Academic literature on the topic 'Hepatic lesions. eng'

Capillaria species are members of the superfamily Trichinelloidae. These worms have a filamentous thin anterior end and a slightly thicker oesophagus which is surrounded by glandular cells or stichocytes. This oesophageal pattern is called stichosomal oesophagus. Capillaria species are parasites which are found in many vertebrate animals. More than two hundred species have been reported in several vertebrate species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Cross 1992; Chitwood et al. 1968), but only three species infect humans. These are Capillaria hepatica , C. aerophila and

The urinary system is the primary target of Schistosoma haematobium infection, which leads to granuloma formation in the lower urinary tract that heals with fibrosis and calcification. While the early lesions may be associated with distressing acute or subacute symptoms, it is the late lesions that constitute the main clinical impact of schistosomiasis. The latter include chronic cystitis, ureteric fibrosis, ureterovesical obstruction or reflux which may lead to chronic pyelonephritis. Secondary bacterial infection and bladder cancer are the main secondary sequelae of urinary schistosomiasis.T

Liver transplantation is an established treatment for liver conditions that broadly fall into the categories of acute liver failure, end-stage chronic liver disease, primary hepatic malignancy, and metabolic disease. The expected 1-year survival rate is over 90% and some patients are alive more than 40 years after transplantation. Disease severity scores for cirrhosis heavily influence selection of patients with cirrhosis for transplantation. The prototype is the MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) score, based on serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and INR: a score of 16 is considered the threshold that confers benefit from liver transplantation. Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most of the malignancy group and selection is largely determined by tumour bulk assessed by the number and size of lesions. Immunosuppression strategies based on tacrolimus, with or without other drugs including mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibitors, antiproliferative agents, or prednisolone, are highly effective in preventing loss of the graft through classical rejection processes. Recurrence of original disease is the main cause of loss of graft function, with recurrence of hepatitis C a particularly challenging problem, although new direct-acting antiviral agents are likely to radically improve outcomes. Technical problems can also result in graft loss due to hepatic artery thrombosis or diffuse ischaemic cholangiopathy, especially in livers harvested from donors after cardiac death. Anastomotic biliary strictures are the commonest technical complication, with 15 to 20% of patients requiring some form of endoscopic or surgical intervention. There is a considerably increased risk of myeloproliferative disease and skin cancers in transplant recipients, as well as aetiology-specific risk. Many patients die having achieved a normal life expectancy, and death with a functioning graft is the commonest terminal scenario.

Unstable angina pectoris represents a common and important manifestation of acute ischemic heart disease encompassing the broad spectrum of clinical syndromes between stable effort angina and acute myocardial infarction. This group of patientsisfar from uniform concerning underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and prognosis, but generally the risk of infarction or deathis increased during the unstable period. Most patients are presenting with new or worsening effort angina or angina at rest,and especially patients with rest anginaassociated with transient ECG changes seem to constitute a high risk