other helminth species, not confounded by other factors. In Malham Tarn, mice carryingH. polygyruswere more likely to be infected with other species, but only among older mice. Allowing for other factors, heavy residualH. polygyrusinfections carried more species of other helminths in both the Portugal and Egham data; species richness in Malham was too low to conduct a similar analysis, but asH. polygyrusworm burdens increased, so the prevalence of other helminths also increased. Our results support those of Behnkeet al.(2005), providing firm evidence that at the level of species richness a highly predictable element of co-infections in wood mice has now been defined: infection withH. polygyrushas detectable consequences for the susceptibility of wood mice to other intestinal helminth species.
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Ajoge, Hannah O., Stephen O. Olonitola, and David R. Smith. "Soil-transmitted helminths are a serious but understudied health concern in South Africa, requiring immediate attention from the scientific community." F1000Research 3 (September 11, 2014): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4812.2.
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Parasitic roundworms and flatworms, defined broadly as helminths, are estimated to infect over 1 billion people worldwide, and are particularly prevalent in developing, resource-strained communities. The consequences of these infections are immense and wide reaching, resulting in massive reductions in local and global economic productivity and contributing to millions of deaths per year. Helminth diseases can also reduce vaccine efficacy and heighten morbidity rates of other serious illnesses, including tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Here, we argue that South Africa, which has one the highest rates of both HIV/AIDS and helminth infections on earth, needs to allocate more energy and resources into studying soil-transmitted helminths. Using PubMed and GenBank statistics, we show that the current South African research output on soil-transmitted helminths pales in comparison to that on HIV and tuberculosis. Basic research on helminth biology as well as on the social and environmental effects associated with infections could greatly reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and other major illnesses in South Africa and beyond. The onus is on scientists, funding agencies, and governing bodies to channel efforts into studies on soil-transmitted helminths.
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Adedipe, Olubukola Deborah, Emmanuel Chibuike Uwalaka, Victor Oluwatoyin Akinseye, Oyeduntan Adejoju Adediran, and Simeon Idowu Babalola Cadmus. "Gastrointestinal Helminths in Slaughtered Cattle in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (October 23, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/923561.
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As part of an ongoing project to investigate the epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths of cattle in Nigeria, we carried out a systematic random sampling of cattle slaughtered in a major abattoir in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. Using sedimentation and floatation methods, we analyzed fecal samples from 397 animals between March and May 2013. Overall, 163 (41.6%) of the animals had at least one gastrointestinal helminth egg, comprising a total of eight helminths from different genera (i.e., four nematodes, three trematodes, and one cestode), with nematode infection being the highest (71.54%). In addition, eggs of four helminths of zoonotic importance were also obtained. Among the cattle examined, the Bunaji breed was the most infected (46%; 69/150). Furthermore, female animals (OR=1.1; 95% CI: 0.60–1.84) and animals with moderate body condition (OR=1.2; 95% CI: 0.80–1.79) are more likely to be positive to helminth infection. Our findings reveal that there were helminth infections of both zoonotic and socioeconomic importance among the cattle screened. Considering the impact of the infections on animal production and public health, we advocate that effective prophylactic measures be adopted as a first step to curtail helminth infections of cattle in Nigeria.
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MATA-LÓPEZ, ROSARIO, LUIS GARCÍA-PRIETO, and VIRGINIA LEÓN-RÈGAGNON. "Helminths of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster, Nebraska, USA with a checklist of its helminth parasites." Zootaxa 2544, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2544.1.1.
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The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is one of the most intensively studied host species. However, most of the records related to the parasites of this anuran are scattered through the literature. The purpose of our study is twofold: 1) to list the helmiths of this host from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster Co., Nebraska, USA, and 2) To compile all published records and those contained by several scientific collections to construct a checklist of helminth parasites associated with the American bullfrog through its range in both native and introduced geographical areas. Twenty-seven specimens of L. catesbeianus were collected and examined for helminth parasites; 20 frogs were infected. Nine species of helminths were collected: 4 digeneans: Haematoloechus coloradensis, H. parviplexus, Gorgoderina attenuata, and Glypthelmins quieta, and 5 nematodes: Rhabdias ranae, Spinitectus gracilis, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Spiroxys sp., and an unidentified ascarid nematode. Pawnee Lake represents a new locality record for S. gracilis. The digenean H. parviplexus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance (33.3% and 3, respectively). As a result of our study, the number of helminth taxa known for this host is 159 (75 digeneans, 4 monogeneans, 10 cestodes, 7 acanthocephalans, and 63 nematodes); these records come from 6 countries (Canada, Cuba, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom, and USA). Although well documented, the helminthological record of this host species could increase after further inventory work in poorly sampled regions.
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Khan, Aly, Nasira Khatoon, S. Shahid Shaukat, Samina Waheed, Adnan Khan, and Rozmeen Nil. "Helminth Associated Infections Among Residents of Karachi." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v11i2.378.
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Background: Parasitic Helminth parasite affects approximately 2 million individuals yearly throughout the world. These infections are extremely important while often receive inadequate consideration. Helminths are among the gastrointestinal parasites mainly involved in an increased ratio of inflammatory bowel disease, especially in underdeveloped and developed countries.
 Objectives: To study the prevalence of helminth eggs in stool samples collected from five hospitals of Gulistan-e-Johar area of Karachi, Sindh among different age groups of male and female patients, the targeted age groups were < 1-14, 15-40 and > 40 yrs.
 Methodology: All the samples included in the study, were collected according to ethical review board policy of the participating hospital. Stool Samples were obtained from a total of 1042 patients, of which 198 samples were found to be positive for helminth eggs. The helminths included were Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenales and Hymenolepis nana. The association between helminth infection (A. lumbricoides, A. duodenale and H. nana) and age group was found to be significant.
 Results: Data was structured into male and female, and the association between sex and the intensity of infection gave highly significant results based on the chi-square test. Males showed a noticeable prevalence of helminths than females. Single, double and triple infections were also recorded.
 Conclusion: Present study could be very beneficial for developing programs not only for awareness in the urban and rural population but also for the control of infections due to helminths in Pakistan.
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Moreau, Emmanuelle, and Alain Chauvin. "Immunity against Helminths: Interactions with the Host and the Intercurrent Infections." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/428593.
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Helminth parasites are of considerable medical and economic importance. Studies of the immune response against helminths are of great interest in understanding interactions between the host immune system and parasites. Effector immune mechanisms against tissue-dwelling helminths and helminths localized in the lumen of organs, and their regulation, are reviewed. Helminth infections are characterized by an association of Th2-like and Treg responses. Worms are able to persist in the host and are mainly responsible for chronic infection despite a strong immune response developed by the parasitized host. Two types of protection against the parasite, namely, premune and partial immunities, have been described. Immune responses against helminths can also participate in pathogenesis. Th2/Treg-like immunomodulation allows the survival of both host and parasite by controlling immunopathologic disorders and parasite persistence. Consequences of the modified Th2-like responses on co-infection, vaccination, and inflammatory diseases are discussed.
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SHARPILO, V. P., V. BISERKOV, A. KOSTADINOVA, J. M. BEHNKE, and Y. I. KUZMIN. "Helminths of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis (Reptilia, Lacertidae), in the Palaearctic: faunal diversity and spatial patterns of variation in the composition and structure of component communities." Parasitology 123, no. 4 (2001): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008587.
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We studied variation in the structure of component communities of helminths in sand lizards, Lacerta agilis, from 30 localities in the Ukraine and Bulgaria. Thirty-five separate samples of lizards, with a total of 661 completely censused infracommunities, yielded 30 helminth species (4 cestodes, 10 trematodes, 3 acanthocephalans and 13 nematodes). In its range within the Ukraine, L. agilis serves as the final host for 13 species of which only 3 (S. lacertae, S. hoffmanni and P. molini) can be considered as lizard specialists. A characteristic feature of these helminth component communities was the large proportion of heteroxeneous helminth species for which L. agilis serves as paratenic host. Sand lizards in the meadow steppeland zone were primarily parasitized by larval helminths that represented a major proportion of the total number of all worms recovered while those sampled in the grassland/forest transition zone were characterized by substantially higher proportions of adult helminths using lizards as final hosts. However, L. agilis was parasitized by a much higher proportion of lizard specialists in the ‘typical' habitats of the meadow steppeland zone as opposed to those located in ‘marginal' habitats in the grassland/forest transition zone, where helminths were shared to a greater extent with amphibian hosts.
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Salazar-Castañon, Víctor H., Martha Legorreta-Herrera, and Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa. "Helminth Parasites Alter Protection againstPlasmodiumInfection." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/913696.
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More than one-third of the world’s population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host’s immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths andPlasmodiumaffects the host’s immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host’s susceptibility to subsequent infections byPlasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths andPlasmodium; in some, the burden ofPlasmodiumparasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodiumcoinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.
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McAlpine, Donald F. "Helminth communities in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 11 (1997): 1883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-818.
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Twenty-three helminth species were identified from bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, green frogs, R. clamitans, and leopard frogs, R. pipiens, in New Brunswick. Digeneans dominated adult helminth communities in the aquatic bullfrog and semi-aquatic green frog; nematodes were dominant in the more terrestrial leopard frog. In green frogs and leopard frogs, richness and abundance were greatest in adults; in bullfrogs, juveniles showed the greatest richness and abundance. An increase in vertebrates in the diet of adult bullfrogs influences helminth communities in bullfrogs. Where Glypthelmins quieta and nematodes, which infect the host by skin penetration, predominate in green frogs and leopard frogs, respectively, the increase in epidermal area with age probably influences helminth abundance. Adult female leopard frogs are larger than males and harbour greater numbers of helminths. Within the most heavily sampled component communities only larval digeneans, and less frequently nematodes with direct life cycles, were common (i.e., in > 50% of hosts); other taxa were generally present at prevalences of < 20% and intensities of < 10 helminths per frog. Although wetland characteristics and helminth transmission dynamics play a role in producing variation in helminth communities among sites, ontogenetic shifts in diet and sexual size dimorphism within these anuran species are important in shaping helminth communities in individual frog hosts.
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de Ruiter, Karin, Simon P. Jochems, Dicky L. Tahapary, et al. "Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 524 (2020): eaaw3703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3703.
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Helminth infections induce strong type 2 and regulatory responses, but the degree of heterogeneity of such cells is not well characterized. Using mass cytometry, we profiled these cells in Europeans and Indonesians not exposed to helminths and in Indonesians residing in rural areas infected with soil-transmitted helminths. To assign immune alteration to helminth infection, the profiling was performed before and 1 year after deworming. Very distinct signatures were found in Europeans and Indonesians, showing expanded frequencies of T helper 2 cells, particularly CD161+ cells and ILC2s in helminth-infected Indonesians, which was confirmed functionally through analysis of cytokine-producing cells. Besides ILC2s and CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells in Indonesians produced type 2 cytokines. Regulatory T cells were also expanded in Indonesians, but only those expressing CTLA-4, and some coexpressed CD38, HLA-DR, ICOS, or CD161. CD11c+ B cells were found to be the main IL-10 producers among B cells in Indonesians, a subset that was almost absent in Europeans. A number of the distinct immune profiles were driven by helminths as the profiles reverted after clearance of helminth infections. Moreover, Indonesians with no helminth infections residing in an urban area showed immune profiles that resembled Europeans rather than rural Indonesians, which excludes a major role for ethnicity. Detailed insight into the human type 2 and regulatory networks could provide opportunities to target these cells for more precise interventions.
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Brosschot, T. P., K. M. Lawrence, M. H. Kennedy, et al. "A49 CO-INFECTION WITH PARASITIC WORMS ENHANCES THE ABILITY OF SALMONELLA TO COLONIZE THE GUT LUMEN AND DEWORMING RESTORES COLONIZATION RESISTANCE TO SALMONELLA." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 3, Supplement_1 (2020): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwz047.048.
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Abstract Background Chronic infections with intestinal helminths occur primarily in world regions where infections with bacterial pathogens are also common. Research so far has shown that helminths can promote bacterial infection, however, the precise mechanisms of this are unknown. Current helminth control strategies involve mass deworming programs, and it is as yet unclear how deworming impacts susceptibility to bacterial infections in helminth-affected areas. Aims Our aims were to decipher the mechanistic details by which helminths can promote intestinal bacterial infection, and to determine how deworming affects susceptibility to intestinal colonization by bacterial pathogens. Methods Using a mouse model of enteric helminth-bacterial coinfection, we examined how the small intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus promotes intestinal colonization by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurim. To study the effect of deworming of concurrent Salmonella infection, we treated our helminth-infected mice with the anthelmintic drug Strongid P both before and after Salmonella (co-) infection. To examine whether heightened Salmonella colonization during helminth infection depended on the ability of Salmonella to invade host tissue, we compared the ability of wild-type Salmonella or an invasion-deficient mutant (ΔinvA) to colonize during helminth co-infection. Results An ongoing helminth infection resulted in high levels of Salmonella in the small intestine after co-infection, however, when mice were dewormed prior to Salmonella co-infection, they were no longer susceptible to high small intestinal Salmonella burdens. In contrast, when helminth-infected mice are dewormed after Salmonella has already co-colonized, high Salmonella burdens persisted in the small intestine. Further, we found that during helminth co-infection, Salmonella primarily expands in the gut lumen rather than in the small intestinal tissue, and in line with this, a Salmonella invasion mutant was able to colonize the intestine to a similar extent to wild-type Salmonella during helminth infection. Conclusions Deworming experiments have revealed that the effects of H. polygyrus on promoting Salmonella colonization in the small intestines depend on the ongoing presence of the helminth. Deworming did not revert bacterial burdens once Salmonella had colonized, suggesting that an ongoing helminth infection reduces colonization resistance to Salmonella infection but was not required for Salmonella to persist after initial colonization by Salmonella. Further, we discovered that Salmonella expansion during helminth infection is independent of bacterial invasion of host tissue. Funding Agencies CIHR
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NICHOLS, ELIZABETH, and ANDRÉS GÓMEZ. "Dung beetles and fecal helminth transmission: patterns, mechanisms and questions." Parasitology 141, no. 5 (2013): 614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002011.
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SUMMARYDung beetles are detrivorous insects that feed on and reproduce in the fecal material of vertebrates. This dependency on vertebrate feces implies frequent contact between dung beetles and parasitic helminths with a fecal component to their life-cycle. Interactions between dung beetles and helminths carry both positive and negative consequences for successful parasite transmission, however to date there has been no systematic review of dung beetle-helminth interactions, their epidemiological importance, or their underlying mechanisms. Here we review the observational evidence of beetle biodiversity–helminth transmission relationships, propose five mechanisms by which dung beetles influence helminth survival and transmission, and highlight areas for future research. Efforts to understand how anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity may influence parasite transmission must include the development of detailed, mechanistic understanding of the multiple interactions between free-living and parasitic species within ecological communities. The dung beetle–helminth system may be a promising future model system with which to understand these complex relationships.
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Willcox, Henry Percy, and José Rodrigues Coura. "The efficiency of Lutz, Kato-Katz and Baermann-Moraes (adapted) techniques association to the diagnosis of intestinal helmints." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86, no. 4 (1991): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761991000400015.
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Solaymani-Mohammadi, S., I. Mobedi, M. Rezaian, et al. "Helminth parasites of the wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Luristan province, western Iran and their public health significance." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 3 (2003): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2003168.
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AbstractSeven helminth species were obtained from 12 wild boars (Sus scrofa) during a survey from 2000 to 2001 in Luristan province, western Iran. These species include the cestode larvae Cysticercus tenuicollis (25%), C. cellulosae (8.3%), the nematodes Metastrongylus apri (41.6%), M. pudendotectus (16.6%), M. salmi (8.3%), Trichuris suis (8.3%) and the acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (41.6%). No trematodes were found. Seven wild boars (58.3%) were identified as having at least one helminth species. A single infection was detected in 16.6% of cases, but a three species infection covered the highest rank (25%). All these helminths have been reported from other areas of Iran including the north, northeast and southwest, but not in Luristan. Among seven helminths identified, at least three species are transmissible to humans. The public health significance of these helminths is discussed.
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Ravindran, Vivek B., Sarvesh K. Soni, and Andrew S. Ball. "A Review on the Current Knowledge and Prospects for the Development of Improved Detection Methods for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Ova for the Safe Reuse of Wastewater and Mitigation of Public Health Risks." Water 11, no. 6 (2019): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061212.
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Climate change, increase in population and scarcity of freshwater have led to a global demand for wastewater reuse in irrigation. However, wastewater has to be treated in order to minimize the presence of pathogens, in particular, the ova of soil-transmitted helminthes (STHs). Limiting the transmission via removal of STH ova, accurate assessment of risks and minimizing the exposure to the public have been recommended by health regulators. The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline specifies a limit of ≤1 ova/L for safe wastewater reuse. Additionally, the Australian Guidelines for Water recycling (AGWR) recommend a hydraulic retention time of over 25 days in a lagoon or stabilization pond to ensure a 4 log reduction value of helminth ova and to mitigate soil-transmitted helminths associated risks to humans. However, the lack of fast and sensitive methods for assessing the concentration of STH ova in wastewater poses a considerable challenge for an accurate risk assessment. Consequently, it has been difficult to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis despite effective mass drug administration. This limitation can be overcome with the advent of novel techniques for the detection of helminth ova. Therefore, this review presents an assessment of the current methods to detect the viable ova of soil-transmitted helminths in wastewater. Furthermore, the review focuses on the perspectives for the emerging state-of-the-art research and developments that have the potential to replace currently available conventional and polymerase chain reaction based methods and achieve the guidelines of the WHO in order to allow the safe reuse of wastewater for non-potable applications, thereby minimizing public health risks.
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Chaisiri, K., M. Chou, C. C. Siew, S. Morand, and A. Ribas. "Gastrointestinal helminth fauna of rodents from Cambodia: emphasizing the community ecology of host–parasite associations." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 6 (2016): 726–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000869.
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AbstractExtensive field surveys of rodents were conducted in Cambodia from 2008 to 2014 to study the diversity and ecology of helminth infection in wild rodent populations. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 14 species of rodents (569 individuals) trapped from different habitats (forest, dry land, rain-fed land and human settlements) in four provinces of Cambodia (Krong Preah Sihanouk, Mondolkiri, Pursat and Steung Treng). The average prevalence of parasitic infection was 58.5% (range, 16.0–64.7%), and 19 helminth taxa were identified in total. Trichostrongylid nematodes were the most prevalent (25.8%), followed byRaillietinasp. (14.1%),Gongylonema neoplasticum(10.7%),Syphacia muris(9.8%) andHymenolepis diminuta(9.6%). Potential rodent-borne zoonotic helminths were also identified, and the risks of helminthiasis were discussed. The status of helminth infection and species diversity in rodents from settlements were significantly lower than in rodents from forest and peri-domesticated habitats, which indicates that habitat alteration might affect helminth infection and diversity in rodent hosts. Generalized linear models revealed that host attributes (host species and maturity) and environmental factors (habitat and geographical location) were explanatory variables for helminth infection in these rodents. Using network analyses, we showed that the oriental house rat,Rattus tanezumi, was the most central host in the rodent–helminth assemblage, based on the number of helminth taxa it shared with other rodent species. Therefore,R. tanezumicould play an important role in rodent–helminth interactions and helminth transmission to other rodent hosts.
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Méndez, Oscar, Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado, Juan Manuel Caspetamandujano, and Guillermina Cabañas-Carranza. "Helminth parasites of some freshwater fishes from Baja California Sur, Mexico." Zootaxa 2327, no. 1 (2010): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2327.1.3.
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Nine freshwater fish species were sampled from 13 bodies of water in Baja California Sur state, on the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Twenty-four helminth parasite species of 19 genera and from 13 families were recorded. All are new records for the region, but have been recorded previously in Mexico. No endemic helminth species were identified. Most helminths were larval forms of generalist Nearctic species transported by ichthyophagous birds, in addition to five anthropogenically introduced species. Poeciliid fish are the most widely distributed in the oases and other waters of Baja California Sur, and their helminths are the most common on the peninsula.
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Esch, G. W., C. R. Kennedy, A. O. Bush, and J. M. Aho. "Patterns in helminth communities in freshwater fish in Great Britain: alternative strategies for colonization." Parasitology 96, no. 3 (1988): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008015x.
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SUMMARYExamples of the apparently stochastic nature of freshwater fish helminth communities illustrating the erratic and unpredictable occurrence and distribution of many species are provided for six species of fish from several localities throughout Britain. By focussing on parasite colonization strategies two categories of helminths are recognized: autogenic species which mature in fish and allogenic species which mature in vertebrates other than fish and have a greater colonization potential and ability. Three groups of fish are distinguished: salmonids, in which helminth communities are generally dominated by autogenic species which are also responsible for most of the similarity within and between localities; cyprinids, in which they are dominated by allogenic species which are also responsible for most of the similarity within and between localities; and anguillids, whose helminth communities exhibit intermediate features with neither category consistently dominating nor providing a clear pattern of similarity. Recognition and appreciation of the different colonization strategies of autogenic and allogenic helminths in respect of host vagility and ability to cross land or sea barriers and break down habitat isolation, and their period of residence in a locality, whether transient or permanent, provides an understanding of, and explanation for, the observed patchy spatial distribution of many helminths. Comparison with other parts of the world indicates that colonization is a major determinant of helminth community structure.
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Eira, C., J. Torres, J. Miquel, and J. Vingada. "The helminth parasites of the wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculusand their effect on host condition in Dunas de Mira, Portugal." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 3 (2007): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07727426.
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AbstractThe present study focuses on the helminth parasite community of the wild rabbit in a sand dune area in Portugal over a 5-year period. The influence of host sex and year on the composition of the helminth community is assessed, along with the potential effect of the detected helminths on host body condition. The basic structure of the helminth community comprisesMosgovoyia ctenoides,Graphidium strigosum,Trichostrongylus retortaeformis,Nematodiroides zembraeandPassalurus ambiguus. Mean intensities ofG. strigosumvaried between years. GeneralG. strigosumintensities were also found to vary according to both year and host sex, but not according to the interaction of both factors. When assessing the effect of helminths on rabbit body condition (expressed by the kidney fat index), higher burdens ofM. ctenoides, a cestode that presents a relatively large body mass, were found to induce a reduction in rabbit condition.
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POULIN, R., and D. MOUILLOT. "Host specificity and the probability of discovering species of helminth parasites." Parasitology 130, no. 6 (2005): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004007218.
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Different animal species have different probabilities of being discovered and described by scientists, and these probabilities are determined to a large extent by the biological characteristics of these species. For instance, species with broader geographical ranges are more likely to be encountered by collectors than species with restricted distributions; indeed, the size of the geographical range is often the best predictor of a species' date of description. For parasitic organisms, host specificity may be similarly linked to the probability of a species being found. Here, using data on 170 helminth species parasitic in freshwater fishes, we show that host specificity is associated with the year in which the helminths were described. Helminths that exploit more host species, and to a lesser degree those that exploit a broader taxonomic range of host species, tend to be discovered earlier than the more host-specific helminths. This pattern was observed across all helminth species, as well as within the different helminth taxa (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans). Our results demonstrate that the parasite species known at any given point in time are not a random subset of existing species, but rather a biased subset with respect to the parasites' biological properties.
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WILCOX, JUSTIN J. S., KELLY E. LANE-DEGRAAF, AGUSTIN FUENTES, and HOPE HOLLOCHER. "Comparative community-level associations of helminth infections and microparasite shedding in wild long-tailed macaques in Bali, Indonesia." Parasitology 142, no. 3 (2014): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001462.
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SUMMARYHelminthes have the capacity to modulate host immunity, leading to positive interactions with coinfecting microparasites. This phenomenon has been primarily studied during coinfections with a narrow range of geo-helminthes and intracellular microparasites in human populations or under laboratory conditions. Far less is known regarding differences in coinfection dynamics between helminth types, the range of microparasites that might be affected or the overall community-level effects of helminth infections on microparasites in wild systems. Here, we analysed the presence/absence and abundance patterns of enteric parasites in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Bali, Indonesia, to assess whether naturally occurring helminth infections were associated with increased shedding of the most common intracellular (Cryptosporidiumspp.,Isosporaspp.) and extracellular (Entamoebaspp.,Giardiaspp.) microparasites. We also comparatively assessed the statistical correlations of different helminth taxa with microparasite shedding to determine if there were consistent relationships between the specific helminth taxa and microparasites. Helminth infections were associated with increased shedding of both intracellular and extracellular microparasites. Platyhelminthes repeatedly displayed strong positive correlations with several microparasites; while nematodes did not. Our results indicate that helminthes can influence microparasite community shedding dynamics under wild conditions, but that trends may be driven by a narrow range of helminthes.