Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hématopoïèse – génétique'
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Guyot, Boris. "Contrôle de l'expression de l'adaptateur moléculaire MONA (Monocytic adaptor) dans le système hématopoïétique humain." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10079.
Full textUbeda, Jean-Michel. "Les cellules sanguines de drosophile : Etude transcriptionnelle et analyse génétique de leur réponse à une infection parasitaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/UBEDA_Jean-Michel_2005.pdf.
Full textDrosophila have three blood cells (or hemocytes) types: plasmatocytes are professional phagocytes, crystal cells are involved in melanization reactions that accompanies immune defenses, and lamellocytes ensure parasites encapsulation. In a first project, we studied the transcriptional profiling of activities of distinct hemocyte populations and from naïve or infected larvae, using Affymetryx microarray. One outcome was the gain of new insights into the lamellocyte encapsulation process. A second compelling observation is that, after an immune challenge, Drosophila hemocytes produce a signal molecule that is essential to induce the immune reactions. The establishment of the transcriptional profiling of Drosophila hemocytes represents a useful tool for future studies on hemocyte functions. In my main research project, I investigated the role of Collier (Col) in the Drosophila larval hematopoiesis. Col is the unique Drosophila orthologue of the mammalian transactivator EBF, an important factor for B cell differentiation. We showed the critical requirement for Col activity in lamellocytes’ specification. Col is first expressed during embryogenesis, in the progenitors of the hematopoïetic organ. During larval stages, col is expressed in this organ in a signalling centre for hemaotopoiesis. We suggest that Col give the capacity to relay an instructive signal emitted by plasmatocytes upon their encounter with a parasite. In our model, these cells synthesise a signal S2 that orients precursors towards the lamellocyte fate. We then identified the gene CG14225, which encodes a transmembrane protein homologous of the mammalian gp130 receptor. Our first analysis revealed that CG14225 is a good candidate to encode the receptor for S2. I have developed two different strategies to generate a loss-of-function mutation for CG14225. The null mutant will enable us to conclude about this gene‘s implication in the Drosophila hematopoietic processes
Matherat, Gabriel. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle du facteur CXXC5 (RINF) au cours de l’hématopoïèse normale et pathologique CXXC5 (RINF) loss-of-expression accelerates human erythroid differentiation in a TGF-β and SMAD7-dependent manner." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2395&f=17333.
Full textNo abstract
Pronier, Elodie. "Etude de la fonction de TET2 dans l'hématopoïese normale et pathologique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077035.
Full textMyeloid malignancies are clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cell develop following a skewed of the differentiation toward myeloid lineages associated with increased proliferation. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the involvement epigenetic factors in malignant transformation. Indeed, DNA sequencing of patients with diverse malignancies identified mutations in TET2 (TET methylcytosïne dioxygenase 2) gene. This gene encodes an enzyme that couverts 5-methylcytosines to 5-hydroxyméthylcytosines (5hmC). The biological impact of this new modification of DNA bases and the TET protein function during hematopoiesis is poorly understood. The objectives of my thesis were to determine the function(s) of TET2 in human hematopoiesis and involvement in malignant transformation. My results confirmed in the cells from MPN patients that TET2 mutation induces a decrease in the overall rate of 5hmC. Then we hâve shown that TET2 haploinsufficiency after infection of CD34+ using a specific shRNA induces differentiation skewed toward myeloid lineage. This haploinsufficiency also affects the terminal stages of myeloid three lineages. We also demonstrated that TET2 inhibition induces expression of several inflammatory cytokines such as MIF (Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor}. TET2 binds to it promoter regions and influence their transcription through the recruitment of EGR1 and active polymerase II. Finally, haploinsufficiency of TET2 induces a selective advantage of CD34+ cells for reconstitution of the hematopoietic System of highly immunodeficient mice. TET2 is involved in several steps of tumor transformation but these functions factor transcription remain poorly understood
Hilpert, Morgane. "Thrombopénies familiales : rôle de PRKACG et p19ink4d." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077061.
Full text. The first part of my thesis focuses on the identification of genetic event causing a new macrothrombopénie recessive autosomal associated with a bleeding tendency, defective cytoskeletal reorganization. And a defect in proplatelets formation and platelet functions. After exome sequencing, a homozygous mutation in PRKACG gene was identified. It leads to a defect of PKA without causing its degradation. An almost complete absence of the filamin A, one of the PKA substrates, was observed in patient megakaryocytes (MKs). Overexpression in patient progenitors of WT PRKACG allows the restoration of proplatelet formation confirming its involvement in the disease. Ii. The second part fats within a functional study of RUNX1 target gens deregulated in FPD/AML thrombocytopenia and in this context, the role of pl 9liik44 in hematopoiesis. We observed that alter stress induction, the exit of quiescent state of HSC, the ROS level and DNA double strand breaks are increased in a KO background. This phenomenon leading to cell death by apoptosis is linked to an intrinsic role of p19. Extrinsic role of p19 through regulation of the microenvironment has also been shown. In addition to its role in the arrest of MK endomitoses, p19 negatively controls the proliferation of MK progenitors. In the absence of p19, the MK amplification increases with age and leads to splenomegaly and development of fibrosis following the increase of TGFI31. This last one could explain a decrease in HSC pool in the absence of p19 at basal state and during aging
Pennetier, Delphine. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de la niche hématopoïétique de Drosophila melanogaster." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1503/.
Full textThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster owns an immune system which consists in two different responses: the response and the cellular response. The cellular response required specialized cell types called hemocytes or "blood" cells. Hemocytes are specified during hematopoiesis which takes place in two waves during Drosophila development. The first wave occurs in the embryo while the second takes place at larval stages in a specific organ called the lymph gland. Molecular mechanisms controlling embryonic hematopoiesis are well known whereas those involved at larval stages are not known. During my PhD, I studied molecular mechanisms occurring during larval hematopoiesis. (1) I participated to the study of the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway during larval hematopoiesis. We characterized a new gene, called latran, which acts as a negative regulator of the pathway. Latran is required after an immune challenge to inactivate the JAK/STAT pathway, reaviling a new way to regulate this pathway (Makki and al. , 2010). (2) Secondly, I performed a transcriptome analysisusing RNAs isolated from dissected lymph glands in genetics and physiologic contexts. I identified and characterized new genes involved in larval hematopoiesis (manuscript in preparation). (3) Comparison of the different transcriptomes suggested a role of the Dpp/BMP signaling pathway in larval hematopoiesis. The "niche" is a microenvironment which controls the differentiation and the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Recently, our group identified a hematopoietic niche in Drosophila lymph gland called the Posterior Signaling Center (PSC). My data indicate that the Dpp pathway plays a key role in the control of PSC size via the regulation of the protooncogene dmyc expression. The localized activation of the Dpp pathway in the PSC is under the control of the transcription factor Collier (manuscript submitted). In 2003, it was shown in mouse that BMP pathway controls the proliferation of osteoblasts, one major component of the hematopoietic niche. My results highlight the very interesting possibility of the conservation, between Drosophila and mammals, of molecular cascades that control cell proliferation in the hematopoietic domain. A very challenging issue relates to the control of osteoblast proliferation in the osteoblastic niche and the potential implication of myc and links between BMP, Ebf2 (ortholog of Collier and Wnt signalling pathways in this process
Kirstetter, Peggy. "Etude du rôle du facteur de transcription Ikaros au cours du développement et de la fonction des lymphocytes B." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13009.
Full textRevol, Valérie. "Obtention et caractérisation d'une lignée de progéniteurs hématopoïétiques à partir de souris transgéniques pour le récepteur au CSF-1 humain." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10273.
Full textBourette, Roland. "Expression fonctionnelle du récepteur du CSF-1 humain dans les cellules hématopoïétiques murines." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10286.
Full textLaire, Valérie. "Expression de la protéine tal-1 dans les leucémies aigue͏̈s myéloides." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P203.
Full textCourtes, Christine. "Contrôle de l'activité du promoteur intragénique du gène tal1." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20175.
Full textDuhamel, Marianne. "Régulation épigénétique de l'expression du facteur de transcription hématopoïétique Aiolos et implication dans la leucémie lymphoïde chronique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003066.
Full textCordonnier, Gaëlle. "Rôle de l’oncoprotéine CBFβ-SMMHC dans la régulation génétique et épigénétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB060.
Full textHaematopoiesis is a complex process allowing the production of all mature blood cells from stem cells. This process is highly regulated at the transcriptional level, and perturbation of normal transcriptional regulation may cause leukaemia. One of the major actors of this regulation is the Core Binding factor (CBF) complex, which is frequently subject to genetic alteration in leukaemia. This transcription factor consists of a constant CBFβ subunit and a variable RUNX subunit, usually RUNX1 in haematopoiesis. In acute myeloid leukemia 4 with eosinophilic component (AMLM4 Eo), the CBFβ gene is fused to the MYH11 gene, leading to the formation of a chimeric gene encoding the CBFβ–SMMHC oncoprotein. This altered version of the CBF complex sequesters RUNX1 into the cytoplasm, and deregulates wild type CBF target gene expression though diverse mechanisms. While CBFβ–SMMHC can inhibit gene expression by recruiting transcriptional inhibitors, it has also recently been described to bind and activate certain gene promoters. The mechanisms by which these deregulations lead to an alteration of the differentiation and/or an apoptosis of diverse hematopoietic progenitors is best characterised in murine models. In humans, the oncogenic processes by which CBFβ–SMMHC alters differentiation and induces leukaemogenesis remain unclear. Using two human cellular models, namely (i) an ME-1 cell line containing an inducible shRNA directed against the CBFβ- MYH11 fusion transcript and (ii) Patient-derived AML M4Eo murine xenografts, we describe two novel activities of CBFβ–SMMHC. Firstly, we discovered that the oncoprotein has complex effects on ribosome biogenesis at both the genomic and post-transcriptomic levels. We found that CBFβ–SMMHC binds ribosomal gene promoters and activates their transcription, which was corroborated by the observation of higher ribosomal gene expression in human AML M4Eo, compared with other AML subgroups. In the ME-1 cell line this transcriptional activation did not lead to the higher cellular ribosome content, which was explained in part by decreased efficiency of ribosomal RNA maturation in the presence of the oncoprotein. Secondly, we found that CBFβ–SMMHC interacts directly with RING1B and BMI1 protein subunit of the Polycomb gene repression complex PRC1. Depletion of CBFβ–SMMHC lead to increased global binding of RING1B to the genome, resulting in deregulation of numerous genes that are critical for normal haematopoietic differentiation. We have therefore highlighted two new oncogenic mechanisms mediated by the CBFβ–SMMHC oncoprotein, therefore opening new avenues to investigate potential therapeutic targets
Kosmider, Olivier. "Coopération d'événements oncogéniques dans un processus leucémique murin." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077092.
Full text3 month after birth, Spi-1 transgenics mice present an anemia and a hepatoslenomegaly due to the proliferation of proerythroblastic cells (HS1) blocked in their erythroid differentiation process and dependent on erythropoietin (Epo) for their growth and survival. In a second step, leukemic proerythroblasts (HS2 cells) appear in mice. These HS2 cells are also blocked in their differentiation process but are independent on Epo for their growth and proliferation. Moreover, HS2 cells are able to induce tumors into nude mice. Here, we have shown that two kind of mutation of the SCF receptor Kit (KitD814Y and KitD818Y) are found in 85% of these leukemic cells. Mutated forms of Kit cooperate with Spi-1 overexpression to transform a proerythroblastic cell into a malignant one. The mutant form KitD814Y is unsensible to the inhibitory effect of Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate) which is the compound used in the treatment of disease implicating some mutated form of Kit. Here we repport that Semaxinib (SU5416), intially described as a VEGF-Receptor inhibitor, may act as a therapeutic agent targeting oncogenic Kit mutants resistant to Gleevec. Finally, we have also studied the interactions between the Epo receptor and the SCF receptor in HS1 preleukemic cells. We have shown that these receptors are able to activate similars and disctincts signalling pathways which may implicate Lyn, a kinase which belong to the SrcKinase Family
Du, Perron de Revel Thierry. "Essais de stimulation de l'hématopoïèse par le transfert de gène de l'interleukine-1[alpha] chez le macaque cynomolgus : application à l'aplasie médullaire secondaire à une irradiation accidentelle." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA3021.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
De, Dreuzy Edouard. "Ciblage chromosomique des vecteurs lentiviraux, risque génotoxique, dominance clonale et expansion des cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC009.
Full textGene therapy based on the transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells is an experimental medical approach for patients with genetic blood diseases when compatible allogeneic donors are not available. The first clinical successes were based on the use of y¬retroviral vectors, but vector insertions close to oncogenes have led to the development of neoplasms at a high frequency. Lentiviral vectors have been tested in human clinical trials for nearly ten years. In addition to better transduction efficiency in hematopoietic stem cells, their integration, guided by the cellular LEDGF protein, is less genotoxic than that of y-retroviral vectors. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the existence of residual genotoxic potential. In the first lentiviral clinical trial for P-thalassemia, one patient had anintegration site within the HMGA2 gene, leading to overexpression of a truncated form of the protein and to clonai dominance restricted to the myeloid compartment. In order to clarify the cellular mechanisms affected by HMGA2, we have undertaken in vivo mouse studies. Our results indicate that HMGA2 induces a benign expansion of hematopoietic stem cells as well as of self-renewing central memory T cells. In order to reduce the risk associated with lentiviral vector integration, we have developed chimeric proteins, targeted to safe genomic harbors, which were able to substitute for the cellular LEDGF tethering protein. We also developed a gene transfer protocol allowing the translation of these results to hematopoietic stem cells
Bastie, Jean-Noël. "La caractérisation de la régulation des voies de signalisation des rétinoi͏̈des définit la CRABPII comme un co-activateur des récepteurs nucléaires et implique la voie de signalisation de la Vitamine D3 comme modulateur de l'activité des rétinoïdes dans l'hématopoïèse." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077277.
Full textOsman, Dani. "Drosophila hematopoietic cells as a model to study in vivo the activity of the human oncogene AML1-ETO." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1287/.
Full textHematopoiesis is a complex and dynamic process that leads to the formation and continuous blood cells replenishment. During this process, a series of transcription factors controls the appearance, commitment and differentiation of stem cells into specific lineages. In particular, in vertebrates, the factor RUNX1/AML1 (for Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1) is required for the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells and for the differentiation of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. In humans, several genetic alterations affecting AML1 are linked to the development of different hemopathies. Notably, the chromosomal translocation t (8; 21), encoding the fusion protein AML1-ETO, is associated with 10-15% of cases of acute myeloid leukemia. It has been described that AML1-ETO acts essentially by interfering with AML1 function during hematopoietic differentiation. However, the mode of action of this oncogene remains poorly understood and few factors modulating its activity are known. Recently, numerous studies have shown that several aspects of hematopoietic development are conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates. Notably, transcription factors of RUNX and GATA families, which are key players in vertebrate's hematopoiesis, also control the development of blood cells in Drosophila. Taking advantage of the phylogenetic conservation of genetic circuitry regulating hematopoiesis between humans and Drosophila and of the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila, we assessed whether Drosophila can provide a suitable model system to study the mechanism of action of the human oncogene AML1-ETO and to identify modulators of its activity. Our results show that AML1-ETO exerts in Drosophila blood cells expressing a RUNX factor (Lozenge, LZ) similar effects to those observed in human leukemic cells carrying the t(8;21), namely a differentiation blockage and an increased proliferation. In addition, by performing a large scale in vivo screen based on RNA interference, we identified calpainB as required for AML1-ETO-induced blood cell disorders in Drosophila. In addition, we showed that calpains inhibition resulted in AML1-ETO degradation and reduced the clonogenic potential of human leukemic cells expressing intrinsically this chimera. Our results establish that Drosophila can be used as an alternative model to better understand AML1-ETO function and to identify new factors regulating its activity
Steff, Ann-Muriel. "Dégradation des protéines cellulaires et virales FOS et JUN par les calpai͏̈nes. Effets des oncogènes c-fos et v-fosFBR dans les cellules stromales de moelle osseuse." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20021.
Full textMartin-Lanneree, Séverine. "Etude des rôles de la protéine MLF(Myelodysplasia/myeloid Leukemia Factor) au cours du développement et de l'hématopïèse chez Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077213.
Full textMolecular mechanisms underlying hematopoiesis are remarkably conserved from flies to mammals. We can notably cite transcription factors with Runt domain (RUNX1 in mammals and Lozenge (LZ) in drosophila) and from GATA family (GATA-1 and GATA-2 in mammals and Serpent (SRP) in drosophila). Likewise, MLF proteins (Myelodysplasia/myeloid Leukaemia Factor) are conserved from fly to human. The hMLF1 gene is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors and alteration in this gene was identified in some cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Its expression in cultured cells faveurs monocytic differentiation and inhibits erythroid differentiation, suggesting that this protein is involved in normal hematopoiesis. MLF proteins do not share homology with already known proteins or do not contain domains permitting to predict their molecular function. Nonetheless, different data suggest a role for MLF proteins in cell cycle regulation. DMLF was identified independently by different laboratories. DMLF is notably involved in suppression of toxicity caused by proteins with poly-glutamine expansion. Moreover, it is part of an interaction network with transcriptional regulators and interacts with the transcription factors Hunchback and DREF. Lastly, we identified dMLF as an interactor of dSU(FU), a negative regulator of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. In an attempt to characterize dMLF roles and functions in Drosophila melanogaster, different approachs were undertaken during my thesis. The expression pattern study of dmlf during development and the protein subcellular localization in different tissues show that dMLF is an ubiquitous protein, maternally deposited. It is generally nuclear and is localized over a lot of sites on polytenic chromosomes suggesting that it plays transcriptional role. However, its subcellular localization changes in some circumstances, indicating a potential regulation of it. Dmlf loss of function mutants obtained during my thesis, show a strong embryonic lethality without developmental arrest at a particular stage nor obvious phenotypically defects. However, some adults emerge, with only subtle phenotypes, as ectopic veins on wings and bent macrochaetes posteriorly to ocelli. It is then actually difficult to propose an hypothesis for the cause of lethality in these mutants. Moreover, dMLF is present at high level in an hematopoietic cell lineage in drosophila, the crystal cells that are responsible of the melanization process during infections or wound heeling. A study of dMLF role during hematopoiesis was initiated and has shown that dMLF is not necessary nor sufficient for crystal cells formation. On the other hand, dmlf mutants show an hyperplasia of lymph glands (larva hematopoietic organ) with an increased proliferation in this organ, suggesting that dMLF limits hematopoietic cells proliferation. Lastly, dmlf expression is induced by the transcription factor LZ that is necessary for the crystal cells formation. These results suggest that dmlf could be a transcriptional target of the SRP/LZ complex, like other genes expressed in crystal cells. It would be interesting to search if the GATA/RUNX1 complex can regulate MLF1 gene transcription during hematopoiesis in mammals too. To conclude, we can suggest that MLF proteins are cell cycle inhibitors, notably during hematopoiesis and that the NPM-hMLF1 fusion can act as dominant negative over hMLF1, leading to AML formation. MLF proteins role in hematopoiesis seems to be conserved from fly to human, validating so drosophila as a model system to understand these protein's roles
Prade-Houdellier, Naïs. "Régulation de la télomérase dans les cellules hématopoïétiques normales et leucémiques." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/52/.
Full textHuman telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase comprising a catalytic protein subunit, telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which represents the rate-limiting state in telomerase activity, and a RNA template (hTR). The primary defined function of telomerase is to elongate telomere at the end of chromosomes and allow cells to bypass replicative senescence. Recently, other important cellular functions have been attributed to telomerase, including cell proliferation, genetic stability, protection against apoptosis and cell differentiation. HTERT is highly expressed in cancer cells including acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and in proliferative tissues such as haematopoietic cells. Previous studies have indicated that telomerase activity is low in primitive haematopoietic cells, but increases upon stimulation with a mixture of cytokines in parallel to cell expansion, and then declines progressively during differentiation. These observations suggest a function for telomerase in haematopoiesis. The aim of our study was to assess hTERT regulation by HGF in normal and leukemic cells. In the first part of the study, we showed that in AML cells, treatment with TNF-α induces a decrease in hTERT gene transcription through a ceramide/JNK pathway, and that coincubation with GM-CSF can inhibit the effect of TNF-α. Interestingly, in normal haematopoietic progenitors, TNF-α also down-regulate hTERT gene expression alongside with a decrease in proliferation and an increase in differentiation. In the second part of the study, we investigated whether hTERT can be regulated during erythropoiesis, by erythropoietin (EPO) and TGF-β, wich are respectively the major positive and negative regulators of erythropoiesis. As a result, we demonstrated that EPO can stimulate hTERT transcription through a JAK2/STAT5/c-myc pathway, and that TGF-β counteracts this effect through Smad3 activation. Moreover, hTERT inhibition by ectopic expression of a dominant negative, reveals that EPO-mediated hTERT regulation serves neither for the proliferative response to EPO, nor to enhance cell survival, but can play a role in long term erythroid expansion. In conclusion, the compiled results produced clearly suggest that telomerase can be regulated by haematopoietic cytokines, and that all events leading to inhibition of hTERT expression may potentially alter haematopoiesis and lead to medullar insufficiency found in myelodysplastic syndromes for instance
Lhoumeau], Anne-Catherine. "Rôle du récepteur PTK7 dans l'hématopoièse murine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5002.
Full textTumorigenesis is a multiple step process resulting from accumulation of genetic alterations leading to progressive transformation of normal cells into tumoral cells. Many signaling pathways have been described as key processes implicated in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell survival, in particular in mature hematotopoietic cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Among these signaling pathways, those controlled by tyrosine kinase receptors such as c-KIT or FLT-3 have been extensively described during the last two decades.PTK7 is a pseudokinase receptor of the tyrosine kinase receptor family involved in embryonic development and described for its role in planar cell polarity. The human gene has been initially cloned from colon carcinoma cells and is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors. We described PTK7 overexpression in acute myeloid leukemia and demonstrated that it represents an independent poor prognosis factor acting as a modulator of the chemotherapeutic response.To better understand the physiological role of PTK7 in the hematopoietic system, my project consisted in the generation of a PTK7 deficient mouse model, and in the study of its function, in particular in HSC biology. My work demonstrated that PTK7 deficient HSCs have a general homing defect and poorly colonize hematopoietic organs including the bone marrow. This work contributes to a better understanding of PTK7 functions and, more generally, sheds light on the role of cell polarity proteins in the biology of HSCs
Apostolov, Apostol. "Studying the posttranslational modifications of transcription factor Ikaros and their role in its function." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923158.
Full textSimand, Célestine. "Fonction d’Ikaros dans la transformation des progéniteurs des cellules B1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ097.
Full textMurine B cell development comprises 2 main B cell lineages, B1 and B2, with distinct progenitors, functions and localization. The transcription factor Ikaros, encoded by the Ikzf1 gene, is a major regulator of lymphopoiesis and plays a crucial role in B2 cell differentiation. However, the role of Ikaros in B1 cell differentiation is unclear. Genetic alterations of IKZF1 are a hallmark of high-risk B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Considering that lymphopoiesis takes place in distinct fetal and adult waves, with B1 cell lymphopoiesis predominating in fetuses and neonates and B2 cell progenitors predominating in adults, some pediatric BCP-ALL cases may originate from B1 cell progenitors. Using a mouse model with a conditional deletion of Ikzf1 in B cell progenitors (Ikzf1f/f Mb1-Cre), we show that Ikaros is critical for normal B1 cell differentiation, similarly to B2 cell differentiation. Using the BCR-ABL oncogene, we show that B1 progenitor can induce BCP-ALL in the murine model and that Ikaros has a tumor suppressor function in these cells. Further studies are required to determine if B1 cell progenitors can contribute to B1-like BCP-ALL in human
Boyer, Karène. "Identification de nouveaux réseaux génétiques impliqués dans la régulation de l'homéostasie des cellules hématopoïétiques chez la drosophile." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1989/.
Full textIn metazoans, the hematopoietic system plays a key role both in normal development and in defense of the organism. In Drosophila, the cellular immune response involves three types of blood cells: plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes. This last cell type is barely present in healthy larvae, but its production is strongly induced upon wasp parasitization or in mutant contexts affecting larval blood cell homeostasis. Notably, several zygotic mutations leading to melanotic mass (or "tumor") formation in larvae have been associated to the deregulated differentiation of lamellocytes. To gain further insights into the gene regulatory network and the mechanisms controlling larval blood cell homeostasis, we conducted a tissue-specific loss of function screen using hemocyte-specific Gal4 drivers and UASdsRNA transgenic lines. By targeting around 10% of the Drosophila genes, this in vivo RNA interference screen allowed us to recover 59 melanotic tumor suppressor genes. In line with previous studies, we show that melanotic tumor formation is associated with the precocious differentiation of stem-cell like blood progenitors in the larval hematopoietic organ (the lymph gland) and the spurious differentiation of lamellocytes. We also find that melanotic tumor formation can be elicited by defects either in the fat body, the embryo-derived hemocytes or the lymph gland. In addition, we provide a definitive confirmation that lymph gland is not the only source of lamellocytes as embryo-derived plasmatocytes can differentiate into lamellocytes either upon wasp infection or upon loss of function of the Friend of GATA cofactor Ushaped. In this study, we identify 55 genes whose function had not been linked to blood cell development or function before in Drosophila. Moreover our analyses reveal an unanticipated plasticity of embryo-derived plasmatocytes, thereby shedding new light on blood cell lineage relationship, and pinpoint the Friend of GATA transcription cofactor U-shaped as a key regulator of the plasmatocyte to lamellocyte transformation
Brecqueville, Mandy. "Caractérisation moléculaire des syndromes myéloprolifératifs non leucémie myéloïde chronique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5043/document.
Full textMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are chronic and clonal stem cell myeloid disorders, which can evolve to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MPN non-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) include Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Myelofibrosis (MF) (primary or secondary to PV/ET). JAK2V617F mutation is found in 97% of PV and in around half of patients with ET or MF. Nevertheless, this mutation is not essential for MPN physiopathology, because in half of ET/MF cases, JAK2 is not mutated. To progress in the knowledge of MPN physiopathology and in particular of MF; and to find new molecular markers for MPN diagnosis, disease course, and prognosis, we studied several samples of PV, ET, MF and post-AML. We used gene sequencing, array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) and gene expression analyses. We identified several mutations in genes implicated in Epigenetic regulation (ASXL1, TET2, DNMT3A, SUZ12) and in genes implicated in the RNA splicing machinery (SF3B1, SRSF2). We also found that JAK2 and ASXL1 co-mutation is associated with a poor prognosis. In MF, we found by aCGH several copy number aberrations that involve potential leukemogenic genes. Our gene expression data support the hypothesis that PV, ET and MF are a continuum of the same pathology. Our results on molecular characterization help establish a new molecular classification of MPNs with the objective personalized treatment where each MPN will be treated depending on the alterations present in the myeloid cell genome
Devillier, Raynier. "Caractérisation moléculaire des leucémies aigües myéloïdes avec dysmyélopoïèse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5041/document.
Full textAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) as reported in the WHO 2008 classification are defined by the presence of clinical, morphological and cytogenetic criteria. AML-MRCs are heterogeneous diseases with prognostic heterogeneity. We hypothesized that molecular characterization of AML-MRC could identify specific molecular markers and disease subgroups. We showed that AML-MRCs with intermediate cytogenetic risk harbor a specific mutational profile characterized by a high frequency of ASXL1 mutations and a low incidence of DNMT3A, NPM1 and FLT3 mutations. Unfavorable cytogenetic risk AML-MRCs, especially due to complex and/or monosomal karyotypes, are associated with TP53 mutations. While WHO criteria do not stratify the prognosis of AML-MRC patients, we showed that the mutations of ASXL1 or TP53 are major poor prognostic factors. The criteria defining AML-MRC do not identify distinct clinical and biological subgroups and do not predict outcome of patients with AML-MRC. In contrast, ASXL1 and TP53-mutated AML identify two distinct biological subgroups of AML-MRC with very poor outcome. This molecular characterization could be useful to redefine AML-MRC in a future classification aiming at merging biological characterization and specific prognostic value. Finally, we showed that a personalized treatment approach combining next generation sequencing and in vitro drug screening could be useful to predict therapeutic response and to guide both treatment choices and new targeted drug developments
Jakobczyk, Hélène. "Rôles de RUNX1 dan la pathogenèse des leucémies aiguës lymphoblastiques à réarrangement ETV6-RUNX1." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B033.
Full textB-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. In this type of leukemia, one of the most common genetic abnormalities is the ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement. This malignancy is described as a two "hits" model. The first event occurs mainly in utero and generates the fusion gene ETV6-RUNX1. The second event consists in the acquisition of additional genetic abnormalities after birth. These aberrant genomic modifications have been described as resulting from abnormal activity of the RAG recombinase. Our work consisted initially in completing the leukemogenesis model. In continuing our study of ETV6-RUNX1 B-ALL, we focused on the role of RUNX1, an upregulated gene in this type of leukemia. All results confirm the predominant role of RUNX1 in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis thanks to its ability to associate with proteins with different functions and its involvement in the transcription of key genes in hematology. Our results therefore open new perspectives in understanding the control of transcriptional activity of RUNX1 and its role in malignant hematology
Ben, Abdelali Raouf. "Détection des anomalies génétiques dans les LAL-T : de la biologie à la clinique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T013.
Full textT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) are lymphoid neoplasms characterized by theproliferation of malignant T lymphoblasts arrested at early stages of maturation. Maturation arrest in TALLmirrors normal lymphopoiesis. Thus we have shown that the myeloid transcription factor CEBPA,expressed only in the most immature thymic precursors (ETP), is commonly repressed byhypermethylation in T-ALL with the exception of the most immature subset. It is now widely acceptedthat T-ALL is a “multi-hits” disease where the type A oncogenes affect the differentiation while type Boncogenes are involved in cell cycle regulation, self-renewal and T-cell commitment. The Notchsignaling pathway, crucial for T cell development, is constitutively activated by the occurrence ofmutations in NOTCH1 and /or FBXW7 (N / F) genes in approximately 60% of T-ALL. The prognosticvalue of these mutations is controversial. In our study, we showed that N/F mutations are morefrequently observed in T-ALL arrested at a cortical stage of maturation and confer a good prognosiswhich seems to be influenced by the therapeutic regimen. In this large cohort of T-ALL we could alsodetermine the frequency of the CALM-AF10 oncogenic abnormality. The latter is very common in TALLdeveloped from ETP wich are of very poor prognosis. We have shown that this is the presence ofCALM-AF10 which confers the poor prognosis in this subtype of T-ALL. Contrary to the litterature wedid not find any prognostic value associated with the overexpression of ERG and BAALC genes. Thestudy of genetic abnormalities in T-ALL provides a better understanding of oncogenesis and identifyabnormalities with prognostic value. The interest of this work is to assist clinicians for an efficienttherapeutic stratification to overcome the poor outcome of T-ALL patients
Charfi, Cyndia. "Étude des gènes différentiellement exprimés dans les leucémies lymphoides induites par le rétrovirus Murin Graffi." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2904/1/M9511.pdf.
Full textMéric, de Bellefon Sébastian. "Développement de méthodes bio-informatiques pour la découverte de variants codants et non codants dans le cadre des traits sanguins." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24724.
Full textCardiovascular health, immune function, hemostasis and the response to other illnesses depend on the abundance and specific features of blood cells. Over the years, a considerable effort has been made to find which genetic variants, genes and regulatory mechanisms are involved in the creation of these cells. The inactivation of an allele, called a loss-of-function (LoF), is a type of coding variant we would like to associate with blood phenotypes. For obvious ethical reasons, these mutations cannot be artificially induced in human, so we fall back on natural occurrences and hope that large cohorts will provide enough samples to find statistically significant associations. The inactivation of both alleles, called a knockout (KO), may have stronger consequences than a simple loss-of-function. We also hope to find naturally occurring knockouts thanks to the size of a large cohort. The combination of two different LoF variants is called a compound heterozygote knockout. We are also interested in non-coding variants that affect the expression of genes that are involved in hematopoiesis. Some of these variants create or disrupt the binding sites of transcription factors (TF), the proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. Transcription factors binding sites (TFBS) are found in gene promoters and cell type specific enhancers. While some of these mutations can be benign or even beneficial, the presence of a LoF or KO may be too detrimental for the individual to survive. The results of this study are limited by survival bias. Compared to a genome-wide association study, this study focuses on a smaller number of genetic variants to increase statistical power and give an interpretation to the statistically significant findings. The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program collects and ensures the quality of the 45,000 whole-genome sequences we used in this study, as well as the corresponding complete blood counts. Thanks to this raw data, we were able to find several known and novel associations between rare variants and blood phenotypes.
Fotouhi, Ghiam Alireza. "Globin Gene Expression: Role of Transcription Factors." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4352.
Full textAberrant gene expression is an underlying pathophysiology in many disease conditions. Lineage-specification and -commitment is tightly dependent on lineage-specific transcription factors to regulate the expression of target genes. Using human β-globin locus as a model, we investigated how the transcriptional machinery is set and regulated during erythropoiesis and how it impacts globally on gene expression. Class I bHLH proteins are important transcription factors whose binding sites are frequently clustered throughout the β-globin gene locus, suggesting their role in globin gene regulation. We showed that, in hematopoietic progenitor (HPC) and erythroid cells (EryC) of the transgenic mouse for human β-globin locus and human HPC cells (CD34+); HEB, E2A and ETO-2 significantly interact with locus control region (LCR) and promoters of globin genes, and their relative ratio is altered during erythropoiesis. For the first time, we found that in other hematopoietic lineages, human β-globin locus is in active chromatin and interacts with transcription factors involved in repression. Strikingly and consistent with the expression of globin genes, we characterized transcription factors involved in open chromatin configuration and basal level of globin gene expression in lymphoid progenitor cells. Further, with the genetic power of E2A and HEB knockout mice, our findings were clarified in mutant backgrounds.