Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hématophagie'
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Lefevre, Thierry. "Manipulation parasitaire et maladies vectorielles." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20091.
Full textParasites are a very common life form on earth and drive many ecological and evolutionary processes. Hosts and parasites are locked in a continual coevolutionary race, which generates antagonistic selection. While parasites evolve to optimise the exploitation of their host and between-host transmission, hosts evolve to minimize the parasite-induced fitness losses. In the context of transmission, parasites have evolved adaptive strategies that maximise their probability of host to host transfer. Some parasites are indeed able to substantially alter the physiology, morphology or behaviour of their host in a way that increases their probability of transmission, a phenomenon named parasitic manipulation. Despite an increasing attention devoted to the investigation of this parasite strategy of transmission, many hurdles remain to be overcome. The goal of this dissertation was to (i) increase our fundamental knowledge concerning parasitic manipulation by using vector-borne parasites as study systems and (ii) merging the field of parasitic manipulation and its evolutionary ecology approach with those of medicine, epidemiology, and medical entomology. Our works generated considerable fundamental knowledge on the evolution, proximate mechanisms and multidimensionnality (when more than one host phenotypic traits are altered) of parasitic manipulation. In addition, we brought crucial information concerning feeding behaviour in Anopheles gambiae, the major malaria vector in sub-Saharian Africa
Leis, Mendias Miguel Alejandro. "Métabolisme énergétique chez un insecte hématophage : rhodnius prolixus." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4013/document.
Full textMetabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism. Energy uptake allows animals to perform biosynthesis, maintenance, and external work. If the energy produced is converted into heat, we can estimate the energy metabolism as the rate of conversion of chemical energy into metabolic rate (MR), which allows the calculation of energy requirements. The main objective of this work is to assess the metabolic cost of physiological work in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Our results show that feeding is costly. The MR during feeding in R. prolixus reaches up to 17 times the MR during rest. The mean respiratory quotient is 0.83 during rest and 0.52 during feeding. We showed that the deactivation of Heat Shock Proteins on R. prolixus, causes a diminution of MR during digestion. Then, we showed that the energy cost (EC) during walking can reach up to 1.7 times the EC during rest. Finally, we found that the EC of production of one egg of R. prolixus was 11.7 J. All our results provide tools to a better understanding of biology and ecology of an hematophagous insect to provide the necessary elements to better control of transmission of vector-borne diseases
Lahondère, Chloé. "Stress thermique et thermorégulation chez lez insectes hématophages." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4029.
Full textInsects are submitted to thermal fluctuations of their environment and have developed a wide ranged panel of behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses, to minimize the subsequent deleterious effects and maintain their physiological integrity. Some species actively regulate their internal temperature independently of the temperature of the environment. If these insects can overcome the constraints imposed by their thermal environment, those that feed on warm-blooded vertebrate hosts have no choice but to confront a situation of thermal stress at each feeding event. The main objective of this work is to understand how bloodsucking insects manage heat stress associated with the massive flow of heat generated by the ingestion of the blood meal. Our results show these insects have developed different strategies of thermoregulation to protect themselves from overheating
Obame-Nkoghe, Judicaël. "Caractérisation de l'entomofaune hématophage cavernicole du Gabon et implication dans la transmission d'agents infectieux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT159/document.
Full textThe man's ecological mark on natural forest environments of central Africa has been increasing in recent decades, and only few natural areas remain non exploited yet. Thus, even supposedly hostile environments such as caves meet the primary needs of surrounding populations (hunting, fishing, shamanic practices), or economical needs (mining and ecotourism). That anthropization is likely to increase the exposure of human populations to multiple infectious agents carried by cave fauna. The presence of wild or domestic animals in the surroundings of caves also increase that risk. Among these infectious agents, some can be transmitted by direct contact with animal reservoirs, whereas others may require the involvement of blood-sucking insects. The role of these insects in the epidemiology of many pathogens is well known in Africa, particularly in epigeic environments, but remains largely investigated in caves. In this thesis work, we proposed to address that issue. In six caves of Gabon we firstly explored the diversity of blood-sucking Diptera, and we studied temporal dynamics of species assemblages. Secondly, we undertook a molecular screening of haemosporidia, bacteria and viruses using nested PCR and high-throughput sequencing.The work carried out has enable to make a taxonomic inventory of the Diptera fauna of the investigated caves. Our study revealed a significant diversity of the blood-sucking Diptera fauna, accounting for more than 60 percent of blood-sucking Diptera species currently known in Gabon, in all types of areas. Our data showed that the composition of Diptera communities was different from one cave to another, and that Diptera assemblages varied over time according to micro-climate fluctuations within caves. The screening of infectious agents in Diptera collected helped 1) to explore the parasitic, viral and bacterial diversity they host, and 2) to assess their involvement in transmission
Faudry, Eric. "Polimorfismo das apirases salivares de Triatoma infestans." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE19004.
Full textCannet, Arnaud. "Insectes hématophages : terrains, élevages, infections : études chez Cimex lectularius et Phlebotomus perniciosus." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5010.
Full textBloodsucking insects have an impact on the human and animal health particularly for the risk of pathogens transmission and the nuisance caused by their bite. To have knowledge on these insects can help and apply to prevent, manage or treat the diseases. In this thesis, we mainly focused on two insects: bedbugs and sandflies.- For bedbug, a literature review was carried out to classify the published data demonstrating preferred bedbug colony conditions. We showed that physical factors (temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod), and physiological factors (type, frequency of blood meals) play important roles in the laboratory colonies. A huge number of Cimex lectularius species was sampled from infested regions to study the spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs in France and to evaluate the symbiotic flora including Wolbachia bacteria.- For sandfly, Phlebotomus perniciosus species was colonized for experimental infections by Leishmania infantum using murine model and artificial feeder. A local sandfly sampling was carried out in the rural regions of Nice city and were served in a study targeting the genetic population structure of Phlebotomus ariasi. Moreover, a historical study was conducted on the classification, evolution and dispersion of Leishmania parasites, sandflies and animals reservoirs.- A new identification method of bloodsucking Diptera was invented (submitted patent).- Thanks to the hospital-entomological activities, an original case report of phthiriasis on an old person was reported.- During this thesis with a scholarship CIFRE funded by Virbac Laboratories, I succeeded tosubmit and publish 7 articles and 1 patent
Bodin, Aurélie. "Modulation du comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les insectes hématophages : importance des facteurs endogènes." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4019/document.
Full textAnimals have evolved different optimal strategies to minimize predation risks while searching for food. In haematophagous insects, host-seeking is guided by different host stimuli. An important modulation of the perception systems associated to host localization has been observed as function of behaviour and activity rhythms of the host which can be a prey or a predator. We characterize the endogenous factors which could modulate the host-seeking behaviour in the haematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus. There is a specific modulation of the behavioural response to different odours as function of daytime. Furthermore, host-seeking could be modulated by the physiological state of the bugs (developmental and nutritional state). Physiological and behavioural mechanisms have been selected to inhibit the host-seeking when it is not necessary for the bugs to be exposed to hosts
El, Adouzi Marine. "Déterminants biotiques d'une interaction durable lâche : interactions entre un microprédateur hématophage, son hôte oiseau et les communautés d'acariens du fumier." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30016.
Full textThe Poultry Red Mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae is a mite of major sanitary andeconomic importance for the egg production industry worldwide but paradoxicallythe functioning of its ecosystem has been little studied. The objective of this work was to provide relevant elements for the characterization of this singular ecosystem that is poorly known, in order to, beyond the production of knowledge, contribute to the development of innovative strategies of integrated management. This is expected to allow going further than the strict chemical control which is still to date the most widely used means of control. The study of the chemical interactions between the PRM and its host allowed to better identify sources of stimulus and to better understand D. gallinae’s responses to chicken odors as well as to determine to what extent it was possible to interfere between the host and its micropredator during the first phase of the host location. The characterization of the structure of arthropod communities sharing the same microhabitats as does PRM showed that D. gallinae was associated with several species of mites and predatory insects of arthropods which could potentially be its natural enemies. It was also demonstrated that the livestock building was a specific unit in terms of the composition and structure ofthe arthropod communities. Significant differences in the frequency and occurrence of predatory species between buildings and their propagation capacity from the external environment are promising indicators for the development of conservation biological control (CBC) against PRM. A reflection on the possible synergistic and antagonistic cross-effects between the manipulation of host odors and the stimulation of ecological processes involving non-haematophagous arthropods is carried out. This is expected to participate in the development of an approach integrating these tools as well as other available means of control in a context of integrated biological protection of PRM
Marchant, Axelle. "Le processus de domiciliation des punaises hématophages vectrices de la maladie de Chagas : apport de l’étude du transcriptome chimiosensoriel." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS008/document.
Full textIn Latin America, the bloodsucking bugs (Triatominae, Hemiptera, Reduviidae) are vectors of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. More than five million people are infected. Even if chemical control campaigns are effective against vectors, the disease persists due to the recolonization of human habitations by vectors from natural habitats. Some species have the capacity to adapt to anthroposystems (domiciliation process), while other related species do not. Understanding this capacity to adapt is crucial from an epidemiological perspective to target species at risk to humans. The capacity to adapt to a new habitat could be linked to changes in the repertoire of chemosensory system genes, particularly for odorant binding proteins (OBP) and chemosensory proteins (CSP), which are important proteins to detect various odor stimuli. This study is based on the chemosensory system of Triatominae to document the adaptation process and then the domiciliation of the vectors. Transcriptomic data obtained by high-throughput sequencing were used to annotate and list the chemosensory genes and also to compare their expression in bloodsucking bugs from different habitats. The relationship between changes in these genes in different Triatominae species and their ability to adapt to a new habitat was evaluated. The species T. brasiliensis, which is in the process of domiciliation in Brazil with sylvatic, peridomiciliary and domiciliary populations, and various species of the genus Rhodnius from diverse habitats were studied, especially the two sibling species R. robustus, sylvatic in the Amazonia and R. prolixus mostly domiciliary throughout its geographical range. In the absence of a reference genome for T. brasiliensis, a reference transcriptome via de novo assembly (data 454 and Illumina) was achieved. The reference transcriptomes for 10 Rhodnius species were also established using the de novo assembly method. A genome reference based method on R. prolixus was also used to assemble the transcriptome of the two species R. prolixus and R. robustus. In the different species of the Triatominae studied, the chemosensory gene repertoire showed a high diversity and genic expansions compared to that of others Paraneoptera, which could reflect adaptive process. Furthermore, a positive correlation was shown between the number of OBP genes in Rhodnius species and their domiciliation ability, suggesting that this gene family is involved in the adaptation to anthropogenic environment. The differential expression analyses on the T. brasiliensis populations and the R. prolixus / R. robustus species showed that some transcripts are differentially expressed according to the environment in which the bugs have evolved, especially the chemosensory genes (OBP, CSP) and also genes involved in the circadian rhythm and foraging behavior (Takeout), in the response to environmental stress such as detoxification genes (P450, glutathione S-transferase), in resistance to climatic changes (heat-shock proteins) and in protection from the external environment (cuticular proteins).This work has helped make available to the scientific community powerful tools for studying the process of domiciliation of Chagas disease vectors (transcriptome, gene repertoire). It also revealed genes that could be involved in the adaptation and/or phenotypic plasticity in response to a change in habitat. Understanding the molecular basis of vector adaptation to human dwellings opens the potential to develop new tools to control the disease vectors, for example by disrupting chemical communication
Guiguen, Claude. "Anthropozoonoses et oiseaux marins : contribution à l'étude des ectoparasites hématophages des espèces nicheuses sur les cotes françaises continentales et insulaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX21901.
Full textRoy, Lise. "Ecologie évolutive d'un genre d'acarien hématophage : approche phylogénétique des délimitations interspécifiques et caractérisation comparative des populations de cinq espèces du genre Dermanyssus (Acari : Mesostigmata)." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005531.
Full textLise, Roy. "Ecologie évolutive d'un genre d'acarien hématophage : approche phylogénétique des délimitations interspécifiques et caractérisation comparative des populations de cinq espèces du genre Dermanyssus (Acari : Mesostigmata)." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661327.
Full textKempf, Florent. "Structure génétique et évolution de la spécialisation chez deux ectoparasites hématophages, les tiques Ixodes uriae et I. Ricinus, vecteurs de la borréliose de Lyme." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20186.
Full textMany studies have been devoted to understanding the origin of life's vast diversity. In parasitic organisms, host specialization may be a key process in the emergence and maintenance of this diversity. Host and parasite life history traits can shape the spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation, and thus, the possibility of host-associated divergence. In this thesis, we examine the evolution of host specialization in two host/parasite systems involving tick vectors of Lyme borreliosis: Ixodes uriae, a tick that exploits colonial seabirds in polar regions and, Ixodes ricinus, a tick with a large spectrum of terrestrial hosts in Europe. These congeneric species share many traits, but differ noticeably by the characteristics of the hosts they exploit and the strategies they use to encounter these hosts. Based on the basic biology of these ticks, we have formulated several hypotheses concerning the distribution of their genetic variation in natural populations and particularly among their local hosts. Ticks were sampled across a large spatial scale and were characterized using microsatellite and mitochondrial markers. We analyzed this data using different statistical tools frequently employed in phylogeography and population genetics, including some recently developed methods. Taken as a whole, our results support a scenario of recent and recurrent evolution of host races in I. Uriae, where the local outcome of the interaction varies in space and among host species. Our results also suggest the existence of races specialized on different host types within I. Ricinus populations (birds, rodents, lizards, etc), and a potential mechanism for assortative mating in these races. Overall, the work presented in this thesis highlights the importance of parasitic traits for the diversification process (dispersal, host encounter strategies, mate pair formation). More specifically, the frequent evolution of specific host races within tick populations will have importance consequences for the circulation of the pathogens they carry and, as such, calls into question our current understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases such as Lyme borreliosis
Bitome, Essono Paul Yannick. "Identification, écologie et utilisation des diptères hématophages (glossine, stomoxe et tabanide) comme moyen d'échantillonnage non-invasif de la faune sauvage dans quatre parcs du Gabon." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS048/document.
Full textThe contact between human and wild fauna has considerably increased during these last decades due to the increase of human population size but also to conservation policies. As a consequence, the number of zoonotic diseases soared with a mean of six new infectious diseases per year, 75% of whom being vectorially transmitted. The way to avoid the human contamination by these emergent diseases is based on the efficient vector control resulting from a deep knowledge of the ecology and the feeding behavior of the different vector species. During our work, we have identified and characterized the ecology of 6 tsetse species (Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. fusca congolense, G. pallicera newsteadi, G. caliginea and G. tabaniformis) that live in forests and 6 stomoxe species (Stomoxys calcitrans, S. inornatus, S. niger niger, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega omega and S. transvittatus) that live in and around (anthropized places) conservation areas. We have also identified 6 tabanid species (Ancala sp., Atylotus sp., Chrysops sp., Haematopota sp., Tabanus par and T. taeniola). The feeding ecology of the tsetse species have been studied through the determination of host extracted from blood meals in the insect caught with molecular techniques. These hematophagous insects had a diversified diet that was constituted of diverse mammal species but also reptiles and birds. The food intake results mostly from wild fauna (86%) and more rarely from humans (14%). However, in anthropised habitats (villages and research’s camps within the parks), the blood intakes from human origin were important, in particular in the villages (100%), suggesting that without wild fauna the flies shift on human host. In the last part of our work, we tried to identify pathogens in the blood samples extracted from the tsetse species in order to test whether these species could be used as living sampling syringe of the wild fauna. This new proposed non-invasive sampling techniques allowed to detect the DNA of various infectious agents (plasmodiums and trypanosomes), but failed to detect the RNA of viruses (arbovirus) suggesting that this approach could be useful but need to be improved
Zriki, Ghais. "Etude intégrative des interactions au sein d’une association lâche, hôte-microprédateur-arthropodes non hématophages cohabitant avec lui : vers une gestion agro-écologique des bâtiments d’élevage de volaille." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG025.
Full textNatural enemies such as predatory arthropods play an important role in controlling pest populations in agroecosystems. Laying-hen farms are agroecosystems of intensive production that incorporate a high diversity of arthropods: hen parasites and manure arthropods (predators, detritivorous, etc.). The poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae is the most damaging ectoparasite in laying-hen farms. Infestations with D. gallinae cause both welfare and economic problems. Dermanyssus gallinae is a nidicolous ectoparasite that lives close to its host in an environment shared by the naturally-occurring predatory arthropods in laying-hen farms.In this thesis, our objective was to improve our knowledge on the impact of native arthropods predators in laying-hen farms on D. gallinae. Based on three methodological approaches –descriptive, correlative and experimental–, the present work explored predator-prey interactions (with focus on D. gallinae) and the impact of arthropods predators on D. gallinae at three levels: 1) individual level: building the food web of native arthropods (in vitro), 2) species level: analyzing the covariation of the abundances of D. gallinae and its predators in farm buildings, 3) population level: measuring in an experimental system (hen-D. gallinae-predator) in mesocosms the impact of native arthropod predators on the development of D. gallinae populations.The analysis of native arthropods food web showed that D. gallinae is a potential prey for ten predatory species. These predators showed a significant disparity in predation frequency on D. gallinae and in their preferences for prey species between D. gallinae and detritivorous mites as alternative prey. In laying-hen farms, analysis of the relative abundances of D. gallinae and native predators supported the presence of interactions between D. gallinae and predatory species that showed high predation frequencies on it in vitro. The experiments in mesocosm allowed the development of D. gallinae, native arthropod predators and detritivorous mites. Under our experimental conditions, native arthropod predators did not show any detectable effect on the development of D. gallinae populations when other alternative prey species were present. These results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, the development of D. gallinae populations seemed to be limited by food resources (the hen) and not by the predation effect. The presence of alternative prey (detritivorus mites) may have reduced predators’ impact on D. gallinae populations. Through our experimental system, we also showed that mass-reared and commercially available predatory mites currently used to control D. gallinae in laying farms, did not have a negative effect on non-target species such as native predatory mites.Our results uncovered important gaps in our understanding of D. gallinae biology and population dynamics. These results also demonstrate the importance of further investigating the impact of alternative prey species in the absence of a regulatory effect of native predators on D. gallinae populations
Choufani, Joanna. "Origine, taxinomie, évolution et systématique des Ceratopogonidae (diptera)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0035.
Full textThe Ceratopogonidae include 6180 modern species and 274 fossil species. We add twelve new species, from France (leptoconops daugeroni Choufani, Azar & Nel, 2011, leptoconops gravesi Choufani & Nel, 2014, leptoconops sp. Choufani & Nel, 2014, culicoides doyeni Choufani & Nel, 2014, devalquia brisaci Choufani & Nel, 2013, et metahelea roggeroi Choufani & Nel, 2013), Lebanon (lebanoculicoides daheri Choufani & Nel, 2014, protoculicoides krzeminskii Choufani & Nel, 2014, archiaustroconops annae Choufani & Nel, 2014, archiaustroconops hammanensis Choufani & Nel, 2014 et archiaustroconops dominiakae Choufani & Nel, 2014) and Syria (lebanoculicoides bloudani Choufani, 2015). The worlwide distribution of amber deposits containing fossils and the feeding habits of the family are reviewed. A phylogenetic study of 91 charcters comparing 49 taxa representingthe five subfamilies ans six tribes is established allowing questionning the definition and position of several genera
Temmam, Sarah. "Caractérisation des communautés virales de vecteurs & réservoirs de zoonoses : exemples des culicoïdes et de la viande de brousse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5004/document.
Full textZoonoses are responsible of more than two thirds of human viral infections. The development of high-throughput sequencing tools and their application in metagenomics allow inventorying the viral communities of various reservoirs in order to detect the emergence of viruses before their infection to humans. In this context, I characterized the viral communities of simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and of Culicoides biting midges, recognized vectors of several viruses of human and veterinary medicine importance. I have first developed a protocol for the purification of RNA viromes which allowed maintaining the infectivity of viral particles. This protocol was subsequently applied to characterize viral communities of bloodsucking arthropods and wildlife samples. In a second part I realized the inventory of viral communities of smoked simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and confiscated by the French customs. This study revealed the presence of a wide diversity of bacteriophages, in which some of them could infect bacteria potentially pathogenic for humans.Finally I characterized the viral communities of Culicoides biting midges collected in Senegal, which revealed the presence of sequences related to several giant DNA viruses infecting amoeba. Sequencing of the RNA virome revealed the presence of several arboviruses that could constitute a risk of emergence of zoonoses for humans.The prediction of future emerging zoonotic viruses is very difficult, if not impossible. However the characterization of viral communities present in the different actors of zoonotic transmission cycle is a first step to evaluate potential risks of transmission to humans
Bodin, Aurélie. "MODULATION DU COMPORTEMENT DE RECHERCHE DE L'HOTE CHEZ LES INSECTES HEMATOPHAGES : Importance des facteurs endogènes." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00402600.
Full textles ressources énergétiques nécessaires à leur survie et/ou à leur reproduction. Pour un grand
nombre d'espèces animales, localiser des ressources et s'alimenter représente un
investissement en temps, en énergie, et implique de s'exposer à un risque de prédation. Les
animaux ont donc développé des stratégies d'optimisation de recherche de nourriture afin de
minimiser les risques de prédation. Chez les insectes hématophages, l'attraction pour leurs
hôtes est fortement dirigée par la chaleur, et différents facteurs chimiques (odeurs émises par
l'hôte). Chez ces insectes, une modulation importante des systèmes de perception associés à
la localisation d'hôtes (olfaction, thermoperception, vision...) a été observée en fonction du
comportement et des rythmes d'activité de leurs hôtes, qui jouent à la fois le rôle de proie et
de prédateur. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les possibles facteurs
endogènes capables de moduler le comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez la punaise
hématophage Rhodnius prolixus. La sensibilité olfactive de cet insecte peut être modulée au
cours de la journée. Nos résultats montrent qu'il existe une modulation spécifique de la
réponse comportementale à différentes odeurs impliquées dans différents comportements
présents à différents moments de la journée. De plus, le comportement de recherche de l'hôte
peut être modulé par l'état physiologique des individus, l'état de développement et/ou l'état
nutritif. Nous avons pu montrer que le comportement de recherche de l'hôte ne s'exprime pas
immédiatement après la mue, mais que son développement est progressif. L'état nutritif des
individus influe également sur leur comportement de recherche d'hôtes. Un seul repas à
réplétion va entrainer une inhibition puis une répulsion des insectes face aux facteurs attractifs
des hôtes. Des mécanismes physiologiques et comportementaux ont donc été sélectionnés,
inhibant le comportement de recherche de l'hôte à des moments de la vie de l'insecte où il ne
serait pas nécessaire de s'exposer aux hôtes. L'ensemble des résultats est discuté en intégrant
les facteurs modulant le comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les triatomines et les
insectes hématophages en général, ainsi que l'impact que cela peut avoir sur la transmission
des pathogènes.
Vinauger, Clément. "Apprentissage et mémoire chez les insectes vecteurs de maladies humaines." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4045/document.
Full textLearning and memory contribute to animals' fitness by allowing them adapting to variable environments. Thses two processes make them able to extract and use information from their environment in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with unpredictible environments. Among insects, fruit flies and honeybees are considered as classical models for the study of learning and memory. The amount of work that has been done on these models provide a considerable amount of information regarding the genetic, neurobiological and molecular basis of these processes and revealed the complexity of insects' cognitive abilities. All this knowledge acquired in model species, contrasts surprisingly with the lack of knowledge available regarding insect species that are involved in animal and human diseases transmission. Yet, it has been aknowledge that the detailed study of vectors cognitive abilities would allow the understanding of their adaptation to haematophagy, of their vectorial importance and provide new tools for diseases control. Up to date, studies focusing on disaese vectors, mainly in mosquitoes, were conducted in natural or not completely controled contexts and thus no clear demonstration of learning and memory is availaible.The main goal of this work was to provide a controled experimental context allowing the strudy of learning abilities in the haematophagous bug \textit{Rhodnius prolixus}. Our results show that these insectes are able to learn to associate the delivery of a same neutral odour either with the possibility to obtain a reward (blood-meal, appetitive conditioning) or with the possibility to receive a punishment (mechanical shock, aversive conditioning). We also showed that learning ans memory are involved in host selection processes. In a second part, we adapted to our biological model the paradigm of proboscis extension response conditioning, which allowed us to analyse and characterize its learning abilities. The maximal retention duration as well as the modulation of learning abilities by circadian clocks were evinced. Taken as a whole, this work provides the first experimental demonstration of learning abilities in Chagas disease vectors and provides experimental and methodological tools; These latters should allow improving the understanding of the mechanisms that are underlying cearning abilities of haematophagous insects in general. Results are also discussed in the context of host selection and parasite transmission
Blisnick, Adrien. "Caractérisation de IrSPI, un inhibiteur de sérine protéase impliqué dans la prise du repas sanguin et l’infection bactérienne des tiques Ixodes ricinus." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0005/document.
Full textIxodes ricinus tick species, the most abundant and widespread tick in Europe, is an important vector of pathogens affecting both animal and human health. To replace the use of acaricides that generate environmental contamination and resistances, new environmentally sustainable approaches providing broad protection against ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are urgently needed. Such development requires improved understanding of the biology of ticks and more particularly of their interactions with vertebrate hosts and TBP. Tick saliva is an essential biofluid for ticks, as its proteolytic, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities allow ticks to acquire their blood meal under optimal conditions. Moreover, injection of saliva during blood feeding represents the principal route by which TBP are transmitted to the host. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in TBP transmission, as well as to identify putative vaccine candidates against I. ricinus, salivary glands from bacteria infected and uninfected ticks were previously compared by high throughput transcriptomics. The most up-regulated transcript following infection was IrSPI, which belongs to the Kunitz/BPTI inhibitor family. Functional analyses via RNAi knockdown experiments revealed that IrSPI enhances both blood feeding and bacterial burden in the salivary glands. This present PhD work concerns then the structural, biochemical and functional characterization of IrSPI as a molecule involved in tick-host-pathogen interactions. Our aim was first to define the structure of IrSPI gene but, unfortunately, while our results have led to progress on this issue, we have not been able to get the full sequence. Then, the dynamic of IrSPI expression was evaluated during both tick feeding and colonization of ticks by pathogens, showing that its expression is induced by blood feeding and TBP but not by Escherichia coli that is not transmitted by I. ricinus. In addition, our results shown the expression of IrSPI in several tick organs, suggesting its implication in several functions in tick physiology. Among them, the discovery of the injection of IrSPI, through the saliva, to the vertebrate host allowed us to consider a role in host responses to tick bite. Evaluation of IrSPI effect on host showed no impact on coagulation through extrinsic pathway, as determined by analysis of thrombin generation time and by fibrinolysis, or in angiogenesis. However, it inhibited the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes and increased unstimulated-B cell proliferation. In addition, IrSPI also modulated cytokine production from macrophages and splenocytes, repressing significantly most of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, we demonstrated that IrSPI plays a role in modulating the host immune response during blood feeding. Finally, preliminary results in the identification of the protein’s interactants open many research perspectives for understanding how IrSPI acts in tick physiology and counteracts host responses to tick injury and pathogen transmission