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Fateme, parooei Mahmood Anbari Morteza Salarzaei *. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRIT IN THE FIRST AND SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AND THE INCIDENCE OF PREECLAMPSIA." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3641–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1012332.
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Introduction: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that account for three most important causes of maternal mortality together with hemorrhage and infection. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify The relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first and second trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study The relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first and second trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia were selected. Results: Early diagnosis of preeclampsia is one of the most important functions of pregnancy cares. However, there is still no reliable criterion for the early diagnosis of this disease Based on the existing evidences of the pregnancies resulted in preeclampsia, the vascular wall of the spiral arteries is muscular and thick and the invasion into the trophoblast is incomplete. Discussion and Conclusion: If hematocrit level of the first trimester is more than 43%, it has to do with the preeclampsia at the end of the third trimester . Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this disease, its cause is still unknown. Key words: hemoglobin ،hematocrit ،first trimester ، pregnancy
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Fateme, parooei Mahmood Anbari Morteza Salarzaei *. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRIT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AND THE INCIDENCE OF PREECLAMPSIA." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3638–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1012330.
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Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are among the most important events in every woman’s life. Although pregnancy is not a disease and is a physiological and natural process, it may be followed with complications, and pregnancy cares can prevent the incidence of many problems. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia were selected. Results: Hemoglobin hematocrit test is one of the common tests of pregnancy. Hematocrit includes the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood that is shown as a percentage or a decimal fraction. Discussion and conclusion: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that account for three most important causes of maternal mortality together with hemorrhage and infection. Key words: hemoglobin ،hematocrit ،first trimester ، pregnancy ،preeclampsia
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Noshiro, Kiwamu, Takeshi Umazume, Rifumi Hattori, Soromon Kataoka, Takashi Yamada, and Hidemichi Watari. "Hemoglobin Concentration during Early Pregnancy as an Accurate Predictor of Anemia during Late Pregnancy." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040839.
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It is undetermined which blood variables related to iron storage during the first trimester of pregnancy could efficiently predict anemia occurring during the third trimester. Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed longitudinally during the first, second, and third trimesters of 231 healthy Japanese women. None of the patients had anemia in the first trimester and none used iron supplementation before the second trimester blood test. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL for the first trimester and Hb < 10.0 g/dL for the third trimester. Forty-seven (20%) women developed anemia in the third trimester. The first trimester RBC, Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels were significantly lower in women with third-trimester anemia than those without anemia. The first trimester hemoglobin level exhibited a greater area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of the third trimester anemia than other blood variables; the optimal cut-off (12.6 g/dL) of hemoglobin yielded a sensitivity of 83% (39/47). First trimester hemoglobin levels were significantly better predictors of anemia during the third trimester than the indices of iron storage, including serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC levels.
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Ekhegbesela, A. O., C. N. Ekhator, and A. Emina. "Effect of Pregnancy on Hematological Profile of Female Subjects from a Private Hospital in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 5 (2024): 1485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i5.20.
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Pregnancy is characterized by important variations in virtually every organ system to accommodate the growing and developing fetoplacental entity. Hence, the objective of this study is to assess the effect of pregnancy on hematological profile of female subjects attending a private hospital in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using eighty female volunteered individuals comprising sixty pregnant subjects and twenty nonpregnant subjects. The pregnant group was further categorized into three trimesters, each consisting of twenty participants. Results were presented as Mean ± SD and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software Inc.), and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, the mean values of lymphocytes, red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets were decreased in the pregnant cohort when compared to the nonpregnant cohort, whereas an incremental rise in white blood cell, and granulocytes were observed in the pregnant cohort when compared to the nonpregnant cohort. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the mean hematocrit and hemoglobin values was observed when comparing the first-trimester participants with the control participants, although white blood cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, and platelets were not different (p > 0.05). The average values for white blood cells, granulocytes, red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin between second-trimester individuals and those of nonpregnant individuals exhibited a significant variance (p < 0.05), while the average lymphocyte and platelet counts showed no significance (p > 0.05). the mean white blood cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet counts for the third-trimester subjects were significantly different (p < 0.05) when compared to the control subjects. The study outcome suggests that pregnancy affects hematological indices and may be a risk predictor for pregnancy-associated complications.
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Zade, Manju. "Anemia Prevalence and Complications Across Pregnancy Trimesters: Insights from a Cohort of Pregnant Women." Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology 1, no. 1 (2024): 08–17. https://doi.org/10.61920/jimp.v1i01.16.
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Background: Anemia is a prevalent condition affecting 40% of pregnant women, posing significant risks to both maternal and fetal health outcomes, including premature birth, low birth weight, infection, postpartum hemorrhage, and the need for cesarean section.Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined 390 pregnant women attending the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital. Sampling was conducted among referred women on a predetermined date. Data were collected and analyzed using STATA version 11 software. A comparison of pregnancy outcomes between women with and without anemia was performed using independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression models.Results: The study revealed that low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the first trimester of pregnancy did not exhibit a significant association with pregnancy outcomes. However, low hematocrit levels in the second trimester were found to significantly increase the risk of stillbirth, low Apgar score, and premature delivery, although they did not significantly impact other maternal and neonatal outcomes.Conclusion: These findings suggest that hematocrit levels in the second trimester of pregnancy may serve as a predictor for certain adverse pregnancy outcomes in both the mother and the infant. Hence, it is imperative to screen for anemia and monitor blood indices in women before and during pregnancy. Timely and appropriate treatment should be administered upon diagnosis of anemia to mitigate potential risks to maternal and fetal health
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Chikhaoui, Mira. "Comparing Hematological and Biochemical Profiles of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Barb Mares Raised in Tiaret, Algeria." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17, no. 4 (2023): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.17.4.1005365.
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Background: The pure-bred Barb horse is a beloved breed from the Great Maghreb. Despite the breed’s prominence in Algeria, no gestational hematological or biochemical research has been done on this breed. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the hematological and biochemical parameters of pregnant and non-pregnant Barb mares in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: From 12 pregnant and 6 non-pregnant mares, 102 venous blood samples were taken, and their glucose (Glu), cholesterol (Cho), triglycerides (TG), total protein (TP), urea (Urea), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), iron (Fer), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were assessed as biochemical variables. Also, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, and platelets were all measured as hematological variables. Results: The levels of ALP, ALT, GGT, and P decreased significantly throughout gestation, while Ca, TG, Fe, and Glu levels increased. AST concentrations decreased in the second and third trimesters, whereas Cho levels increased in the first and second trimesters. Urea levels increased significantly in the third trimester, and FRAP showed significant differences at different stages of pregnancy. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the first and second trimesters, and hemoglobin values were significantly lower in the second trimester. The mean value of white blood cell count was slightly higher in late pregnancy, while platelet values significantly increased throughout all trimesters. Conclusion: The study provides valuable information on the changes in hematological and biochemical parameters during pregnancy in Barb mares. These findings can be used as a reference for future studies on the reproductive physiology of this breed.
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Zade, Manju. "Prevalence and Complications of Anemia Across Pregnancy Trimesters: A Cohort Study." Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (JIMP) 1, no. 04 (2024): 19–21. https://doi.org/10.61920/jimp.v1i04.36.
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Background: Anemia is a common condition affecting approximately 40% of pregnant women, posing serious risks to maternal and fetal health. These risks include premature birth, low birth weight, infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased likelihood of cesarean section. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 390 pregnant women who attended the gynecology and obstetrics clinic at Amir Al-Momenin Hospital. Participants were selected based on referrals on a predetermined date. Data collection and analysis were conducted using STATA version 11. Pregnancy outcomes between anemic and non-anemic women were compared using independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The study found no significant association between low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the first trimester and pregnancy outcomes. However, low hematocrit levels in the second trimester were significantly associated with increased risks of stillbirth, low Apgar scores, and premature delivery. No significant effects were observed on other maternal or neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Hematocrit levels in the second trimester may serve as a critical predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and infant. Screening for anemia and monitoring blood indices before and during pregnancy are essential. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of anemia can help mitigate risks to maternal and fetal health.
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Glorimar, Pereira, and Trugo. "Longitudinal Change in Plasma Total Homocysteine During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Brazilian Women and its Relation with Folate Status and Other Factors." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 2 (2004): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.2.95.
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Abstract: Fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration was determined in a cohort of pregnant Brazilian women (n = 46) supplemented with folic acid from the second trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained in the first and third trimesters from all women, and 30–40 days postpartum from seventeen women. Plasma tHcy decreased during pregnancy from 10.3 to 8.7 mumol/L, and was 11.6 mumol/L in the postpartum. Plasma and erythrocyte folate increased, consistent with use of the folate supplement, but decreased slightly in the postpartum, whereas the opposite occurred for plasma vitamin B12. tHcy was inversely correlated with plasma and erythrocyte folate in the third trimester (r = –0.585 and –0.460, respectively). This relationship occurred despite the fact that all women had attained what could be considered adequate levels of folate indices. Furthermore, the change (third trimester minus first trimester levels) of tHcy was inversely correlated (p < 0.01) with the changes in plasma (r = –0.573) and erythrocyte folate (r = –0.525). tHcy had no correlation in any of the periods tested with plasma vitamin B12, plasma albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, iron indices, dietary intakes of folate, vitamins B12 and B6, and levels of folate supplement.
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Skrzypczak, Wiesław, Anna Kurpinska, and Marlena Baziuk. "Analysis of changes in selected hematological parameters in blood from primiparous dairy cows during last trimester of pregnancy and first two months of lactation." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 3 (2023): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.3.05.
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Dynamic changes in an organism of heifers at the end of pregnancy, and in primiparous cows in early lactation, may imply changes in morphological parameters. Their evaluation may contribute to a better understanding of changes, occurring in an organism of pregnant and lactating young cows. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate, analyze and evaluate the changes in hematological parameters of peripheral blood (RBC, MCV, HGB, MCH, MCHC, WBC, PLT and HCT) in pregnant heifers/primiparous cows, of Polish Holstein-Friesian of Black-and-White variety, during the last trimester of pregnancy and in the first two months of lactation, with particular emphasis on transition period. Blood parameters were analyzed with the use of analyzer: scil Vet abc Plus+ (HORIBA Medical), on the following dates: 90, 30, 14 and 7 days before parturition and 7, 14, 30 and 60 days after parturition. Results of the study indicate that the most abrupt changes were observed for hematocrit, erythrocyte count, leukocytes, thrombocytes and hemoglobin concentration in blood. Parameters of red blood cells, at the end of pregnancy and first two months of lactation, didn’t exhibit any statistically significant changes. Noteworthy, is the convergence of trends in hematocrit and hemoglobin during analyzed period. High and stable hematocrit at the end of pregnancy was due to the stable erythrocyte count in this period. Decrease in RBCs after calving, and lower values during first two months of lactation, caused postpartum decrease in hematocrit and its stabilization at a lower level. These observations denote indirectly changes in blood volume, during analyzed period, what is supported by: tendencies observed for hemoglobin concentration, and stable MCV and MCHC. Obtained results suggest high efficiency of homeostatic mechanisms in pregnant and lactating heifers/primiparous cows. Our results may be useful for comparative studies both in physiology and health disturbances research in cows during the pre and post-partum period.
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Fouzia, Tebbani. "Maternal Anemia during Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Cohort Study." Women Health Care and Issues 4, no. 2 (2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/041.
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Introduction: Anemia is a public health problem, prevalent among women of childbearing age. The aim was to determine the frequency of anemia in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and to determine the associating factors in Algerian pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a prospective and longitudinal cohort study of 300 pregnant women from December 2013 to July 2016. All consenting women attending antenatal clinics and having undergone complete blood count (CBC) were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, individual’s obstetrical history and the results of the CBC were collected. Anemia was defined according to the WHO criteria. After some descriptive statistics, we performed a bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test and Fisher exact probability test in order to determine the factors associated with gestational anemia. Results: The rate of anemia was 28.0 % in the first trimester, 32.3 % in the second and 54.2 % in the third one. It was more frequently observed during the third trimester of pregnancy (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between gestational anemia and socio-demographic factors. Women with inadequate gain were more anemic (p = 0.01). The average concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, VGM and platelets were lower in anemic pregnant women (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia during pregnancy remains high. A better management of chronic diseases in pregnant women and of postpartum follow-up is necessary to treat anemia before a subsequent pregnancy.
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Mba, Chinyelu O., Ransom B. Jacob, Mercy B. Green, and Loveday U. Zebedee. "Hematological Profile of Pregnant Women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 3, no. 1 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.63.
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BACKGROUND OR OBJECTIVES:
 Pregnant women experience a lot of changes, which often reflect in their hematological indices. The study examines the differences in the hematological profile of pregnant and nonpregnant women in Port Harcourt, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
 METHODS:
 The subjects were systematically sampled, comprising of 90 pregnant and 90 non-pregnant women, with ages ranging 16 to 45 years. Five milliliters of whole blood was collected from each subject at ambient temperature using standard venepuncture techniques and three milliliters was dispensed in EDTA bottle. T-test was used to compare the mean of the parameters among the pregnant and nonpregnant women. Analysis of variance was used to compare the means for the parameters within the three trimesters. Tukey’s Post Hoc test was used to identify the trimester pairs that had significant mean difference, Hematological parameters were analyzed using Abacus380 hematological analyzer. The data obtained were coded and analysed using SPSS version 20 and data were considered significant at p≤0.05.
 RESULTS:
 Comparison of pregnant women with controls showed that Total White Blood Count TWBC), monocytes, neutrophils, Mean Cell Volume (MCV), and Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly increased in pregnancy (p<0.05); while Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and Mean Cell Hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased (p<0.01). The following hematological parameters showed significant mean variation within the 3 trimesters: MCH (F=3.59, p=0.03) and MCHC (F=16.85, p<0.01). MCHC showed significant difference between first versus second trimesters (p=<0.01) and 1st vs. 3rd trimesters (p=<0.01).
 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSLATION
 The lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level of pregnant women when compared with the non-pregnant controls implies that there is need for more emphasis on the importance of prenatal vitamin supplementation during the antenatal period, perhaps leveraging prenatal counselling sessions. Proper supplementation may avert anemia in pregnancy, and consequently, the poor birth outcomes.
 Key words: Hematological Profile • Pregnant Women • Nigeria • Pregnancy
 
 
 Copyright © 2019 Mba et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Zofkie, Amanda C., W. Holt Garner, Rachel C. Schell, et al. "An evidence-based definition of anemia for singleton, uncomplicated pregnancies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0262436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262436.
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Background The definition for anemia in pregnancy is outdated, derived from Scandinavian studies in the 1970’s to 1980’s. To identity women at risk of blood transfusion, a common cause of Severe Maternal Morbidity, a standard definition of anemia in pregnancy in a modern, healthy United States cohort is needed. Objective To define anemia in pregnancy in a United States population including a large county vs. private hospital population using uncomplicated patients. Materials and methods Inclusion criteria were healthy women with the first prenatal visit before 20 weeks. Exclusion criteria included preterm birth, preeclampsia, hypertension, diabetes, short interval pregnancy (<18 months), multiple gestation, abruption, and fetal demise. All women had iron fortification (Ferrous sulfate 325 mg daily) recommended. The presentation to care and pre-delivery hematocrits were obtained, and the percentiles determined. A total of 2000 patients were included, 1000 from the public county hospital and 1000 from the private hospital. Each cohort had 250 patients in each 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018. The cohorts were compared for differences in the fifth percentile for each antepartum epoch. Student’s t-test and chi-squared statistical tests were used for analysis, p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results In the public and private populations, 777 and 785 women presented in the first trimester while 223 and 215 presented in the second. The women at the private hospital were more likely to be older, Caucasian race, nulliparous, and present earlier to care. The fifth percentile was compared between the women in the private and public hospitals and were clinically indistinguishable. When combining the cohorts, the fifth percentile for hemoglobin/hematocrit was 11 g/dL/32.8% in the first trimester, 10.3 g/dL/30.6% in the second trimester, and 10.0 g/dL/30.2% pre-delivery. Conclusions Fifth percentile determinations were made from a combined cohort of normal, uncomplicated pregnancies to define anemia in pregnancy. Comparison of two different cohorts confirms that the same definition for anemia is appropriate regardless of demographics or patient mix.
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Rasheed, Bizav N. "Pregnant Women’s Hematological Profile in Duhok Governorate, Iraq." Medical Journal of Babylon 21, Suppl 1 (2024): S165—S169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_218_23.
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Abstract Background: In pregnancy, hematological changes occur in order to meet the demands of the developing fetus and placenta, with major alterations in blood volume. Abnormal hematological profile affects pregnancy and its outcome. Objective: The objective of study is to determine the hematological changes that take place during pregnancy, to assess these changes in pregnant women, and to contrast hematological parameters between trimesters in Duhok Governorate, Iraq. Materials and Methods: From October 2021 to May 2022, at the Duhok Maternity Hospital, 210 (70 first, 70 s, and 70 third trimesters) consecutively healthy pregnant women were subjected to the study. A pre-tested questionnaire form used to gather socio-demographic data for hematological parameters analysis using a Medonic auto analyzer blood count coulter, and a peripheral blood film review, after the withdrawal of four milliliters of blood from voluntaries participants. Results: The hematological profile for 210 pregnant women was studied, and there were differences between the trimesters. The results for red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes were found statistically significant between 1st and 2nd trimesters (P value = 0.020, 0.0001, 0.006, and 0.023), respectively. Furthermore, the mean and standard deviation of lymphocytes between 1st and 3rd trimesters were statistically significant (P value < 0.05). A significant difference was found between 2nd and 3rd trimester for hemoglobin and platelets (P value 0.0001 and 0.021), respectively. Conclusion: Numerous hematologic problems can be brought on by being pregnant or develop during pregnancy. These hematological conditions were leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. These complaints are a generous cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, which has effects on both the mother and the fetus. In order to reduce the hazards, these hematological illnesses provide to pregnant women and their developing fetus; more research should be done.
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Kale, İbrahim, Çağlar Helvacıoğlu, and Tuğba Erel Muğurtay. "Evaluation of complete blood count parameters in the first trimester: an early indicator of miscarriage?" Journal of Clinical and Investigative Surgery 6, no. 1 (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/2559.5555/6.1.9.
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Objective. Investigation of the relationship between the first trimester complete blood count parameters and miscarriage. Materials and Methods. The study group consisted of 39 patients who admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of abortus imminens between January 2016 and December 2019, and whose pregnancy ended as miscarriage before the 20th week. The control group consisted of 200 randomly selected healthy pregnant women, with follow-up and delivery in our hospital. Patient information was obtained retrospectively from the hospital records. Results. Age and BMI of both groups were similar. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelets, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, MPV, Pct and PDW, while leukocyte and neutrophil counts was statistically significantly higher in the miscarriage group (p=0,002, p=0,001, respectively). NLR was statistically higher in the miscarriage group (p=0,005), PLR was also higher in the miscarriage group, but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0,056). Both groups were similar in terms of MLR. Conclusions. High NLR levels obtained from the hemogram results in the first trimester seems to be associated with miscarriage. NLR can be an easy, cheap and useful tool for predicting pregnancy prognosis in patients with abortus imminens.
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Admin midwiferia, Pratiwi Cahya Skania, Djaswadi Dasuki, and Fitriana Siswi Utami. "The Effect Of Fe Tablet Consumption On Hemoglobin (Hb) Increase In Pregnant Women: A Systematic Literature Review." Jurnal Kebidanan Midwiferia 6, no. 2 (2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/midwiferia.v6i2.568.
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Anemia is still a problem in developing countries. The World Health Organization states that there are still more than 50 percent of women in the world suffering from anemia. anemia can cause life-threatening bleeding, miscarriage, low birth weight and premature birth. WHO defines anemia as a condition where the hemoglobin level is less than 11 mg / dL in the first and last trimester or 10.5 mg / dL in the second trimester or the hematocrit level is less than 37 percent. The study aim to determine the effect of Fe tablets consumption on hemoglobin (Hb) level increase in pregnant women and to find out the factors related to the compliance of pregnant women taking Fe tablets. This Systematic Literature Publication and Science uses databases with the period 2008-2018. The selection of articles was based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Appraisal study employed The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Taking Fe tablets is very influential in increasing levels of Hb in pregnant women who suffer from anemia. Effective iron supplements to reduce anemia in pregnancy. Support from family and closest people has an important role in increasing adherence to taking Fe tablets.
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Mahjabeen, Nusrat, Shaikh Zinnat Ara Nasreen, and Safinaz Shahreen. "The Prevalence of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) in Anemic and Non-anemic Pregnant Women at a Tertiary Level Hospital." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (2021): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.4.934.
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The incidence of maternal and fetal morbidities and mortalities are very high in anemic patients. According to WHO anemia is the most common medical disease in pregnancy in south east Asian region. 18-20 pregnant women are anemic in developed countries as compared to the incidence is as high as 40% to 75% in south east Asian region. According to Center of Disease Control (CDC) anemia in pregnancy means hemoglobin is less than 11 g/dl (Hematocrit; {Hct} < 33%) in the first and third trimester and less than 10.5 g/dl (Hct < 32%) in the second trimester. According to World Health Organization (WHO), anemia in pregnancy is defined as Hb level is less than 11gm/dl. As physiological hemodilution occurs during pregnancy, pregnant women are at higher risk of anemia and more commonly iron deficiency anemia. The aim of the study is to compare the risk of PROM between anemic pregnant women and non-anemic pregnant women. It is a prospective observational study held in Z.H.Sikder women’s medical college & hospital from April,2020 to march,2021. 100 cases of anemic and 100 cases of non-anemic pregnant women were purposively taken as study population. The prevalence of PROM equaled to 64% in pregnant anemic group. In bivariable analysis, the risk factors of anemia such as, maternal working condition, socio economic status and maternal age were studied. The risk of PROM is higher in anemic pregnant women than in non-anemic pregnant women. Doctors and healthcare workers should be more careful to prevent and treat anemia in pregnancy to avoid the adverse outcomes.
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İncesu Çintesun, Feyza Nur. "The association between obesity and hematologic inflammatory markers in the first trimester pregnancies." Perinatal Journal 28, no. 1 (2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/prn.20.0281005.
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Objective Obesity is the defined as the abnormal or excessive accumulation of the fat which is harmful for the health, and its prevalence has been increasing. Many studies have shown that obesity alone leads to inflammation and causes poor gestational outcomes. In our study, we aimed to investigate the association between basic hematologic markers and obesity in the first trimester pregnancies. Methods A total of 321 pregnant women who admitted to the clinic of gynecology and obstetrics in a tertiary state hospital were included in the study. The patients were separated into three groups, which were normal weight (BMI: 18–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Of the patients, the demographic data (age, gravida, and parity) and the parameters of hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet (PLT), eosinophil, basophil, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), plateletcrit (PCT) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) measured in the complete blood count which was checked in the first trimester routinely during the pregnancy follow-up were analyzed. The three groups were compared in terms of inflammatory markers. Results The patients were evaluated in three groups: 108 patients with normal weight (Group 1), 109 overweight patients (Group 2) and 104 obese patients (Group 3). No significant difference was found in terms of age, parity and gravida when the demographic data were analyzed among the groups (p>0.05). When the groups were compared in terms of hematologic markers, similar values were found in the markers other than white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLT and PCT values. The difference among white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLT and PCT values were between the patients with normal weight and obese patients, and the values of these markers were found higher in overweight / normal weight patient groups than the normal group (p<0.05). Conclusion The values of white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, PLT and PCT which were shown to be associated with inflammation were higher in the obese patients.
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Tsidaeva, Tatiana I., Kristina G. Tomaeva, Sergey N. Gaidukov, et al. "Predicting the risk of anemia in pregnant women with different somatotypes." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 11, no. 2 (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped11243-50.
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The aim of the study: to study the frequency of anemia in pregnant women with different somatotypes and to develop a model for predicting the risk of this pathology.
 Materials and methods. 390 women were examined. Of the women studied 110 were mаcrosomatotype, 173 mesosomatotype, and 107 microsomatotype. Somatometry was performed according to R.N. Dorokhov for women in early pregnancy (before 910 weeks of gestation). In blood test the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit is determined using the Medonic M-series hematological automatic analyzer. Serum iron levels were determined colorimetrically with ferrosine. Serum ferritin levels were determined spectrophotometrically using ELISA methods.
 Results. It was found that iron deficiency anemia was significantly more common in pregnant women of macro-and microsomatic body type compared to women with mesosomatotypes (p 0.05). Pregnant women with severe anemia were not found. There were iron deficiency anemia of mild and moderate severity, and latent iron deficiency. Hematological parameters (hematocrit, serum iron, serum ferritin) were significantly lower in pregnant women with latent iron deficiency compared to women without anemia (p 0.05). Using multiple regression analysis, we obtained the regression equation (formula), which predicts the development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of different somatotypes.
 Conclusions. The calculations according to the presented formula, allows to predict with high accuracy the prognosis of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women, and also allows to form among patients a high-risk group for the development of this disease in the first trimester of pregnancy when the pregnant woman is registered in the womens consultation, which will contribute to more effective implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures to prevent the development of this pathology.
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Jamali, Zara, Mahwish Fatima, Shagufta Yaqoob, et al. "Neonatal Outcomes in Cord Clamping; An Observational Study Highlighting the Correlation of Cord Clamping Time with Haematological Parameters." SOJ Gynecology , Obstetrics & Women's Health 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2381-2915/4/1/00134.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neonatal outcomes in cord clamping and to find their correlation with different haematological parameters in neonates of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi Methodology: This was an observational study in which non-probability convenient sampling technique was used after taking ethical approval. The study was conducted on 342 pregnant women in the Obstetrics & Gynaecology ward of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from 1st July 2016 to 31st December 2016.All the pregnant women from age of 25 to 45 years and without any haemolytic disease, with previous spontaneous vaginal deliveries, with a singleton pregnancy diagnosed via ultrasound during the first trimester and presenting in the 3rd stage of labour with a gestational age of ≥ 37weeks were included in the study. Soon after the delivery of placenta, the uterus was massaged either by patient herself or by the caretaker. Neonatal blood samples were gathered by the researcher through venipuncture following expulsion of the fetus and 24 hours after it and sent to the pathology laboratory of Jinnah Hospital for analysis. Data were analyzed in SPSS Version 20. Descriptive analysis was done. Pearson and Spearman tests were applied to see the correlation of cord clamping time. P-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: A total of 342 pregnant females in their third stage of labor were selected for this study. No correlation existed between hemoglobin and hematocrit with cord clamping time (p-value 0.661) and (p-value 0.439) respectively. Weak positive correlation (p=0.002, r = 0.169) existed between billirubin levels with clamping time. No correlation was observed with cord clamping time and anemia, low hematocrit or polycythemia (p-value 0.422), (p-value 0.058) and (p-value 0.20) respectively while weak negative correlation (ρ = -0.221) existed between high bilirubin levels in neonates with increasing cord clamping time (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: According to our study, no correlation exists between hemoglobin and hematocrit with cord clamping time but weak positive correlation was observed between billirubin levels with clamping time in seconds. Keywords: cord clamping; correlation; haematological parameters
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Breymann, C. "Treatment of anemia using parenteral iron supplements." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-21-23.
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Background. Anemia occurs in 30 % of women of childbearing age worldwide. The main causes of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the decrease in iron intake from food (vegetarian diet, unbalanced diet, anorexia, eating disorders), impaired iron absorption (celiac disease, malabsorption, concomitant digestive diseases, drug use), blood losses (menstrual bleeding, childbirth, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, blood donation), and the increased need for iron (children and adolescents, pregnancy and lactation, endurance exercise). In the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, the need for iron is almost 10 times higher than in the 1st trimester (7.5 vs. 0.8 mg per day).
 Objective. To describe the treatment of anemia with parenteral iron supplements.
 Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic.
 Results and discussion. Hemoglobin content <90 g/l increases the risk of miscarriage, low birth weight and gestational age, premature birth, preeclampsia and eclampsia. Low hematocrit (<29 %) is accompanied by an increase in the probability of growth retardation and fetal death. On the part of the pregnant woman, tolerance to physical activity worsens, the probability of heart failure increases (in severe anemia), the condition of the thyroid gland and wound healing deteriorates. Among children born to mothers with IDA, the probability of IDA is higher than among children born to mothers with normal hemoglobin levels (47.2 % vs. 6.5 %; Colomer I. et al., 1990). Childbirth deepens IDA due to blood loss. During vaginal childbirth or cesarean section 300-500 ml of blood is lost, in case of profuse bleeding – 500-1000 ml, and in case of profuse bleeding, uterus atony, and in case of the disseminated intravascular coagulation – 2-3 L or even more. Iron supplements are prescribed for the treatment of IDA. They can be divided into oral (iron salts, iron complexes, elemental iron) and parenteral. Pregnant women are recommended to take 60 mg of iron per day from the beginning of gestation (as early as possible) until the end of pregnancy, as well as during the first 3 months of lactation. Oral iron preparations have a number of side effects: constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and epigastric pain. This causes unsatisfactory adherence: one in five women stops taking iron supplements. Polymaltose iron complex is tolerated slightly better than iron sulfate. In case of intolerance to oral drugs, intravenous iron may be prescribed. Its advantages include fast action and good efficiency. Drugs for intravenous administration are divided into iron preparations and iron complexes with carbohydrates (carboxymaltose, sucrose, dextran). The sucrose complex of iron allows to reach the maximum level of hemoglobin much faster than iron sulfate (6.6 against 9.4 weeks). According to German and French guidelines for the treatment of anemia in pregnant women, if the hemoglobin is reduced to <90 g/l, IDA should be treated with intravenous iron. In the recommendations of the Asia-Pacific region, the threshold value is 100 g/l.
 Conclusions. 1. Insufficient iron levels before pregnancy and the increased need in iron during pregnancy justify the proactive assessment and correction of IDA in pregnant women. 2. In case of moderate anemia and early stages of pregnancy, normal iron levels can be restored before delivery with the help of oral medications. 3. Intravenous iron supplements normalize iron levels faster than oral ones.
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Mikhailova, O. I., V. L. Tyutyunnik, N. E. Kan, and D. D. Mirzabekova. "Effective preconception preparation for women with iron deficiency." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 5 (April 18, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-096.
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Introduction. Latent iron deficiency, which has a high prevalence among women of childbearing age, most often, in the absence of therapy, progresses in pregnant women into manifest iron deficiency, manifested by clinical symptoms of anemia and associated with a complicated course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, unfavorable outcomes of newborns. The above justifies the need for correction of iron deficiency at the preconception period.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy latent iron deficiency at the stage of preconception period.Materials and methods. The study included 32 women at the stage of pregnancy planning with latent iron deficiency. All women taking the drug Ferretab 1 pill per day for 1 month. The level of blood parameters was assessed at 3 months before the intended conception, in the I, II and III trimesters of pregnancy, in the 3rd day after delivery. In newborns, the indicators of a clinical blood test were evaluated on the 2nd day after birth. We evaluated such indicators as the level of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit, the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, serum ferritin, serum iron, transferrin.Results. Evaluation of laboratory data in the course of the study confirmed the effectiveness of the use the complex drug Ferretab. Patients already at the first visit to the doctor during pregnancy had a positive trend and a significant increase in the level of hematological parameters.Conclusions. Oral administration of the complex drug Ferretab showed high efficiency in the treatment of latent iron deficiency at the stage of preconception period, significantly increasing the levels of hematological parameters, good tolerance and a small number of side effects, contribute to the high adherence of patients to therapy, which allows achieving significant clinical results.
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Ningsih, Dewi Andariya, Siti Romlah, Susiana, et al. "IMPROVING HEALTH INFORMATION OF PREGNANT MOTHERS WITH THE ISLAMIC FAMILY APPROACH THROUGH THE RECOGNITION OF ANEMIA SIGNS." Community Service Journal of Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36720/csji.v4i1.385.
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The most direct cause of maternal death is bleeding. Bleeding is divided into two categories, namely antepartum bleeding (vaginal bleeding at 28 weeks of gestation or more) and postpartum hemorrhage (bleeding that occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery). Bleeding occurs due to lack of supervision and examination during pregnancy, including prevention of anemia. Mothers who suffer from anemia in pregnancy will be very susceptible to infection and bleeding, even if the bleeding is only a little. Experience has shown that maternal death due to bleeding is more common in women who suffer from anemia. Anemia often occurs due to iron deficiency because pregnant women have a twofold increase in iron requirements due to an increase in blood volume without expansion of plasma volume, to meet the needs of the mother (prevent blood loss during childbirth) and fetal growth. Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level (>11(gr/L)2), hematocrit (>0.33gr/L), and red blood cell count are below normal values. Anemia in pregnancy is the biggest public health problem that occurs worldwide, especially in developing countries, in low socio-economic groups, and has a very large influence on the quality of human resources. Anemia in pregnancy is called "Potential Danger to Mother and Child" (potentially harmful to mother and child), which contributes to the increasing prevalence of maternal mortality and morbidity. As for infants, it can increase the risk of infant morbidity and mortality, as well as increase the incidence of LBW. Given this, the problem of anemia should be a serious concern for all relevant parties, especially in health services on the front lines. So it is necessary to provide information about anemia signs, namely by providing information and giving Fe tablets, prayers for the good of the mother and fetus, stress management and consumption of green vegetables. Physical and psychological changes are sometimes quite disturbing daily life. Some pregnant women have difficulty regulating emotions because of the changes that occur. Especially the changes in the first trimester of pregnancy. Family support for pregnant women is very important and has many benefits. Not only from husbands, but also from parents, in-laws, sisters, brothers, relatives, or even close friends.
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Falcone, Veronica, Florian Heinzl, Bianca Karla Itariu, et al. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women with Beta-Thalassemia Minor: A Matched Case-Control Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 7 (2022): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11072050.
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Pregnancy in women with thalassemia minor is considered safe. However, a higher incidence of maternal and neonatal complications in women with the disorder has been reported in the literature. This study aimed to determine whether there is an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women with beta-thalassemia minor. We conducted a retrospective matched case-control study of 230 pregnant women who delivered at the Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine at the Medical University of Vienna between the years 2008 and 2020, whereof 115 women had beta-thalassemia minor. We found no significant difference in the occurrence of GDM between the case group and control group of age and BMI-matched healthy women. However, we observed a significantly lower hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) level during the first, the second, and the third trimesters of pregnancy, and postpartum (all: p < 0.001) among women with beta-thalassemia minor compared to the healthy controls. Neonates of women with beta-thalassemia were more likely to experience post-natal jaundice and excessive weight loss (p < 0.001). We conclude that GDM is not more likely to occur in pregnant women with beta-thalassemia minor. However, clinicians should be made aware of the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Furthermore, women with beta-thalassemia minor should undergo regular laboratory screening and multidisciplinary pregnancy care.
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Ringoringo, Harapan Parlindungan, Katherine Richel Tambunan, Fajar Khalis Ananda, Felynawati Nawati, and Yanuar Nusca Permana. "Amoxicillin as an Option in Congenital Syphilis Management: A Case Report." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. C (2022): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10191.
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BACKGROUND: Congenital syphilis (CS) is the second leading cause of preventable stillbirth globally. This case report shows that CS baby can be managed by amoxicillin with good results. CASE PRESENTATION: A term female baby was born through section cesarean on suspicion of syphilis of a 29-year-old mother, G4P3A0, 39 weeks gestation with normal APGAR score, and birth weight was 2330 g, birth length was 46 cm, and head circumference 32 cm. There are no abnormalities on physical examination. The baby is active and clinically sound. In history taking, the mother was diagnosed with syphilis in the first trimester of pregnancy but did not want to be treated. After birth, maternal serology showed that Treponema pallidum is reactive. Maternal VDRL was reactive at 1:1, while TPHA was reactive at 1:2560. Baby laboratory results showed Hb 18.4 g/dL, leukocytes 33,480/μL, platelets 278,000/μL, and hematocrit 54.7%. A peripheral blood smear showed neutrophilia with hypersegmentation and monocytosis due to suspected chronic inflammation. Baby VDRL was reactive at 1:16, while TPHA was reactive at 1:1280. The diagnosis was congenital syphilis with low birth weight and small for gestational age. After one month of treatment with oral amoxicillin, baby VDRL was reactive at 1:2, while TPHA was reactive at 1:320. At 1½ months, the baby’s hemoglobin is 10.1 g/dL. X-rays for chest, abdomen, and skeletal were within normal limits. The baby was given oral amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day for a total of 3 months. When the baby was 4 months old, her growth and development were good with the VDRL reactive 1:1 and the TPHA reactive 1:160. CONCLUSION: In the unavailability of benzathine penicillin, amoxicillin may be considered an option in CS management.
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Fateme, parooei Mahmood Anbari Morteza Salarzaei *. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE FIRST AND THIRD TRIMESTER HEMATOCRIT LEVELS AND PREECLAMPSIA." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3644–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1012334.
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Introduction:. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this disease, its cause is still unknown. Although some risk factors have been reported for preeclampsia, this disease is only diagnosed with its own clinical presentations and it is often diagnosed late. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia .In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study. The relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia were selected. Results: The studies indicate that hemodynamic changes during pregnancy have no effect on the increased plasma volume in the second trimester in women suffering from preeclampsia. Thus, it can be concluded that disruption in the increased plasma volume in the second trimester is likely to be a risk signal of suffering from preeclampsia in the subsequent weeks of pregnancy. Discussion and Conclusion: Determining hematocrit is one of the common and necessary measures taken during pregnancy. If hematocrit level of the first trimester is more than 43%, it has to do with the preeclampsia at the end of the third trimester. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Key words: trimester hematocrit ، preeclampsia
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O., S. Zahorodnia, B. Ventskivska I., S. Leush S., and V. Kazak A. "VOMITING OF FIRST PREGNANCY TRIMESTER: HOW TO ESTIMATE?" Reproductive Endocrinology, no. 54 (September 30, 2020): 63–66. https://doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2020.54.63-66.
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Objective of the study: to study changes of electrolyte balance and hematocrit in the first trimester vomiting and in uncomplicated pregnancy. Material and methods. 109 women in the first trimester of pregnancy were divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of 58 patients with complaints on vomiting from 1 to 10 times a day, group II – 51 women without complaints of nausea and vomiting. At the beginning of the study and at 20 weeks the concentrations of the main electrolytes in the serum, as well as the hematocrit index, were determined in all study participants. Groups were compared basing not only modern concentration level, but also distribution of each meaning in total. Results. Despite the loss of fluid and electrolytes with vomiting, patients in group I did not differ from women with uncomplicated pregnancy in average ion concentrations and hematocrit. However, the distribution of the study participants by the indicators showed that the majority of women in group II had high levels of serum sodium and hematocrit. In addition, the dynamics of pregnancy progression in women of group I showed a decrease in sodium concentration and in pregnant women in group II – on the contrary, the tendency to increase this indicator. Conclusion. Vomiting of the first trimester does not lead to significant changes in electrolyte balance. However, with the progression of pregnancy, such patients show adequate hemodilution, which implies a decrease in sodium concentration and hematocrit. At the same time, in some patients with uncomplicated course of the first trimester of pregnancy, there is a tendency for defective hemodilution. This can lead to endothelial dysfunction and associated obstetric complications, by the time patients with first pregnancy vomiting have more favorable changes of blood circulation
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Baghel, Manisha, Jyoti Batra, Thimmaraju K. V., and Maliyanar Itagappa. "Association of thyroid status with hemoglobin levels in pregnancy." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 11 (2017): 4873. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174936.
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Background: The association of hemoglobin levels with thyroid status in pregnancy was not studied in detail. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the levels of hemoglobin, thyroid function and its association with hemoglobin levels in first trimester of pregnancy.Methods: Fifty pregnant women who didn’t start any supplementation were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department. Fifty age matched controls were recruited from the residents and staff of the hospital. Thyroid profile and hemoglobin levels were measured in both the groups. The association was seen between hemoglobin levels and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.Results: The hemoglobin levels are significantly low in first trimester pregnant women. Further, the increased TSH levels are negatively correlated with low hemoglobin levels.Conclusions: Screening of hemoglobin levels in first trimester itself will be beneficial to prevent the complications of pregnancy. Further, hypothyroidism also present and associated with reduced hemoglobin. So, early diagnosis of these deficiencies will be useful to start giving supplements to avoid unwanted effects in pregnancy.
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Sukrat, Bunyarit, Chumpon Wilasrusmee, Boonying Siribumrungwong, et al. "Hemoglobin Concentration and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769057.
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Objective. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of hemoglobin effect on the pregnancy outcomes.Methods. We searched MEDLINE and SCOPUS from January 1, 1990 to April 10, 2011. Observational studies addressing association between hemoglobin and adverse pregnancy outcomes were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted data. A mixed logistic regression was applied to assess the effects of hemoglobin on preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age.Results. Seventeen studies were included in poolings. Hemoglobin below 11 g/dL was, respectively, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02–1.19), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03–1.32), and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05–1.24) times higher risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age than normal hemoglobin in the first trimester. In the third trimester, hemoglobin below 11 g/dL was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.08–1.58) times higher risk of low birth weight. Hemoglobin above 14 g/dL in third trimester decreased the risk of preterm term with ORs of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.26–0.97), but it might be affected by publication bias.Conclusions. Our review suggests that hemoglobin below 11 g/dl increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small gestational age in the first trimester and the risk of low birth weight in the third trimester.
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Sun, Mengxing, Tingfei Gu, Tianchen Wu, et al. "Variation Patterns of Hemoglobin Levels by Gestational Age during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Multi-Center Retrospective Cohort Study in China." Nutrients 15, no. 6 (2023): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061383.
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Background: Pregnancy anemia is a global health concern. However, to our knowledge, there still has little consensus on the reference value of hemoglobin levels. Particularly, little evidence from China was accessible in most existing guidelines. Objective: To evaluate hemoglobin levels and anemia prevalence of pregnant women in China and offer evidence for anemia and its reference values in China. Methods: A multi-center retrospective cohort study was conducted among 143,307 singleton pregnant women aged 15–49 at 139 hospitals in China, with hemoglobin concentrations routinely tested at each prenatal visit. Subsequently, a restricted cubic spline was performed to reveal a non-linear variation of hemoglobin concentrations during the gestational week. The Loess model was used to describe the changes in the prevalence of different degrees of anemia with gestational age. Multivariate linear regression model and Logistic regression model were applied to explore influencing factors of gestational changes in hemoglobin level and anemia prevalence, respectively. Results: Hemoglobin varied nonlinearly with gestational age, and the mean hemoglobin levels decreased from 125.75 g/L in the first trimester to 118.71 g/L in the third trimester. By analyzing hemoglobin levels with gestational age and pregnancy period, we proposed new criteria according to 5th percentile hemoglobin concentration in each trimester as a reference for anemia, with 108 g/L, 103 g/L, and 99 g/L, respectively. According to WHO’s criteria, the prevalence of anemia sustainably increased with gestational age, with 6.2% (4083/65,691) in the first trimester, 11.5% (7974/69,184) in the second trimester and 21.9% (12,295/56,042) in the third trimester, respectively. In subsequent analysis, pregnant women in non-urban residents, multiparity, and pre-pregnancy underweight tended to have lower hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: This research, the first large-sample study to present a set of gestational age-specific reference centiles for hemoglobin levels in China, could be used to obtain a better understanding of the overall levels of hemoglobin in Chinese healthy pregnant women and ultimately offer clues for a more precise hemoglobin reference value of anemia in China.
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Puerto, Alejandra, Nelson Rafael Alvis-Zakzuk, Walter Annicchiarico, Nelson Alvis-Guzmán, and Josefina Zakzuk. "Relationship between serum ferritin and proinflammatory markers in late pregnancy: An exploratory analysis from Cartagena, Colombia." Biomédica 45, no. 1 (2025): 94–106. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.7467.
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Introduction. In a previous study, we identified an inverse relationship between adverse perinatal outcomes and iron status during late pregnancy of women recruited from a maternal hospital in Cartagena, Colombia. Some of these outcomes have also been linked to maternal inflammatory states. However, there is currently no clarity regarding the relationship between iron levels and proinflammatory markers during this period.Objective. To estimate the relationship between inflammatory markers and serum ferritin in third-trimester pregnancies.Materials and methods. Serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and proinflammatory cytokine levels were determined in women in Cartagena in their third trimester of pregnancy. We analyzed the relationship between ferritin levels and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the relationship between serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and inflammatory cytokine levels with adverse perinatal outcomes.Results. The levels of IL-6 were significantly associated with serum ferritin levels (β = 0.42, SE = 0.21, p = 0.04) but not with maternal age. Maternal serum ferritin had a positive weak correlation with the absolute number of lymphocytes and monocytes. Hemoglobin and maternal serum ferritin were weakly and inversely associated with birth weight. Serum ferritin but not IL-6 or IL-8 was associated with preterm birth.Conclusions. We observed direct and mild associations of serum iron markers (serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) with lymphocyte counts. The inflammation marker, IL-6, was mildly associated with serum ferritin levels in late pregnancy. Women with elevated white blood cell counts and serum ferritin levels tended to have infants with lower birth weights. This fact suggests a potential involvement of iron in inflammatory processes duringpregnancy, and conditions associated with inflammation in the final trimester may have adverse effects on perinatal outcomes.
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Mantskava, Maka, Nana Momtselidze, and Giorgi Kuchava. "Study of Rheological Properties in Physiological Pregnancy." Medical Times 2, no. 1 (2024): 13–18. https://doi.org/10.71419/mtggrc.2024.12.
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We studied pregnant women in the I and II trimesters and a control group of women in the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle. All women measured the rheological properties of the blood, such as red blood cell aggregation, red blood cell deformation, blood plasma viscosity, and hematocrit. It turned out that rheological changes (deterioration) advancing in the first trimester tend to stabilize in the second trimester. This says, from our point of view, about the participation of a rheological system in the adaptation mechanism.
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Suha Abduljaleel Wadi. "Association of Heamoglobin Concentration during Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 15, no. 2 (2024): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/x1ef3g87.
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The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rapidly rising, ranging from 9 to 26% of pregnancies globally. Muchevidence has shown that hyperglycemia during pregnancy not only increases perinatal morbidity and mortality in both mothers and children but also increases features of disease later. A case control study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Al-Elwiya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq during a period of one year from 1st of December 2021 till end of November 2022. It included 80 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy with viable fetus and gestational age ≥28 weeks and receiving iron supplement from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy or earlier. They were divided into two groups: Case group included 40 pregnant women who had diagnosed with gestational diabetes and control group included 40 healthy pregnant women without any complaint matched with the case group in age and gestational age. First trimester hemoglobin level taken from the medical records during antenatal care. In our study, Pregnant women with gestational diabetes had significantly higher mean of first trimester hemoglobin level compared with controls (12.04g/dl versus 10.99g/dl, p=0.001). First trimester hemoglobin level was found to be significant independent risk factor for greater likelihood of gestational diabetes. Higher hemoglobin level during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes.
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Chunaeni, S., A. Lusiana, and L. E. Martanti. "Effectiveness of Psidium guajava to increase hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of third trimester in pregnancy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (April 2020): 012131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012131.
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Esin, Sertac, Bülent Yırcı, Tuğba Zengin, Serdar Yalvaç, and Ömer Kandemir. "Parenteral Iron Sucrose Therapy for Moderate and Severe Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy." Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine 22, no. 3 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21613/gorm.2016.501.
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<p><strong>Objective:</strong> Parenteral iron therapy for iron deficiency anemia is gaining popularity due to its fast and impressing action. However, effectiveness and safety of iron sucrose in pregnant patient population is less clear. In this study, we aimed to review our intravenous iron sucrose use in pregnant patients.</p><p><strong>Study Design:</strong> The medical records of all anemic pregnant patients hospitalized for parenteral iron sucrose therapy were reviewed retrospectively.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The results of 117 pregnant women were available. Thirty-one (26.5%) and 86 (73.5%) of the patients were in the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> trimester of the pregnancy, respectively. Four (%3.4) of the patients had severe and 113 (%96.6) of the patients had moderate anemia. The median gestational age for iron sucrose administration was 31.1 weeks (26.8-34.3). The mean hemoglobin, hematocrit and ferritin levels before and after delivery were 10.8±1.3 gr/l; 9.9±1.3 gr/l, 33.5±4.0; 30.8±4.0 and 89.6±0.7 μg/L; 98.1±0.9 μg/L, respectively. All but 2 (1.8%) patients had elevated hemoglobin levels after iron sucrose therapy. When hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were compared between before iron sucrose therapy and before delivery, there was a 2.8 g/l and 7.8 % increase in the mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (<em>p</em>= 0.001 and <em>p</em>=0.001, respectively). Five patients (4.3%) reported mild hypersensitivity reaction to intravenous iron in the form of mild itching at the infusion site. No severe or life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction was reported.</p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In this study, we found out that intravenous iron sucrose therapy for iron deficiency anemia is feasible, effective and has a good safety profile.
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Sofyana, Sherllia. "The Effect Of Combination Of Super Red Dragon Fruit Extract (Hylocereus Costaricensis) + Fe Tablets On Increasing Hemoglobin Levels In Pregnant Women In Trimester Iii With Anemia." Science Midwifery 10, no. 3 (2022): 2134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i3.622.
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Anemia in pregnancy, namely hemoglobin <11gram/dl for the first and third trimesters, and <10.5 grams/dl for the second trimester. Super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) is one of the many alternatives used to help prevent anemia in pregnancy. Objective: To determine the effect of the combination of super red dragon fruit extract + Fe tablets on the average increase in hemoglobin in third trimester pregnant women with anemia. Objective To determine the effect of the combination of super red dragon fruit extract + Fe tablets on the average increase in hemoglobin of pregnant women in the third trimester with anemia. The results of the intervention group were the pretest hemoglobin level of 9.352 grams/dL and the post-test hemoglobin level of 10.845 grams/dL with p value <0.05, while the pretest control group had a hemoglobin level of 9.202 grams/dL and a posttest hemoglobin level of 10,635 grams/dL with a p value <0.05. There is an effect of the combination of super red dragon fruit extract + Fe tablets on the increase in hemoglobin levels
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Si, Shuting, Zhicheng Peng, Haoyue Cheng, et al. "Association of Vitamin D in Different Trimester with Hemoglobin during Pregnancy." Nutrients 14, no. 12 (2022): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14122455.
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The association between vitamin D and hemoglobin has been suggested. Vitamin D can affect erythropoiesis by the induction of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and enhance iron absorption by regulating the iron-hepcidin-ferroportin axis in monocytes. However, this relationship in pregnant women is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between plasma vitamin D levels with hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women considering each trimester and iron supplementation. The data were obtained from Zhoushan Pregnant Women Cohort, collected from 2011 to 2018. Plasma 25(OH)D was measured in each trimester using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equations and multiple linear regressions were performed. Finally, 2962 pregnant women and 4419 observations in the first trimester were included in this study. Plasma 25(OH)D in first trimester (T1) (β = 0.06, p = 0.0177), second trimester (T2) (β = 0.15, p < 0.0001), and third trimester (T3) (β = 0.12, p = 0.0006) were positively associated with Hb. Association between plasma 25(OH)D levels in T1 and Hb concentration was positively associated with gestational age (β = 0.005, p = 0.0421). Pregnant women with VD deficiency in T1 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07–1.88) or T2 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.30–2.89) presented an increased risk of anemia, compared with women without VD deficiency. Moreover, the significant relationship between VD and Hb was only observed among women with iron supplementation during pregnancy. Plasma 25(OH)D levels in each trimester were positively associated with Hb concentration. Iron supplementation might be an important factor affecting the relationship between VD and Hb.
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ÖZGEN, Gülten, Gültekin ADANAS, and Levent ÖZGEN. "The effects of first-trimester hemoglobin on adverse pregnancy outcomes." Journal of Surgery and Medicine 4, no. 8 (2020): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28982/josam.773306.
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Dinçgez Çakmak, Burcu, Ülkü Ayşe Türker, Sonay Öztaş, Melis Arık, and Emin Üstünyurt. "The effect of first trimester hemoglobin levels on pregnancy outcomes." Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology 15, no. 3 (2018): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjod.87269.
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Garini, Ardiya, Agita Iswari, and Asrori Asrori. "Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia in Palembang City." Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control 1, no. 1 (2023): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.61843/jondpac.v1i1.493.
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Preeclampsia is a collection of symptoms that arise in pregnant, maternity, and postpartum women in the form of hypertension, edoema, and proteinuria that appear in the 20th week of pregnancy until the end of the first week after delivery. Several parameters of hematological examination in pregnant women are hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, which are suspected to be different between normal pregnant women and pregnant women who have preeclampsia. This study aims to determine the levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin in pregnant women with preeclampsia at RSIA Rika Amelia Palembang in 2021. This research is descriptive in nature, with a total sample size of 105 patients. The results of the study showed that the average hematocrit level in preeclamptic pregnant women was 37% and the hemoglobin level was 12 g/dl. Statistical tests showed no difference in hematocrit levels based on the mother's age (p-value = 0.678) or gestational age (p-value = 0.226). Meanwhile, for the hemoglobin level parameter, statistical tests showed no difference in hemoglobin levels based on the mother's age (p-value = 0.386) or gestational age (p-value = 0.104). It can be concluded that there is no difference in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in preeclamptic pregnant women based on age and gestational age.
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Ramaji, Tayebeh, and Fereshteh Yazdani. "The Association Between Obesity and Anemia With Pregnancy and Childbirth Outcomes." Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 13, no. 02 (2025): 133–44. https://doi.org/10.32598/ijhs.13.2.1083.1.
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Background and Purpose: Obesity and anemia are among the main challenges and health care issues related to pregnancy around the world, which can affect the outcomes of this period. This study aimed to determine the association between obesity and anemia with pregnancy and childbirth outcomes in women referred to the health care centers of Tonkabon City, Iran, in 2023. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the records of 240 pregnant women were examined using a simple random sampling method. Data, including demographic information, pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin concentration, were collected using a checklist from the Parsa (electronic health event file and referral) system. Hemoglobin concentration <11 g/dL in the first trimester and <10.5 mg/dL in the second trimester was considered anemic and BMI >30 kg/m2 was considered obese. Data analysis was performed using statistical SPSS software, version 24 with descriptive and inferential statistical methods (the chi-square test and t-test). P<0.05 were considered significant. Results: About 55.6% of women were overweight and obese. Also, 14.4% in the first trimester and 40.4% in the second trimester had anemia. The relationship between the number of pregnancies with BMI and birth weight with hemoglobin concentration in the first trimester was significant (P<0.001). The average difference of variables with BMI in two groups of normal weight and obese women in the history of stillbirth (P=0.001), abortion (P=0.046), birth weight (P=0.046) and gestational diabetes (P=0.005). Conclusion: Obesity and anemia affect health status during pregnancy. Since obesity and iron deficiency anemia are preventable, the provision of simple preventive solutions by the health system, such as taking supplements, nutrition, and a proper lifestyle before and during pregnancy, should be considered.
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Ashfaq, Sana, Ujala Sajid, Saima Khan, et al. "Effect of Moringa Oleifera leaves powder on hemoglobin level in second-trimester pregnant women of Karachi, Pakistan." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr.v12.i1.2024.39-45.
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Background: Anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy, has substantial implications for maternal health and fetal growth. Moringa leaves are known to be rich in iron and may offer a dietary solution to combat anemia in pregnant women. However, evidence on the association between fresh Moringa leaf consumption and maternal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is lacking. Hence, this study aims to assess the impact of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder supplementation on hemoglobin levels during the second trimester of pregnancy in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Koohi Goth Women's Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from November 2021 to May 2023. The study involved 200 pregnant women who consumed fresh Moringa leaves and 200 non-consumers. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, and hemoglobin levels were measured using HemoCue Hb 301. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study participants were analyzed, revealing that most participants in both groups were between 20 and 30 years old. Additionally, most participants in both groups were pregnant for the first time. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured across trimesters, with the Moringa leaf extract group showing levels of 9.43 ± 0.62 g/dL in the first trimester, 8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL in the second trimester, and 9.09 ± 1.04 g/dL in the third trimester. The folic iron group exhibited a higher increase in hemoglobin concentration (10.14 ± 0.91 g/dL) compared to the Moringa leaf extract group (8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL), but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, iron-rich foods such as Moringa leaves and iron tablets are recommended to enhance hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.
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H., F. Kasim, M. Rashied R., and A. Rahman S. "Hematological parameters of healthy pregnant women in three trimesters compared with parameters of non-pregnant women." Reproductive Health of Woman, no. 3 (May 28, 2024): 83–87. https://doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.3.2024.305514.
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Anemia is a public health problem, especially in developing countries. All over the world iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia, especially during pregnancy. Pregnant women belong to the most vulnerable population group in Iraq.The objective: to determine the impact of pregnancy on hematological parameters and to compare the hematological indicators in different periods of gestation with the indicators of non-pregnant women.Materials and methods. The study was conducted over a three-month period at Baghdad hospitals and medical centers, including Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Al-Karam Hospital, and a health center in Al-Dorrah and Al-Shaab, Baghdad province, from September 1 to December 1, 2022. 60 pregnant women, 20 persons in each trimester, and 25 non-pregnant women (control) aged 18–35 years were included in the study. All participants were examined for hematological parameters: hemoglobin, erythrocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), measured of the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells (MCHC) and determined the level of iron in the blood (serum iron – SI, total iron binding capacity – TIBC, transferrin saturation – TS and serum ferritin – SF).Results. A significant decrease in the hematological indicators of pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women was established – hemoglobin, erythrocytes, PCV, MCH, MCHC. The dynamics of the decrease in the level of these parameters increases in the second trimester, and also progressively decreases in the third trimester, which leads to anemia.Starting from the first trimester and during the second and third trimesters, a decrease in the level of serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin was found in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women, but the level of TIBC increased. During the second trimester, the need for iron begins to increase and continues to growth until the end of pregnancy. In addition, these research results indicate the importance of iron deficiency in the development of iron deficiency anemia.Conclusions. During pregnancy, anemia and a decrease in the level of some hematological parameters were determined, which progresses with increasing gestational age and is less compared to that in non-pregnant women. A decrease in the level of iron in the blood serum was established from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy. The severity of anemia is related to many factors, especially age, education level, low income, type of diet and parity.
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Kwak, Dong-Wook, Seokyung Kim, Su-Young Lee, et al. "Maternal Anemia during the First Trimester and Its Association with Psychological Health." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (2022): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173505.
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Anemia during pregnancy is known to be associated with an increased risk of antenatal and/or postnatal depression, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, there are few studies evaluating psychological health throughout the antepartum and postpartum periods in women with anemia in early pregnancy. This study analyzed data collected by the Korean Pregnancy Outcome Study, a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in South Korea, to determine the impact of anemia during the first trimester on birth outcomes and maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum. Hemoglobin levels were measured during the first trimester, and psychological health was evaluated at 12, 24, and 36 gestational weeks and 4–6 weeks postpartum. Anxiety and depression were defined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. Among 4067 Korean participants, 119 (2.9%) were diagnosed with anemia during the first trimester. Incidences of anxiety and depression did not differ over the pregnancy period between those with and without anemia during the first trimester. However, postpartum anxiety and depression were significantly more common in participants with anemia than in those without (p < 0.05, both). Hence, obstetricians should pay attention to postpartum mental health in women with anemia during the first trimester.
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Shah, Miloni, Shilpa Bhaise, Abigail Gugel, et al. "The Effectiveness of the IFA Supplementation in Reducing the Prevalence of Anemia During Pregnancy Among Women in Eastern Maharashtra, India." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.096.
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Abstract Objectives Maternal anemia is a critical public health problem, especially in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) like India. Anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of poor fetal outcomes, such as low birth weight. The Indian national Iron + Initiative includes iron & folic acid (IFA) supplementation for pregnant & lactating women. We sought out to assess the effectiveness of the IFA program in Nagpur, India. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 200 pregnant women from four clusters in Nagpur (Eastern Maharashtra), India. Maternal hemoglobin was assessed using Hemocue and the finger prick method. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt; 110g/L. IFA receipt and consumption was assessed via questionnaire during the 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Results Hemocue/capillary assessment revealed prevalence of anemia in the third trimester of 69.52% (N = 187), as compared to 50.0% (N = 200) in the first trimester. In the first trimester, 44.5% of women reported consuming IFA the previous day, while 84.8% reported consuming it the previous day by the 3rd trimester. In the first trimester, 61% (n = 122) of women reported receiving IFA: 43% for free from a public health facility, 14% purchased it from a store/pharmacy, and 4% from other locations. By the 3rd trimester, 99.5% of women had received IFA: 75.4% for free from a facility, 11.8% from a pharmacy/store and 8.02% from other locations. Conclusions We noted a markedly high prevalence of anemia in pregnancy that increased from the first to third trimester, characteristic of physiologic amenia, despite an increase IFA coverage and consumption. Other nutritional and non-nutritional interventions to reduce anemia in pregnancy need to be explored to prevent maternal anemia in Nagpur, India and possibly other LMIC contexts. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Thrasher Research Fund grant.
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Taniguchi, Yu, Shin Yamazaki, Shoji F. Nakayama, et al. "Baseline Complete Blood Count and Chemistry Panel Profile from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (2022): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063277.
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Background: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) is a nationwide birth cohort study of environmental factors affecting children’s health and development. We summarize the complete blood count and chemistry panel statistical data from pregnant women enrolled in JECS. Methods: Statistical data of up to 58,056 mother’s sample in their first (gestational age ≤ 13 weeks) and second trimester (22–27 weeks) were calculated. Results: Mean (SD) values in the first trimester were: white blood cell count, 7866 (1906)/μL; red blood cell count, 417 (33) 104/μL; hemoglobin, 12.4 (1.0) g/dL; hematocrit, 37.1 (2.6)%; mean corpuscular volume, 89.2 (4.7) fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, 29.8 (1.9) pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 33.3 (0.9)%; platelet count, 24.8 (5.2) 104/μL; HbA1c, 5.26 (0.26)%; total cholesterol, 181 (28) mg/dL; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, 95 (23) mg/dL; high density lipoprotein cholesterol, 73 (13) mg/dL; free cholesterol, 41 (7) mg/dL; triglycerides, 109 (47) mg/dL; total protein, 6.9 (0.4) g/dL; and albumin, 4.1 (0.2) g/dL. Mean values (SD) in the second trimester were: total cholesterol, 246 (38) mg/dL; free cholesterol, 61 (9) mg/dL; triglycerides, 183 (70) mg/dL; total protein, 6.5 (0.4) g/dL; and albumin, 3.6 (0.2) g/dL. Conclusions: These data will be useful for future JECS studies.
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Abdullahi, Aminu S., Abubaker Suliman, Moien AB Khan, et al. "Temporal trends of hemoglobin among pregnant women: The Mutaba’ah study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0295549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295549.
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Background Low hemoglobin (Hb) level is a leading cause of many adverse pregnancy outcomes. Patterns of changes in Hb levels during pregnancy are not well understood. Aim This study estimated Hb levels, described its changing patterns across gestational trimesters, and identified factors associated with these changes among pregnant women. Materials and methods Data from the ongoing maternal and child health cohort study–The Mutaba’ah Study, was used (N = 1,120). KML machine learning algorithm was applied to identify three distinct cluster trajectories of Hb levels between the first and the third trimesters. Descriptive statistics were used to profile the study participants. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with change patterns in Hb levels. Results The three identified clusters–A, B and C–had, respectively, median Hb levels (g/L) of 123, 118, and 104 in the first trimester and 119, 100, and 108 in the third trimester. Cluster ’A’ maintained average normal Hb levels in both trimesters. Cluster ’B’, on average, experienced a decrease in Hb levels below the normal range during the third trimester. Cluster ’C’ showed increased Hb levels in the third trimester but remained, on average, below the normal range in both trimesters. Pregnant women with higher gravida, diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2), nulliparity or lower level of education were more likely to be in cluster ’B’ than the normal cluster ’A’. Pregnant women who reported using iron supplements before pregnancy or those with low levels of education. were more likely to be in cluster ’C’ than the normal cluster ’A’. Conclusion The majority of pregnant women experienced low Hb levels during pregnancy. Changes in Hb levels during pregnancy were associated with parity, gravida, use of iron before pregnancy, and the presence of diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2).
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Huang, Cong, Zhitan Zhang, Junwei He, et al. "First–Second-Trimester Dietary Inflammatory Index and Anemia Risk in the Third Trimester: A Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 17, no. 11 (2025): 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111938.
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Objectives: Dietary conditions are closely related to maternal health. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between the first–second-trimester Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and developing anemia in the third trimester. Methods: This prospective cohort study comprised 545 pregnant women, with dietary data assessed via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Hemoglobin levels were obtained by hospital laboratory tests and used to diagnose anemia. Multivariable logistic regression models—adjusted for baseline serum iron, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), occupation, education, history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, parity, serum iron, passive smoking exposure, and iron supplementation use during pregnancy—were employed to evaluate the relationships between the first-trimester DII, second-trimester DII, first–second-trimester average DII, and third-trimester anemia. Results: After multivariable adjustment, the first–second-trimester average DII in the pro-inflammatory diet group demonstrated a 3.73-fold elevated risk of third-trimester anemia compared to the anti-inflammatory diet group (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.73, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.50–9.25). Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory dietary patterns during pregnancy exhibit a significant correlation with developing third-trimester anemia. This study demonstrates that reducing dietary pro-inflammatory components through prenatal nutrition programs may lower third-trimester anemia risk. Notably, this study carries potential risks of bias, including self-reporting bias in dietary data and incompletely controlled confounding factors (such as unmeasured biomarkers).
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Fort, M., JO Grimalt, M. Casas, and J. Sunyer. "Interdependence between urinary cobalt concentrations and hemoglobin levels in pregnant women." Environmental Research 136 (January 1, 2015): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.013.
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Cobalt is an essential trace element but may cause toxic effects upon occupational or environmental exposure. Women accumulate more cobalt than men at similar exposure levels which may be related to higher metabolic iron loss. During pregnancy these losses are much stronger but their influence on cobalt intake has not been studied. We have studied the associations between changes in hemoglobin and cobalt urinary excretion during pregnancy. 391 pairs of urine and blood samples from pregnant women were collected during the 12th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy and were analyzed for cobalt and hemoglobin. Mean concentrations of urinary cobalt were 0.73 and 1.6 µg/g creatinine during the first and third trimesters, respectively (p<0.001). 84% of pregnant women had higher levels of cobalt in the third than in the first trimester. Cobalt concentrations were negatively associated to hemoglobin levels in the third trimester (p<0.05). Women with higher iron decreases between both trimesters had significant cobalt increases between these two periods. This correspondence involved a statistically significant difference in third trimester mean cobalt concentrations of anemic and non-anemic women, 1.8 and 1.5 µg/g creatinine, respectively (p<0.05). No significant differences between these two groups were found during the first trimester. These results were used to construct generalized additive models both in normal and anemic women. The strong association between the changes of both iron status and cobalt urine levels found in pregnant women may be related to higher intestinal absorption of cobalt at iron depletion such as in the last pregnancy period when iron body demands are high. Possible toxicity effects of these cobalt increases along pregnancy should be considered in cases of populations occupationally or environmentally exposed to this metal.
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Kumar, Utpal, Harish Chandra, Arvind Kumar Gupta, Neha Singh, and Jaya Chaturvedi. "Role of Reticulocyte Parameters in Anemia of First Trimester Pregnancy: A Single Center Observational Study." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 12, no. 01 (2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713585.
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Abstract Introduction The diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy should be early to prevent complications to mother and baby. It should be simple and safe, and therefore feasibility of reticulocyte parameters may prove beneficial in this regard. Newer reticulocyte parameters have not been studied extensively especially in pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), immature reticulocyte fraction, and reticulocyte count and to compare them with serum ferritin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in assessment anemia in pregnancy. Material and Methods Prospective study included first trimester pregnant females where hemoglobin, MCV, and MCH were categorized and statistically analyzed with serum ferritin and reticulocyte parameters. Results The study included 155 first trimester pregnant females showing statistical difference in Ret-He between all categories of hemoglobin and MCV (p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis using MCV < 83 fl and MCH <27 pg showed that area under curve for Ret-He at cutoff of 27.8 ng/mL was 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.90–0.98, sensitivity 93%, specificity 83%). The cutoff of 27.2 ng/mL Ret-He for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia has specificity of 86%, sensitivity 71%, positive predictive value 0.39, and likelihood ratio of 5.1. Conclusion Ret-He is a feasible and easily available parameter which may be helpful in differentiating between microcytic hypochromic and normocytic normochromic anemia along with frank and borderline anemia in first trimester pregnant females. This in turn is essential to initiate an early therapy so as to prevent the maternal and fetal complications.
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Kutepova, O. L., and I. A. Andrievskaya. "Red blood cell indices and erythrocyte morphology features in pregnant women with varying courses of COVID19 during the third trimester of pregnancy." Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, no. 92 (June 18, 2024): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2024-92-54-62.
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Aim. This study aimed to evaluate red blood cell indices and examine erythrocyte morphology in pregnant women with mild to moderate COVID-19 during their third trimester.Materials and methods. A total of 85 pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 in the third trimester of pregnancy were examined, of whom 44 had a mild course (Group 1) and 41 had a moderate course (Group 2) of the disease. A control group included 35 non-infected pregnant women. The total erythrocyte and hemoglobin counts were assessed, along with hematocrit levels using an automated hematology analyzer, and the morphological shapes of erythrocytes were evaluated using the "MEKOS-C2" automated microscopy system. Erythrocyte transformation indices were also calculated.Results. The COVID-19 course severity-dependent decrease in the total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood of pregnant women relative to the control group was determined. Cytometric analysis of blood smears indicate a reduction in discocyte content in both the mild and moderate COVID-19 groups, both relative to the control and within the groups. Increased numbers of echinocytes and platecytes were observed in both groups compared to controls. In cases with moderate disease severity, increases in elliptocytes, dacryocytes, and degenerative erythrocyte forms were noted. These alterations led to heightened poikilocytosis indices in pregnant women with COVID-19 compared to controls and between groups. The levels of anisocytosis and polychromatophilic erythrocytes did not change significantly. The development of anisochromia was noted in the moderate disease group. Transformation indices for both reversible and irreversible changes were elevated in groups 1 and 2.Conclusion. The moderate COVID-19 in the third trimester of pregnancy compared to the mild course of the disease is associated with more pronounced changes in the red blood system, characterized by a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, the development of anisochromia and poikilocytosis. indicating anemia whose severity correlates with the severity of COVID-19 among pregnant women.