Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hematite pellet

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Hematite pellet'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hematite pellet"

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Wei, Wang, Heng Zheng, Runsheng Xu, Fenglou Wu, Weilin Chen, Bin Jia, and Zhengliang Xue. "Characterization of the mineral phases of the iron ore pellet via 3D reconstruction using serial sectioning." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 1 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018056.

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A new analysis method based on serial sectioning and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was developed for the quantification of minerals in an iron ore pellet. The morphology and spatial distribution of the minerals in 3D space were analysed via 3D reconstructed images of an iron ore pellet. The volume fraction of the minerals in the 3D image was also calculated based on the pixel points. The results showed that the morphology and spatial distributions of hematite, magnetite and silicate varied among different pellets as well as among different positions within the same pellet. Thick plate and interconnected hematite was observed in the outer area of the pellets, whereas the inner area of the pellets mainly contained small granular and independent hematite. The hematite grains in pellet 1 were small, whereas those in pellet 2 were relatively dense. Some of the magnetite in pellet 1 was in the form of dense blocks, whereas fewer blocks were found in pellet 2, where magnetite occurred mainly in chain form scattered within the large particles of hematite. The silicate in pellet 2 was dense, granular and smaller than that in pellet 1. The quantitative analysis results for the two kinds of pellets showed that pellet 2 contained more hematite. Moreover, pellet 2 contained less unoxidized magnetite than pellet 1. These results indicate that the main bonding phase in pellet 1 was magnetite, whereas the main binding phase in pellet 2 was hematite. The greater compressive strength of pellet 2 was strongly related to higher amount of hematite interconnections.
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Kumar, P. S., B. P. Ravi, O. Sivrikaya, and R. K. Nanda. "The study of pelletizing of mixed hematite and magnetite ores." Science of Sintering 51, no. 1 (2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1901027k.

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The present study aims to investigate the use of mixed hematite and magnetite ores in iron ore pellet production. Pelletizing tests were carried out on the hematite and magnetite premixed pellet feed. Drop number and compressive strength tests for green and dry pellets; porosity, compressive strength and reducibility tests for fired pellets were carried out to determine the influence of mixing ratios of both iron oxides on those pellet properties. Experimental results showed that as the hematite content in the mix pellets is increased, the green drop number decreased from 6.5 to 5.2, the green compressive strength decreased from 1.51 to 1.28 kg/pellet and the dry compressive strength decreased from 2.50 to 1.60 kg/pellet. It was determined that fired compressive strength of mix pellets decreased from 380 to 230 kg/pellet when the hematite content in the mixed pellet is increased. The reducibility of mix pellets had almost the same trend and it was faster up to 40 min reduction time. The results showed that the use of hematite together with magnetite is possible to produce pellets with sufficiently good quality in terms of wet, dry and fired mechanical strengths. The porosity and reducibility values of mix pellets were also found to be adequate to use as feed for the blast furnace.
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Permatasari, Nur Vita, Adji Kawigraha, Abdul Hapid, and Nurhadi Wibowo. "IDENTIFIKASI PERUBAHAN MINERAL SELAMA PROSES PEMANASAN PELET KOMPOSIT NIKEL DENGAN ANALISIS DIFRAKSI SINAR X ( IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL CHANGES DURING HEATING OF NICKEL COMPOSITE USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS )." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 12, no. 1 (May 2, 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v12i1.479.

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Logam nikel didapat dari proses pengolahan bijih nikel yang salah satunya adalah saprolit. Pada penelitian ini proses reduksi pelet komposit yang merupakan masa campuran bijih nikel serta batubara kadar rendah dan bahan tambahan dilakukan dalam tungku tabung. Proses reduksi dilakukan pada temperatur 450 °C, 700 °C serta 1100 °C selama 0 jam. Proses reduksi juga dilakukan pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi yaitu 1300 °C namun dengan pemanasan terlebih dahulu pada temperatur 700 °C dan ditahan pada 1 jam dan 2 jam. Produk pelet komposit dianalisis dengan metode difraksi sinar X untuk mengetahui kandungan mineralnya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemanasan pelet komposit menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan warna dari warna coklat menjadi abu-abu. Pemanasan juga menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan komposisi mineral dari masing-masing pelet. Mineral-mineral yang terdapat dalam pelet komposit dan produknya adalah antigorit, klinoklor, kuarsa, enstatit, forsterit,gutit, hematit, magnetit, nikel dan besi. Pemanasan pelet pada temperatur rendah yang lebih lama akan menghasilkan jumlah logam besi yang lebih rendah. Nickel is obtained from saprolite through nickel ore processing. In this study, reduction of composite pellet has been done in a tube furnace. The pellet comsist of nickel ore, coal and additive. The reduction process carried out at 450˚C, 700˚C and 1100˚C for 0 hour. Moreover the reduction is also carried out at 700 °C during 1 and 2 hours followed by heating at 1300˚C for 2 and 1 hours. Reduction product was analyzed by X-Ray diffraction to determine the mineral content. The results indicate that the heating causing color changes from red brown to gray. Heating changes the mineral composition of the pellet. The minerals are antigorite, clinoclore, quartz, enstatite, forsterite, goethite, hematite, magnetite, nickel and iron. Heating the pellets at low temperature longer will produce lower iron.
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Umadevi, Tekkalakote, Komala Shivanna Sridhara, Munukuntla Raju, Maribasappanavar Basavaraja, Desai Sanghamesh, Sah Rameshwar, and Lokendraraj Singh. "Effect of multi-layer feeding of sized green pelletson bed permeability, structure and properties of fired pellets in straight grate induration furnace." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 5 (2021): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021061.

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Green pellets while indurating in a straight grate induration furnace, pass through different thermal treatments, namely drying, preheating, heating and cooling. The firing of the pellet bed is downdraft using Corex gas and cooling is updraft using ambient air. Coke breeze is used as solid fuel to supplies the necessary heat for uniform heating of the pellet. The physicochemical conditions prevailing in the indurating furnace, i.e., feeding rate, bed height, pellet size, position of the pellets in the bed, temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, amount of fuel, etc. have bearings on the phases and structures of the fired pellets across the core to the shell. The time difference between the reduction and oxidation of the pellet depends on the size of the pellet as well as position of the pellet in the bed. The pellet size as well as the position of the pellet in the furnace has a marked effect on the formation of different phases and microstructure. Usually, mixed pellets of different sizes varying from 8 to 16 mm pellets are fired in duration furnace. The study was aimed at to optimize the pellet bed with different size range of pellets put in layers to make uniform firing and cooling of the pellets throughout the bed to achieve desired micro-structure and properties. The green pellets were divided into three sizes as A − coarse (–16 + 12.5 mm), B − medium (–12.5+10 mm) and C − small (–10 + 8 mm). The bed permeability of pellet plant induration furnace was 91.7JPU (Japanese Permeability Unit). Except permeability of pellet bed with single layer of smaller size pellets (C-C-C), the bed permeability with three layers, two layers & single layer of different size pellets was similar or greater than the bed permeability of pellet plant. From the results of basket trials conducted at pellet plant, it was found that the layer wise pellets like B-A-C, CA-B, AB-C and B-B-B resulted in higher Tumbler Index (TI) and Cold Crushing Strength (CCS) compared to other different size pellets as layer due to better slag bonding and lower pellet porosity. These pellets were exposed to optimum firing temperature as well as the cooling process with the presence of sufficient oxygen for the conversion of magnetite to hematite.
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Sivrikaya, Osman, and A. I. Arol. "ALTERNATIVE BINDERS TO BENTONITE FOR IRON ORE PELLETIZING: PART I: EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." HOLOS 3 (July 3, 2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1758.

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The use of conventional bentonite binder is favorable in terms of mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, however, because of its acid constituents bentonite is considered as impurity especially for iron ores with high acidic content. Therefore, alternative binders to bentonite have been tested. Organic binders are the most studied binders and they yield pellets with good wet strength; they fail in terms of preheated and fired pellet strengths. This study was conducted to investigate how insufficient pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a low-melting temperature and slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into iron oxide pellet was tested. Wet and thermally treated pellet physical-mechanical qualities (balling - moisture content - size - shape - drop number - compressive strengths - porosity - dustiness) were determined. The results showed that good quality wet, dry, preheated and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets. While organic binders provided sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, the boron compounds provided the required preheated and fired pellet strengths at even lower firing temperature. Especially, the contribution of boron compound addition is most pronounced for hematite pellets which do not have strengthening mechanism through oxidation like magnetite pellets during firing. Therefore, addition of boron compound is beneficial to recover the low physical-mechanical qualities of pellets produced with organic binders through slag bonding mechanism. Furthermore, lowering the firing temperature thanks to low-melting boron compounds will be cost-effective for firing part of the pelletizing plants.
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Sivrikaya, Osman, and A. I. Arol. "ALTERNATIVE BINDERS TO BENTONITE FOR IRON ORE PELLETIZING : PART II : EFFECTS ON METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES." HOLOS 3 (July 3, 2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1759.

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This study was started to find alternative binders to bentonite and to recover the low preheated and fired pellet mechanical strengths of organic binders-bonded pellets. Bentonite is considered as a chemical impurity for pellet chemistry due to acid constituents (SiO2 and Al2O3). Especially addition of silica-alumina bearing binders is detrimental for iron ore concentrate with high acidic content. Organic binders are the most studied binders since they are free in silica. Although they yield pellets with good wet strength; they have found limited application in industry since they fail to give sufficient physical and mechanical strength to preheated and fired pellets. It is investigated that how insufficient preheated and fired pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed to provide pellet strength with the use of organic binders was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into magnetite and hematite pellet mixture was tested. After determining the addition of boron compounds is beneficial to recover the low pellet physical and mechanical qualities in the first part of this study, in this second part, metallurgical and chemical properties (reducibility - swelling index – microstructure – mineralogy - chemical content) of pellets produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) were presented. The metallurgical and chemical tests results showed that good quality product pellets can be produced with combined binders when compared with the bentonite-bonded pellets. Hence, the suggested combined binders can be used as binder in place of bentonite in iron ore pelletizing without compromising the pellet chemistry.
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Rajshekar, Y., J. Pal, and T. Venugopalan. "Development of hematite ore pellet utilizing mill scale and iron ore slime combination as additive." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, no. 2 (2018): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180116008r.

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Iron ore slime is generated from mines during processing and washing of iron ore, and it is not considered for pelletizing due to its excessive fineness and high gangue content, despite its good green bonding property. Mill scale is generated from steel rolling mills and reheating furnaces; it has almost nil gangue content, but is not individually considered for pelletizing due to its poor green bonding property. If both of these two wastes are blended in combined form with hematite ore, the high gangue of slime would be balanced by the gangue free mill scale. While mill scale provides exothermic heat of oxidation of FeO and Fe3O4 in it and enhance the diffusion bonding, slime provides good green bonding property to the pellet. Therefore, in this study a good quality pellet was developed by the combined mixing of these two wastes in hematite ore without much increase in gangue content. Up to 15% of mill scale and 15% of slime could be used successfully. The developed pellets provide improved cold compressive strength (366 kg/ pellet), reducibility index (82%), and reduction degradation index (8.5%). Induration temperature could be reduced by 75 ?C, which indicates a considerable energy saving in induration furnace.
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Kanari, Ndue, Nour-Eddine Menad, Lev O. Filippov, Seit Shallari, Eric Allain, Fabrice Patisson, and Jacques Yvon. "Some Aspects of the Thermochemical Route for the Valorization of Plastic Wastes, Part I: Reduction of Iron Oxides by Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154129.

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The mass production of synthetic plastics began in the last century and today they have become one of the most abundant man-made materials. The disposal or the beneficiation of end-of-life plastics represent a great challenge for society especially in the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study is focused on the use of PVC waste as a useful agent for the direct reduction of hematite (Fe2O3) after a thermal treatment at 300 °C for removing the chlorine contained in PVC. Thermal reduction tests were conducted from 600 °C to 1100 °C with (Fe2O3 + PVC + clay) pellet mixtures in which clay was used as plasticizing and binder agent of the pellets. The starting samples and treatment residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy through energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor the chemical behavior and reactivity of the pellet constituents during their thermal treatment. The stepwise reduction of hematite up to metallic iron was achieved at temperatures approaching 1000 °C, confirming the capability of using PVC waste for the direct reduction of iron oxides.
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Bersenev, I. S., R. A. Poluyakhtov, V. A. Gorbachev, M. P. Ershov, G. A. Zinyagin, and Yu G. Yaroshenko. "Using hematite ore in sinter and pellet production." Steel in Translation 38, no. 12 (December 2008): 1001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208120140.

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Kawigraha, Adji, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, Sri Harjanto, and Pramusanto. "Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Reduction of Iron Ore with Hydroxyl Content." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.682.

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Iron ore with high hydroxyl content such as goethit is widely spread in Indonesia. Such iron ore is not used as feed in ironmaking industry. However due to limitation of primary iron ore reserve such material is an option to substitute the conventional iron ore. Unfortunately the characteristic of iron ore with high hydroxyl content is totally different to conventional iron ore. Such iron ore contains hydroxyl part that can be released at high temperature. This research uses composite pellet which is mixture of iron ore and coal. The iron ore contains goethite which is one of iron phase. The composition of two materials is fixed 1 to 3 molar for iron total to fixed carbon. The mixture is formed a pelet before dried. The small part of dry pellet is analysed using STA with 0.6667 °K/s. The reduction is characterised based on thermogravimetry graphs. The research found that the reduction of iron ore occurs in some stages. First stage correspond to dehydroxylation at around 300 °C and second stage corresponds to reduction of iron ore at around 625 °C and 825 °C or 880 °C. The composite lost of 4.64 % and 2.85 % of weight. The hydroxylation is followed by reduction. Hydroxylation transforms goethite to hematite with lost of water. While the reduction transforms hematite to magnetite and magnetite to Fe.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hematite pellet"

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Welander, Henrik. "Preliminary experimental study on the affect of water of the hydrogen reduced hematite pellet." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293914.

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Global warming is one of the most important challenges that we are facing today. Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far our most common green house gas pollutant,  most large corporations need to reconsider how their production is performed to keep the global warming below 2 ◦C.  Today the steel production in Sweden accounts for 10% of  its  total  annual  emission  of  CO2.   HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology) is a joint venture between LKAB, SSAB and Vattenfall which aims to develop a new iron making route by reducing iron ore pellets with hydrogen gas, producing water as off-gas instead of CO2. Due to the endothermic nature of the reduction between iron oxide  and  H2 the reaction  requires  energy  to  proceed.   During  the reduction of a spherical pellet the reduction proceeds through dif- ferent  stages,  where  all of them  contains  the  reaction  product  of water vapor.  This thesis will present and discuss the effect of water vapor during the reduction of a single hematite pellet at 700 ◦C and 900 ◦C, this report also includes a description of the making of an ex- perimental setup to control the H2O partial pressure in the reaction gas. Both temperatures includes three experiments each consisting of different amount of water vapor in the reduction gas, namely, 0% (pure H2), 5.5% and 10% H2O, all reductions were carried out for 60 minutes.  The first experiment with pure H2 is used as a reference experiment  as  comparison  to the  latter, to  be able  to  discuss  the effect of the water vapor.  The mass loss during reduction is measured using a thermogravimetric method to calculate the degree of reduction. The  results  showed  that  higher  temperature  led  to  higher  rate  of reduction.  Further, increasing amount of water vapor decreased the reduction rate.   The  effect  of  water  was  found  substantial.   The 900 ◦C experiments reached 100% reduction during the 60 minutes. The 900 ◦C experiments reached a reduction of 95% after: 19.6 minutes (pure H2), 23.7 minutes (5.5% H2O) and 38.6 minutes (10% H2O). The 700 ◦C experiments only reached a reduction of around 90%.  They reached 85% reduction after 40.6 minutes (pure H2), 45.1 minutes (5.5% H2O) and 53.2 minutes  (10%  H2O).  At  900 ◦C,  the  reduction  with  10% H2O  needs double the time compared to 0% H2O to reach the same degree of reduction.  The results show that water vapor affect the mass transfer of hydrogen in the gas phase and to the reaction sites as well as the driving force of the reaction.
Global uppvärmning ar en av de viktigaste utmaningarna vi står inför idag. Eftersom koldioxid (CO2) är vår överlägset mest förorenande växthusgas måste de flesta stora företag överväga hur deras produktion utförs for att hålla den globala uppvärmningen under 2 C. Idag står stålproduktionen i Sverige för 10% av de årliga koldioxidutsläppen. HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology) är ett gemensamt forskningsprojekt mellan LKAB, SSAB och Vattenfall som utvecklar en ny järnframställningsväg genom att reducera järnmalmspellets med vätgas och producera vatten som avgas istället för CO2. På grund av den endotermiska naturen vid reducering av järnoxid med H2, kräver reaktionen energi för att fortgå. Under reduceringen av en sfärisk pellet fortskrider reduktionen genom olika steg, där alla innehåller reaktionsprodukten vattenånga. Denna avhandling kommer att presentera och diskutera effekten av vattenånga under reduktionen av en hematitpellet vid 700 C och 900 C, samt en experimentell inställning för att kontrollera H2O partialtrycket i reaktionsgasen. Båda temperaturerna inkluderar tre experiment som var och en består av olika mängder vattenånga i reduktionsgasen, nämligen 0% (ren H2), 5,5% och 10% H2O, alla reduktioner var på 60 minuter. Det första experimentet med ren H2 används som referensexperiment som jämförelse med senare for att kunna diskutera effekten av vattenångan. Massminskningen under reduktion mäts med hjälp av en termogravimetrisk metod för att beräkna reduktionsgraden. Resultaten visade att högre temperatur ledde till högre reduktionshastighet. Vidare minskade den ökande mängden vattenånga reduktionshastigheten. Effekten av vatten befanns vara betydande. 900 C experimentet uppnådde en reduktion på 100% efter 60 minuter. 900 C nådde en reduktion pa 95% efter 19,6 minuter (ren H2), 23,7 minuter (5,5% H2O) och 38,6 minuter (10% H2O). 700 C experimenten nådde endast en reduktion på cirka 90% med 85% reduktion efter 40,6 minuter (ren H2), 45,1 minuter (5,5% H2O) och 53,2 minuter (10% H2O). Vid 900 C behöver reduktionen med 10% H2O dubbla tiden jämfört med 0% H2O för att uppnå samma grad av reduktion. Resultaten visar att vattenånga påverkar masstransporten av väte i gasfasen och till reaktionspunkterna, liksom reaktionens drivkraft.
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Brännberg, Fogelström Julia. "Experimental study of the temperature profile in an iron ore pellet during reduction using hydrogen gas." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266983.

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We are facing an important challenge, to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions to make sure that we limit global warming to 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C. Drastic changes and developing new methods may be our only chance to keep global warming under 1.5 °C. The steel production in Sweden today accounts for 10% of the CO2 emission. The joint venture HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology), between SSAB, LKAB and Vattenfall, aims to reduce the CO2 emission by developing a method that reduces iron ore pellets with hydrogen gas, leaving only water as off-gas. From simple thermodynamic calculations, it is evident that the reduction of iron ore using hydrogen gas is an endothermic reaction, requiring heat. Based on the calculated energy requirement, the temperature at the center of the pellet should not be the same as the temperature at the surface of the pellet but instead, decrease as the reduction reaction takes place. This report presents the temperature profile at the surface and in the center of a hematite pellet during hydrogen reduction at temperatures of 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C. Ideally, the results can be implemented in a model to better simulate the reduction reaction taking place inside a hematite pellet. The experiment consists of three sub-experiments, the first measures the temperature profile of the unreduced iron ore pellet in an argon gas atmosphere, secondly, the temperature profile and mass loss are measured during reduction, lastly, the temperature profile is measured for the reduced pellet in a hydrogen atmosphere. The mass loss measured during hydrogen reduction is used to calculate the degree of reduction. The results show that the reaction rate increases with increasing temperature and concentration of H2. Additionally, a higher reduction temperature gives the largest temperature decrease inside the pellet during reduction. At 900 °C, the temperature decrease is equal to 39 °C and at 600 °C, it is equal to 3 °C. The results prove that after a certain initial stage, gas diffusion and heat conduction through the product layers play important roles in controlling the reaction rate. There is even a period where a plateau of the reduction is observed, the reaction is mostly controlled by heat transfer.
Idag står vi inför en viktig utmaning, att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och se till så att vi inte överskrider 2 °C uppvärmning, helst inte 1.5 °C. För att klara detta krävs drastiska förändringar och utvecklingar av nya metoder kan vara vår enda chans att uppnå 1.5-gradersmålet. Ståltillverkningen i Sverige idag står för 10% av CO2 utsläppen och för att bidra till att minska utsläppen av CO2 har företaget HYBRIT, vilket står för Hydrogen Brakethrough Ironmaking Technology, skapats. HYBRIT är en joint venture mellan SSAB, LKAB och Vattenfall som tillsammans vill skapa stål på ett mer miljövänligt sätt. Processen går ut på att reducera järnmalmspellets med hjälp av vätgas för att producera järnsvamp och ge ifrån sig vatten som avgas. Från enkla termodynamiska beräkningar är det lätt att inse att reduktionen med hjälp av vätgas är en endoterm process, som kräver energi. Det är genom denna kunskap som en kan föreställa sig att reduktionen av järnmalmspellets med hjälp av vätgas kommer bidra till en temperaturminskning. I denna rapport har temperaturprofilen inne i och på ytan av en hematitpellet mätts under tiden som den blivit reducerad med vätgas. Idealt kan resultaten implementeras i en modell för att bättre simulera reduktionsreaktionen som äger rum i en hematitpellets. Fyra olika reduktionstemperaturer har undersökts: 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C och 900 °C. Experimenten består av tre del-experiment, först mäts temperaturprofilen av den oreducerad hematitpelletsen i en argonatmosfär, sedan mäts viktminskningen och temperaturprofilen av pelleten medan den reduceras i en vätgasatmosfär, slutligen mäts temperaturprofilen av den reducerade pelleten i en argonatmosfär. Viktminskningen under reduktionen används för att beräkna reduktionsgraden under reduktionsförloppet. Resultaten visade att reduktionshastigheten ökade med ökande temperatur och koncentration av H2. Ökad temperatur gav även den största temperaturminskningen inne i pelleten då den reducerats med vätgas. Vid 900 °C uppmätes en temperaturminskning på 39 °C, varav reduktion vid 600 °C gav en temperaturminskning på 3 °C. Resultaten visar att efter en viss tids reduktion, spelar gasdiffusionen och värmeledningen genom produktlagret en viktig roll och är det som begränsar reduktions-hastigheten. Fortsatt, då hematitpelleten reducerades uppstod en platå där temperaturen var konstant och reaktionen till största delen var begränsad av värmeledningen genom produktlagret.
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Dongchen, Wang. "Effect of Density on the Reduction of Fe2O3 Pellets by H2-CO Mixtures." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100933.

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This study aims to find how density affects the reduction extent and reduction rate. H2-CO gas mixture is used as reducing agent. Five groups of different density pellets were reduced at four different temperatures. Light optical microscope (LOM) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) used to detect completely and partially reduced pellets to investigate how density affects the reduction mechanisms. Results illustrate that density affects reduction extent and reduction rate a lot. However, when reaction temperature is 1123 K, density has less influenc on reduction extent. The carbon deposition occurred for high density pellets at 973 K and 1023 K. The reduction process cannot be described by a single rate controlling step. Reduced layer is denser compared with unreduced layer. Reaction at initial stages goes much faster than later stages.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hematite pellet"

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Mendes, Vinicius, Deqing Zhu, Tiejun Chun, Jian Pan, and Marcus Emrich. "Study on Improving the Quality of Pellet Made from Vale Hematite Pellet Feed." In 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 211–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062081.ch26.

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Beheshti, Reza, John Moosberg-Bustnes, and Ragnhild E. Aune. "Modeling and Simulation of Isothermal Reduction of a Single Hematite Pellet in Gas Mixtures of H2and CO." In TMS 2014 Supplemental Proceedings, 495–502. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889879.ch60.

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Beheshti, Reza, John Moosberg-Bustnes, and Ragnhild E. Aune. "Modeling and Simulation of Isothermal Reduction of a Single Hematite Pellet in Gas Mixtures of H2 and CO." In TMS 2014: 143rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 495–502. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48237-8_60.

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Yuan, Lishun, Xiaohui Fan, Min Gan, Guiming Yang, Xiaoxian Huang, Zhiyun Ji, and Zhiyuan Yu. "Research on Strengthening Consolidation of Magnesium Bearing Hematite Pellets." In 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 501–7. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663448.ch61.

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ZHU, Deqing, Wei YU, Tiejun CHUN, and Jian PAN. "Improving the Pelletization of Fluxed Hematite Pellets by Hydrated Lime." In 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 335–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062081.ch40.

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Huang, Yanfang, Guihong Han, Tao Jiang, Guanghui Li, Yuanbo Zhang, and Dan Wang. "Effects of Binders Additives on Compressive Strength of Hematite Pellets in Firing Process." In 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 391–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364987.ch48.

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Huang, Zhucheng, Liangming Wen, Ronghai Zhong, and Tao Jiang. "Mechanismsof Strengthening the Reductionof Fine Hematite Inhighsilicon Coal-Containing Mini-Pellets by Sodiumadditives." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 461–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch57.

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Huang, Zhucheng, Liangming Wen, Ronghai Zhong, and Tao Jiang. "Mechanisms of Strengthening the Reduction of Fine Hematite in High Silicon Coal-Containing Mini-Pellets by Sodium Additives." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 461–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_57.

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İsmail Tosun, Yildirim. "Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite and Limonite Ores—Reduced Iron Ore Production." In Iron Ores [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231.

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Abstract:
The concentration of low grade iron ore resources was evaluated by washing and reduction. The advanced concentration methods for low grade limonite and hematite iron ores of South Eastern Anatolian resources required such specific methods. The followed column flotation and magnetic separation, microwave radiated reduction of hematite slime and limonite sand orewere investigated on potential reducing treatment. The bubling fluidized bed allows more time to the heat radiation and conduction for reducing to the resistive ıron compounds. Furthermore, heavy limonite and iron oxide allowed sufficient intimate contact coal and biomass through surface pores in the bubbling fluidized bed furnace due to more pyrolysis gas desorption. Bubbling bath porosity decreased by temperature decrease. This research was included reduction in microwave of poor hematite and limonite ores in the microwave ovens, but through smaller tubing flows as sintering shaft plants following column flotation and scavangering operation. Two principle stages could still manage prospective pre reduction granule and pellet production in new sintering plants. There is a lack of energy side which one can produce reduced iron ore in advanced technology plants worldwide. However, for the low grade iron ores such as limonite and sideritic iron ores it was thought that microwave reduction technique was assumed that this could cut energy consumption in the metallurgy plants.
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Conference papers on the topic "Hematite pellet"

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WANG, Li-Li, Hai-Bin KE, and Liang-Liang YUAN. "Application of Refractory Hematite in Pellets." In 3rd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmea-16.2016.41.

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