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1

Bluth, Edward I., Richard Tupler, and Neil Lall. "Hepatic Artery Stenosis after Liver Transplantation." Radiology 263, no. 1 (April 2012): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112185.

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2

Simoes, Joana S., Bethan Davies, Shirish R. Sangle, Rachel J. Davies, and David P. D’Cruz. "Hepatic Artery Stenosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 18, no. 4 (December 26, 2011): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029611430957.

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3

Yilmaz, Saim, Kağan Çeken, Alihan Gürkan, Okan Erdoğan, Alper Demirbaş, Adnan Kabaalioğlu, Timur Sindel, and Ersin Lüleci. "Endovascular Treatment of a Recipient Celiac Trunk Stenosis after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280301000234.

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Purpose: To present the successful endovascular treatment of a severe recipient celiac trunk stenosis that led to allograft ischemia following liver transplantation. Case Report: A 56-year-old woman underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of hepatitis C—induced cirrhosis. After the operation, routine hepatic Doppler ultrasonography showed a tardus parvus flow pattern in the hepatic artery, suggesting an impending hepatic artery thrombosis. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), however, showed severe stenosis of the recipient celiac trunk and moderate splenic artery steal. The stenosis was dilated and stented in the same session. The postprocedural DSA showed good dilation of the lesion with immediate improvement of hepatic opacification. Follow-up Doppler ultrasound scans showed normal flow patterns in the hepatic artery at 3 and 6 months. Conclusions: In the presence of a tardus parvus flow pattern on Doppler ultrasound after liver transplantation, the possibility of an undetected recipient celiac stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Such lesions can successfully be treated with angioplasty and stenting.
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4

Papadimitriou, Pitoulias, Tachtsi, Aslanidou, Lazaridis, and Alexandrakis. "Celiac artery aneurysm associated with atherosclerotic common hepatic artery stenosis." Vasa 34, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.34.2.136.

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Celiac artery aneurysms are rare vascular lesions and represent 4% of all splanchnic aneurysms. Media degeneration and atherosclerosis are the most common underlying etiologic factors. The risk of rupture and the associated mortality rate are 13% and 40% respectively. In contrast, elective repair carries a low mortality rate of 5%. Most of celiac artery aneurysms are asymptomatic and in the past nearly 80% of the cases were diagnosed when ruptured. Recently, there is an increased recognition of all splanchnic aneurysm types, probably because of better diagnostic techniques. We report a case of celiac artery aneurysm with severe atherosclerotic stenosis of the common hepatic artery. We performed, through a midline supraumbilical laparotomy, extended partial aneurysmectomy and common hepatic artery ostium endarterectomy. For the closure we used Dacron patch. The uncomplicated postoperative patient’s course, with no evidence of liver dysfunction and excellent patency of the common hepatic artery, suggests that this technique offered good results and minimized the perioperative risk.
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5

Sandow, Tyler A., Edward I. Bluth, Neil U. Lall, Qingyang Luo, and W. Charles Sternbergh. "Doppler Characteristics of Recurrent Hepatic Artery Stenosis." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 36, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.02014.

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6

Molvar, Christopher, Ross Ogilvie, Deep Aggarwal, and Marc Borge. "Transplant Hepatic Artery Stenosis: Endovascular Treatment and Complications." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 36, no. 02 (May 22, 2019): 084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688420.

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AbstractHepatic artery stenosis (HAS) is an infrequent complication of liver transplant; if left untreated, it can lead to hepatic artery thrombosis with high risk of biliary necrosis and graft loss. HAS is diagnosed with screening Doppler ultrasound, together with computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. Endovascular treatment with angioplasty ± stent placement is safe and effective with infrequent major complications; however, when complications occur, they can devastate long-term graft survival. Herein, we present two cases of HAS treated with balloon angioplasty with resultant major complications requiring operative intervention.
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7

Boraschi, P., F. Donati, M. C. Cossu, R. Gigoni, C. Vignali, F. Filipponi, C. Bartolozzi, and F. Falaschi. "Multi-detector computed tomography angiography of the hepatic artery in liver transplant recipients." Acta Radiologica 46, no. 5 (August 2005): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850510021724.

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Purpose: To evaluate the ability of multi-detector row computed tomography angiography (CTA) in detecting hepatic artery complications in the follow-up of liver transplant patients, performing volume-rendering as reconstruction technique. Material and Methods: The anatomy of hepatic artery was studied in 27 liver transplant recipients with a four-row CT scanner using the following parameters: collimation, 1 mm; slice width, 1 mm; table feed, 6–8 mm/s; spiral reconstruction time, 0.5 s; reconstruction interval, 0.5 mm; mAs, 160; kVp, 120. Before the study, the patients received 1000 ml of water as oral contrast agent to produce negative contrast in the stomach and the small bowel. A non-ionic contrast medium was infused intravenously at a rate of 5 ml/s with a bolus tracking system. Volume-rendering of hepatic artery was performed with the 3D Virtuoso software. Results: The celiac trunk, the hepatic artery, and the right and left hepatic arteries were successfully displayed in high detail in all patients. Side branches, including small collaterals, and hepatic artery anastomosis could also be readily visualized. Volume-rendered CTA detected six hepatic artery stenoses, two hepatic artery thromboses, and two intrahepatic pseudoaneurysms. In two cases, CT detected hepatic artery stenosis with a diameter reduction of less than 50%, while digital subtraction angiography showed a normal artery. Conclusion: Volume-rendered multi-detector CTA is a promising non-invasive technique, since it allows images of high quality to be generated with excellent anatomical visualization of the hepatic artery and its complications in liver transplant recipients.
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8

Naidu, Sailendra, Sadeer Alzubaidi, Grace Knuttinen, Indravadan Patel, Andrew Fleck, John Sweeney, Bashar Aqel, et al. "Treatment of Hepatic Artery Stenosis in Liver Transplant Patients Using Drug-Eluting versus Bare-Metal Stents." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030380.

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Hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplant is often treated with endovascular stent placement. Our institution has adopted use of drug-eluting stents, particularly in small-caliber arteries. We aimed to compare patency rates of drug-eluting stents vs. traditional bare-metal stents. This was a single-institution, retrospective study of liver transplant hepatic artery stenosis treated with stents. Primary patency was defined as time from stent placement to resistive index on Doppler ultrasonography (<0.5), hepatic artery thrombosis, or any intervention including surgery. Fifty-two patients were treated with stents (31 men; mean age, 57 years): 15, drug-eluting stents; 37, bare-metal stents. Mean arterial diameters were 4.1 mm and 5.1 mm, respectively. Technical success was 100% (52/52). At 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years, primary patency for drug-eluting stents was 80%, 71%, 71%, and 71%; bare-metal stents: 76%, 65%, 53%, and 46% (p = 0.41). Primary patency for small-caliber arteries (3.5–4.5 mm) with drug-eluting stents was 93%, 75%, 75%, and 75%; bare-metal stents: 60%, 60%, 50%, and 38% (p = 0.19). Overall survival was 100%, 100%, 94%, and 91%. Graft survival was 100%, 98%, 96%, and 90%. Stenting for hepatic artery stenosis was safe and effective. While not statistically significant, patency improved with drug-eluting stents compared with bare-metal stents, especially in arteries < 4.5 mm in diameter. Drug-eluting stents can be considered for liver transplant hepatic artery stenosis, particularly in small-caliber arteries.
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9

Ursini, G., A. Ferrara, S. Caruso, G. Ferrari, M. L. Boella, and R. M. Ferrara. "P.07.4 HEPATIC ARTERY ABERRATION WITH BILIARY STENOSIS." Digestive and Liver Disease 46 (March 2014): S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(14)60234-6.

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10

Chamarthy, Murthy R., Terence W. Hughes, Mohit Gupta, Josephina A. Vossen, Noel B. Velasco, and Kenneth M. Zinn. "Celiac Artery Stenting to Facilitate Hepatic Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Therapy." Case Reports in Radiology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/236732.

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Radioembolization offers a novel way to treat the nonresectable, liver predominant hepatic malignancies with better tumor response and overall progression-free survival rates. Transarterial catheter-based radioembolization procedure involves the hepatic arterial administration of glass- or resin-based beta emitting Yttirum-90 microspheres. Safe delivery of the tumoricidal radiation dose requires careful angiogram planning and coil embolization to quantify lung shunting and prevent systemic toxicity, respectively. Diagnostic pretreatment angiogram also serves to identify the hepatic arterial variant anatomy and other coexisting pathologies that might require a different or alternative approach. We describe a complex case of celiac artery stenosis with tortuous pancreaticoduodenal arterial arcade precluding access to the right hepatic artery for performing radioembolization. Celiac artery stenting of the stenosis was performed to facilitate subsequent safe and successful Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization.
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11

Moiseenko, A. V., A. A. Polikarpov, P. G. Tarazov, A. V. Kozlov, I. I. Tileubergenov, and D. A. Granov. "New possibilities for testing direct arterial liver perfusion after liver transplantation." Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii = Annals of HPB Surgery 26, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2021-3-46-51.

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The aim of the study was to show new promising possibilities of direct perfusion test for the transplanted liver.Materials and methods. We have performed 246 liver transplantations (1998–2020). Since 2015 arterial complications were detected in 24 (23%) patients after 105 transplantations complicated by liver hypoperfusion: splenic artery steal syndrome (n = 8), hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 7), combination of hepatic artery stenosis and steal syndrome (n = 6), hepatic artery stenosis (n = 3). Endovascular interventions were performed in these cases for revascularization. Direct perfusion test was performed in 8 patients.Results. The liver perfusion index increased from 0.27 (0.13–0.45) to 0.62 (0.33–0.89) after endovascular procedures. Sufficient perfusion was ≥0.65.Conclusion. Direct liver perfusion test makes possible to identify and objectify graft blood supply, timely and adequate correction, and reduces the risk of developing biliary ischemic complications.
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12

Okazaki, M., H. Higashihara, H. Ono, F. Koganemaru, R. Fujimitsu, Y. Mizuma, T. Nakamura, S. Sato, S. Kimura, and S. Kodama. "Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery in Patients with Celiac Artery Stenosis." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 1 (January 1993): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400105.

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Twenty-one patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by extensive celiac artery stenosis or obstruction were treated by chemoembolization via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA). The tip of the catheter was placed in the arteries in front of the confluence with the proper hepatic artery in 12 patients (group A: the proximal portion of the IPDA in 10, and common hepatic artery in 2), and in the proper hepatic artery or branches of it (group B) in 9 using a coaxial catheter system. Transient hyperamylasemia was observed in 10 of the 12 patients in group A and in 3 of the 9 patients in group B after chemoembolization. Splenic infarction developed in 8 patients in group A and in none in group B. Intrapancreatic fluid collection was present in 2 patients in group A following chemoembolization. No fatal complications were encountered. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of the 10 patients in group A treated by only chemoembolization were 90, 57, and 23%, respectively (mean survival 780 days). The 1- and 2-year survival rates of 9 patients in group B were 85.8 and 85.8% (mean 879 days), respectively. Considering the severity of complications and the survival rates in groups A and B, chemoembolization by superselective catheterization into the hepatic artery via the IPDA is the treatment of choice. However, chemoembolization from the arteries in front of the confluence with the proper hepatic artery seems to be acceptable in cases of hypervascular HCC which fail to be superselectively catheterized.
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13

Hamby, Blake A., Daniel E. Ramirez, George E. Loss, Hernan A. Bazan, Taylor A. Smith, Edward Bluth, and W. Charles Sternbergh. "Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation." Journal of Vascular Surgery 57, no. 4 (April 2013): 1067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.10.086.

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14

Sergeant, Gregory, Erik Schadde, Geert Maleux, and Raymond Aerts. "Hepatic Artery Embolization prior to En Bloc Resection of an Encased Common Hepatic Artery in Adenocarcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas." Case Reports in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/205475.

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A 64-year-old female patient with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas with encasement of the common hepatic artery and portal vein stenosis was reexplored after six cycles of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2). Prior to surgery, the patient underwent balloon dilation and stenting of the portal vein in addition to successful coil embolisation of the common hepatic artery, proper hepatic artery, and proximal gastroduodenal artery. After embolisation, a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed with resection of the common hepatic artery and portal vein confluens. Pathological examination showed a moderately differentiated pT3N0 (Stage IIa, TNM 7th edition) tumor with negative section margins. We show with this case that in selected cases of periampullary cancer with encasement of the common hepatic artery, it is technically feasible to perform pancreaticoduodenectomy with hepatic artery resection and negative surgical margins. Nevertheless, the oncological benefit of extended arterial resections remains controversial.
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15

Defrancq, J., G. Trotteur, and R. F. Dondelinger. "Duplex Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Liver Transplants." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 5 (September 1993): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400510.

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Two hundred and twenty-two duplex ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 36 liver transplants in 30 patients over a period of 5 years and 9 months. Positive sonographic findings were correlated with 13 angiographic examinations. Arterial complications included 4 thromboses, 5 stenoses, and one mycotic aneurysm. A false-negative result was obtained in 2 cases of stenosis and a false-positive result in one case of thrombosis. One portal vein thrombosis, 2 stenoses, and 2 cases of portal hypertension were diagnosed correctly. Sensitivity was 87%, specificity 95%, and accuracy 93%. Duplex Doppler was least effective in the diagnosis of hepatic artery stenosis. Five cases showed biliary complications of ischemic origin. Angiography is indicated when duplex Doppler is positive or doubtful, but also when the clinical condition is unclear.
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16

Le, Linda, William Terral, Nicolas Zea, Hernan A. Bazan, Taylor A. Smith, George E. Loss, Edward Bluth, and W. Charles Sternbergh. "Primary stent placement for hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation." Journal of Vascular Surgery 62, no. 3 (September 2015): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.04.400.

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17

Rinaldi, Pierluigi, Riccardo Inchingolo, Michela Giuliani, Carmine Di Stasi, Anna Maria De Gaetano, Giulia Maresca, and Lorenzo Bonomo. "Hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplantation: Imaging and interventional treatment." European Journal of Radiology 81, no. 6 (June 2012): 1110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.02.055.

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18

Perisic, Mirjana, Vladimir Jurisic, and Mirko Kerkez. "Doppler ultrasonography of hepatic artery in malignant liver tumors." Archive of Oncology 16, no. 3-4 (2008): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0804046p.

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Hepatic artery is dominant compared to portal vein in liver tumor vascularization. Malignant tumors have uncontrolled growth and spread onto neighbouring tissues through a tumor vascular network. Based on this we discussed the use arterial flow parameters including systolic and diastolic speed, Doppler perfusion index, and resistance index for early detection of liver metastasis. We also discussed possibility to make differential diagnosis from other disease such as arterial stenosis, liver cirrhosis, steatosis using these parameters in better diagnosis confirmation.
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19

Huang, M. S., H. Shan, Z. B. Jiang, K. Zhu, and G. H. Chen. "Abstract No. 206: Long-Term Outcomes of Hepatic Artery Stenting for Patients with Hepatic Artery Stenosis after Liver Transplantation." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 19, no. 2 (February 2008): S78—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.229.

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20

Vignali, C., I. Bargellini, R. Cioni, P. Petruzzi, A. Cicorelli, M. Lazzereschi, L. Urbani, F. Filipponi, and C. Bartolozzi. "Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation." Transplantation Proceedings 36, no. 9 (November 2004): 2771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.028.

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21

Sabri, Saher S., Wael E. A. Saad, Timothy M. Schmitt, Ulku C. Turba, Sean C. Kumer, Auh-Whan Park, Alan H. Matsumoto, and John F. Angle. "Endovascular Therapy for Hepatic Artery Stenosis and Thrombosis Following Liver Transplantation." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 45, no. 5 (May 13, 2011): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574411407088.

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22

Goldsmith, Leighton E., J. Seal, C. Brinster, T. A. Smith, H. A. Bazan, and W. C. Sternbergh. "Complications after Endovascular Treatment of Hepatic Artery Stenosis Following Liver Transplantation." Journal of Vascular Surgery 65, no. 1 (January 2017): e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.10.026.

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23

Goldsmith, Leighton E., Kristy Wiebke, John Seal, Clayton Brinster, Taylor A. Smith, Hernan A. Bazan, and W. Charles Sternbergh. "Complications after endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation." Journal of Vascular Surgery 66, no. 5 (November 2017): 1488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.04.062.

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24

Pulitano, Carlo, David Joseph, Charbel Sandroussi, Deborah Verran, Simone I. Strasser, Nicholas A. Shackel, Geoffrey W. McCaughan, and Michael Crawford. "Hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation: Is endovascular treatment always necessary?" Liver Transplantation 21, no. 2 (January 23, 2015): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.24043.

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25

Abad, J., E. G. Hidalgo, J. M. Cantarero, G. Parga, R. Fernandez, M. Gomez, F. Colina, and E. Moreno. "Hepatic artery anastomotic stenosis after transplantation: treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty." Radiology 171, no. 3 (June 1989): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.171.3.2524086.

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26

Colkesen, Yucel, Taner Seker, Osman Kuloglu, and Murat Çayli. "TAP-Stenting Technique for Bifurcation Stenosis of Celiac Artery." Case Reports in Vascular Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/468561.

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We report a clinical course of a patient who developed severe ischemic liver injury and total occlusion of the celiac artery (CA). A 40-year-old man presented with abdominal pain. Computed tomography indicated total occlusion of the CA. Laboratory data demonstrated markedly elevated hepatic enzymes. An exploratory laparotomy was not necessitated due to absence of peritonism. The patient was successfully treated by endovascular recanalization of the CA occlusion via transcatheter balloon angioplasty and TAP-stenting (T-stenting and small protrusion) technique. Endovascular intervention in patients solely with liver failure appears practicable and early treatment is advised.
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27

Kim, J. D., and D. L. Choi. "HEPATIC ARTERY RECONSTRUCTION USING RIGHT GASTROEPIPLOIC ARTERY IS A SUITABLE RESCUE THERAPY IN HEPATIC ARTERY THROMBOSIS BY CELIAC ARTERY STENOSIS AFTER LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION." Transplantation Journal 90 (July 2010): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-201007272-01653.

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28

Korobka, V. L., M. Yu Kostrykin, O. V. Kotov, R. O. Dabliz, and E. S. Pak. "The management of the hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation." Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2020-12-4-295-300.

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The clinical case of liver revascularization in a recipient using the technique of selective thrombolysis of the hepatic artery and its stenting at the arterial anastomosis site has been reported. The applied technique allowed a quick elimination of thrombosis and stenosis of the arterial anastomosis, providing a long-term effect, preventing more severe consequences for the recipient, and saving the liver graft. The presented case showed that the combined technique of endovascular intervention might be a good alternative to the reconstruction of arterial anastomosis by re-exploration and by liver retransplantation.
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29

Sul, Young Hoon, and Yook Kim. "Management for traumatic hepatic injury diagnosed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in a patient with an occluded coeliac axis: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 6 (June 2021): 030006052110199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211019926.

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Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is the standard of care for haemodynamically-stable patients with blunt hepatic injury but it is sometimes impossible due to unfavourable vascular anatomies. This case report describes a 43-year-old male patient with abdominal pain following a motorcycle accident. Based on computed tomography (CT) findings, he was diagnosed with high-grade hepatic injury with coeliac axis stenosis (CAS) due to compression by the median arcuate ligament, and an aberrant right hepatic artery. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) demonstrated multiple high echogenic tubular and ovoid structures suggestive of active bleeding within the injured liver area. Angiography revealed unique interlobar and intrahepatic collateral vessels between the right and left hepatic arteries. Liver haemorrhages were also identified. Catheterization of the feeding arteries through the collateral pathway was unsuccessful, so a decision was made to cannulate the stenotic portion of the coeliac trunk with a 5-Fr Yashiro catheter. After several attempts, the microcatheter was successfully advanced coaxially into the common hepatic artery. Embolization was performed with a 1:2 mixture of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and iodized oil. Successful haemostasis was confirmed following TAE. CEUS helped clinicians identify active bleeding following traumatic solid organ injury. TAE was a safe and effective treatment strategy. Before performing TAE, attention should be given to the presence of CAS associated with compression by the median arcuate ligament.
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30

Rothenberg, Kara A., Graeme E. McFarland, and Jordan R. Stern. "Endovascular Repair of Ruptured Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Secondary to Fibromuscular Dysplasia." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 53, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574418794075.

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We describe successful endovascular treatment of a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia of the celiac axis leading to development of a common hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with contained rupture. An 81-year-old woman was transferred to our quaternary care center with concern for a hepatic artery rupture. Further imaging demonstrated a common hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with surrounding hematoma as well as multifocal areas of narrowing and dilatation in the celiac trunk consistent with fibromuscular dysplasia. A similar pattern was subsequently identified in the bilateral renal and carotid arteries. The patient underwent successful endovascular exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm with a balloon-expandable covered stent and was discharged home without incident. Fibromuscular dysplasia is a nonatherosclerotic arteriopathy that can lead to stenosis, occlusion, dissection, and aneurysm formation. While it primarily affects the carotid and renal arteries, there are rare case reports involving the mesenteric vasculature. Endovascular therapy appears to be a feasible treatment option for the complicated sequelae of this condition in the rare case of mesenteric arterial involvement.
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31

Lall, Neil U., Edward I. Bluth, and W. C. Sternbergh. "Ultrasound Findings After Endovascular Stent Deployment in Transplant Liver Hepatic Artery Stenosis." American Journal of Roentgenology 202, no. 3 (March 2014): W234—W240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.12.9612.

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32

da Silva, R. F., R. Raphe, H. C. Felício, M. F. Rocha, W. J. Duca, P. C. J. Arroyo, G. L. Palini, et al. "Prevalence, Treatment, and Outcomes of the Hepatic Artery Stenosis After Liver Transplantation." Transplantation Proceedings 40, no. 3 (April 2008): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.02.041.

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33

Vibert, E., S. Awad, O. Ciacio, G. Pittau, A. Sa Cunha, D. Castaing, D. Samuel, et al. "Intent-to-treat analysis of hepatic artery stenosis angioplasty after liver transplantation." HPB 18 (April 2016): e553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.03.476.

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34

Patel, Achintya, Julio Sokolich, Jacentha Buggs, Ebonie Rogers, and Victor Bowers. "Alternative Surgical Treatment for Hepatic Artery Stenosis or Occlusion with Pancreatic Surgery." American Surgeon 85, no. 8 (August 2019): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481908500807.

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35

Mondragon, Ricardo S., John B. Karani, Nigel D. Heaton, S. Thomas, Philip Y. N. Wong, John G. OʼGrady, K. C. Tan, and Roger Williams. "THE USE OF PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY IN HEPATIC ARTERY STENOSIS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION." Transplantation 57, no. 2 (January 1994): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199401001-00013.

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36

Dacha, Sunil, Ashis Barad, John Martin, and Josh Levitsky. "Association of hepatic artery stenosis and biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients." Liver Transplantation 17, no. 7 (June 27, 2011): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.22298.

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37

Taner, Timucin, and Julie Heimbach. "To stent or not to stent: Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis." Liver Transplantation 22, no. 7 (June 24, 2016): 884–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.24476.

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38

Kodama, Yoshihisa, Yusuke Sakuhara, Daisuke Abo, Tsuyoshi Shimamura, Hiroyuki Furukawa, Satoru Todo, and Kazuo Miyasaka. "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for hepatic artery stenosis after living donor liver transplantation." Liver Transplantation 12, no. 3 (2006): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.20724.

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39

Hann, Angus, Rashmi Seth, Hynek Mergental, Hermien Hartog, Mohammad Alzoubi, Arie Stangou, Omar El-Sherif, et al. "Biliary Strictures Are Associated With Both Early and Late Hepatic Artery Stenosis." Transplantation Direct 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): e643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/txd.0000000000001092.

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40

Muguti, G., N. Tait, A. Richardson, and J. M. Little. "Hepatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia: A Benign Incidentaloma or a Marker of Serious Hepatic Disease?" HPB Surgery 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1992): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/25139.

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Amongst 17 patients with hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) encountered at Westmead Hospital between 1981 and 1990, FNH was found in association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in three (3/ 17), one male and two females, one of whom also had peliosis and an hepatic adenoma. FNH was also found in association with other conditions which may affect hepatic function, structure or circulation, including chronic obstructive airways disease (2), congestive cardiomyopathy (1), chronic active hepatitis (1), granulomatous hepatitis (1), coeliac artery stenosis (1) and metastatic malignant melanoma (1). This report, derived from our experience with FNH over 10 years draws attention to a possible link between FNH, hepatic malignancy and conditions which may disturb the hepatic circulation. We suggest that patients with FNH should be investigated thoroughly and an aggressive management policy should be adopted.
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41

MacIntosh, D. G., and D. J. Leddin. "Transient Duodenal Erosions in Association with Superior Mesenteric Ischemia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 3, no. 1 (1989): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1989/104013.

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A 41 -year-old male was seen with complaints of periumbilical pain and weight loss Physical examination, radiological and colonoscopic examinations were unremarkable upper endoscopy revealed aphthous ulcers of the antrum and duodenum at repeat endoscopy two weeks later the erosions had spontaneously healed. Mesenteric angiography revealed occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery and an aberrant right hepatic artery arising distal to the superior mesenteric stenosis A surgical revascularization procedure was performed at which time occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery was documented. The patient is now 18 months post surgery and entirely asymptomatic.
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42

Balakrishnan, S., S. Kapoor, P. Vijayanath, H. Singh, A. Nandhakumar, K. Venkatesulu, and V. Shanmugam. "An innovative way of managing coeliac artery stenosis during pancreaticoduodenectomy." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 100, no. 7 (September 2018): e168-e170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2018.0085.

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Coeliac artery stenosis (CAS) is rarely of consequence owing to rich collateral supply from the superior mesenteric artery via the pancreatic head. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in CAS disrupts these collaterals, and places the liver, stomach and spleen at risk of ischaemia. A 56-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of obstructive jaundice. Computed tomography revealed an operable periampullary tumour with CAS due to compression by the median arcuate ligament with multiple collaterals in the pancreatic head and a prominent gastroduodenal artery (GDA). Following unsuccessful coeliac axis endovascular stenting, a PD was performed. Intraoperative median arcuate ligament release failed to restore good flow in the common hepatic artery (CHA) and splenic artery (SpA) A decision was made to use the left gastric artery (LGA) for arterial reconstruction, disconnect it from the stomach with its origin intact and anastomose it to the supracoeliac aorta. Doppler ultrasonography with a GDA clamp confirmed good filling of the CHA and SpA via the LGA. The GDA was ligated and the PD completed. The patient had an uneventful recovery except for a biochemical pancreatic leak and was discharged on day 10. CAS during PD (confirmed by a decrease in CHA flow with a GDA clamp) requires an additional procedure to restore blood flow to the liver, stomach and spleen. Anastomosing the LGA to the supracoeliac aorta is a simple reconstruction technique for achieving this.
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43

Platt, J. F., G. G. Yutzy, R. O. Bude, J. H. Ellis, and J. M. Rubin. "Use of Doppler sonography for revealing hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplant recipients." American Journal of Roentgenology 168, no. 2 (February 1997): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.168.2.9016229.

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44

Vaidya, S., M. Dighe, A. Dick, R. Bakthavatsalam, and J. D. Perkins. "Abstract No. 167: Post liver transplantation hepatic artery stenosis - efficacy of transcatheter intervention." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 21, no. 2 (February 2010): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.325.

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45

Abbasoglu, Osman, Marlon F. Levy, Mohan S. Vodapally, Robert M. Goldstein, Bo S. Husberg, Thomas A. Gonwa, and Goran B. Klintmalm. "HEPATIC ARTERY STENOSIS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION-INCIDENCE, PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND LONG TERM OUTCOME1." Transplantation 63, no. 2 (January 1997): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199701270-00013.

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46

Shaikh, Fareed, Joaquin Solis, and Tanvir Bajwa. "Hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplant, managed with percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 69, no. 3 (2007): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.21053.

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47

Saad, Wael E. A., Mark G. Davies, Lawrence Sahler, David E. Lee, Nikhil C. Patel, Takashi Kitanosono, Talia Sasson, and David L. Waldman. "Hepatic Artery Stenosis in Liver Transplant Recipients: Primary Treatment with Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 16, no. 6 (June 2005): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rvi.0000156441.12230.13.

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48

Huang, Mingsheng, Hong Shan, Zaibo Jiang, Zhengran Li, Kangshun Zhu, Shouhai Guan, Jiesheng Qian, Guihua Chen, Minqiang Lu, and Yang Yang. "The use of coronary stent in hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation." European Journal of Radiology 60, no. 3 (December 2006): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.06.008.

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49

Mohamed Afif, A., A. P. M. Anthony, S. Jamaruddin, S. U. Su'aidi, H. H. Li, A. S. C. Low, and E. H. T. Cheong. "Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasound for detecting hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation." Clinical Radiology 76, no. 9 (September 2021): 708.e19–708.e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2021.02.032.

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50

Watanabe, Y., N. Nakamura, T. Miura, K. Yonekura, T. Sanada, H. Kuwabara, and N. Goseki. "A case of posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm with celiac axis stenosis and common hepatic artery aneurysm." HPB 18 (April 2016): e461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.03.214.

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