Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hémoglobinopathie'
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Dachary, Martine. "Etude d'une hémoglobinopathie : l'hémoglobine SETIF." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P055.
Full textLeluan, Philippe. "Etude d'une hémoglobinopathie : association hémoglobine S/hémoglobine Korle Bu." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P184.
Full textTanoh, Laure. "Hémoglobinopathies et grossesse." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M002.
Full textChami, Ibtissam. "Contribution à l'étude du polymorphisme génétique des hémoglobines humaines et du mécanisme de l'induction par l'hydroxyurée du gène gamma de globine chez les patients drépanocytaires." Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120069.
Full textCousin, Bruno. "Hémoglobinopathies : étude bibliographique, stratégies de détection, exploitation de résultats d'électrophorèses de l'hémoglobine." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P088.
Full textBrun, Manuel. "Effets cellulaires et moléculaires de l'hydroxyurée sur les cellules endothéliales humaines en culture." Antilles-Guyane, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AGUY0110.
Full textSince 1995,administration of hydroxyurea(HU) to sickle cell patients allows to reduce vaso occlusive crisis frequency and to decrease incidence of some of the main complications of that disease. However,its mechanism of action remains to be elucidade. In this contex,our goal is to study the effects of HU on the endothelium. A targeted study on candidates genes associated to an transcriptome analysis approach (on 406 human genes),has demonstrated the capacity of HU in human endothelial cells in culture to:decrease the synthesis of a vaconstrictor factor (endothelin-1),increase the expression of pro inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1,il-8 and the chemokine RANTES. Involvement of the soluble guanylate cyclase and the NFKB pathways in over expression of RANTES and IL-8 has been suggested by the use of specific inhibitors. In addition ,modulation of ICAM-1(a major endothelial receptor of Plasmodium Falciparum parasited red blood cells) by HU suggested the need of study in the field of paludous infection ,indeed, since sickle cell dasease (SCD) and malaria endemic areas are largely overlapping,any utilisation of that drug in this area should be preceded of safety studies. Hence,using an murine model of neuromalaria,we showed that administration of HU significantly recuded the mortality of treated mice. Finally ,this work demonstrates that endothelium is a target of HU. The above mentioned results also opens new therapeutic avenues in the field of SCD and malaria treatment
Diakité, Séidina Aboubacar Samba. "Polymorphismes érythrocytaires et protections contre le paludisme a Plasmodium falciparum : exploration de mécanismes innés." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066671/document.
Full textThe high prevalence of several inherited hemoglobin disorders, namely sickle cell trait (HbAS), HbAC and α-thalassemia, in malaria endemic areas is thought to be the consequence of their protective effects against malaria life-threatening manifestations. Numerous potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain this protective effect although many of them are not fully consistent with all available epidemiologic and clinical data. The first part of this thesis work explored the reduction of cytoadherence of infected RBC as a potential common mechanism for α-thalassemia-, HbAS- and HbAC-induced protection against malaria. To further explore this mechanism, and determine whether HbAS and HbAC select and maintain virulent P. falciparum parasite in nature, we compared the cytoadherence phenotype of P. falciparum isolates obtained from HbAS/HbAC and controls HbAA patients. The second part of the thesis work addressed the influence of HbAS on the deformability of uninfected RBC as well as the splenic retention of both uninfected RBCs and ring-infected RBCs. We observed a reduced adherence of α-thalassemic infected RBCs to human micro-vascular endothelial cells and monocytes compared to controls HbAA infected RBCs. The reduction was correlated to the number of non functional α- gene. Expression of PfEMP-1 on the surface of α- thalassemic infected RBCs was lower than on the surface of HbAA infected RBCs. There was no statistically significant difference between the cytoadherence of P. falciparum isolates obtained either from HbAS/HbAC or control HbAA malaria patients. The deformability of uninfected HbAS RBCs was slightly but significant lower than that of control uninfected HbAA RBCs. Retention rates of ring-infected HbAS and HbAA RBCs were similar either in human isolated spleen perfusion ex vivo and in microsphilters in vitro regardless of the oxygenation level. We did not observe any enhanced sickling of ring-infected RBCs compared to non infected RBCs, both in HbAS and HbSS samples. Based on these results along with available epidemiologic and previous experimental data, we propose a common malaria-protective mechanism of HbAS, HbAC and α-thalassemia whereby these hemoglobin disorders reduce the cytoadherence of mature P. falciparum-infected RBCs that stay in circulation where they are exposed to an enhanced splenic retention. These 2 mechanisms would act in conjunction to slower the rise of parasites loads in infected patients and protect them from sequestration-related complications of malaria
Pissard, Serge. "Contribution à l'étude de la régulation des gènes de globines : clonage et études de deux régions régulatrices." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120076.
Full textM'Rad, Amel. "Contribution à l'étude des hémoglobines anormales : épidémiologie, structure, fonction des hémoglobines anormales en Tunisie." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120051.
Full textCoulibaly, Foungotin Hamidou. "Étude des globules rouges par interférométrie ultrasonore : application à la rhéologie sanguine, à l'immuno-hématologie et aux hémoglobinopathies." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120063.
Full textMorlé, François. "α-thalassémies algériennes : mise en évidence d'une nouvelle mutation affectant l'efficacité de traduction des ARNm α." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10004.
Full textBedel, Jean-François. "L'hémoglobinurie et la myoglobinurie chez les sportifs." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P162.
Full textPetiot, Sylvie. "Les polyglobulies familiales par hémoglobine hyperaffine : à propos de l'hémoglobine Rainier." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11064.
Full textFontaine, Marie-Pierre. "Effets de modifications protéiques sur la dynamique de ligandation de l'hémoglobine : étude par photolyse laser nanoseconde des hémoglobines adultes humaines normales et anormales et de l'hémoglobine foetale." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112014.
Full textThe photodissociation of carboxyhemoglobin by nanosecond laser irradiation is followed by geminate recombination of CO with the heme and an R → T change in conformation of the deoxy protein. In this work a systematic investigation of the influence of modifications on the protein part of hemoglobin on the ion-ligand association was undertaken using the method of nanosecond Laser photolysis associated with kinetic absorption spectroscopy. The study showed that substitution of amine acids (abnormal hemoglobins, fetal hemoglobin) modify the nanosecond geminate recombination of CO to the heme. Physical modifications (ionic strength, temperature, viscosity) and chemical modifications (PMB) also affect this process whereas pH or DPG concentration have no effect. In addition, the kinetics of the geminate recombination has confirmed the diffusion-like character of this process, thus emphasizing the role of structural fluctuations of the protein. This work also shows that the dynamics of the R → T restructuration are independent of amino-acid substitution but depends on the ionic strength. The nanosecond photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin was also studied. The results showed that nanosecond recombination of O₂ to the heme has the same kinetic behavior as that of CO. The results confirm the higher reactivity of the heme towards O₂ as compared to that towards CO
Pause, Christine. "Particularités ethniques des sujets porteurs de l'hémoglobine Manitoba à l'île de la Réunion." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M085.
Full textBhukhai, Kanit. "Transduction and selection of hematopoietic stem cells for gene therapy of hemoglobin disorders." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC182.
Full textRecent clinical trials conducted in patients with hematopoietic congenital diseases have demonstrated the potential benefit of autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation combined with gene transfer using integrative lentiviral vectors. However, the level of transduced HSCs was occasionally non optimal, resulting in partial correction of the diseases. In order to achieve high level HSC modification without increasing the concurrent risk of insertional mutagenesis and oncogene activation, we decided to develop methods aimed at selecting genetically modified stem cells rather than increasing their initial transduction rate. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, drug resistance genes encoding an antibiotic resistant protein or a dealkylating agent were introduced, together with a suicide gene, in a clinical 3-globin lentiviral vector specifically designed for patients with hemoglobin disorders. In vitro evaluation made with a vector encoding the dealkylating protein suggested that its expression was too low to provide full protection to the cells. Lnterestingly, we demonstrated that the puromycin resistant gene allowed optimal ex vivo selection of genetically modified puromycin treated human HSC, provided that P-gp transporter inhibitors were added to the cells. Once selected, transduced HSC survived and were able to reconstitute human hematopoiesis in immunodeficient animal. Furthermore, the vector was able to express the therapeutic [3- globin gene for correction of hemoglobin disorders and to produce the suicide protein in vivo, for elimination of transduced stem cells if necessary
Tétard, Marilou. "Mechanisms associated to hemoglobinopathic protection against plasmodium falciparum malaria." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC257.
Full textMalaria protection conferred by hemoglobinopathies (HbS or HbC hemoglobin polymorphisms) is well established, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. One proposed protective mechanism involves the abnormal display of PfEMP1 on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs), and has been associated with reduced surface levels of PfEMP1 and knob density, in turn leading to decreased IEs binding to endothelial receptors.Adhesion of IEs to placental chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) is a central pathological process in placental (PM) malaria, predominantly operated by the VAR2CSA-PfEMP1. In a cohort study on pregnant women from Benin, we reported that HbAC but not HbAS maternal genotype is associated with higher new-born birthweight among women with PM. We examined the ability of VAR2CSA-expressing IEs grown in HbAS and HbAC erythrocytes to cytoadhere to CSA and assessed VAR2CSA surface expression. Although we observed a significant decrease of cytoadhesion, VAR2CSA surface expression was unchanged in the HbAS and HbAC erythrocytes. This suggested that VAR2CSA might be less functional in IEs derived from patients with hemoglobinopathies. We further initiated a differential transcriptomic analysis during asexual growth (10, 20, 30 and 40 h post-invasion) using high-throughput RNA sequencing of NF54 parasites expressing VAR2CSA grown in HbAA, HbAS or HbAC erythrocytes. Although, few genes were differentially transcribed between parasites grown in HbAA and HbAC red cells, a high number of genes were differentially transcribed between parasites grown in HbAA and HbAS. Overall, our study provides an important stepping-stone towards the understanding of protective mechanisms associated with hemoglobinopathies
Diakité, Séidina Aboubacar Samba. "Polymorphismes érythrocytaires et protections contre le paludisme a Plasmodium falciparum : exploration de mécanismes innés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066671.
Full textThe high prevalence of several inherited hemoglobin disorders, namely sickle cell trait (HbAS), HbAC and α-thalassemia, in malaria endemic areas is thought to be the consequence of their protective effects against malaria life-threatening manifestations. Numerous potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain this protective effect although many of them are not fully consistent with all available epidemiologic and clinical data. The first part of this thesis work explored the reduction of cytoadherence of infected RBC as a potential common mechanism for α-thalassemia-, HbAS- and HbAC-induced protection against malaria. To further explore this mechanism, and determine whether HbAS and HbAC select and maintain virulent P. falciparum parasite in nature, we compared the cytoadherence phenotype of P. falciparum isolates obtained from HbAS/HbAC and controls HbAA patients. The second part of the thesis work addressed the influence of HbAS on the deformability of uninfected RBC as well as the splenic retention of both uninfected RBCs and ring-infected RBCs. We observed a reduced adherence of α-thalassemic infected RBCs to human micro-vascular endothelial cells and monocytes compared to controls HbAA infected RBCs. The reduction was correlated to the number of non functional α- gene. Expression of PfEMP-1 on the surface of α- thalassemic infected RBCs was lower than on the surface of HbAA infected RBCs. There was no statistically significant difference between the cytoadherence of P. falciparum isolates obtained either from HbAS/HbAC or control HbAA malaria patients. The deformability of uninfected HbAS RBCs was slightly but significant lower than that of control uninfected HbAA RBCs. Retention rates of ring-infected HbAS and HbAA RBCs were similar either in human isolated spleen perfusion ex vivo and in microsphilters in vitro regardless of the oxygenation level. We did not observe any enhanced sickling of ring-infected RBCs compared to non infected RBCs, both in HbAS and HbSS samples. Based on these results along with available epidemiologic and previous experimental data, we propose a common malaria-protective mechanism of HbAS, HbAC and α-thalassemia whereby these hemoglobin disorders reduce the cytoadherence of mature P. falciparum-infected RBCs that stay in circulation where they are exposed to an enhanced splenic retention. These 2 mechanisms would act in conjunction to slower the rise of parasites loads in infected patients and protect them from sequestration-related complications of malaria
Chatel, Benjamin. "Fonction et métabolisme énergétique musculaires dans un modèle de souris drépanocytaires et identification des mécanismes responsables des échanges des protons entre le muscle et le sang." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0174.
Full textSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most frequent inherited disorder in the world. It is characterized by the synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) and associated with impairments in oxygen delivery processes. If these abnormalities could impact skeletal muscle, this tissue has been rarely investigated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate muscular function and energetics in response to acute exercise, ischemia – reperfusion and endurance training in a mouse model of SCD, as well as identify the mechanisms involved in proton exchanges between muscle and blood.Sedentary and trained SCD mice were submitted to protocols of rest – stimulation – recovery and rest – ischemia – reperfusion during which muscular force and energetics (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphorus 31) were measured. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) haploinsufficient mice were also submitted to the stimulation protocol. Several muscles were sampled and permitted to analyze in vitro enzyme activities, content of proteins involved in pH regulation and some markers of oxidative stress.This thesis demonstrated that muscular function and energetics were impaired in SCD mice in response to both exercise and ischemia – reperfusion and that endurance training could alleviate some of these abnormalities, particularly acting on oxidative processes. We have also observed that MCT1 is involved in proton uptake by myocytes at rest, but its action is less important during exercise
Ambid, Lacombe Claire. "Contribution à l'étude des hémoglobines anormales : caractérisation rapide des variants de l'hémoglobine et miniaturisation de la détermination de structure primaire de la protéine." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120056.
Full textCatella-Chatron, Judith. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle et mécanistiquedes ulcères de jambe des patients drépanocytaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10207.
Full textSickle cell disease is the first genetic disorder in France and worldwide (around one birth over 2,000 in USA). This hemoglobinopathy leads to the production of a mutated hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) which has the property to polymerize in deoxygenated condition, leading to red blood cell (RBC) sickling. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) patient RBCs are more fragile and less deformable than RBC from healthy individuals. Patients suffer from hemolytic anemia, repeated painful vaso-occlusive crisis and other acute and chronical complications including leg ulcers (LU). SCA is both a RBC disease and a vascular disease. Chronic hemolysis and inflammation, coagulation abnormalities and decrease nitric oxide bioavailability are the causes of significant vascular dysfunction. However, LU are an unpredictable debilitating complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA). We hypothesized that SCA patients with LU would be characterized by lower microvascular reactivity than patients without LU. The DrepanO2 study included 65 adults with SCA in steady-state condition. The aim was to investigate simultaneously the skin microcirculatory function (measuring transcutaneous oxygen pressure and heat, current and acetylcholine-related vasodilatation) and several blood biological parameters in SCA patients with and without LU. We also tested the effects of plasma from patients with and without LU on endothelial cells activation (HDMEC in 2D culture). Over the 65 patients included, LU has been diagnosed in 9 patients (LU+). All patients had disease-modifying treatment except one. We observed a reduction of the skin microcirculatory function in the 9 LU+ patients, with no change in plasma inflammation markers or endothelial cell activation. Among the 9 patients with active ulcers (LU+ group), 8 were subsequently followed over a period of 8 months, 6 of whom healed in approximately 4 months. Our results showed that skin microcirculatory function improved after healing. Our results therefore showed less pronounced functional impairment of cutaneous microcirculation after healing. Investigation of inflammation, coagulation, hemolysis, and blood rheology did not reveal any differences between patients with or without leg ulcers. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this complication
Mario, Nathalie. "Etude qualitative et quantitative des hémoglobines par électrophorèse capillaire." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P632.
Full textCorcelle, Benjamin. "Mise au point et évaluation d'un test pour le diagnostic des hémoglobinoses S et C par PCR-RFLP." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT012P.
Full textDuboze, Muriel. "Cécité acquise au cours de l'hémoglobinose SC : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M096.
Full textNaouar, Neïla. "Oxygénation musculaire, EMG et fonction ventilatoire chez des sportifs porteurs d'hémoglobinopathie durant un exercice physique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0025.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was threefold 1)- To study the ventilatory function during a maximal incremental exercise and a prolonged submaximal exercise in athletes with sickle cell trait (SCT), 2)- To study the performance of the ventilatory function during a constant load exercise in subjects with minor β-thalassemia, 3)- Evaluate the physiological adaptation during prolonged submaximal exercise in athletes with heterozygous sickle cell disease. The first study showed that maximal incremental exercise and constant load exercise induce spirometric fatigue, and decreased strength and endurance of the respiratory muscles in subjects with sickle cell trait. Rectangular exercise significantly affects respiratory muscle strength and endurance than triangular exercise. The second study was showed an impairment of the performance of ventilatory function after performing prolonged submaximal exercise in subjects with minor β-thalassemia. Thus, a significant decrease in the endurance of the respiratory muscles was observed in these pathological individuals in response to constant load exercise compared to healthy subjects. These results confirm that hemoglobinopathic subjects do not have the ability to maintain high levels of ventilation during intense physical exercise. Then, in the third study, the determination of the MAP confirmed that the heterozygous form of sickle cell disease is not a limiting factor in maximal aerobic physical fitness. Adaptation to submaximal effort, assessed by the rapid phase, is perfectly normal in subjects with sickle cell trait. In contrast, the amplitude of the slow component of VO2, which is higher in SCT, suggests that these pathological individuals are characterized by weak tolerance to exercise. This rise was correlated with HbO2 and HHb which were satble during exercise. This stability confirms the generation of the vascular remodeling mechanism in SCT in response to hemorheological problems produced by exercise. An precocious increase in RMS and a 25.63% linear decrease in MPF correlated with HHb, were observed during exercise in pathologic individuals compared to subjects without hemoglobinopathy, affirming that the decrease in erythrocyte deformabilities which are generally reported in subjects with sickle cell trait disrupts the muscular microcirculation in an increased manner which could be responsible for the slow component of VO2. These results show that subjects with hemoglobinopathy could have a less efficient ventilatory function during intense physical exertion than healthy subjects. Also, these individuals might have more significant peripheral muscle fatigue than subjects with normal hemoglobin and stable muscle oxygenation during rectangular exercise. They exhibit aerobic capacity and tolerance to endurance effort inferior than healthy subjects during submaximal effort
Steenkeste, Nicolas. "Approche génétique de l'environnement de Plasmodium Falciparum dans sa phase érythrocytaire au Rattanakiri." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20662.
Full textCambodia has the characteristic of being an endemic country for all four Plasmodium species pathogenic for human, as well as being characterised by high prevalence of red blood cell illnesses. Hemoglobin mutation, as hemoglobin E, and other G6PD deficiencies (Viangchan mutation) have been identified. In 2001, a national health policy against malaria has been set up in the North-East province of Cambodia, Rattanakiri. Such polity consists of: staff training (known as Village Malaria Worker) on the use of diagnostic rapid tests for malaria, the use of ACT, and the distribution of impregnated bednets. Our work consists of two transversal studies conducted in eight villages in such high endemic region, before and after the health policy took place (2001 and 2002 respectively). The present thesis work allowed us to set up a rapid molecular methodology for the diagnosis of Plasmodium infection on large scale, and the evaluation of DNA microarray use limits in such application. The use of this new molecular technique gave us the opportunity of better characterise Plasmodium infections in this isolated area of Cambodia, where they are much more frequent than shown by microscopy or rapid test. Moreover, our work highlighted the challenge of infection reduction by mass screening and treatment policy in Cambodia. Finally, the human genotyping study highlighted the high prevalence of hemoglobin E and, in some communities, G6PD Viangchan mutation. This last genetic abnormality could represent a problem for primaquine use without concurrent screening for G6PD deficiency
Cordier, Anne-Gaël. "Impact de la drépanocytose sur les fonctions et le développement placentaires Sickle cell disease pregnancy paradox: Impaired placental structure with maintained fetal growth Sickle cell disease profoundly impacts TRP metabolism pregnancy." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB052.
Full textSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited autosomal recessive disease that affects hemoglobin synthesis, because of mutations in the ß-globin chain gene inherited from each parent. Signs and symptoms of SCD usually begin in early childhood. The sickling of red blood cells in deoxygenated conditions manifest in chronic hemolytic anemia and microvascular vaso-occlusion leading to ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction. Serum levels of IL1ß, Il6, TNF-alpha, IL8, MCP1 have been shown to be significantly elevated in SCD patients and activate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Chronic hemolysis is responsible for heme release, that contributes to a proinflammatory and procoagulant state and activates endothelium. Pregnancy is a significant concern for women with SCD because of the increased consumption of oxygen by fetal growth and the proinflammatory context that raise the risk of vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Literature reported numerous complications including preeclampsia, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and intrauterine fetal death. Very few studies on placental structure and functions are described in the literature. The aim of this work was to characterize SCD placental development and function and to search explanation of described pregnancies impairment. We first reported in a large cohort of SCD pregnancies, that major placental dysmorphias were observed, although growth retardation was not frequent. Notably, we observed a relative lack of arborization in chorial villosities with a significant increase of the ratio sFlt1 / PlGF leading at term. Longitudinal PlGF and sFlt1 levels during pregnancy confirmed this impairment in the angiogenic balance of SCD pregnancies. Furthermore, using cultured cells from SCD placentas, we found that cytotrophoblast cells aggregate normally but fuse inefficiently to form syncytiotrophoblast with an abnormal hCG synthesis. This abnormal placenta morphology with normal fetal growth led us to hypothesize that some compensatory mechanisms could counterpart those abnormal placentas. The inflammatory environment was confirmed by a significant increase of IL1 ß, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF-alpha, MCP1 in maternal sera. Moreover, because Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and is involved in feto-maternal tolerance, we explored tryptophan metabolic pathway in the placentas of pregnant women with SCD. As expected, Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio (IDO1 activity) was significantly increased in maternal and fetal sera at term. By placental perfusion of tryptophan, we highlighted a drop in quinolinic acid fetal compartment concentration, explained by a strong decrease in Kynurenine 3-mono-oxygenase (KMO) activity. The impact on the NAD concentration, involved in redox balance and in numerous metabolic pathways have to be assessed. Finally, by bioinformatic transcriptomic analysis of cytotrophoblast gene expression, we have found modifications in lipid metabolism: a decrease in FATP2 (Fatty acid transport protein 2) and an increase in PLIN2 (perilipine 2) m RNA, associated to a decrease of MLN64 protein expression (mitochondrial cholesterol transporter). These results can contribute to explain the decrease in estradiol and progesterone concentrations observed in SCD maternal sera. All these datas allow us to have a better knowledge of placental adaptation to SCD pregnancies. Further investigation should be continued to link morphological impairment, placental dysfunction and fetal growth preservation
Nègre, Olivier. "Vers la thérapie génique des hémoglobinopathies : sécurité oncogénique, et expansion cellulaire in vivo." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077142.
Full textThe transfer of a regulated b-globin gene in autologous haematopoietic stem cells should benefit to patients with b-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, the most common monogenic disorders in humans. Proof-of-principle for the efficacy of this treatment has been obtained in various mouse models of haemoglobinopathies using lentiviral vectors expressing thé human b-globin (lentiglobin). In this work, three main issues were studied on the way leading to the LentiGlobin clinical trial. 1) The oncogenic safety of a self-inactivating, insulator containing, LentiGlobin vector was assessed by transplanting LentiGlobin modified mouse bone marrow cells in lethally irradiated recipients. Biological and toxicological studies did not show any evidence of oncogenesis associated to the vector. 2) A major drawback to the large use of haematopoietic gene therapy for inherited disorders is the toxicity of myeloablation and the absence of therapeutic effect without this kind of conditioning (in absence of spontaneous selective advantage). Two Systems were designed in order to amplify specifically the genetically modified erythroid cells and to reduce the toxic myeloablative conditioning. One is based on a cell surface anchored erythropoietin and the other on a truncated erythropoietin receptor. Modified erythropoietin receptor led to specific erythroid amplification in vivo with no sign of uncontrolled cell proliferation. 3) Therapeutic haemoglobin identification and quantification is of major concern in order to establish a correlation between transgene expression and phenotypic improvement. A new method of high performance liquid chromatography was successfully design with this purpose
Fusil, Floriane. "Expansion in vivo des cellules génétiquement corrigées et sécurité oncongénique : application a la thérapie génique des hémoglobinopathies." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077052.
Full textGene therapy by transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells would be ideal for patients with genetic blood diseases. The foremost advantage of infusing genetically modified autologous cells is to avoid the risk of graft-versus-host disease and the host immunosuppression necessary for preventing graft rejection. However, cytoreductive regimens are still required to achieve significant chimerism with small number of modified hematopoietic stem cells. One question is how to establish a stable chimerism with maximal repopulation by genetically modified cells, with minimal or without conditioning, with low number of corrected stem cells and with no risk of abnormal cell proliferation. We tested in vivo the cell expansion ability of two Systems based on erythropoietin and its receptor, especially adapted for gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies. A truncated EpoR, together with the p-globin transgene, induced a 100-fold expansion of erythroid cells in a mouse model of p-thalassemia. The second objective was to develop an acquired preleukemic mouse model in order to evaluate the oncogenic risk of a viral LentiGlobin vector for gene therapy of erythroid cell disorders. A toxicology study was performed in irradiated mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from donor transgenic mice overexpressing Spi-1 (commonly activated oncogene in Friend-mediated mouse erythroleukemias), with hightened susceptibility towards this hematological malignancy. The LentiGlobin vectors did not increase the leukemic risk
Beaudevin, Claire. "Faqr al-dam, l'indigence du sang, comme héritage : représentations & enjeux sociaux des hémoglobinopathies héréditaires au sultanat d'Oman." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32003.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to three different anthropological fields of analysis: social treatment of inherited disorders on one hand; social uses of genetic knowledge on the other hand; and finally the study of healthcare systems in the Arab world. Based on an eighteen-month ethnographic fieldwork in Oman (Arabian Peninsula), this PhD deals with two inherited blood disorders: sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia — named faqr al-dam, “indigence of the blood” in the country. The thesis broaches the description of the apparent disjunction between advanced technologies one can expect to find in an oil-producing country and the daily throes of patients and families experiences. The aim of this PhD is to study at various social scales (experience of illness as well as public health policy) recent medical innovations (genetics) in the Gulf, whereas this area is usually more examined for its political and religious upheavals. This work observes the contemporary Omani society through these inherited blood disorders which put to the test the country's political institutions. As anthropological objects, these two hemoglobinopathies allow to examine the political construction of social order as well as to begin to disentangle the links between institutions, identities and history
Koutsouris, Dionissios. "Etude de la deformabilite erythrocytaire par la methode du debit initial de filtration et l'analyse du temps de transit cellulaire." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S015.
Full textWeber, Leslie. "New therapeutic strategies for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC272.
Full textHighly efficient curative therapeutic strategies are in great demand for patients affected by β-hemoglobinopathies, namely sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. Indeed, the poor access to compatible donors restrains the application of the only approved definitive therapy, the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. In the first part of this thesis, we aimed at optimizing an established therapeutic alternative consisting in the autologous transplantation of lentivirus (LV)-corrected hematopoietic HSCs. The development of β-globin expressing LVs and the improvement of HSC transduction conditions have led to a clear clinical benefit for SCD and β-thalassemia patients treated with this approach in the frame of recent clinical trials. Despite these significant progresses, there is room for further improvement. Indeed, the correction of severe transfusion-dependent B-thalassemia and SCD patients requires high levels of transgene expression. The goal of this project was to select a high-titer LV able to transduce efficiently HSCs and to drive high levels of transgene expression in HSC-derived RBCs. To this purpose, we compared different combinations of regulatory elements, in order to define the minimal regulatory cassette needed for achieving high levels of globin expression in the frame of LVs. We constructed 2 mini-LCRs containing either HS2 and HS3 (total size 2.6 kb) or HS2, HS3 and HS4 (total size 3.7 kb) derived from the 16-kb Locus Control Region. These cassettes were inserted in the β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 LVs, respectively, driving the expression of an anti-sickling βAS3-globin transgene. First, we aimed at comparatively evaluate the transduction efficiency of β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 in SCD hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) and long term-repopulating HSCs. The second aim of the study was to assess β-AS3 and β-AS3 HS4 derived transgene expression in RBCs produced from SCD HSPCs, and to evaluate the efficacy of the best-performing LV in rescuing the SCD phenotype. The second part of this thesis aimed to develop a novel genome editing-based strategy to restore fetal γ-globin genes expression. This therapeutic approach stems from the observation that the clinical course of β-thalassemia and SCD is improved in the presence of elevated HbF levels. By using the innovative CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we aimed at disrupting repressors binding sites in the γ-globin promoters to reactivate HbF expression in SCD HSPCs-derived RBCs. Reactivating fetal γ-globin genes at their endogenous genomic locus can circumvent the difficulties associated with the relatively low LV-derived transgene expression per vector copy, likely because the low LV vector capacity allows the usage only of short DNA stretches from the LCR, arranged in a non-physiological manner. In addition, this strategy offers a potentially safer targeted approach compared to the LV-based gene addition. In SCD, this therapeutic approach can favor the anti-sickling γ-globin expression, at the expense of the mutated βS-globin, given the competition between the fetal and the adult genes for the interaction with the LCR. In a comparative approach, we intended to evaluate novel and known therapeutic targets in the γ-globin promoters. To this purpose, several gRNAs have been designed to target 3 regions of the γ-globin promoters, where variants associated with elevated HbF levels and/or binding sites for HbF repressors have been described. We aimed to screen these gRNAs in an adult erythroid cell line (HUDEP-2) and SCD HSPCs-derived RBCs in terms of HbF reactivation and correction of the patient phenotype, to select the best therapeutic target for an efficient and safe therapeutic approach for β-hemoglobinopathies
Petit, Florence. "Polymorphisme érythrocytaire : approche anthropologique et interprétation de patterns de diversité génétique, entre peuplement et sélection." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0240.
Full textMy Ph.D. work is based on the search for a better understanding of the geographical distribution of red blood cell polymorphisms: the surface antigens of red cell blood group systems (BGS) and the intracellular glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The analysis on 75 Eurasian populations of frequencies of the DI*01 allele coding for Diego a antigen of Diego BGS, the C2-M217 and C2-M401 haplotypes of the Y chromosome, geographic coordinates and languages, has shown a correlation between these markers. The DI*01 distribution seems to follow the Mongol conquests, carried by the Altaic-speaking nomads possessing the C2-M217 and C2-M401 haplotypes with a radial expansion from Mongolia. The study of the G6PD gene in 80 individuals from French Guiana of the Noir Marron community originating from sub-Saharan Africa, addresses health-environment relations. Characteristic mutations of sub-Saharan variants of G6PD deficiency have occurred in one in eight people. The G6PD deficiency distribution was previously unknown in French Guiana and is still poorly known in Latin America and the Caribbean, where Plasmodium vivax still cracks down. Its treatment requires the use of primaquine which may cause severe haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. My third objective was to highlight the influence of different factors on the distribution of polymorphisms of 10 BGS studying 343 populations. Through model adjustments, allelic frequencies have been confronted to environmental and cultural data. Finally, a study has been also conducted on the Duffy BGS by analyses of detection of natural selection on SNP data